Article(id=1312009569623175314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1769961600000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-02, revisedDate=1773331200000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-13, acceptedDate=1774540800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineDate=1790737057356, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1787846400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790737057356, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790737057356, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790737057356, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1312009474789958403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787846400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790737034746, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739471092, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=454, endPage=464, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312009571225399443, articleId=1312009569623175314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=EN, title=Spatiotemporal Evolution Characteristics and Driving Factors of Soil Conservation Function in a Typical County of Three Gorges Reservoir Area, columnId=1312009497527280559, journalTitle=Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, columnName=Data Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective This study aims to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and driving factors of soil conservation in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. Methods Taking Wanzhou, a representative county in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, as a case study, multi-source remote sensing data from 1990 to 2020 were used. The InVEST model was applied to assess the spatial differentiation characteristics of soil conservation function, and the Geodetector model was employed to analyze the driving mechanisms of its evolution. The influence of slope on soil conservation in sloping cropland and corresponding regulation measures were also explored. Results 1) From 1990 to 2020, soil conservation function in Wanzhou exhibited a trend of increase followed by decrease, with a spatial pattern of higher values in the east and lower values in the west. Land use types were mainly sloping cropland and forest land. 2) Soil conservation function in Wanzhou demonstrated significant spatial clustering characteristics, with low-low clustering areas expanding from the north to the southwest, and high-high clustering areas concentrated in the eastern region. Kernel density high-value areas were consistently located in the central region, and kernel density values showed a fluctuating decrease followed by an increase. 3) Natural environmental factors were the primary drivers of spatial differentiation in soil conservation function. Slope (q=0.71) was the dominant factor, followed by vegetation coverage (q=0.43) and soil type (q=0.24). Interactions among all factors showed enhancement effects, among which combinations such as slope and temperature, and slope and vegetation coverage, exhibited the strongest effects (q>0.75). 4) Soil conservation function in sloping cropland was closely related to slope. On slopes from 3° to 8°, soil conservation function remained stable [from 120.64 t/(hm2·a) to 379.35 t/(hm2·a)]. On slopes from 8° to 25°, it was at a moderate level [from 61.17 t/(hm2·a) to 81.93 t/(hm2·a)]. Differentiated management measures could be adopted for different slope gradients: low-slope areas should adopt straw mulching and contour ridge tillage, medium-slope areas should combine engineering and vegetation measures, and slopes >25° should prioritize conversion of cropland to forest and grassland. Conclusion The results provide a scientific basis for soil erosion control and ecological restoration in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.

, authors=Yufu Jiang, Dongmei Shi, Fangyuan Liu, Ying Xu, Jiayu Qiao, authorsList=Yufu Jiang, Dongmei Shi, Fangyuan Liu, Ying Xu, Jiayu Qiao, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dongmei Shi, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312009572701794464, articleId=1312009569623175314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=CN, title=三峡库区典型县域土壤保持功能时空演变特征及驱动力, columnId=1312009499569906611, journalTitle=水土保持学报, columnName=数据科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 为探究三峡库区土壤保持功能的时空演变特征及驱动力。 方法 以三峡库区典型县域万州为例,基于1990—2020年多源遥感数据,运用InVEST模型评估土壤保持功能空间分异特征,并结合地理探测器模型分析演变驱动机制,探讨坡度对坡耕地土壤保持功能影响及调控措施。 结果 1)1990—2020年,万州土壤保持功能呈先增后减趋势,空间格局呈东高西低,土地利用以坡耕地、林地为主要类型。2)万州土壤保持功能空间集聚特征显著,低-低集聚区由北向西南扩展,高-高集聚区集中于东部;核密度高值区长期位于中部,核密度值呈先波动下降、后回升趋势。3)土壤保持功能空间分异的核心驱动因素为自然环境因素,坡度(0.71)是主导因子,其次为植被覆盖度(0.43)与土壤类型(0.24);各因子交互作用均表现为增强效应,其中坡度与温度、坡度与植被覆盖度等组合解释力最强(q>0.75)。4)坡耕地土壤保持功能高低与坡度密切相关,3°~8°坡耕地土壤保持功能稳定[120.64~379.35 t/(hm2·a)],8°~25°坡耕地土壤保持功能处于中等水平[61.17~81.93 t/(hm2·a)],可针对不同坡度采取差异化治理措施,低坡度区推广秸秆覆盖与横坡垄作,中坡度区结合工程与植物措施,>25°坡耕地需优先实施退耕还林还草。 结论 研究结果可为三峡库区水土流失防控与生态修复提供科学依据。

, authors=江雨芙, 史东梅, 刘方元, 许颖, 乔佳玉, authorsList=江雨芙, 史东梅, 刘方元, 许颖, 乔佳玉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=史东梅, authorNote=

江雨芙(2001—),女,硕士研究生,主要从事土壤侵蚀研究。E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
史东梅(1970—),女,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事水土生态工程、土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究。E-mail:
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江雨芙(2001—),女,硕士研究生,主要从事土壤侵蚀研究。E-mail:

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江雨芙(2001—),女,硕士研究生,主要从事土壤侵蚀研究。E-mail:

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language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=时空演变), Keyword(id=1312009576271147206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009569623175314, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=驱动机制), Keyword(id=1312009576334061767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009569623175314, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=县域尺度), Keyword(id=1312009576401170632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009569623175314, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=三峡库区)], refs=[Reference(id=1312009578242470109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009569623175314, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=39, issue=2, pageStart=432, pageEnd=440, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=刘月, 赵文武, 贾立志, journalName=生态学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘月,赵文武,贾立志.土壤保持服务:概念、评估与展望[J].生态学报,2019,39(2):432-440., articleTitle=土壤保持服务:概念、评估与展望, refAbstract=null), 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Improved MPSIAC model for soil erosion rate assessment in semiarid zones[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2023,212:e104946., articleTitle=Improved MPSIAC model for soil erosion rate assessment in semiarid zones, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009586165510428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009569623175314, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=24, pageStart=11497, pageEnd=11511, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=63, authorNames=王天巍, 李念, journalName=生态学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王天巍,李念.泥沙连通性定量表征指数研究进展及发展需求[J].生态学报,2024,44(24):11497-11511., articleTitle=泥沙连通性定量表征指数研究进展及发展需求, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009586232619293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009569623175314, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=24, pageStart=11497, pageEnd=11511, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=64, authorNames=Wang Tianwei, Li Nian, journalName=Acta Ecologica Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Tianwei, Li Nian. 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注:R为降雨侵蚀力;TYP为土地利用类型;SC为土壤保持功能。

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注:X1~X13分别为SES(土壤侵蚀敏感性)、FVC(植被覆盖度)、NTL(夜间灯光数据)、GDP(国内生产总值)、NDVI(归一化植被指数)、POP(人口密度)、MAP(年平均降水量)、TEM(温度)、DEM(数字高程模型)、SLP(坡度)、STYP(土壤类型)、ASP(坡向)、GLT(地貌类型)。

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Data sources

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据类型数据描述分辨率数据来源
地理基础数据行政区县高程数据及边界30 m国家基础地理信息中心 (http:∥www.ngcc.cn)
土地利用数据1990—2020年土地利用数据30 m中国科学院资源与环境科学数据中心 (http:∥www.resdc.cn/)
土壤数据土壤类型数据—世界土壤数据库(http:∥www.fao.org)
土壤质地数据1 km世界土壤数据库(http:∥www.fao.org)
气象数据日降水和年降水30 m中国气象数据共享网(http:∥data.cma.cn)
自然环境因子归一化植被指数30 m国家青藏高原/第三极环境数据中心 (https:∥data.tpdc.ac.cn/)
年均温数据1 km国家青藏高原/第三极环境数据中心 (https:∥data.tpdc.ac.cn/)
地貌类型1 km中国1∶100万地貌类型数据集(https:∥www.geodata.cn/)
社会经济因子夜间灯光数据1 km美国国家海洋和大气管理局DMSP/OLS(https:∥ngdc.noaa.gov/eog/dmsp/)
国内生产总值1 km中国科学院资源与环境科学数据中心(http:∥www.resdc.cn/)
人口密度1 km中国科学院资源与环境科学数据中心(http:∥www.resdc.cn/)
), ArticleFig(id=1312009577604935894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009569623175314, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数据来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据类型数据描述分辨率数据来源
地理基础数据行政区县高程数据及边界30 m国家基础地理信息中心 (http:∥www.ngcc.cn)
土地利用数据1990—2020年土地利用数据30 m中国科学院资源与环境科学数据中心 (http:∥www.resdc.cn/)
土壤数据土壤类型数据—世界土壤数据库(http:∥www.fao.org)
土壤质地数据1 km世界土壤数据库(http:∥www.fao.org)
气象数据日降水和年降水30 m中国气象数据共享网(http:∥data.cma.cn)
自然环境因子归一化植被指数30 m国家青藏高原/第三极环境数据中心 (https:∥data.tpdc.ac.cn/)
年均温数据1 km国家青藏高原/第三极环境数据中心 (https:∥data.tpdc.ac.cn/)
地貌类型1 km中国1∶100万地貌类型数据集(https:∥www.geodata.cn/)
社会经济因子夜间灯光数据1 km美国国家海洋和大气管理局DMSP/OLS(https:∥ngdc.noaa.gov/eog/dmsp/)
国内生产总值1 km中国科学院资源与环境科学数据中心(http:∥www.resdc.cn/)
人口密度1 km中国科学院资源与环境科学数据中心(http:∥www.resdc.cn/)
), ArticleFig(id=1312009577688821975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009569623175314, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Revised values of vegetation coverage factor (C) and soil and water conservation measure factor (P)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土地利用同类型植被管理因子(C)水土保持措施因子(P)
水田0.180.15
旱地0.230.35
有林地0.011.00
灌木林地0.061.00
疏林地0.450.92
其他林地0.011.00
高覆盖度草地0.020.96
中覆盖度草地0.020.95
低覆盖度草地0.021.00
河渠00.20
湖泊00
水库、坑塘00.20
滩地00.50
城镇00.50
农村居民点00.50
工交建设用地0.200.50
裸岩石砾地00.92
), ArticleFig(id=1312009577776902360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009569623175314, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

植被覆盖因子与水土保持措施因子的修正赋值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土地利用同类型植被管理因子(C)水土保持措施因子(P)
水田0.180.15
旱地0.230.35
有林地0.011.00
灌木林地0.061.00
疏林地0.450.92
其他林地0.011.00
高覆盖度草地0.020.96
中覆盖度草地0.020.95
低覆盖度草地0.021.00
河渠00.20
湖泊00
水库、坑塘00.20
滩地00.50
城镇00.50
农村居民点00.50
工交建设用地0.200.50
裸岩石砾地00.92
), ArticleFig(id=1312009577860788441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009569623175314, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Parameters of spatial autocorrelation analysis of soil conservation function

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数1990年2000年2010年2020年
Moran′s I0.150.140.140.16
Z-value57.5454.5553.6860.83
p0000
), ArticleFig(id=1312009577940480218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009569623175314, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

土壤保持功能空间自相关分析参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数1990年2000年2010年2020年
Moran′s I0.150.140.140.16
Z-value57.5454.5553.6860.83
p0000
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三峡库区典型县域土壤保持功能时空演变特征及驱动力
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江雨芙 , 史东梅 , 刘方元 , 许颖 , 乔佳玉
水土保持学报 | 数据科学 2026,40(4): 454-464
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水土保持学报 |数据科学 2026 , 40 (4) : 454 -464
三峡库区典型县域土壤保持功能时空演变特征及驱动力
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江雨芙 , 史东梅 , 刘方元, 许颖, 乔佳玉
作者信息
  • 西南大学资源环境学院,重庆 400715
通讯作者:
史东梅(1970—),女,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事水土生态工程、土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

江雨芙(2001—),女,硕士研究生,主要从事土壤侵蚀研究。E-mail:

Spatiotemporal Evolution Characteristics and Driving Factors of Soil Conservation Function in a Typical County of Three Gorges Reservoir Area
Yufu Jiang , Dongmei Shi , Fangyuan Liu, Ying Xu, Jiayu Qiao
Affiliations
  • College of Resources and Environment,Southwest University,Chongqing 400715,China
出版时间: 2026-08-28 doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.021
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目的 为探究三峡库区土壤保持功能的时空演变特征及驱动力。 方法 以三峡库区典型县域万州为例,基于1990—2020年多源遥感数据,运用InVEST模型评估土壤保持功能空间分异特征,并结合地理探测器模型分析演变驱动机制,探讨坡度对坡耕地土壤保持功能影响及调控措施。 结果 1)1990—2020年,万州土壤保持功能呈先增后减趋势,空间格局呈东高西低,土地利用以坡耕地、林地为主要类型。2)万州土壤保持功能空间集聚特征显著,低-低集聚区由北向西南扩展,高-高集聚区集中于东部;核密度高值区长期位于中部,核密度值呈先波动下降、后回升趋势。3)土壤保持功能空间分异的核心驱动因素为自然环境因素,坡度(0.71)是主导因子,其次为植被覆盖度(0.43)与土壤类型(0.24);各因子交互作用均表现为增强效应,其中坡度与温度、坡度与植被覆盖度等组合解释力最强(q>0.75)。4)坡耕地土壤保持功能高低与坡度密切相关,3°~8°坡耕地土壤保持功能稳定[120.64~379.35 t/(hm2·a)],8°~25°坡耕地土壤保持功能处于中等水平[61.17~81.93 t/(hm2·a)],可针对不同坡度采取差异化治理措施,低坡度区推广秸秆覆盖与横坡垄作,中坡度区结合工程与植物措施,>25°坡耕地需优先实施退耕还林还草。 结论 研究结果可为三峡库区水土流失防控与生态修复提供科学依据。

土壤保持功能  /  InVEST模型  /  时空演变  /  驱动机制  /  县域尺度  /  三峡库区

Objective This study aims to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and driving factors of soil conservation in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. Methods Taking Wanzhou, a representative county in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, as a case study, multi-source remote sensing data from 1990 to 2020 were used. The InVEST model was applied to assess the spatial differentiation characteristics of soil conservation function, and the Geodetector model was employed to analyze the driving mechanisms of its evolution. The influence of slope on soil conservation in sloping cropland and corresponding regulation measures were also explored. Results 1) From 1990 to 2020, soil conservation function in Wanzhou exhibited a trend of increase followed by decrease, with a spatial pattern of higher values in the east and lower values in the west. Land use types were mainly sloping cropland and forest land. 2) Soil conservation function in Wanzhou demonstrated significant spatial clustering characteristics, with low-low clustering areas expanding from the north to the southwest, and high-high clustering areas concentrated in the eastern region. Kernel density high-value areas were consistently located in the central region, and kernel density values showed a fluctuating decrease followed by an increase. 3) Natural environmental factors were the primary drivers of spatial differentiation in soil conservation function. Slope (q=0.71) was the dominant factor, followed by vegetation coverage (q=0.43) and soil type (q=0.24). Interactions among all factors showed enhancement effects, among which combinations such as slope and temperature, and slope and vegetation coverage, exhibited the strongest effects (q>0.75). 4) Soil conservation function in sloping cropland was closely related to slope. On slopes from 3° to 8°, soil conservation function remained stable [from 120.64 t/(hm2·a) to 379.35 t/(hm2·a)]. On slopes from 8° to 25°, it was at a moderate level [from 61.17 t/(hm2·a) to 81.93 t/(hm2·a)]. Differentiated management measures could be adopted for different slope gradients: low-slope areas should adopt straw mulching and contour ridge tillage, medium-slope areas should combine engineering and vegetation measures, and slopes >25° should prioritize conversion of cropland to forest and grassland. Conclusion The results provide a scientific basis for soil erosion control and ecological restoration in the Three Gorges Reservoir area.

soil conservation function  /  InVEST model  /  spatiotemporal evolution  /  driving mechanism  /  county scale  /  Three Gorges Reservoir area
江雨芙, 史东梅, 刘方元, 许颖, 乔佳玉. 三峡库区典型县域土壤保持功能时空演变特征及驱动力. 水土保持学报, 2026 , 40 (4) : 454 -464 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.021
Yufu Jiang, Dongmei Shi, Fangyuan Liu, Ying Xu, Jiayu Qiao. Spatiotemporal Evolution Characteristics and Driving Factors of Soil Conservation Function in a Typical County of Three Gorges Reservoir Area[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2026 , 40 (4) : 454 -464 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.021
土壤保持功能是生态系统通过植被拦截、土壤抗蚀、地形滞蓄等作用减少泥沙输移,维持土壤肥力、保障流域完整性的关键服务[1],土壤保持功能越强,侵蚀越弱,侵蚀强度越低[2]。作为陆地生态系统的核心调节功能之一,在农业生态系统中,土壤保持功能通过抑制肥沃表土的高强度迁移与流失,减少土壤有机碳库及氮、磷、钾等关键养分库的损耗,维系土壤结构完整性与肥力稳定性,为农业生产力的长期可持续供给提供基础性保障;同时,土壤保持功能还通过拦截并削减坡面径流中的泥沙通量,降低泥沙向河流、湖泊等受纳水体的输入强度,既可缓解河道淤积、保障水体水文连通性,又能减少泥沙携带的氮磷营养盐向水体释放,进而有效抑制水体富营养化发生风险,为水生生态系统的结构完整与功能稳定提供关键调控支撑[3]。因此,精准识别土壤保持功能的时空演变规律及其驱动机制,对制定针对性水土流失防控措施、保障区域生态安全具有重要意义[4]。
IVEST模型基于连通性、泥沙输移比的经验方法量化流域内土壤保持功能,弥补通用水土流失方程(USLE)及修订版(RUSLE)缺少地块拦截上游泥沙模块的缺陷,实现从“侵蚀量”到“保持量”的评估[5-6]。近年来,InVEST模型已广泛运用于大尺度土壤保持功能研究,主要体现在2个方面:一是时空动态演变分析,如喇露梦等[7]对三峡库区2005—2015年的研究表明,土壤保持功能总体呈上升趋势,且空间异质性显著;柏跃波等[8]对淮河流域的研究也揭示,时间变化规律和空间集聚特征。二是驱动机制解析,赵欣悦等[9]在北三河流域的研究中,结合地理探测器模型量化降水、土地利用和地形等因素的贡献率;胡晓倩等[10]则在南方红壤丘陵区证实退耕还林等生态工程对提升土壤保持功能的核心驱动作用。InVEST模型在上述研究中被广泛应用,其模拟结果为区域生态修复和管理决策提供了重要的科学依据。
三峡库区坡耕地面临土壤侵蚀加剧、生态系统服务功能退化等突出问题[11]。近年来,城市化进程加快与土地利用格局剧烈变化[12]驱动了三峡库区土壤保持功能调节效能的显著改变。三峡库区地形以山地丘陵为主,坡耕地分布广泛,受强降雨、陡峭地形及高强度人类活动叠加影响,坡耕地成为土壤侵蚀高发区域[13],也是三峡库区土壤保持功能研究的核心对象。本研究以万州为研究区,基于1990—2020年长时间序列遥感数据,运用InVEST模型与地理探测器,分析区域土壤保持功能的时空演变特征,揭示自然与社会经济因素的影响作用及其非线性交互增益,为三峡库区生态修复与水土流失防控提供量化依据与政策参考。
万州区(30°24′~31°14′N,107°55′~108°53′E)位于三峡库区腹心,总面积3 457 km²,是三峡库区核心县域和长江上游重要生态区域[11](图1)。研究区属亚热带季风性湿润气候,多年平均气温17.7 ℃,年平均降水量1 243 mm,降水高度集中于5—9月,以山地、丘陵为主体,平均海拔约500 m,坡度>15°的区域占比35%,地表岩性以紫色砂页岩为主。长江向东横贯全境,土壤以紫色土和黄壤为主,分别占土壤总面积的45%和25%,其中紫色土广泛分布于低山丘陵区,黄壤集中于中低山湿润区。区域生态系统以森林和农田为主要类型,森林覆盖率40%,集中分布于南北山地,优势植被为常绿阔叶林、针叶林及灌草丛;农田占总面积的30%,且坡耕地占耕地总面积的60%以上。
万州区1990年、2000年、2010年、2020年的土地利用数据,取自中国科学院资源与环境科学数据中心(http:∥www.resdc.cn/)。结合万州区土地利用类型的地域特征,利用ArcGIS软件对原始用地类型开展重分类,归并为7类,分别是水田、<3°旱地、坡耕地、林地、草地、水域和建设用地。为探究土地利用变化的驱动机制,综合自然环境与社会经济发展等因素,共选取13个分析因子(表1)。坡度、坡向需由数字高程模型(DEM)通过ArcGIS工具计算得到;植被覆盖度要利用归一化植被指数(NDVI)经计算获取;土壤侵蚀敏感性是结合坡度、土壤类型、植被覆盖度、降水量等因子,通过评价模型计算得出。
采用生态系统服务与权衡综合评估模型的土壤保持模块,通过计算潜在土壤侵蚀量与实际土壤侵蚀量的差值[14-15],定量评估三峡库区万州不同土地利用的土壤保持功能。具体计算公式为:
SEDRETx=RxKxLSx1-CxPx+SEDRx
SEDRx=SEx∑y=1x-1USLEy∏z=y+1x-1(1-SEz)
USLEx=RxKxLSxCxPx
式中:SEDRET x 和SEDR x 分别为栅格x的土壤保持量和泥沙持留量;USLE x 和USLE y 分别为栅格x及其汇流路径的上游栅格y的实际侵蚀量;Rx 、Kx 、LSx 、Cx 、Px 分别为栅格x的降雨侵蚀力因子、土壤可蚀性因子、地形因子、覆盖管理因子和水土保持措施因子;SE x 为栅格x的泥沙持留效率。
基于三峡库区24个气象站点(图1)1990—2020年的日降雨数据,采用章文波等[16]提出的修正公式计算年降雨侵蚀力(R),利用Kriging插值方法[17]对各离散测站的R值进行空间插值,生成可视化的降雨侵蚀力栅格数据后对万州区进行掩膜提取。
Mi=α∑j=1K(Dj)β
β=0.836 3+18.144Pd12+24.455Py12
α=21.586β-7.189 1
式中:Mi为第i个半月时段的侵蚀力值,MJ·mm/(hm²·h·a);K为该半月时段内的天数;Dj 为半月时段内第j天的日雨量,mm;α和β为模型参数;Pd12为日平均降雨量≥12 mm,mm;Py≥12 为日平均降雨量≥12 mm的年平均降雨量,mm。
采用EPIC模型计算[18],结合全国第二次土壤普查提取的万州区土壤质地(砂粒、粉粒、黏粒质量分数),计算公式为:
K=0.2+0.3e 0.256S21-Si100×SiSi+C10.3×1-0.25CC+exp3.72-2.95C×
1-0.7SnSn+exp22.95Sn-5.51
Sn=1-Sa100
式中:K为土壤可蚀性因子,(t·hm2·h)/(MJ·hm2·mm),K为美国制单位,结果乘以0.131 7转换为国际制单位(t·hm2·h)/(MJ·hm2·mm);Sn为砂粒质量分数,%;Si为粉粒质量分数, %;C1为黏粒质量分数,%;C为有机碳质量分数,%。
基于符素华等[19]提出的坡度分段计算方法,结合30 m分辨率的DEM数据提取坡长LS因子,计算公式为:
L=λ22.1m
m=0.2                                  θ≤1°        0.3                        1°<θ≤3°        0.4                        3°<θ≤5°        0.5                        5°<θ≤9°        β1+β                             θ>9°         
β=sin θ/0.089 63sin θ0.8+0.56
S=10.80×sin θ+0.03                    θ<5°          6.80×sin θ-0.50            5°≤θ<10°       21.61×sin θ-0.06       10°<θ                    
式中:L为坡长因子;S为坡度因子;λ为栅格单元投影长度,mm;m为坡长效应指数;θ为坡度,(°);最终合成无量纲地形因子(LS)。
根据相似地区土地利用类型(LULC)分级赋值,综合万州实地调查结果和径流小区监测数据修正的C、 P值[4,20-21]见表2。
空间自相关分析中,采用全局莫兰指数(global Moran′s I)来衡量万州区土壤保持功能的空间分布特征。全局莫兰指数(global Moran′s I)用于判断研究区域内变量的整体空间关联模式[22],计算公式为:
I=n∑i=1n∑j=1nwijxi-x¯xj-x¯∑i=1n∑j=1nwij∑i=1nxi-x¯2
式中:xi和xj分别为变量在第i个和第j个研究单元上的观测值;x¯为变量的平均值;wij为空间权重矩阵的元素,用于表示第i个和第j个研究单元间的空间关系,当i和j相邻时,wij取值为1,否则为0。
核密度估计(kernel density estimation)用于分析土壤保持功能在空间上的分布密度特征,通过计算特定位置周边的要素集聚程度,直观呈现其空间分布的热点区域与冷点区域[23]。计算公式为:
fx=1nh∑i=1nK(x-xih)
式中:f(x)为在位置x处的核密度估计值;n为观测点的数量;h为带宽,是核密度估计中的关键平滑参数。xi为第i个观测点的空间位置;K(·)为核函数(kernel function),用于衡量观测点xi对位置x的影响权重,计算公式为:
K(u)=12πe-u22
u=x-xih
式中:u为位置x与观测点xi间的标准化距离。
标准差椭圆法借助对样本点标准差与协方差的计算,明确地理要素空间分布的中心位置、离散程度以及主轴方向,以此来展现地理现象在空间上的集中趋势和方向性特点[24]。具体计算公式为:
x¯=∑i=1mwixi/∑i=1mwiy¯=∑i=1mwiyi/∑i=1mwi
σx=∑i=1m(wixĩcos θ-wiyĩsin θ)2∑i=1nwi2
σy=∑i=1m(wixĩsin θ-wiyĩcos θ)2∑i=1nwi2
式中:m为万州参与分析的土壤保持功能栅格单元总数;wi 为第i个栅格单元的权重,即该单元的土壤保持功能;xi 、 yi 分别为万州区第i个土壤保持功能栅格单元的空间中心坐标; σx 、σy 分别为椭圆长轴与短轴的标准偏差;xĩ、yĩ分别为第i个县级单元空间中心到平均中心的横、纵坐标偏差;θ为椭圆方位角,(°)。
地理探测器(geodetector)用于识别并量化驱动土壤保持功能(因变量)空间分异的因素(自变量),契合土壤保持过程的非线性与空间异质性特征;其通过计算各自变量对因变量空间格局的解释力,评估不同因素对土壤保持空间分布的贡献[25],计算公式为:
q=1-∑h=1LNhσh2Nσ2
式中:q为解释力值,取值为[0,1],q=0表示自变量对因变量无解释力;L为自变量的分类数量;Nh 为第h类(组)的样本数量;N为总样本数量;σh2为第h类(组)内因变量的方差;σ2为因变量的总方差。
1990—2020年万州土壤保持功能在空间上呈东南高、西北低分布格局,高值区主要分布于东部和北部林地覆盖区,低值区集中于西南部河谷及丘陵地带,与坡耕地和建设用地的分布重合。土壤保持功能均值呈先降后升趋势,由1990年的73.03 t/(hm2·a)波动上升至2020年的74.58 t/(hm2·a),整体提升1.55 t/(hm2·a)。从土地利用类型看,林地与草地的区域土壤保持功能最高的2种地类,坡耕地土壤保持功能较低;而建设用地、水域及平缓旱地的土壤保持功能始终处于最低水平。
万州降雨侵蚀力(R)因子在研究期内整体呈“东低西高”空间分布格局(图2)。整体上,区域R因子在1990—2020年呈先降后升趋势,其中2010年为最低值,2020年有所回升。空间分布上,各年份R因子高值区逐年向研究区中部聚集,低值区由东向西迁移,最后呈自东南向西北递增的分布格局。
万州区土地利用分布格局基本保持一致,以坡耕地、林地为主要土地利用类型。坡耕地面积略有减少(从约1 255.18 km²降至1 208.84 km²),林地面积有所增加(从约899.08 km²增至953.12 km²),坡耕地占比约为区域总面积的48.88%。坡耕地主要分布在中北部和西部等地形起伏较高区域,林地广泛分布在东部、南部及西北部等区域,草地主要分布在西北部部分区域,建设用地集中分布在沿河及中心区域。
万州区土壤保持功能核密度高值区长期集中于中部,时序上呈先波动下降、后逐步回升趋势,高值区位置随时间逐渐向东南扩散(图3)。高值区长期集中于中部标准差椭圆覆盖范围,形成显著且稳定的核心聚集区,土壤保持功能的空间分布整体格局未发生显著变动。时序变化上,土壤保持功能核密度整体呈先波动下降、后逐步回升趋势。1990年土壤保持功能核密度高值达606.27,高值区位于东北部林地;2000—2010年土壤保持功能核密度高值降至392.66,核心聚集区范围缩小,高值区转移到东南部,低值区位于中部;2020年,核密度高值回升至557.43,土壤保持功能在坡耕地集中区呈集聚态势,且集聚范围较2010年有所扩大。
研究期间万州区土壤保持功能的全局Moran′s I指数始终维持在0.14~0.16,Z为53.68~60.83(p=0.01),表明其存在显著全局正空间自相关特征(表3)。从时序变化看,土壤保持功能的空间集聚性呈“先减弱、后增强”的阶段性特征,1990—2010年Moran′s I指数从0.15缓慢降至0.14,2010—2020年则回升至最高值0.16。
万州土壤保持功能空间分异的核心驱动因子为坡度,其他因子随时间序列变化明显(图4)。研究期间,坡度因子始终为主导因子,其解释力为0.71~0.75,显著高于其他因子的解释力。植被因子的驱动作用呈增强趋势,1990年归一化植被指数(NDVI)以0.44的解释力成为第2主导因子;2010年植被覆盖度的解释力降至0.21,但2020年回升至0.34并重新成为第2主导因子。部分社会经济与气候因子表现出阶段性调控特征,1990年和2000年,人口密度分别以0.39、0.43的解释力位列第3、第2主导因子,但在2010—2020年未能进入主导因子行列。气温仅在2000年(解释力为0.34)成为第3主导因子。
从驱动因子类型来看,自然环境因素中,坡度表现出较强的解释力,是万州区土壤保持功能的关键自然环境驱动因子;社会经济因素中,人口密度解释力较强。植被覆盖度作为反映植被覆盖状况的核心指标,在研究时段内解释力逐渐上升,在2020年达到最高值0.43。社会经济因素中,人口密度在1990—2000年解释力较高(q=0.39~0.43),2010年后人口密度解释力逐渐下降(q<0.30),人口因子对土壤保持功能的影响减弱。田宇等[4]研究表明,三峡库区土壤保持功能变化的影响因素贡献依次为海拔、坡度、降水、植被覆盖变化,人类活动干扰是土壤保持功能的主要驱动力。
土壤保持功能空间分异的驱动因子间交互作用类型表现为非线性增强和双因子增强,且任意双因子交互作用的解释力均超过单一因子(图5)。其中,坡度、植被覆盖度等核心自然因子与其他因子的交互增强效应尤为突出,如坡度(SLP)与温度(TEM)、坡度(SLP)与土壤类型(STYP)的交互组合,在各时期均表现出较高解释力。
万州区土壤保持功能因子主导交互组合随时序演变呈现明显差异,主要表现为坡度(SLP)与温度(TEM)、植被覆盖度(FVC)的交互作用。1990年坡度(SLP)与温度(TEM)的交互作用最强(q=0.79),2000年主导交互组合转变为坡度(SLP)与温度(TEM)(q=0.78)、坡度(SLP)与数字高程模型(DEM)(q=0.78)2类,地形因子(SLP、DEM)与气候因子(TEM)的交互作用共同主导土壤保持功能空间分布;2010年主导交互组合重新成为坡度(SLP)与温度(TEM)(q=0.80);2020年主导交互组合转变为坡度(SLP)与数字高程模型(DEM)(q=0.77)、坡度(SLP)与植被覆盖度(FVC)(q=0.77)2类,地形因子与植被因子的交互作用显著。
坡度分级显著影响土壤保持功能,万州区土壤保持功能时序上呈先降后升波动趋势,且低、中、高坡度区分别呈土壤保持功能较低且稳定、中等及高侵蚀敏感的特征(图6)。与王欢等[26]发现的坡度作为关键地形因子、与坡耕地土壤保持功能存在紧密关联、不同坡度分级下土壤保持功能呈明显差异结论一致。从时序变化来看,万州区土壤保持功能的平均值呈明显的先降后升的波动特征。坡耕地土壤保持功能平均值从1990年63.65 t/(hm2·a)波动上升,在2020年达到63.76 t/(hm2·a);低坡度(3°~8°)区坡耕地土壤保持功能整体处于较低且稳定的水平,主要原因在于1999年后退耕还林等政策[27]推动使林地面积增加到953 km²,同时,坡耕地实施秸秆覆盖、横坡垄作等水土保持措施[28]改造坡面微地形,阻断径流通道、延长土壤入渗时间,使低坡度区由“侵蚀源”转为“沉积汇”[29]。中坡度(8°~25°)区土壤保持功能处于中等水平,其功能平均值在2020年较1990年提升0.09 t/(hm2·a)。随着坡度增加,径流剪切力和输沙能力呈指数增长,侵蚀强度加剧,需要工程措施(梯田、浅沟)来截短坡长、分割径流能量。高坡度(>25°)区是土壤侵蚀的敏感区,其潜在的侵蚀风险极高[30],也使高坡度坡耕地成为水土保持工程的重点实施区域[31]。
针对不同坡度的坡耕地,应采取差异化的土壤保持措施以提升水土保持功能的适配性。在低坡度(3°~8°)区域,可推行秸秆覆盖与横坡垄作,通过增加地表覆盖和改变微地形来有效减少雨滴溅蚀,减缓径流,增加土壤入渗。西南紫色土区的室内模拟降雨试验[32]发现,秸秆覆盖能有效改变侵蚀泥沙的分选过程,优先保护土壤中的细颗粒和养分。对于中坡度(8°~15°)区域,则需修建蓄水池以截短坡长、拦蓄径流,并搭配等高带状种植减缓流速、拦截泥沙,从而实现工程与生物措施的协同增效。对长江上游紫色土区植物篱系统的研究[33]表明,植物篱带内土壤物理性质得到显著改善。秦巴山区地埂植物篱研究[34]表明,植物篱抗冲、抗蚀性及临界坡长效应显著,是坡耕地坡面水土保持的有效生物措施。对坡度>25°陡坡耕地实施退耕还林还草,体现阈值管理和基于自然的解决方案的原则。
泥沙输移比作为量化坡耕地"侵蚀-滞留-输移"动态过程的核心参数,反映地块尺度上土壤保持功能的实现机制。传统的土壤侵蚀模型(如USLE)主要聚焦于计算潜在的土壤流失量,但其模型框架并未包含对泥沙输移过程的模拟,因此,无法量化从地块实际输出的泥沙量[35]。InVEST模型通过引入空间显式的SDR模块,有效地弥补了该不足[36]。
在地块尺度上,SDR代表地块内因侵蚀而产生的泥沙,在输移至地块边界前被各种因素拦截和滞留的比例。坡面SDR变化,实质是侵蚀能量和径流挟沙量随时间变化的反映,是二者变化的函数。当径流输沙能力超过坡面侵蚀产沙量时,SDR较高;而当可供搬运的泥沙量超过径流的输沙能力时,泥沙发生淤积,SDR则较低[37]。SDR值越小,表明地块内产生的泥沙大部分被就地拦截和沉积,意味着地块内部存在有效的“沉积汇”(如梯田的田面、植物篱或草带的背水侧、微地形的凹陷处)。该格局反映地块的泥沙拦截过程占主导地位,水土保持措施有效地打破坡面径流的连续性,降低系统的泥沙连通性。相对地,SDR值越大,地块具有高度的泥沙输送连通性,侵蚀产生的泥沙极易被径流挟带并输出地块边界。通常意味着地块“源-汇”结构失衡,以“侵蚀源”为主导,反映输移过程占主导。沉积汇的存在,反映地块对泥沙的拦截和留存功能,说明水土保持措施已发挥一定减沙作用,但整体效益有待提升[38]。
SDR不仅可实现从“潜在侵蚀量”到“实际输沙量”的转换[39],SDR同时受到空间尺度影响,在中小流域内部因子相对一致,泥沙输移“源-汇”结构更易被工程活动破坏,“沉积汇”作用更显著,表现为较低连通性与较小SDR;而在更大流域或县域尺度,地形起伏、母质差异、下垫面破碎度与人类活动强度叠加,使SDR对空间尺度的敏感性增强。由此可见,在InVEST-SDR空间显式框架下,准确表征不同空间尺度下SDR响应特征,是提高坡耕地地块与县域尺度土壤保持功能评估精度的关键。
1) 1990—2020年万州不同土地利用类型的土壤保持功能总体呈波动上升趋势,空间分布呈东高西低格局。土壤保持功能平均值整体提升1.55 t/(hm2·a),林地与草地土壤保持功能最高,坡耕地土壤保持功能较低;土壤保持功能空间集聚性显著,核密度高值区稳定分布在中部。
2) 万州不同土地利用类型土壤保持功能存在明显空间自相关,高-高集聚区集中于东部山地,低-低集聚区由北向西南扩展。土壤保持功能在空间上呈核心-边缘分布,2020年核密度值较2010年显著回升。
3) 万州坡耕地土壤保持功能空间分异的最强单因子是坡度(q=0.71~0.75),植被覆盖度的解释力随时间增强;社会经济因子如人口密度在早期影响显著,后期作用减弱;多因子交互作用均为增强型,其中坡度与温度、坡度与植被覆盖度组合在各时期起主导作用。
4)坡度是坡耕地土壤保持功能的关键影响因素。低坡度(3°~8°)区可推广秸秆覆盖与横坡垄作,中坡度(8°~25°)区宜采用蓄水池与植物篱相结合的综合措施,高坡度(>25°)区退耕还林还草体现“阈值管理”和“基于自然的解决方案”的原则。
  • 国家自然科学基金长江水科学联合项目(U2340215)
  • 重庆市技术创新与应用发展专项面上项目(CSTB2024TIAD-GPX0043)
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2026年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.021
  • 接收时间:2026-02-02
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-02
  • 修回日期:2026-03-13
  • 录用日期:2026-03-27
基金
国家自然科学基金长江水科学联合项目(U2340215)
重庆市技术创新与应用发展专项面上项目(CSTB2024TIAD-GPX0043)
作者信息
    西南大学资源环境学院,重庆 400715

通讯作者:

史东梅(1970—),女,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事水土生态工程、土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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