Article(id=1312009497170764718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1762012800000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-02, revisedDate=1770566400000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-09, acceptedDate=1773590400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-16, onlineDate=1790737040083, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1787846400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790737040083, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790737040083, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790737040083, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1312009474789958403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787846400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790737034746, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739471092, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=477, endPage=488, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312009497950905264, articleId=1312009497170764718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=EN, title=Correlation between Landscape Pattern Evolution and Ecological Surplus in Kuye River Basin, columnId=1312009497527280559, journalTitle=Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, columnName=Data Science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective This study aims to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and coupling relationship between landscape patterns and ecological surplus in the Kuye River basin, thereby providing guidance for ecological restoration and sustainable development in this region. Methods Taking the Kuye River basin as the study area, land use data were obtained based on six periods of Landsat remote sensing images from 2000 to 2024 using support vector machine classification and visual interpretation, and multiscale landscape pattern indices were extracted. Using statistical yearbook data from 2000, 2010, and 2024, ecological surplus was calculated based on ecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity models, and the relationship between landscape patterns and ecological surplus was quantified using Spearman rank correlation analysis. Results 1) From 2000 to 2010, under the influence of high-intensity industrial and mining development and land use expansion, landscape fragmentation in the river basin significantly intensified, with patch density (PD) and division index (DIVISION) increasing markedly. After 2010, driven by policies such as the Grain for Green Program and mine ecological restoration, contagion (CONTAG) and cohesion (COHESION) exhibited increasing trends, indicating a transition of landscape patterns from fragmentation towards overall structural optimization. 2) Changes in ecological surplus were mainly driven by the rapid growth of the energy footprint. Specifically, the ecological deficit of fossil energy land expanded from 1.376 1×10⁶ hm² in 2000 to 9.28×0⁷ hm² in 2024, accounting for an overwhelming proportion of the total ecological deficit and becoming the key factor constraining the decline of ecological carrying capacity in the river basin. 3) Significant correlations were observed between landscape pattern indices and ecological surplus. CONTAG and COHESION showed extremely significant positive correlations with ecological surplus (p<0.01), while patch density (PD), diversity index (DIVISION), and Shannon's diversity index (SHDI) exhibited significant negative correlations. The "fragmentation and disturbance-driven diversity" under industrial and mining disturbance exerted a significant inhibitory effect on ecological surplus. Conclusion Landscape fragmentation is the core factor regulating ecological surplus in the Kuye River Basin, and the turning point in 2010 is directly associated with regional industrial and mining regulation policies. Restoration measures that reduce landscape fragmentation and enhance the connectivity of ecological land can effectively promote the steady recovery of ecological surplus in the river basin. The findings can provide a quantitative reference for ecological restoration planning in industrial and mining-affected river basins of the Pisha sandstone region.

, authors=Jiajun Ning1, 2, Jianying Guo1, Zhenqi Yang1, Junna Zhao1, 2, Hejun Zuo2, authorsList=Jiajun Ning, Jianying Guo, Zhenqi Yang, Junna Zhao, Hejun Zuo, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhenqi Yang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312009502145209284, articleId=1312009497170764718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=CN, title=窟野河流域景观格局演变与生态盈余的关联性, columnId=1312009499569906611, journalTitle=水土保持学报, columnName=数据科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 深入探究窟野河流域景观格局与生态盈余的时空演变特征及耦合关系,为该区域生态修复与可持续发展提供指导意见。 方法 以窟野河流域为研究对象,基于2000—2024年6期Landsat遥感影像,采用支持向量机分类与目视解译获取土地利用数据,提取多尺度景观格局指数;结合2000年、2010年、2024年统计年鉴数据,基于生态足迹与生态承载力模型核算生态盈余,并通过Spearman秩相关分析量化景观格局与生态盈余的关联关系。 结果 1)2000—2010年受高强度工矿开发与土地利用扩张影响,流域景观破碎化显著加剧,斑块密度(PD)和分割度(DIVISION)明显升高;2010年后,在退耕还林(草)与矿区生态修复等政策驱动下,聚集度(CONTAG)和连通度(COHESION)呈上升趋势,景观格局由破碎化向整体优化转变。2)生态盈余变化主要受能源足迹快速增长驱动,其中化石能源用地生态赤字由2000年1.376 1×106 hm²扩大至2024年的9.28×10⁷ hm²,占总生态赤字的绝对主导地位,成为导致流域生态承载能力下降的关键因素。3)景观格局指数与生态盈余关联显著,CONTAG与COHESION与生态盈余呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),斑块密度(PD)、分裂度(DIVISION)及Shannon多样性指数(SHDI)呈显著负相关,工矿干扰背景下的“破碎化与干扰型多样性”对生态盈余具有明显抑制效应。 结论 窟野河流域景观格局破碎化程度是调控生态盈余的核心因子,2010年的演变转折与区域工矿整治政策直接关联;通过降低景观破碎化、提升生态用地连接度的修复措施,可有效推动流域生态盈余稳步回升,研究成果可为砒砂岩区工矿流域的生态修复规划提供量化参考。

, authors=宁佳俊1, 2, 郭建英1, 杨振奇1, 赵俊娜1, 2, 左合君2, authorsList=宁佳俊, 郭建英, 杨振奇, 赵俊娜, 左合君, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨振奇, authorNote=

宁佳俊(2001—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事水土保持研究。E-mail:

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杨振奇(1993—),男,水利高级工程师,博士,主要从事水土保持与荒漠化防治研究。E-mail:
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Study on the influence of industrial structure adjustment on carbon emission in Ordos City[D].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Normal University,2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009514870726704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=31, authorNames=张倩, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张倩.鄂尔多斯市县域新型城镇化水平测度及发展对策研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学,2023., articleTitle=鄂尔多斯市县域新型城镇化水平测度及发展对策研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009514937835569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Zhang Qian, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Qian. Reserch on new urbanization level measurement and development countermeasuers of Ordos County[D].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia University,2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009515004944434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=33, authorNames=马耀东, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=马耀东.黑龙江省水土资源生态盈亏的时空变化及影响因素分析[D].哈尔滨:黑龙江大学,2023., articleTitle=黑龙江省水土资源生态盈亏的时空变化及影响因素分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009515097219123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Ma Yaodong, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ma Yaodong. Spatial-temporal changes and influencing factors of ecological profit and loss of water and land resources in Heilongjiang Province[D].Harbin:Helongjiang University,2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009515160133684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=47, issue=3, pageStart=526, pageEnd=542, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=35, authorNames=张华新, 贺亚伟, journalName=资源科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张华新,贺亚伟.绿色技术进步的水资源生态足迹收缩效应及作用机制[J].资源科学,2025,47(3):526-542., articleTitle=绿色技术进步的水资源生态足迹收缩效应及作用机制, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009515231436853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=47, issue=3, pageStart=526, pageEnd=542, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Zhang Huaxin, He Yawei, journalName=Resources Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Huaxin, He Yawei. 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Assessing climate and land-use change scenarios on future desertification in northeast Iran: A data mining and google earth engine-based approach[J].Land,2024,13(11):e1802., articleTitle=Assessing climate and land-use change scenarios on future desertification in northeast Iran: A data mining and google earth engine-based approach, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009515478900791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=22, pageStart=10486, pageEnd=10498, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=38, authorNames=杨筠慧, 史文娇, 周伟奇, journalName=生态学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨筠慧,史文娇,周伟奇,等.城市景观格局演变驱动因子及其特征研究综述[J].生态学报,2024,44(22):10486-10498., articleTitle=城市景观格局演变驱动因子及其特征研究综述, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009515558592568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=22, pageStart=10486, pageEnd=10498, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Yang Junhui, Shi Wenjiao, Zhou Weiqi, journalName=Acta Ecologica Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang Junhui, Shi Wenjiao, Zhou Weiqi, et al. 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Spatiotemporal evolution of water resource sustainability and carrying capacity based on water resource ecological footprint: A case study of Henan Province, China[J].Human and Ecological Risk Assessment,2025,31(3/4):332-347., articleTitle=Spatiotemporal evolution of water resource sustainability and carrying capacity based on water resource ecological footprint: A case study of Henan Province, China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009517387309115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=40, issue=4, pageStart=1405, pageEnd=1412, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=42, authorNames=郭慧, 董士伟, 吴迪, journalName=生态学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭慧,董士伟,吴迪,等.基于生态系统服务价值的生态足迹模型均衡因子及产量因子测算[J].生态学报,2020,40(4):1405-1412., articleTitle=基于生态系统服务价值的生态足迹模型均衡因子及产量因子测算, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009517454417980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=40, issue=4, pageStart=1405, pageEnd=1412, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=43, authorNames=Guo Hui, Dong Shiwei, Wu Di, journalName=Acta Ecologica Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Guo Hui, Dong Shiwei, Wu Di, et al. 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The calculation and analysis of ecological footprints of Gansu Province[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2000,55(5):607-616., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009518909841477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=52, authorNames=王亚坤, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王亚坤.基于生态系统服务价值和生态足迹模型的黄河流域生态补偿标准测度研究[D].济南:山东财经大学,2024., articleTitle=基于生态系统服务价值和生态足迹模型的黄河流域生态补偿标准测度研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009518985338950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=53, authorNames=Wang Yakun, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Yakun. Study on the measurement of ecological compensation standards in the Yellow River basin based on ecosystem service value and ecological footprint models[D].Jinan:Shandong University of Finance and Economics,2024., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009519044059207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=38, issue=2, pageStart=75, pageEnd=83, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=54, authorNames=赵景峰, 李妍, journalName=生态经济, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赵景峰,李妍.黄河流域城市群综合承载力评价及时空分异演进[J].生态经济,2022,38(2):75-83., articleTitle=黄河流域城市群综合承载力评价及时空分异演进, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009519253774408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=38, issue=2, pageStart=75, pageEnd=83, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=55, authorNames=Zhao Jingfeng, Li Yan, journalName=Ecological Economy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao Jingfeng, Li Yan. 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Study on regional ecological security and compensation based on the analysis of ecological footprint in Guanzhong Region, Shaanxi Province[D].Xi′an:Northwest University,2006., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009519459295307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=13, issue=2, pageStart=83, pageEnd=100, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=58, authorNames=Senbel M, McDaniels T, Dowlatabadi H, journalName=Global Environmental Change, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Senbel M, McDaniels T, Dowlatabadi H. The ecological footprint: A non-monetary metric of human consumption applied to North America[J].Global Environmental Change,2003,13(2):83-100., articleTitle=The ecological footprint: A non-monetary metric of human consumption applied to North America, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009519731925068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=28, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=59, authorNames=Yu Limin, Pu Lijie, journalName=Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yu Limin, Pu Lijie. Landscape and ecosystem health dynamics in response to terrain in southwest China′s karst mountains: A study with evidence since 1980[J].Environmental and Sustainability Indicators,2025,28:e100923., articleTitle=Landscape and ecosystem health dynamics in response to terrain in southwest China′s karst mountains: A study with evidence since 1980, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1312009509921447948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, awardId=2023YFF1305104, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFF1305104), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1312009509992751117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=内蒙古自治区“英才兴蒙”工程青年拔尖人才专项培养计划项目, fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1312009510047277070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, awardId=2022EEDSKJXM003, language=CN, fundingSource=内蒙古自治区“科技兴蒙”行动重点专项(2022EEDSKJXM003), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1312009510122774543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, awardId=MK22205031, language=CN, fundingSource=鄂尔多斯市水利科技项目(MK22205031), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1312009510189883408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, awardId=MK20220515, language=CN, fundingSource=鄂尔多斯市水利科技项目(MK20220515), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1312009502354924485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009502363313094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, companyId=1312009502354924485, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Inner Mongolia,China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,Beijing 100038,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009502375896007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, companyId=1312009502354924485, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国水利水电科学研究院 内蒙古阴山北麓草原生态水文国家野外科学观测研究站,北京 100038)]), AuthorCompany(id=1312009503881651147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009503894234060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, companyId=1312009503881651147, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.College of Desert Control Science and Engineering,Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,Hohhot 010018,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009503906816973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, companyId=1312009503881651147, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.内蒙古农业大学沙漠治理学院,呼和浩特 010018)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1312009506335319029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Location map of Kuye River, figureFileSmall=sGRJ7cPnvLlA4zPhv3sTfQ==, figureFileBig=5HTpt4rcXbHUxvao9McnYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009506406622198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, language=CN, label=图1, caption=窟野河区位示意

注:基于标准地图服务系统下载的审图号GS(2024)0650号的标准地图制作,底图未做修改。下同。

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注:*表示p≤0.05;**表示p≤0.01。

, figureFileSmall=oRVVBAf/ewVbSUAPv0lYHQ==, figureFileBig=2xD+IREkt7JGcWc5MgBuZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009509246164996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Landscape pattern indices and their ecological significance

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号缩写指标名称生态学意义及解释
1NP斑块个数景观中某一斑块类型的总个数
2PD斑块密度斑块类型的破碎度,可反映出景观整体的异质性与破碎度,反映景观单位面积上的异质性
3LPI最大斑块指数景观范围内占主导地位的斑块,该指数值的大小可以帮助确定景观中的优势斑块类型
4LSI景观形状指数反映在景观中各斑块的形状复杂程度
5IJI散布与并列指数在类型级别上计算各个斑块类型间的总体散布情况
6COHESION景观连通度是对景观空间结构单元相互之间连续性的度量
7AI聚集度指数量化景观中同类斑块的空间聚集程度
8CONTAG蔓延度指数反映景观中不同斑块间的聚集程度与分散程度
9DIVISION景观分离度用于衡量单一景观类型(斑块)的空间连续性和完整性
10SHDIShannon多样性指数用于景观中斑块类型的丰富度与分布均匀度
11SPLIT分裂度指数反映同一类型斑块的空间分离程度
), ArticleFig(id=1312009509334245381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

景观格局指数及生态学意义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号缩写指标名称生态学意义及解释
1NP斑块个数景观中某一斑块类型的总个数
2PD斑块密度斑块类型的破碎度,可反映出景观整体的异质性与破碎度,反映景观单位面积上的异质性
3LPI最大斑块指数景观范围内占主导地位的斑块,该指数值的大小可以帮助确定景观中的优势斑块类型
4LSI景观形状指数反映在景观中各斑块的形状复杂程度
5IJI散布与并列指数在类型级别上计算各个斑块类型间的总体散布情况
6COHESION景观连通度是对景观空间结构单元相互之间连续性的度量
7AI聚集度指数量化景观中同类斑块的空间聚集程度
8CONTAG蔓延度指数反映景观中不同斑块间的聚集程度与分散程度
9DIVISION景观分离度用于衡量单一景观类型(斑块)的空间连续性和完整性
10SHDIShannon多样性指数用于景观中斑块类型的丰富度与分布均匀度
11SPLIT分裂度指数反映同一类型斑块的空间分离程度
), ArticleFig(id=1312009509401354246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Division of consumption items for different land types

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土地类型生产能力消费项目
耕地提供农产品稻谷、小麦、玉米、大豆、油料作物、块茎作物蔬菜、猪肉、禽蛋
林地提供林产品水果
草地提供畜产品牛肉、羊肉、牛奶
水域提供水产品水产品
), ArticleFig(id=1312009509472657415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同土地类型的消费项目划分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土地类型生产能力消费项目
耕地提供农产品稻谷、小麦、玉米、大豆、油料作物、块茎作物蔬菜、猪肉、禽蛋
林地提供林产品水果
草地提供畜产品牛肉、羊肉、牛奶
水域提供水产品水产品
), ArticleFig(id=1312009509556543496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Reference factors and areas of different land types in Kuye River basin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土地类型均衡因子

产量

因子

2000年

地类面积/hm²

2010年

地类面积/hm²

2024年

地类面积/hm²

耕地2.81.02646 312639 564594 518
林地1.10.95156 246156 087183 620
草地0.51.681 984 6672 039 4121 931 145
水域0.21.68119 640109 164115 924
建设用地2.81.0251 84364 40259 408
化石能源用地1.102 58828 652110 863
), ArticleFig(id=1312009509627846665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

窟野河流域参考因子及不同地类面积

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
土地类型均衡因子

产量

因子

2000年

地类面积/hm²

2010年

地类面积/hm²

2024年

地类面积/hm²

耕地2.81.02646 312639 564594 518
林地1.10.95156 246156 087183 620
草地0.51.681 984 6672 039 4121 931 145
水域0.21.68119 640109 164115 924
建设用地2.81.0251 84364 40259 408
化石能源用地1.102 58828 652110 863
), ArticleFig(id=1312009509720121354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Correlation between landscape level and ecological surplus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
景观指数相关系数(r)显著性(p)关联强度
斑块密度(PD)-0.5>0.05中等负相关(不显著)
蔓延度指数(CONTAG)1.0<0.01极强正相关
连通性指数(COHESION)1.0<0.01极强正相关
分裂度指数(DIVISION)-1.0<0.01极强负相关
Shannon多样性指数(SHDI)-1.0<0.01极强负相关
), ArticleFig(id=1312009509816590347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009497170764718, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

景观水平与生态盈余相关性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
景观指数相关系数(r)显著性(p)关联强度
斑块密度(PD)-0.5>0.05中等负相关(不显著)
蔓延度指数(CONTAG)1.0<0.01极强正相关
连通性指数(COHESION)1.0<0.01极强正相关
分裂度指数(DIVISION)-1.0<0.01极强负相关
Shannon多样性指数(SHDI)-1.0<0.01极强负相关
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窟野河流域景观格局演变与生态盈余的关联性
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宁佳俊 1, 2 , 郭建英 1 , 杨振奇 1 , 赵俊娜 1, 2 , 左合君 2
水土保持学报 | 数据科学 2026,40(4): 477-488
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水土保持学报 |数据科学 2026 , 40 (4) : 477 -488
窟野河流域景观格局演变与生态盈余的关联性
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宁佳俊1, 2 , 郭建英1, 杨振奇1 , 赵俊娜1, 2, 左合君2
作者信息
  • 1.中国水利水电科学研究院 内蒙古阴山北麓草原生态水文国家野外科学观测研究站,北京 100038
  • 2.内蒙古农业大学沙漠治理学院,呼和浩特 010018
通讯作者:
杨振奇(1993—),男,水利高级工程师,博士,主要从事水土保持与荒漠化防治研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

宁佳俊(2001—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事水土保持研究。E-mail:

Correlation between Landscape Pattern Evolution and Ecological Surplus in Kuye River Basin
Jiajun Ning1, 2 , Jianying Guo1, Zhenqi Yang1 , Junna Zhao1, 2, Hejun Zuo2
Affiliations
  • 1.National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Inner Mongolia,China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,Beijing 100038,China
  • 2.College of Desert Control Science and Engineering,Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,Hohhot 010018,China
出版时间: 2026-08-28 doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.008
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目的 深入探究窟野河流域景观格局与生态盈余的时空演变特征及耦合关系,为该区域生态修复与可持续发展提供指导意见。 方法 以窟野河流域为研究对象,基于2000—2024年6期Landsat遥感影像,采用支持向量机分类与目视解译获取土地利用数据,提取多尺度景观格局指数;结合2000年、2010年、2024年统计年鉴数据,基于生态足迹与生态承载力模型核算生态盈余,并通过Spearman秩相关分析量化景观格局与生态盈余的关联关系。 结果 1)2000—2010年受高强度工矿开发与土地利用扩张影响,流域景观破碎化显著加剧,斑块密度(PD)和分割度(DIVISION)明显升高;2010年后,在退耕还林(草)与矿区生态修复等政策驱动下,聚集度(CONTAG)和连通度(COHESION)呈上升趋势,景观格局由破碎化向整体优化转变。2)生态盈余变化主要受能源足迹快速增长驱动,其中化石能源用地生态赤字由2000年1.376 1×106 hm²扩大至2024年的9.28×10⁷ hm²,占总生态赤字的绝对主导地位,成为导致流域生态承载能力下降的关键因素。3)景观格局指数与生态盈余关联显著,CONTAG与COHESION与生态盈余呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),斑块密度(PD)、分裂度(DIVISION)及Shannon多样性指数(SHDI)呈显著负相关,工矿干扰背景下的“破碎化与干扰型多样性”对生态盈余具有明显抑制效应。 结论 窟野河流域景观格局破碎化程度是调控生态盈余的核心因子,2010年的演变转折与区域工矿整治政策直接关联;通过降低景观破碎化、提升生态用地连接度的修复措施,可有效推动流域生态盈余稳步回升,研究成果可为砒砂岩区工矿流域的生态修复规划提供量化参考。

景观格局  /  生态足迹  /  生态承载力  /  生态盈余  /  可持续发展  /  窟野河流域

Objective This study aims to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and coupling relationship between landscape patterns and ecological surplus in the Kuye River basin, thereby providing guidance for ecological restoration and sustainable development in this region. Methods Taking the Kuye River basin as the study area, land use data were obtained based on six periods of Landsat remote sensing images from 2000 to 2024 using support vector machine classification and visual interpretation, and multiscale landscape pattern indices were extracted. Using statistical yearbook data from 2000, 2010, and 2024, ecological surplus was calculated based on ecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity models, and the relationship between landscape patterns and ecological surplus was quantified using Spearman rank correlation analysis. Results 1) From 2000 to 2010, under the influence of high-intensity industrial and mining development and land use expansion, landscape fragmentation in the river basin significantly intensified, with patch density (PD) and division index (DIVISION) increasing markedly. After 2010, driven by policies such as the Grain for Green Program and mine ecological restoration, contagion (CONTAG) and cohesion (COHESION) exhibited increasing trends, indicating a transition of landscape patterns from fragmentation towards overall structural optimization. 2) Changes in ecological surplus were mainly driven by the rapid growth of the energy footprint. Specifically, the ecological deficit of fossil energy land expanded from 1.376 1×10⁶ hm² in 2000 to 9.28×0⁷ hm² in 2024, accounting for an overwhelming proportion of the total ecological deficit and becoming the key factor constraining the decline of ecological carrying capacity in the river basin. 3) Significant correlations were observed between landscape pattern indices and ecological surplus. CONTAG and COHESION showed extremely significant positive correlations with ecological surplus (p<0.01), while patch density (PD), diversity index (DIVISION), and Shannon's diversity index (SHDI) exhibited significant negative correlations. The "fragmentation and disturbance-driven diversity" under industrial and mining disturbance exerted a significant inhibitory effect on ecological surplus. Conclusion Landscape fragmentation is the core factor regulating ecological surplus in the Kuye River Basin, and the turning point in 2010 is directly associated with regional industrial and mining regulation policies. Restoration measures that reduce landscape fragmentation and enhance the connectivity of ecological land can effectively promote the steady recovery of ecological surplus in the river basin. The findings can provide a quantitative reference for ecological restoration planning in industrial and mining-affected river basins of the Pisha sandstone region.

landscape pattern  /  ecological footprint  /  ecological carrying capacity  /  ecological surplus  /  sustainable development  /  Kuye River basin
宁佳俊, 郭建英, 杨振奇, 赵俊娜, 左合君. 窟野河流域景观格局演变与生态盈余的关联性. 水土保持学报, 2026 , 40 (4) : 477 -488 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.008
Jiajun Ning, Jianying Guo, Zhenqi Yang, Junna Zhao, Hejun Zuo. Correlation between Landscape Pattern Evolution and Ecological Surplus in Kuye River Basin[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2026 , 40 (4) : 477 -488 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.008
黄土高原地区是我国水土流失最为集中、生态环境高度脆弱的区域之一,长期受风力侵蚀、水力侵蚀及其复合侵蚀作用的共同影响[1]。近年来,随着能源资源开发强度的持续提升,部分流域在原有自然侵蚀背景下叠加高强度人类扰动,土地利用结构发生快速转化,地表景观破碎化显著加剧,区域生态系统承载能力与人类需求间的矛盾日益突出[2]。尤其在以煤炭开采为主导的工矿型流域中,建设用地与采矿用地持续扩张,占用并割裂生态用地空间,使水土流失风险与生态退化问题呈现出明显的结构性与阶段性特征。在黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展国家战略背景下,如何在资源开发与生态保护之间实现空间层面的协调,已成为流域水土保持与生态修复研究亟须解决的重要科学问题。
景观格局反映土地利用类型在空间上的组合方式与配置特征,是刻画人类活动干扰与自然过程耦合效应的重要空间表征[3]。有研究[4-6]表明,景观破碎化、连通性及多样性等格局特征可通过影响能量流动、物质循环与生境完整性等方式,进而调控生态系统结构与功能。生态盈余/赤字基于生态足迹与生态承载力的对比关系,从综合角度表征区域自然系统对人类活动需求的支撑能力,已被广泛应用于区域可持续性评价[7]。从理论上看,景观格局变化通过改变生态斑块的空间组织方式与功能完整性,进而影响生态系统服务供给能力,是生态盈余演变的重要空间驱动因素[8]。然而,在高强度工矿扰动背景下,“景观格局-生态盈余”关联关系的具体表现及其阶段性特征仍缺乏系统性揭示。
现有研究[9]中,关于景观格局的分析多聚焦于破碎化过程、斑块结构特征及其时空演变规律,相关成果主要集中于农业流域、城市化区域及自然保护地等类型区域。生态足迹与生态盈余研究则主要用于评估区域可持续发展水平,研究重点多集中于人口增长、经济结构及消费模式等社会经济驱动因素[10-13]。近年来,尽管已有研究[14]尝试将景观格局引入生态系统服务或生态安全评价,但将景观格局演变与生态盈余变化进行定量关联分析仍较为有限,且多忽视工矿开发的强扰动背景下景观破碎化的负效应。针对政策干预前后景观格局与生态盈余响应差异的阶段性研究仍显不足,限制相关结论在同类流域生态修复与空间调控中的应用价值。因此,在高强度工矿扰动背景下,从景观格局演变视角系统揭示生态盈余变化特征及其关联机制,仍是当前相关研究中亟须深化的问题。
基于上述研究背景,以黄土高原典型工矿干扰流域-窟野河流域为研究对象。该流域能源开发强度高、生态问题集中,且在近20 a内经历退耕还林(草)与矿区生态修复等多项政策干预,具有较强的代表性。基于2000—2024年多期遥感影像与统计数据,分析窟野河流域景观格局的演变特征,核算关键阶段生态盈余变化,并探讨景观格局指数与生态盈余之间的关联关系,旨在揭示工矿型流域景观格局演变对生态盈余的空间调控作用,为黄土高原类似流域的水土保持与生态修复提供科学依据并刻画2000—2024年窟野河流域景观格局的时空演变特征,核算不同阶段生态盈余变化特征,分析景观格局指数与生态盈余之间的关联关系。
窟野河流域(38°22′26″~39°51′18″N, 109°25′56″~110°48′49″E)位于陕西省和内蒙古的交界处,发源于内蒙古自治区东胜市巴定沟,流经伊金霍洛旗和陕西省府谷县。地势西北高、东南低,高程为718~1 575 m(图1a),土地类型主要以林草地为主(图1b)。全流域约有34万人口,由于流域以煤炭产业为主导,生态脆弱性加剧,整体承载能力较差[15]。24 a期间流域第二产业发展尤为迅速,产值由70.77亿元增加到6 378.57亿元,其主要得益于流域丰富的矿产资源;第一产业产值由2000年仅有的9.17亿元增加到2024年的85.49亿元,第三产业产值由43.33亿元增加到1 707.46亿元。
鉴于其时间覆盖范围广、数据连续性好且空间分辨率适宜,Landsat系列遥感影像已被广泛应用于流域尺度景观格局演变研究中[16-18]。因此,选取Landsat系列多期遥感影像作为基础数据,影像均下载自地理空间数据云平台(https:∥www.gscloud.cn),选取6—10月植被生长期、云量均<3%的影像,以降低季节差异和云覆盖对解译结果的影响。其中,2000年、2005年和2010年采用Landsat 4~5 TM影像,2015年和2020年采用Landsat 8 OLI影像,2024年采用Landsat 8-9 OLI/TIRS C2 L2影像。所有影像空间分辨率均为 30 m,并统一投影至WGS_1984_UTM_Zone_49N坐标系。
为保证多期影像的可比性和解译精度,对所有影像进行统一预处理,包括辐射校准、大气校正和几何精度校正。首先,基于Landsat官方(https:∥www.usgs.gov/landsat-missions)定标参数,将DN值转换为表观反射率,以消除传感器差异带来的系统误差;其次,采用FLAASH模型进行大气校正,选用中纬度夏季大气模式和大陆型气溶胶模型,修正大气散射与吸收效应;最后,以1∶5万DEM数据为参考进行几何精校正,采用二次多项式变换方法,控制均方根误差(RMSE)<0.5个像元,确保影像空间定位误差<15 m,满足景观格局指数计算精度要求。
结合研究区土地利用结构特征及研究目标,参考中国科学院土地利用分类体系构建窟野河流域的LULC分类体系[19],共划分为6类一级地类并将“工矿用地”从建设用地中单独划分,以更准确刻画煤炭资源开发活动对景观格局演变的影响。
土地利用解译采用“监督分类(支持向量机,SVM)+人工目视修正”的方法,在ENVI软件中为各类地物选取约500个训练样本进行分类。针对分类结果中面积<0.01 km²的细碎斑块,按照“邻近斑块优先归并”原则在ArcGIS进行后处理。
精度验证采用分层随机抽样方法,结合2024年实地调查数据与高分辨率Google Earth影像(约0.5 m)进行评估。结果表明,2000—2024年多期LULC数据总体分类精度平均值为88.36%,Kappa系数为0.83~0.90,满足流域尺度景观格局分析与生态盈余核算的精度要求。基于解译结果绘制研究区土地利用现状图(图2)。
生态足迹与生态承载力核算所需的社会经济数据主要来源于《鄂尔多斯市统计年鉴》[20]和《榆林市统计年鉴》[21]。其中,生物资源消费数据根据产量+进口+出口原则修正为实际消费量;能源消费数据统一折算为标准煤量,以保证不同能源类型之间的可比性。折算过程中采用国家通用折标系数,其中原煤为0.714 3 tce/t,焦炭为0.971 4 tce/t,从而确保统计数据在时间尺度和计量单位上的一致性。
为实现上述研究目标,本研究基于LULC数据,从类型水平(单地类)-景观水平(全域)双尺度提取景观格局指数,解析格局演变特征,结合统计数据,采用生态足迹模型核算生态需求(EF),生态承载力模型核算生态供给(EC),通过EC-EF计算生态盈余,量化供需平衡状态,最后通过Spearman秩相关分析量化景观格局指数-生态盈余关联,基于关联规律核算生态补偿系数,提出景观优化策略[22]。
考虑到窟野河流域受工矿开发强烈干扰的特殊性,本研究从景观破碎度、连通性、异质性及聚集程度4个维度选取指标。其中,NP与PD用以表征工矿点状扩张导致的基质破碎化;LPI与COHESION反映核心生态斑块的主导地位与空间连通性;CONTAG与SHDI用于刻画工矿-农业-生态景观交织下的整体格局异质性(表1)。
生态足迹用于表征区域人类生产和生活活动对自然资源与生态环境的需求,主要包括生物资源生态足迹与能源生态足迹两部分[23]。由于不同资源类型的消耗方式及其对应的生态承载功能存在差异,分别对生物资源(表2)和能源资源的生态足迹进行核算。
EF总=N×ef=N×∑ri×(ci /pi)
式中:EF总为总生态足迹,hm2;ef为人均生态足迹,hm²/人;N为常住人口;i为生产性土地对应的产品;pi为第i个消费项目的平均生产能力,kg/hm2;ci为第i种产品的人均产量或人均消耗量,kg/人;ri 为均衡因子。均衡因子基于学者[24]的研究结果,耕地、森林、草地、水域、建设用地分别为1.74、1.41、0.44、0.35、1.41。
能源生态足迹主要反映区域能源消费对生态系统吸收二氧化碳能力的占用情况[25]。将化石能源用地和建设用地统一纳入能源生态足迹核算范围。依据《鄂尔多斯能源统计年鉴》[20]和《榆林能源统计年鉴》[21],选取原煤、洗煤、焦炭、汽油、柴油、电力和热力为主要能源消费项目。能源生态足迹计算公式为:
EF总=N×ef=N×∑iti×ri/E
式中:EF总为总生态足迹,hm2;ef为人均生态足迹,hm2;t为区域的能源使用量;r为能量转换系数;E为全球平均能源足迹,GJ/hm2。
环境供给能力即生态承载力。能提供资源的土地类型有耕地、森林、草原、水域和建设用地[26]。同时,由于土地资源的缺乏,人类并没有预留特定的土地面积来吸收二氧化碳,因此,化石能源用地的面积和生态承载能力均为0。生态承载力计算公式为:
EC总=N×ec=N×∑j(aj×yj×rj)
式中: EC总为总体生态承载力,hm2;N为常住人口;ec为人均生态承载力,hm2;yj 为产率系数;rj 为均衡因子;aj 为人均土地面积, hm2。产量因子参考前人[27-32]研究,其中耕地、森林、草地、水域、建设用地分别为1.02、0.95、1.68、1.68、1.02。依据生态保护原则,在计算过程中预留12%的生物多样性保护面积,最终生态承载力取0.88×EC总[33]。
生态盈余用于衡量区域生态系统对人类活动的剩余支撑能力,其计算公式为:
ES=EC总-EF总
式中:ES为生态盈余,hm²;EC总为总生态承载力;EF总为总生态足迹。当ES>0时,区域处于生态盈余状态;当ES<0时,表明区域处于生态赤字状态,生态压力较大。
为探究景观格局变化对生态盈余的影响关系,采用Spearman秩相关分析方法,利用SPSS 26软件对景观格局指数与生态盈余间的相关性进行分析。分析中,以总生态盈余及不同地类生态盈余(如林地生态盈余、工矿用地生态盈余等)为因变量,以类型水平和景观水平景观格局指数为自变量。相关性显著性采用双尾检验,p<0.05表示显著相关,p<0.01表示极显著相关。根据相关系数绝对值(|r|)大小判定关联强度:|r|>0.8为强相关,0.5<|r|≤0.8为中等相关,|r|≤0.5为弱相关。
窟野河流域类型水平景观格局(图3)演变以2010年为关键转折点,2000—2010年干扰主导,2010—2024年修复主导。生态用地(林地、草地)方面,2000—2010年林地斑块密度(PD)从4.9个/km²下降至2.6个/km²,草地斑块数量(NP)从26 599个增加至34 948个,破碎化加剧;2024年林地PD上升至3.36个/km²,草地NP降至29 585个,破碎化缓解。林地AI从83.19升至86.42,林地连通性指数(COHESION)稳定在99以上,草地COHESION稳定在99.3以上。干扰用地中,工矿用地PD从0.01个/km²提升至1.73个/km²(2024年),NP从87个增加至14 993个,LPI从0.01跃升至0.16,景观形状指数(LSI)从12.24提升至130.84,AI、COHESION均超90,呈集中连片扩张;建设用地AI从75.66提升至82.53,COHESION从92.57提升至95.56。耕地PD从2.96个/km²提升至4.85个/km²(2010年)后回落,LPI从0.63升至3.98(2010年)后开始回落,COHESION从96.77提升至99.00以上。未利用地PD从1.38个/km²降至0.32个/km²,NP从12 005个下降至2 757个,LPI从0.26下降至0.06,AI从84.96下降至78.60,COHESION从94.72下降至90.21。
为分析2000—2024年景观层面的景观格局(图4),选取split、Contag、Cohesion和Pd等4个指标。对于split指数,从时间角度分析,2000—2010年分裂度指数较大,空间上零散分布在整个流域,流域内各地类斑块破碎度较高,2010年之后,split指数高值区明显减少,破碎度明显降低;2000—2024年Contag指数变化趋于稳定,空间上看流域中部、南部及西北部低值区变少,优势斑块的连通性和蔓延度变大;Cohesion指数从2000年在北部、中西部地带低值区变化明显,到2024年低值区明显变好。PD指数方面,时间上呈先下降后回升趋势,空间上主要是中部、中南部地带斑块密度变化较大。总体而言,2000—2024年,该地区景观格局在斑块分散、聚集与破碎特征方面呈现出动态调整过程,而主导斑块格局整体保持相对稳定。
总生态足迹表征人类对生物生产性土地的总需求,由生物资源足迹与能源足迹构成,整体呈“能源驱动增长、结构失衡加剧”的演变特征,且与景观格局动态高度耦合,窟野河流域生态足迹见图5。2000—2024年生物资源足迹呈持续上升态势,2000年为11.21×105 hm²,2010年增至13.84×105 hm²,2024年上升至38.75×105 hm²。耕地为生物资源足迹的核心贡献地类,2024年达26.35×105 hm²,占比68%,对应耕地最大斑块指数(LPI)从0.72升至4.92的扩张及后期连通性指数(COHESION)从96.17升至99.2的集中化过程;草地足迹2024年为12.19×105 hm²,随肉类消费增长呈上升趋势;林地足迹始终低于0.98×10⁴ hm²,受保护政策限制增长幅度较小。能源足迹呈指数型增长,2000年为13.84×105 hm²,2024年激增至92.79×106 hm²,其中化石能源用地足迹为绝对主导,与工矿用地LPI从0.01升至0.06,原煤产量从0.8×10⁸t增至1.5×10⁸t的扩张过程完全同步;建设用地足迹2024年为27.76×10⁴hm²,因设施集中布局(聚集度指数AI从75.66升至95.56),增速平缓。整体而言,总生态足迹呈双失衡特征。组分结构上,能源足迹占比从55.3%升至99.9%,地类贡献上,2024年化石能源足迹(92.33×106 hm²)为耕地生物资源足迹(26.35×105 hm²)的35倍,凸显“煤炭依赖型”发展模式下能源开发对生态系统的核心压力。
为探究窟野河流域的生态承载力变化,首先要参考研究方法中的前人[34-35]研究成果确定均衡因子和产量因子,并根据统计年鉴数据中的各旗县不同地类面积,以中国科学院发布的LUCC数据集为参考统计不同年份的各地类面积,具体参考因子和不同地类面积情况见表3。
2000—2024年窟野河流域总生态承载力呈波动恢复趋势(图6)。2000年总EC为354.52×10⁴ hm²,2010年降至324.70×10⁴ hm²,2024年回升至355.87×10⁴ hm²。从地类贡献看,草地为EC核心贡献地类,2000年贡献150.73×10⁴ hm²;2024年为142.74×10⁴ hm²。耕地2000年EC为149.46×10⁴ hm²,2010年升至160.72×10⁴ hm²,2024年回落至149.46×10⁴ hm²。林地EC稳定,2000—2024年保持在14.37~16.85×10⁴ hm²左右。化石能源用地EC始终为0。空间分布上,高EC区集中于南部神木市高植被覆盖区,2024年贡献全流域62.3%的EC;低EC区位于鄂尔多斯市伊金霍洛旗和准格尔旗矿区富集区。
2000年,流域整体呈生态盈余状态(图7)。其中,耕地、林地、草地、水域、建设用地盈余分别为177.313×10⁴、15.589×10⁴、123.497×10⁴、3.151×10⁴、13.921×10⁴ hm²;化石能源用地呈生态赤字,为137.610×10⁴ hm²。2010年,流域首次转为生态赤字。耕地、林地、草地、水域、建设用地盈余分别为75.550×10⁴、15.433×10⁴、110.020×10⁴、2.885×10⁴、7.244×10⁴ hm²;化石能源用地赤字扩大至1 207.400×10⁴ hm²。2024年,生态赤字急剧扩大。耕地、林地、建设用地赤字分别为93.618×10⁴、18.163×10⁴、35.536×10⁴ hm²,草地、水域盈余分别为40.283×10⁴、2.746×10⁴ hm²,赤字化石能源用地赤字激增至92.767×106 hm²。
生态盈余作为区域生态系统供需平衡状态的综合表征,不仅受土地利用规模变化的影响,还与景观空间结构配置特征密切相关。基于景观格局演变特征与生态盈余动态数据,结合分阶段对比揭示格局-盈余耦合机制[36-38]。结果表明,窟野河流域生态盈余与多项类型景观格局指数间存在显著统计关联,但不同类型指标的关联强度与方向存在明显差异(图8)。生态盈余与LPI、LSI、COHESION呈强正相关,与NP、PD和AI呈中等正相关,与IJI呈中等负相关。生态盈余的变化并非由单一景观指数驱动,而是依赖于生态用地(林地、草地)景观结构的“协同优化”,既需通过LPI提升强化核心生态斑块的主导作用,通过COHESION、AI优化保障斑块的连通性与聚集度,也需通过控制IJI减少干扰斑块的混杂影响。
在景观整体结构相关指标中(表4),最大斑块指数(LPI)、景观连通性指数(COHESION)和聚集度指数(AI)均与生态盈余呈显著正相关,表明当景观中优势斑块占比提高、空间连通性增强、同类斑块趋于聚集时,区域生态盈余水平相应较高。该特征在不同分析尺度下均表现一致,表现为生态盈余对景观整体组织特征变化具有较为稳定的统计响应。
本研究结果表明,窟野河流域生态盈余与反映景观整体结构状态的指标CONTAG、COHESION、DIVISION间存在显著且稳定的统计关联,而与斑块数量类和局部配置类指标的关联性相对较弱。表明在流域尺度上,生态盈余并非对局部景观变化作出线性响应,而更依赖于土地利用整体组织方式及生态斑块空间结构的协同状态。结合2000—2024年景观演变特征,工矿用地与建设用地的持续扩张并未仅表现为斑块数量增加,而是通过改变生态用地的空间连通性和整体蔓延格局,重塑流域景观结构。尤其在2010年前后,工矿开发强度的集中释放叠加景观破碎化加剧,使生态系统空间承载能力显著下降,从而放大生态盈余对整体结构指标的敏感性。
2010年是窟野河流域生态盈余由盈余转为赤字的关键节点,其形成机制并非单一土地利用变化所致,而是景观结构调整与生态足迹结构失衡的共同结果。一方面,能源足迹在研究期内呈指数型增长,化石能源用地成为生态赤字的绝对主导来源;另一方面,工矿扰动通过割裂和压缩生态斑块空间,削弱林地和草地等生态用地的连通性与整体功能发挥能力。2010年后,尽管退耕还林(草)与矿区修复政策推动部分生态用地恢复,但生态用地面积的增加并未完全转化为生态承载能力的同步提升,其关键限制因素在于景观整体结构尚未恢复到高效组织状态。解释了为何在生态修复背景下,生态盈余下降趋势有所缓解但未实现根本性逆转。
斑块密度(PD)、分裂度(DIVISION)及Shannon多样性指数(SHDI)与生态盈余呈显著负相关,表明景观多样性的增加并未提升生态系统供给能力。该现象并非否定景观多样性本身的生态价值,而是反映工矿扰动背景下干扰型多样性的负效应。在窟野河流域,景观多样性的提升主要来源于工矿用地和建设用地的嵌入式扩张,该种以干扰斑块为主导的多样化过程加剧生态斑块的空间割裂,削弱能量流动和物质循环的连续性,从而对生态盈余形成抑制作用。因此,在工矿型流域的生态管理中,仅关注用地类型多样性或生态用地面积恢复难以有效改善生态盈余状况,更需要通过优化生态斑块空间组织和提升整体连通性来增强生态系统承载能力。
1)2000—2010年流域土地利用变化以资源开发扰动为主导,景观破碎化程度整体上升;2010年以后,在生态修复与管控政策作用下,生态用地空间结构逐步趋于稳定,景观整体连通性和聚集程度得到一定改善,流域景观格局由“扰动主导”向“修复调控”转变。
2)基于生态足迹与生态承载力模型的核算表明,研究期内窟野河流域生态盈余总体呈波动变化特征,其演变过程与土地利用结构调整及资源开发强度变化具有较强的一致性,反映流域生态系统对人类活动压力的综合响应。
3)相关性分析显示,反映景观整体结构特征的指数与生态盈余间具有较为稳定的统计关联,而类型水平和局部空间配置指标的关联性相对较弱。表明在流域尺度上,生态盈余更易受景观整体组织方式和空间结构变化的影响,该结论可为资源型流域土地利用结构优化与水土保持空间调控提供参考。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFF1305104)
  • 内蒙古自治区“英才兴蒙”工程青年拔尖人才专项培养计划项目
  • 内蒙古自治区“科技兴蒙”行动重点专项(2022EEDSKJXM003)
  • 鄂尔多斯市水利科技项目(MK22205031)
  • 鄂尔多斯市水利科技项目(MK20220515)
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2026年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.008
  • 接收时间:2025-11-02
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-02
  • 修回日期:2026-02-09
  • 录用日期:2026-03-16
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFF1305104)
内蒙古自治区“英才兴蒙”工程青年拔尖人才专项培养计划项目
内蒙古自治区“科技兴蒙”行动重点专项(2022EEDSKJXM003)
鄂尔多斯市水利科技项目(MK22205031)
鄂尔多斯市水利科技项目(MK20220515)
作者信息
    1.中国水利水电科学研究院 内蒙古阴山北麓草原生态水文国家野外科学观测研究站,北京 100038
    2.内蒙古农业大学沙漠治理学院,呼和浩特 010018

通讯作者:

杨振奇(1993—),男,水利高级工程师,博士,主要从事水土保持与荒漠化防治研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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