Article(id=1312009496101224561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1766678400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-26, revisedDate=1772208000000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-28, acceptedDate=1774281600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-24, onlineDate=1790737039827, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1787846400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790737039827, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790737039827, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790737039827, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1312009474789958403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787846400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790737034746, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739471092, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=115, endPage=127, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312009496281579634, articleId=1312009496101224561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=EN, title=Effects of Water and Nitrogen Regulation on Fate of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Gaseous Losses in Saline-Alkali Farmland, columnId=1312009477243626245, journalTitle=Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective This study aims to investigate the effects of water and nitrogen regulation on the emission patterns of NH3 and N2O and the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate in saline-alkali farmland. Methods Sunflower was used as the research subject. Two irrigation gradients were set: T1, mild deficit irrigation (field capacity 65%-75%), and T2, full irrigation (field capacity 75%-80%). Four nitrogen application levels were established: N1 (0 kg/hm2), N2 (150 kg/hm2), N3 (225 kg/hm2), and N4 (300 kg/hm2). By analyzing the effects of different irrigation gradients and nitrogen application levels on NH3 and N2O emissions, the pattern characteristics of nitrogen fertilizer utilization, residue, and loss in saline-alkali land were clarified. Results Under the two irrigation conditions, with increasing nitrogen application rate, both the N2O emission flux and NH3 volatilization rate significantly increased. Peak emissions under the N4 treatment were 4.4%-21.4% higher than those under N3 and N2. Under the same nitrogen application level, the cumulative NH3 volatilization and N2O emissions under the T2 treatment were 10.10%-20.41% and 16.41%-39.77% higher than those under the T1 treatment, respectively. The gaseous nitrogen fertilizer loss rate under the T1 treatment was 7.05%-32.38% lower than that under the T2 treatment. The 15N isotope tracing results showed that the fate of fertilizer nitrogen followed the pattern: nitrogen fertilizer loss rate > nitrogen fertilizer residual rate > nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate. The residual fertilizer nitrogen was mainly concentrated in the 0-20 cm soil layer, accounting for 46.13%-63.14% of the total residual amount, and gradually decreased with increasing soil layer depth. Under the T1 treatment, the sunflower yield was higher than that under the T2 treatment by 4.12%-12.38%. The nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate under the T1 treatment was 8.46%-14.96% higher than that under the T2 treatment. Among them, the T1-N3 treatment achieved the highest yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate, reaching 2 796.01 kg/hm2 and 26.10%, respectively. Additionally, the effects of salinity on the nitrogen transformation process were mainly related to the composition of salt ions, and Na++K+ and HCO3- were positively correlated with the gaseous nitrogen emission rate (r = 0.57-0.86). Conclusion For severely saline-alkali farmland, under mild deficit irrigation conditions, a nitrogen application level of 225 kg/hm2 (T1N3) can effectively reduce nitrogen fertilizer residue and gaseous losses while ensuring nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency, representing the optimal water and nitrogen management mode for emission reduction and efficiency improvement.

, authors=Xiang Li1, Xia Liu1, Zhongyi Qu2, Tian Qiao1, Hanhong Yu1, Jingyi Zhao1, authorsList=Xiang Li, Xia Liu, Zhongyi Qu, Tian Qiao, Hanhong Yu, Jingyi Zhao, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xia Liu, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312009497887998083, articleId=1312009496101224561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=CN, title=水氮调控对盐渍化农田氮肥去向及气态损失的影响, columnId=1312009477407204103, journalTitle=水土保持学报, columnName=基础研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 为探究水氮调控对盐渍化农田中NH3和N2O排放及氮肥利用率规律的影响。 方法 以向日葵为研究对象,设置T1轻度亏缺灌溉(田持65%~75%)和T2充分灌溉(田持75%~80%)2个灌溉梯度,N1(0 kg/hm2)、N2(150 kg/hm2)、N3(225 kg/hm2)、N4(300 kg/hm2) 4个施氮水平。通过分析不同灌溉梯度及施氮水平对NH3和N2O排放的影响,明确盐碱地氮肥利用、残留、损失规律特征。 结果 2种灌溉条件下随着施氮量的增加,N2O排放通量和NH3挥发速率均显著提高,N4处理的排放峰值较N3、N2平均增加4.4%~21.4%。在相同施氮水平下,T2处理的累积NH3挥发量与N2O排放量分别高于T1处理10.10%~20.41%、16.41%~39.77%,且T1的氮肥气态损失率低于T2处理7.05%~32.38%。15N同位素示踪结果表明,肥料氮素去向规律表现为氮肥损失率>氮肥残留率>氮肥利用率。残留肥料氮主要集中在0~20 cm土层,占总残留量46.13%~63.14%,随着土层深度逐渐递减。T1处理下向日葵的产量均优于T2处理,提高4.12%~12.38%,T1处理的氮肥利用率较T2处理增加8.46%~14.96%,其中T1N3产量和氮肥利用率最高,分别为2 796.01 kg/hm2和26.10%。同时盐分对氮转化过程影响主要与盐分离子组成有关,Na++K+、HCO3-与气态氮排放速率呈正相关(r=0.57~0.86)。 结论 针对重度盐渍化农田,在轻度亏缺灌溉条件下,225 kg/hm2施氮水平(T1N3)可在保障氮肥利用效率基础上,有效降低氮肥残留与气态损失,是减排增效的最优水氮管理模式。

, authors=李响1, 刘霞1, 屈忠义2, 乔天1, 于函弘1, 赵靖怡1, authorsList=李响, 刘霞, 屈忠义, 乔天, 于函弘, 赵靖怡, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘霞, authorNote=

李响(2001—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事盐渍化农田水氮高效利用研究。E-mail:

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刘霞(1971—),女,博士,教授,主要从事农业水土资源利用与水土环境调控研究。E-mail:
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李响(2001—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事盐渍化农田水氮高效利用研究。E-mail:

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province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Energy and Environment,Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology,Baotou,Inner Mongolia 014010,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009499825766537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009496101224561, companyId=1312009499808989319, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.内蒙古科技大学能源与环境学院,内蒙古 包头 014010)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1312009502086496434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009496101224561, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Meteorological data of study area (2024—2025), figureFileSmall=wRVJZpeeO0VKd6MVgiAQBA==, figureFileBig=Xd/BDJdAldwyMX+/bsTTLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009502170382515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009496101224561, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2024—2025年试验区气象数据, figureFileSmall=wRVJZpeeO0VKd6MVgiAQBA==, figureFileBig=Xd/BDJdAldwyMX+/bsTTLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009503831326900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009496101224561, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Schematic diagram of layout of field-plot and micro-plot experiments, figureFileSmall=gbqQZd7nTngSn3yBmsuOPw==, figureFileBig=bFGyT5z23ZC0c5N+donveA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009503940378805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009496101224561, language=CN, label=图2, caption=田间小区及微区试验布置示意, figureFileSmall=gbqQZd7nTngSn3yBmsuOPw==, figureFileBig=bFGyT5z23ZC0c5N+donveA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009504024264886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009496101224561, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Dynamic distribution of soil moisture under different treatments during growing seasons (2024—2025), figureFileSmall=CNLocJoVUQnZ7Rj0DZkBiA==, figureFileBig=9BE0CO0esz4ZEjmgzVi7uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009504087179447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009496101224561, language=CN, label=图3, caption=2024—2025年生育期不同处理下土壤水分动态分布, figureFileSmall=CNLocJoVUQnZ7Rj0DZkBiA==, figureFileBig=9BE0CO0esz4ZEjmgzVi7uw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009504150094008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009496101224561, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Dynamic distribution of soil salinity under different treatments during growing seasons (2024—2025), figureFileSmall=mjpjnwRF72VkMcexegzYZw==, figureFileBig=nsbPK9XsvpR9gGupocI0Lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009504208814265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009496101224561, language=CN, label=图4, caption=2024—2025年生育期不同处理下土壤盐分动态分布, figureFileSmall=mjpjnwRF72VkMcexegzYZw==, figureFileBig=nsbPK9XsvpR9gGupocI0Lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009504275923130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009496101224561, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Residual fertilizer nitrogen in different soil layers and total residual fertilizer nitrogen (2024—2025), figureFileSmall=4+9zmx0EtbaBfYj/16CsHQ==, figureFileBig=3zLfqFfvlKNUQ2oTzVXXNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009504359809211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009496101224561, language=CN, label=图5, caption=2024—2025年不同土层肥料氮残留量及肥料氮总残留, figureFileSmall=4+9zmx0EtbaBfYj/16CsHQ==, figureFileBig=3zLfqFfvlKNUQ2oTzVXXNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009504422723772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009496101224561, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of different treatments on sunflower yield (2024—2025), figureFileSmall=yBc495mh3MJNkTMhwOaGiQ==, figureFileBig=XlGi1z1NNc3ZHyUR8/d//A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009504485638333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009496101224561, language=CN, label=图6, caption=2024—2025年不同处理对向日葵产量的影响

注:图柱上方不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著,(p<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=yBc495mh3MJNkTMhwOaGiQ==, figureFileBig=XlGi1z1NNc3ZHyUR8/d//A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009504544358590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009496101224561, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=NH3 volatilization rate and N2O emission flux under different treatments (2024—2025), figureFileSmall=sEjcoCpvpSLL/xnUhCLDRg==, figureFileBig=KcJpWnz0p8/a9mewNvUsbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009504611467455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009496101224561, language=CN, label=图7, caption=2024—2025年不同处理的NH3挥发速率及N2O排放通量, figureFileSmall=sEjcoCpvpSLL/xnUhCLDRg==, figureFileBig=KcJpWnz0p8/a9mewNvUsbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009504674382016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009496101224561, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Correlation analysis between soil properties and nitrogen indicators (2024—2025), figureFileSmall=gkjlnWxefIv/ZSACqJkGrQ==, figureFileBig=6cvyBjE1CkQpZ+T/aNOc0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009504737296577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009496101224561, language=CN, label=图8, caption=2024—2025土壤与氮素指标的相关性

注:SWC、FR、TSS、FN2O、FNH3、GNLR、NUE、NRF、NLR分别为土壤含水率、施氮量、土壤全盐量、N2O排放速率、NH3挥发速率、氮肥气态损失率、氮肥利用率、氮肥残留率、氮肥损失率。

, figureFileSmall=gkjlnWxefIv/ZSACqJkGrQ==, figureFileBig=6cvyBjE1CkQpZ+T/aNOc0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009504800211138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009496101224561, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Changes in nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate, residual rate, and loss rate under different treatments (2024—2025)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理2024年2025年
氮肥利用率/%氮肥残留率/%氮肥损失率/%氮肥利用率/%氮肥残留率/%氮肥损失率/%
T1N221.59±0.62d30.78±0.45e47.63±0.27a23.48±0.26c33.20±0.40f43.32±0.67b
T1N324.82±0.54a33.21±0.54d41.96±0.83b26.10±0.36a36.36±0.28d37.54±0.47d
T1N422.42±0.27c35.53±0.66c42.06±0.72b24.06±0.20e37.77±0.42b38.17±0.17d
T2N220.09±0.36e33.94±0.56d45.97±0.66a21.13±0.35c34.75±0.23e44.12±0.43a
T2N323.28±0.29b36.89±0.48b39.83±0.76c24.09±0.16b37.76±0.55c38.15±0.28d
T2N421.11±0.52cd38.04±0.48a40.85±0.96c21.71±0.18d38.88±0.33a39.41±0.42c
施肥水平(A)************
灌溉梯度(B)************
A×Bnsnsnsnsnsns
), ArticleFig(id=1312009504879902915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009496101224561, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2024—2025年不同处理下氮肥利用率、残留率及损失率的变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理2024年2025年
氮肥利用率/%氮肥残留率/%氮肥损失率/%氮肥利用率/%氮肥残留率/%氮肥损失率/%
T1N221.59±0.62d30.78±0.45e47.63±0.27a23.48±0.26c33.20±0.40f43.32±0.67b
T1N324.82±0.54a33.21±0.54d41.96±0.83b26.10±0.36a36.36±0.28d37.54±0.47d
T1N422.42±0.27c35.53±0.66c42.06±0.72b24.06±0.20e37.77±0.42b38.17±0.17d
T2N220.09±0.36e33.94±0.56d45.97±0.66a21.13±0.35c34.75±0.23e44.12±0.43a
T2N323.28±0.29b36.89±0.48b39.83±0.76c24.09±0.16b37.76±0.55c38.15±0.28d
T2N421.11±0.52cd38.04±0.48a40.85±0.96c21.71±0.18d38.88±0.33a39.41±0.42c
施肥水平(A)************
灌溉梯度(B)************
A×Bnsnsnsnsnsns
), ArticleFig(id=1312009504947011780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009496101224561, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Cumulative NH3 volatilization, cumulative N2O emissions, and gaseous fertilizer nitrogen loss rate under different treatments (2024—2025)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理2024年2025年
NH3累计挥发量/(kg·hm-2)N2O累计排放量/(kg·hm-2)

氮肥气态

损失率/%

NH3累计挥发量/(kg·hm-2)N2O累计排放量/(kg·hm-2)

氮肥气态

损失率/%

T1 N229.732±1.842 e1.360±0.037d9.779±0.260b32.418±0.795e2.015±0.156e11.615±0.386b
T1 N332.779±1.931d1.505±0.010cd7.675±0.213d37.377±0.205d2.211±0.077d9.614±0.119c
T1 N434.394±1.662cd1.660±0.023c6.233±0.155e42.089±0.108c2.396±0.075c8.543±0.052d
T2 N235.711±1.469c2.016±0.136b11.391±0.894a38.725±1.099d2.346±0.108cd12.496±0.711a
T2 N338.542±0.954b2.173±0.219ab8.675±0.325c43.767±0.250b2.618±0.071b10.253±0.193c
T2 N441.415±1.003a2.320±0.183a7.326±0.047d46.338±1.262a3.009±0.036a8.479±0.281d
施肥水平(A)************
灌溉梯度(B)***********
A×Bnsnsnsnsnsns
), ArticleFig(id=1312009505018314949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009496101224561, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2024—2025年不同处理的NH3累计挥发量、N2O累计排放量、氮肥气态损失率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理2024年2025年
NH3累计挥发量/(kg·hm-2)N2O累计排放量/(kg·hm-2)

氮肥气态

损失率/%

NH3累计挥发量/(kg·hm-2)N2O累计排放量/(kg·hm-2)

氮肥气态

损失率/%

T1 N229.732±1.842 e1.360±0.037d9.779±0.260b32.418±0.795e2.015±0.156e11.615±0.386b
T1 N332.779±1.931d1.505±0.010cd7.675±0.213d37.377±0.205d2.211±0.077d9.614±0.119c
T1 N434.394±1.662cd1.660±0.023c6.233±0.155e42.089±0.108c2.396±0.075c8.543±0.052d
T2 N235.711±1.469c2.016±0.136b11.391±0.894a38.725±1.099d2.346±0.108cd12.496±0.711a
T2 N338.542±0.954b2.173±0.219ab8.675±0.325c43.767±0.250b2.618±0.071b10.253±0.193c
T2 N441.415±1.003a2.320±0.183a7.326±0.047d46.338±1.262a3.009±0.036a8.479±0.281d
施肥水平(A)************
灌溉梯度(B)***********
A×Bnsnsnsnsnsns
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水氮调控对盐渍化农田氮肥去向及气态损失的影响
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李响 1 , 刘霞 1 , 屈忠义 2 , 乔天 1 , 于函弘 1 , 赵靖怡 1
水土保持学报 | 基础研究 2026,40(4): 115-127
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水土保持学报 |基础研究 2026 , 40 (4) : 115 -127
水氮调控对盐渍化农田氮肥去向及气态损失的影响
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李响1 , 刘霞1 , 屈忠义2, 乔天1, 于函弘1, 赵靖怡1
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古农业大学水利与土木建筑工程学院,呼和浩特 010018
  • 2.内蒙古科技大学能源与环境学院,内蒙古 包头 014010
通讯作者:
刘霞(1971—),女,博士,教授,主要从事农业水土资源利用与水土环境调控研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

李响(2001—),男,硕士研究生,主要从事盐渍化农田水氮高效利用研究。E-mail:

Effects of Water and Nitrogen Regulation on Fate of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Gaseous Losses in Saline-Alkali Farmland
Xiang Li1 , Xia Liu1 , Zhongyi Qu2, Tian Qiao1, Hanhong Yu1, Jingyi Zhao1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering,Inner Mongolia Agricultural University,Hohhot 010018,China
  • 2.School of Energy and Environment,Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology,Baotou,Inner Mongolia 014010,China
出版时间: 2026-08-28 doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.017
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目的 为探究水氮调控对盐渍化农田中NH3和N2O排放及氮肥利用率规律的影响。 方法 以向日葵为研究对象,设置T1轻度亏缺灌溉(田持65%~75%)和T2充分灌溉(田持75%~80%)2个灌溉梯度,N1(0 kg/hm2)、N2(150 kg/hm2)、N3(225 kg/hm2)、N4(300 kg/hm2) 4个施氮水平。通过分析不同灌溉梯度及施氮水平对NH3和N2O排放的影响,明确盐碱地氮肥利用、残留、损失规律特征。 结果 2种灌溉条件下随着施氮量的增加,N2O排放通量和NH3挥发速率均显著提高,N4处理的排放峰值较N3、N2平均增加4.4%~21.4%。在相同施氮水平下,T2处理的累积NH3挥发量与N2O排放量分别高于T1处理10.10%~20.41%、16.41%~39.77%,且T1的氮肥气态损失率低于T2处理7.05%~32.38%。15N同位素示踪结果表明,肥料氮素去向规律表现为氮肥损失率>氮肥残留率>氮肥利用率。残留肥料氮主要集中在0~20 cm土层,占总残留量46.13%~63.14%,随着土层深度逐渐递减。T1处理下向日葵的产量均优于T2处理,提高4.12%~12.38%,T1处理的氮肥利用率较T2处理增加8.46%~14.96%,其中T1N3产量和氮肥利用率最高,分别为2 796.01 kg/hm2和26.10%。同时盐分对氮转化过程影响主要与盐分离子组成有关,Na++K+、HCO3-与气态氮排放速率呈正相关(r=0.57~0.86)。 结论 针对重度盐渍化农田,在轻度亏缺灌溉条件下,225 kg/hm2施氮水平(T1N3)可在保障氮肥利用效率基础上,有效降低氮肥残留与气态损失,是减排增效的最优水氮管理模式。

水氮调控  /  15N示踪技术  /  氮肥气态排放  /  氮肥利用率  /  氮肥去向

Objective This study aims to investigate the effects of water and nitrogen regulation on the emission patterns of NH3 and N2O and the nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate in saline-alkali farmland. Methods Sunflower was used as the research subject. Two irrigation gradients were set: T1, mild deficit irrigation (field capacity 65%-75%), and T2, full irrigation (field capacity 75%-80%). Four nitrogen application levels were established: N1 (0 kg/hm2), N2 (150 kg/hm2), N3 (225 kg/hm2), and N4 (300 kg/hm2). By analyzing the effects of different irrigation gradients and nitrogen application levels on NH3 and N2O emissions, the pattern characteristics of nitrogen fertilizer utilization, residue, and loss in saline-alkali land were clarified. Results Under the two irrigation conditions, with increasing nitrogen application rate, both the N2O emission flux and NH3 volatilization rate significantly increased. Peak emissions under the N4 treatment were 4.4%-21.4% higher than those under N3 and N2. Under the same nitrogen application level, the cumulative NH3 volatilization and N2O emissions under the T2 treatment were 10.10%-20.41% and 16.41%-39.77% higher than those under the T1 treatment, respectively. The gaseous nitrogen fertilizer loss rate under the T1 treatment was 7.05%-32.38% lower than that under the T2 treatment. The 15N isotope tracing results showed that the fate of fertilizer nitrogen followed the pattern: nitrogen fertilizer loss rate > nitrogen fertilizer residual rate > nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate. The residual fertilizer nitrogen was mainly concentrated in the 0-20 cm soil layer, accounting for 46.13%-63.14% of the total residual amount, and gradually decreased with increasing soil layer depth. Under the T1 treatment, the sunflower yield was higher than that under the T2 treatment by 4.12%-12.38%. The nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate under the T1 treatment was 8.46%-14.96% higher than that under the T2 treatment. Among them, the T1-N3 treatment achieved the highest yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate, reaching 2 796.01 kg/hm2 and 26.10%, respectively. Additionally, the effects of salinity on the nitrogen transformation process were mainly related to the composition of salt ions, and Na++K+ and HCO3- were positively correlated with the gaseous nitrogen emission rate (r = 0.57-0.86). Conclusion For severely saline-alkali farmland, under mild deficit irrigation conditions, a nitrogen application level of 225 kg/hm2 (T1N3) can effectively reduce nitrogen fertilizer residue and gaseous losses while ensuring nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency, representing the optimal water and nitrogen management mode for emission reduction and efficiency improvement.

water and nitrogen regulation  /  15N tracer technique  /  gaseous nitrogen fertilizer emission  /  nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate  /  fate of nitrogen fertilizer
李响, 刘霞, 屈忠义, 乔天, 于函弘, 赵靖怡. 水氮调控对盐渍化农田氮肥去向及气态损失的影响. 水土保持学报, 2026 , 40 (4) : 115 -127 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.017
Xiang Li, Xia Liu, Zhongyi Qu, Tian Qiao, Hanhong Yu, Jingyi Zhao. Effects of Water and Nitrogen Regulation on Fate of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Gaseous Losses in Saline-Alkali Farmland[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2026 , 40 (4) : 115 -127 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.017
氮是生命必需元素,在植物生长和代谢过程中起着至关重要的作用[1]。氮肥被广泛用于农业生产,为作物提供氮素营养,有效提高作物的产量和品质[2]。然而,过量施加氮肥并不能显著提高产量,反而降低经济效益[3],加剧土壤盐渍化程度,并造成大量氮素以气态形式排放到大气中,主要包括N2O排放和NH3挥发2种氮肥气态损失,对农田生态环境造成严重污染[4]。N2O是重要的温室气体,其增温趋势是二氧化碳的298倍,在大气中具有较长寿命,长期持续影响气候并破坏臭氧层。
推动氮肥科学施用,提高利用效率是我国农业绿色发展的关键方向。因此,深入探索氮素空间分布及去向,明确氮肥的利用与损失机制,对优化农田管理、提升氮肥利用率具有重要意义。近年来,我国在科学施用氮肥方面取得一定进展,相关研究[5]表明,氮肥施用显著增加棉田土壤N2O排放,同时配施硝化抑制剂则有助于减少排放,提高棉花产量和氮肥利用率。土壤盐度对N2O排放具有显著影响,较高的土壤盐度抑制硝化作用的2个步骤,但其对亚硝酸盐氧化的抑制作用强于对氨氧化的抑制作用,导致在特定盐度范围内的土壤中NO2--N积累增加,并增强N2O排放[6]。中盐土壤的氨挥发率显著高于非盐性土壤,且随着土壤盐度的增加,挥发速率提升[7-8]。已有研究[9]表明,土壤盐分显著促进氮转化过程,尤其是硝化作用,导致盐碱土壤中N2O和NH3排放同步增加。后续研究[10]表明,中度盐碱土壤的氨挥发量显著高于轻度盐碱土,且氨挥发量与施氮量呈正相关;在管理调控方面,陈思静等[11]研究发现,通过优化滴灌水量与追氮比例可有效降低N₂O排放,类似研究[12]中适量减少灌水量和施氮量也显著降低氨挥发与N₂O累积排放量。灌水量和施氮量共同影响土壤中的氮素分布与转化,现有研究[13]多聚焦于单一气态氮(如N2O或NH3)的排放特征,或仅关注水盐氮单因素的作用,综合考虑水氮互作对盐渍化农田氮素多途径损失与利用效率的系统研究仍显缺乏。本研究通过测定向日葵盐碱地的N2O排放通量和NH3挥发速率,结合15N同位素示踪技术,系统分析盐渍化农田在水氮调控下,作物生育期内土壤氮素分布与去向,明确不同灌水量和施氮量对土壤氮肥损失与利用率的影响。研究结果为盐碱地优化氮肥施用、提高氮肥利用效率、减少氮素损失、降低环境风险提供合理方案,从而使现代农业可持续发展。
试验于2024年、2025年5—9月,在内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市达拉特旗东海新村(40°29′28″N,109°52′07″E)试验基地进行。达拉特旗属于典型温带大陆性气候,试验期内,年平均气温8.63 ℃,年平均降水量440.97 mm,年平均累计日照时间3 424 h,年平均水面蒸发量2 161~2 600 mm,降水年内分配不均,主要集中在7—9月,2024年、2025年降雨量及其他气象数据见图1。试验区土壤质地为粉壤土,土壤体积质量1.48 g/cm3,田间持水率0.36 cm/cm3。试验初期0~20 cm土层土壤pH为8.50,盐分质量分数为10.35 g/kg,属于重度盐渍化土壤。全氮、有机质质量分数分别为0.69、11.67 g/kg,速效磷、速效钾、水解氮质量分数分别为9.80、362.50、138.34 mg/kg。
试验设置T1轻度亏缺(田间持水量65%~75%),T2充分灌溉(田间持水量75%~80%)2个灌溉梯度(下限值-上限值);N1(0 kg/hm2)、N2(150 kg/hm2)、N3(225 kg/hm2)、N4(300 kg/hm2)4个施氮水平,共8个处理,其中T1N1与T2N1作为对照处理。每个处理重复3次,共24个试验小区,各小区面积为25 m2(5 m×5 m),小区之间设置1 m隔离保护带。于各小区内设置15N试验微区(2 m×2 m),微区四周挖沟用塑料膜围封,地下部分埋深100 cm,地上部分用10 cm聚乙烯挡板将四周围成区域,防止15N标记尿素的横向流失及相邻区域污染。8种处理的田间小区及微区试验布置见图2。
供试作物向日葵,品种为“三瑞10号”食葵,具有耐盐碱及抗病等特点,每年6月7日播种,9月25日收获,生育期约为110 d。播种参考当地向日葵种植方式,采用行距60 cm,株距50 cm。播种前仅以磷肥(P2O5)与钾肥(K2O)作为底肥统一施入施用量分别为108.4、86.8 kg/hm2,于向日葵现蕾期进行追肥,微区施肥方式为穴施,于根区土壤随水追施15N标记尿素(由上海化工研究院生产),丰度为10.18%(含氮46.0%)小区采用膜下滴灌水肥一体化追施未标记尿素(含氮46.0%),每个小区配置独立直通阀和水表,以控制不同的施氮量及灌水量。播种后各处理统一灌水150 m3/hm2,从苗期开始按照计划湿润层深度(取40 cm)及土壤含水率确定灌水量,当含水量低于或者接近设计下限值时,根据设计上限值确定的灌水量进行灌溉,全生育期共灌水6次,每次灌水量为150~200 m3/hm2,轻度亏缺梯度总灌溉定额为900 m3/hm2,充分灌溉梯度为1 100 m3/hm2,其他管理措施与当地农田相一致。
于各生育期取土样,土壤体积含水率采用烘干法测定,取土深度为0~100 cm。土壤样品经自然风干后,混合碾压过1 mm网筛,按土水质量比1∶5制成浸提液,测定土壤含盐量、Na⁺、K⁺、CO32-、HCO3-、Cl-、Ca²⁺、Mg2+、SO42-,其中Na⁺、K⁺利用火焰光度法测定;CO32-、HCO3-采用酸滴定法测定;Cl⁻采用硝酸银滴定法测定;Ca²⁺、Mg2+,SO42-采用EDTA滴定法测定。
N2O排放通过静态箱法收集,在取样前,将静态箱底座水平埋入土壤中,埋入高度为底座的1/2,为减少非均匀施肥误差,取样点间隔>5 m。取样时将静态箱体安置在底座上,使用50 mL气样袋分别采集0、10、20、30 min时间段4个气体样品,用于测定N2O排放通量,其计算公式[14]为:
FN2O=ρhdcdt273273+t
式中:ρ为标准状态下N2O密度,kg/m3;h为静态箱在土壤或地表水上方的有效高度,m;dc/dt为室内N2O气体浓度的增加速率,mL/(m3∙h);t为取样时静态箱内的平均空气温度,℃。
NH3挥发通过准确度和精确度高的双层海绵通气法进行测定。与N2O排放收集方法相似,取样前,收集装置土壤埋深5 cm,取样点间隔>5 m。取样时,将装置下部海绵取出并浸入KCl溶液,浸提液中的铵态氮采用靛酚蓝比色法测定。NH3挥发速率计算公式[15]为:
FNH3=0.01MAD
式中:M为通气法单个装置平均每次测得的氨含量,mg;A为装置气室横截面积,m2;D为取样时装置实际累积吸收氨的时间,d。
NH3累计总挥发量和N2O累计总排放量计算公式为:
CN2O=∑inFN2OiDi
CNH3=∑inFNH3iDi
式中:FN2Oi为第i次和第i-1次收集N2O排放通量,kg/(hm2∙d) ;FNH3i为第i次和第i-1次收集NH3排放通量,kg/(hm2∙d) ;Di为第i次和第i-1次收集的时间间隔,d;n为采样次数。
氮肥气态损失率计算公式[16]为:
GNLR=GN-GCKFN×100%
GN=MN2O-N+MNH3-N
GCK=MN2O-CK+MNH3-CK
式中:GN为施氮处理气态氮损失量,kg/hm2;GCK为不施氮处理气态氮损失量,kg/hm2;FN为施氮量,kg/hm2;MN2O-N为施氮处理下N2O挥发氮损失量,kg/hm2;MNH3-N为施氮处理下NH3挥发氮损失量,kg/hm2;MN2O-CK为不施氮处理下N2O排放氮损失量,kg/hm2;MNH3-CK为不施氮处理下NH3挥发氮损失量,kg/hm2。
于向日葵成熟期,每个小区选取长势均匀的10株,测定百粒重和单株籽粒重量,并计算单位面积的产量。同时收取试验微区各处理0~100 cm土层土样及植株,将植株分解为根、茎、叶、盘、籽等部分,测定样品鲜重,并烘干后测得植株各部分干物质量,样品过筛后使用稳定同位素质谱仪连接元素分析仪(Vario Isotope Select)测定植物各器官及土壤的全氮含量(TN)和稳定氮同位素值(δ15 N)。同位素相关指标计算公式[17]为:
Ndff=a-cb-c×100%
Ndfs=d-cb-c×100%
式中:Ndff为植株氮素来源于肥料的比例,%;Ndfs为土壤氮素来源于肥料的比例,%;a为植株样品中的15N丰度,%;b为标记肥料中的15N丰度,%;c为同位素自然丰度,0.366 3%;d为土壤样品中的15N丰度,%。
氮肥利用率(NUE)、氮肥损失率(NLR)、氮肥残留率(NRF)计算公式为:
NP=MP×TNP
NF=NP×Ndff
Ns=NP-NF
NDRF=NFNs×100%
NDRS=NSNP×100%
式中:NP为各器官吸氮量,g/plant;MP为各器官干物质量,g;TNP为各器官全氮含量,g/kg;NF为各器官对肥料氮的吸收量,g/plant;Ns为各器官对土壤氮的吸收量,g/plant;NDRF为肥料氮贡献率,%;NDRS为土壤氮贡献率,%。
NR=MS×TNs×Ndfs
NUE=NFTFN×100%
NRF=NRTFN×100%
NLR=1-NUE-NRF
式中:NR为土壤中肥料氮残留量,g;MS为土壤干重,g;TNs为土壤全氮量,g/kg;TFN为氮肥施用总量,g。
采用Excel 2022软件对试验数据进行整理,使用SPSS 27软件完成不同处理的显著性分析、多重比较(p≤0.05),Furfer 23、Origin 2021软件绘制相关图表。
根据2024年、2025年作物生育期内0~100 cm土层土壤水分分布(图3)可知,各处理土壤含水率随土层深度增加呈递增趋势,0~40 cm土层作为作物根系主要活动层,水分变化活跃,对作物吸水与降雨补给响应敏感,60~100 cm土层土壤含水率较高且变化平缓。随生育期各处理土壤含水率呈先降低再升高趋势,说明作物旺盛生长阶段,蒸腾耗水量大,土壤水持续消耗,在现蕾期达到最低值,随着作物逐渐成熟、生理需水减少,且生育后期降雨补给增加,土壤含水量增加。2024年及2025年在相同灌溉梯度处理下,随施肥量增加,0~40 cm土壤含水率分别下降1.06%~4.53%、0.67%~1.89%;施肥量相同处理下,充分灌溉处理(T2)土壤含水率较轻度亏缺灌溉处理(T1)分别提高7.06%~10.94%、1.97%~3.83%。2025年降雨量较2024年提高14.69%,各处理0~100 cm土层土壤含水率较2024年提高3.98%~13.98%。
由图4可知,2024年、2025年作物生育期内0~100 cm土层土壤盐分动态分布,土壤含盐量随土层深度呈递减规律,且各处理0~40 cm土层盐分降低幅度显著大于60~100 cm土层。在生育期各处理土壤全盐量变化不显著,整体保持相对稳定。2024年、2025年在相同灌溉水量下,随着施肥量增加,0~40 cm土层全盐量增加4.09%~5.71%、1.44%~3.44%,施肥量相同,充分灌溉(T2)较轻度亏缺灌溉(T1)分别降低1.68%~13.02%、5.43%~13.84%。2025年降雨量偏多,各处理0~40 cm土层全盐量较2024年降低1.61~2.83 g/kg,表明降雨促进盐分向更深土层迁移。
2024—2025年的盐碱地不同处理氮肥残留量见图5a、图5c。2种灌溉梯度下,0~20 cm土层肥料氮残留量T1N4和T2N4显著高于其他处理,其次为T1N3和T2N3。2024年0~20 cm土层残留量占46.13%~60.33%,20~40、40~60、60~100 cm土层占比分别为10.94%~19.16%、8.29%~15.01%、5.20%~22.06%;2025年各土层占比分布趋势相似,对应土层比例分别为46.89%~63.14%、17.63%~25.57%、6.34%~14.09%、4.88%~17.07%,肥料氮残留量随土层深度而递减,主要集中在0~20 cm土层。图5b、图5d为2年不同处理肥料氮总残留量变化规律。肥料氮总残留量随施氮量增加显著上升(N4>N3>N2)。T1处理下,N3较N2残留量分别增加61.89%、64.27%,N4较N3分别增加45.71%、38.49%;T2处理下相对应分别增加63.03%、63.01%与37.49%、37.38%。相同施氮水平,T2各处理残留率较T1分别增加4.80%~11.07%、2.95%~4.66%。
由图6可知,2 a试验中,轻度亏缺灌溉梯度下向日葵的产量均优于充分灌溉(p<0.01),分别提高4.12%~8.57%、5.24%~12.38%。2024年T1处理下,N2、N3、N4处理产量较N1分别提升39.79%、77.87%、57.98%;T2处理下,各施氮水平分别提高40.41%、85.47%、64.43%;2025年存在相似规律,T1处理下,N2、N3、N4处理产量较N1分别提升32.45%、71.07%、51.54%;T2处理下分别提升38.45%、82.67%、59.73%。由表1可知,2种灌溉条件下,向日葵植株对肥料氮利用率均表现为施氮水平N3>N4>N2,N3处理显著高于N4、N2处理(p<0.05),分别提高13.05%~14.96%、9.60%~10.62%。氮肥残留率随施肥量增加而呈增长态势,但其增长率随施肥量增加呈递减趋势,2024年T1处理中N3的氮肥残留率较N2处理增加7.93%,N4处理较N3处理增加6.36%,T2处理中N3较N2处理增加8.68%,N4处理较N3处理增加3.12%,次年增长趋势相同。不同处理下肥料氮素去向均以损失为主,表现为氮肥损失率>残留率>利用率。综合分析,T1N3与T2N3处理能够在提高氮肥利用率的同时,减少土壤残留与损失,其中T1N3处理效果最佳。
由图7a、图7b可知,不同灌溉梯度下各处理NH3挥发速率在现蕾期追肥2 d内出现峰值,且随施氮量增加而升高,说明现蕾期追肥后氨挥发敏感,施氮量是影响氨挥发速率的直接因素。轻度亏缺灌溉(T1),2024年N4处理NH3挥发峰值较N3、N2分别增加3.60%、11.76%,次年分别增加14.29%、18.15%;充分灌溉(T2),2024年N4处理较N3、N2分别增加4.35%、12.37%,次年分别增加7.69%、21.41%。施氮量相同,T2处理NH3挥发排放峰值均高于T1,其中T2N4峰值最高达3.01 kg/(hm2·d);相比于T1、T2处理的NH3挥发排放峰值年均增加6.46%~11.13%。2024年、2025年NH3累计挥发量(表2)。不同灌溉梯度下,NH3累积挥发量2 a均随施氮量增加而升高,与N3和N2相比,T1下的N4处理分别增加4.93%~12.61%和15.70%~29.83%,T2下则分别增加5.87%~7.46%与15.97%~19.66%。施氮量相同时,T2处理的NH3累计挥发量均高于T1处理。T2处理的NH3挥发量较T1年平均增加15.25%~19.78%。综合分析,T2N4处理的NH3累计挥发量最显著,其次为T2N3。
由图7c、图7d可知,2024年、2025年不同处理N2O排放速率。不同灌溉梯度下,向日葵现蕾期追肥2 d后N2O排放通量达到峰值,且均随施氮量的增加而升高。2024年N4处理N2O排放通量峰值较N3、N2处理分别增加9.22%、21.06%(T1),与8.09%、30.11%(T2);次年分别增加6.67%、19.03%(T1)与1.81%、19.94%(T2)。相同施氮量时,T2各处理排放峰值均高于T1,其中T2N4处理排放峰值最高达1.33 mg/(m2·h)。T2处理下N2O排放通量峰值较T1年均提高6.67%~14.26%。N2O累积排放量亦随施氮量增加而增加(表2),2种灌溉梯度下,2 a N4处理的累计排放量较N3、N2在T1下分别平均增加9.32%与20.48%,在T2下分别平均增加10.84%与21.68%。施氮量相同时,T2各施肥处理累积排放量均高于T1各施肥处理。相较T1、T2处理下,N2O累计排放量年平均增加31.41%~32.68%。T2N4处理的N2O累计排放量最为显著,其次为T2N3,与前述NH3挥发的损失规律一致,表明T2N4是导致气态氮损失风险最大的水氮调控方案。
由表2可知,2024年、2025年不同处理的氮肥气态损失率。T2处理下的氮肥气态损失率均高于T1处理,T2处理的氮肥气态损失率在各施氮水平(N4、N3、N2)下较T1处理年平均分别增加22.34%、27.72%、10.28%。不同灌溉梯度氮肥气态损失率随施氮量增加而分别降低31.25%~57.70%、21.87%~47.39%,与NH3挥发、N2O气体排放量呈相反规律,氮肥气态损失率是气体损失量与施氮量的比值,当施氮量大幅增加时,虽气态损失量增加,但其增加比例相对较低,导致氮肥气态损失率降低。表明损失率的降低并不代表环境排放压力的减小,过量施肥仍导致NH3与N2O排放总量的显著增加,加剧环境危害风险,不能仅依据氮损失率下降而认为可过量施肥。
针对不同处理下,全生育期的盐碱地土壤水盐、离子组成及施氮量与氮素响应指标进行相关性分析,以明确水盐因子对氮素去向的影响。结果表明,土壤含水率和施氮量与气态氮排放速率均呈正相关(r=0.5~0.7),含水率与氮肥利用率呈负相关,而施氮量与其呈正相关(图8)。土壤全盐量与各指标呈正相关但不显著。进一步分析主要离子组成发现,Na+、K+、HCO3-与N2O、NH3排放速率及氮肥残留率均呈正相关,其中Na⁺、K⁺与N2O排放速率相关性较高(r=0.86、0.74),HCO3-与氮肥残留率相关性较高(r=0.82、0.57),Mg²⁺与气态氮排放速率呈负相关,而Cl-、Ca²⁺和SO42-与各指标无显著一致规律。表明盐分对氮转化的影响不仅与其总量有关,更取决于其离子组成。以Na+、K+和HCO3-为主的离子组合是影响氮素气态排放与氮肥残留的关键驱动因子。
盐碱化土壤中的氮素更易发生淋溶和径流损失,其氮肥利用效率显著低于非盐碱化土壤,且氨挥发损失也更为严重[18]。本研究标记15N肥料在向日葵中氮肥利用率、残留率、损失率分别为20.01%~26.10%、30.78%~38.88%、37.54%~47.63%。国世佳等[19]在内蒙古中西部(非盐碱土)的研究中向日葵的氮肥利用率平均为34.7%,反映盐碱胁迫下作物对氮肥吸收利用的抑制影响,随着土壤盐碱化程度加剧,氮素转化过程被显著抑制[20]。因此,在当前土壤盐碱化范围不断扩大、程度持续加重的背景下,盐碱土上优化氮肥管理比非盐碱土更为迫切。本研究不施氮肥处理的产量很低,证实氮素供应对作物生长发育至关重要[21];施加氮肥对向日葵有良好的增产效果,但过量施肥处理产量并没有继续增加,且施氮过量降低结实率,与王学敏等[22]研究规律一致。施氮量相同时,T1各处理的氮肥利用率与产量均优于T2各处理,其可能因素是轻度亏缺灌溉降低氮肥淋溶及径流损失,使向日葵对土壤氮素能够更好地的吸收利用,因此,提高向日葵的氮肥利用率和产量[23]。施氮水平对氮肥利用率具有显著影响(p<0.01),本研究中N3施氮水平的氮肥利用率高于N4,是因为氮素供应已满足向日葵的生长需求,继续增施氮肥导致氮素过量,反而降低氮肥利用效率。
土壤中残留的肥料氮主要以稳定的有机氮为主,能长效供氮,少量无机氮(铵态氮、硝态氮),是导致环境风险的主要形态[24-25]。本试验结果表明,不同灌溉模式下,肥料氮残留量随施氮量增加而升高,且主要集中在0~20 cm土层,与尹豪杰等[26]研究结论相似,氮淋溶作用与土壤的物理结构和化学物质含量相关,限制氮的淋溶深度,导致氮素主要残留在表层土壤中[27]。T1处理下各施肥处理的肥料氮残留量均低于T2施肥处理,可能是因为适当减少灌水量,增强土壤微生物活性和根系活力,提高植物对氮素的吸收作用[28]。本试验中肥料氮素去向规律表现为氮肥损失率>氮肥残留率>氮肥利用率,与乔天等[17]研究结果一致,但也存在相异的氮素去向规律;王春晓等[29]对花生叶面施氮的研究表明,氮肥利用率最高;而丁文成等[30]结果表明,氮肥残留率是主要去向,说明作物种类、施氮方式与氮肥类型均影响氮素去向。同时Na+、K+和HCO3-盐分离子与氮肥残留率呈显著正相关,Na+、K+可能通过盐分胁迫抑制作物氮吸收,增加土壤氮库[31],与试验结果能够正向影响N2O排放相互印证,为N2O产生提供更多底物。HCO3-造成的高pH环境可能通过抑制特定微生物活性,减缓有机氮的矿化速率或促进无机氮的某种形式的固定,从而延长氮在土壤中的残留时间[32]。2 a试验中,即便最优处理的氮肥残留率也高于利用率,且残留率持续增加,为降低肥料堆积对土壤性质的不利影响,后续将深入研究土壤氮素转化及氮肥残留效应,制定精细化施肥方案。
本试验表明,在2种灌溉条件下,N2O排放通量和NH3挥发速率随着施氮量的增加而提高,是因为氮肥施入后,脲酶水解作用产生大量的NH4+,促进氨挥发化学平衡向右进行,随着施氮量逐步递增,土壤中NH4+的含量也随之呈上升趋势,二者存在显著正相关,因此NH3挥发速率提高[33]。已有研究[34-35]证明,当氮肥水解后的NH4+与NO3-同时存在时,能导致N2O的快速生成。在施氮量相同下,T2各处理的NH3累积挥发量与N2O累积排放量均高于T1各处理,主要因为充分灌溉下土壤孔隙含水量高,氧气扩散受限,形成局部厌氧环境,一方面显著增强反硝化作用,进而促进N2O排放[36];另一方面,较高的土壤含水率抑制硝化作用,尿素水解产生的NH4+转化困难,为NH3挥发提供充足且持久的反应底物,并且本试验区土壤盐碱背景导致的较高pH,进一步驱动NH3挥发最终呈现土壤含水率与氨挥发正相关的现象[37]。
相关性分析确定Na+、K+和HCO3-是驱动氮素响应的关键因子,其中Na+、K+与土壤胶体竞争吸附NH4+,增加NH4+的浓度,从而促进NH3挥发[38],且Na+可能干扰反硝化的菌群的代谢功能,抑制N₂O还原酶活性[39],创造利于N2O累积的微环境。HCO3-作为碱性盐离子,能持续抬升土壤pH,促进NH3挥发[40]。同时在碱性条件下,经典的反硝化途径可能受到抑制[41],本研究中,HCO3-与N2O排放速率呈正相关,虽然HCO3-对部分反硝化微生物活性产生轻微抑制,但施氮量和土壤含水率的增加显著提升N2O的排放效应,是主导排放通量的关键因素。因此,在后续研究中,需在控制施氮量与土壤含水率的条件下,进一步验证盐分离子组成对N2O排放的单一独立影响及其微生物学机制。
1) 2种灌溉条件下,N2O排放通量和NH3挥发速率随着施氮量的增加而提高,N4处理的排放峰值较N3、N2平均增加4.4%~21.4%,氮肥气态损失率随施氮量大幅增加而降低,降低21.87%~57.70%。在施氮量相同下,充分灌溉处理的NH₃累积挥发量较轻度亏缺灌溉处理年均增加15.3%~19.8%,而N₂O累积排放量显著增加31.4%~32.7%。且T2处理的氮肥气态损失率也相应更高,最高值为12.496%。
2)残留肥料氮主要集中在0~20 cm土层,占总残留量46.13%~63.14%,不同土层肥料氮残留量随着土层深度增加而递减,产量与氮肥利用率随施肥量增加而增加,N3水平最显著。T1处理均优于T2处理,产量提高4.12%~12.38%、氮肥利用率增加8.46%~14.96%,其中2025年T1N3产量与氮肥利用率最高,分别为2 796.01 kg/hm2、26.10%,肥料氮素去向规律表现为氮肥损失率>氮肥残留率>氮肥利用率。
3)土壤含水率和施氮量与气态氮排放速率均呈正相关(r=0.5~0.7),盐分对氮转化过程影响主要与盐分离子组成有关,Na++K+、HCO3-与气态氮排放速率呈正相关(r=0.57~0.86),Na+、K+主要通过土壤胶体竞争吸附NH4+,增加NH4+的浓度,HCO3-则通过提高pH促进挥发与硝化过程。
以上结果表明,针对重度盐渍化农田,轻度亏缺灌溉氮肥气态损失率低于充分灌溉,降低氮肥气态累计排放量。该条件下,225 kg/hm2施氮水平(T1N3)下氮肥利用率最为显著,在保证氮肥利用效率的同时,显著降低氮肥残留率与损失率,T1N3处理可作为盐渍化农田水氮调控管理的优化模式。通过该模式优化水氮调控措施,提高氮肥利用效率,减少养分流失和面源污染,推动农业与生态环境的协调发展。
  • 内蒙古自然科学基金项目(2023MS05024)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52369009)
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2026年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.017
  • 接收时间:2025-12-26
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-26
  • 修回日期:2026-02-28
  • 录用日期:2026-03-24
基金
内蒙古自然科学基金项目(2023MS05024)
国家自然科学基金项目(52369009)
作者信息
    1.内蒙古农业大学水利与土木建筑工程学院,呼和浩特 010018
    2.内蒙古科技大学能源与环境学院,内蒙古 包头 014010

通讯作者:

刘霞(1971—),女,博士,教授,主要从事农业水土资源利用与水土环境调控研究。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/stbcxb/CN/10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.017
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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