Article(id=1312009475695931961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.023, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1768752000000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-19, revisedDate=1772467200000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-03, acceptedDate=1774800000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineDate=1790737034963, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1787846400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790737034963, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790737034963, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790737034963, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1312009474789958403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787846400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790737034746, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739471092, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=196, endPage=204, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312009477730169402, articleId=1312009475695931961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=EN, title=Effects of Biochar Application on Soil Organic Carbon Fractions, Enzyme Activities, and Microbial Necromass Carbon Accumulation in Paddy Soils, columnId=1312009477243626245, journalTitle=Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective This study investigates the effects and mechanisms of biochar application on the accumulation of total soil organic carbon (SOC) and key organic carbon fractions such as microbial necromass carbon (MNC) in paddy soils. Methods A field experiment was conducted to analyze the changes in SOC fractions, such as MNC and enzyme activities, five years after a one-time application of maize straw biochar at rates of 20 t/hm2 (M20), 30 t/hm2 (M30), and 40 t/hm2 (M40). Results Compared with the control (no biochar application), biochar treatments increased the contents of SOC, particulate organic carbon (POC), and mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) by 19.4%-45.0%, 36.3%-65.3%, and 13.4%-47.2%, respectively, whereas dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) decreased by 9.8%v29.2%, and 19.5%-29.1%, respectively. Biochar treatments had no significant effects on the contents of biomarkers such as mannosamine, glucosamine, muramic acid, and galactosamine, nor on fungal necromass carbon (FNC) and bacterial necromass carbon (BNC). However, biochar treatments significantly reduced the contribution rates of FNC, BNC, and MNC to SOC by 16.6%-32.4%, 16.7%-27.2%, and 17.0%-30.8%, respectively. The M30 treatment significantly decreased the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PHOX), peroxidase (PERO), α-glucosidase (AG), β-D-cellobiohydrolase (CB), and β-xylosidase (XYL) by 19.8%, 24.7%, 32.7%, 34.2%, and 33.7%, respectively. Correlation analysis indicated that the contribution rate of MNC to SOC was significantly negatively correlated with pH, POC, and MAOC, and positively correlated with MBC and some hydrolytic enzyme activities. Random forest model prediction showed that MAOC and pH were the main driving factors determining the contribution of MNC to SOC. Conclusion Biochar application enhances the accumulation and stability of SOC mainly by promoting the accumulation of POC and MAOC rather than MNC. The results provide a theoretical reference for improving soil carbon sequestration in paddy soils through biochar application.

, authors=Menglu Liang1, 2, Junhui Chen1, Xuezhu Ye2, Qi Zhang2, Wendan Xiao2, Qiwei Shi3, De Chen2, authorsList=Menglu Liang, Junhui Chen, Xuezhu Ye, Qi Zhang, Wendan Xiao, Qiwei Shi, De Chen, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qiwei Shi, De Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312009478988460613, articleId=1312009475695931961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=CN, title=生物质炭施用对稻田土壤有机碳组分、酶活性及微生物残体碳积累的影响, columnId=1312009477407204103, journalTitle=水土保持学报, columnName=基础研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 为探讨生物质炭施用对稻田土壤有机碳(SOC)总量及微生物残体碳(MNC)等关键有机碳组分积累的影响及机制。 方法 通过田间试验,分析一次性施用玉米秸秆生物质炭20 (M20)、30 (M30)、40 t/hm2(M40)5 a后MNC等土壤有机碳组分及酶活性等的变化。 结果 与对照(不施炭)相比,生物质炭处理使土壤SOC、颗粒态有机碳(POC)、矿物结合态有机碳(MAOC)含量分别提高19.4%~45.0%、36.3%~65.3%、13.4%~47.2%,但土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)和土壤微生物量碳(MBC)分别降低9.8%~29.2%、19.5%~29.1%。生物质炭处理对氨基甘露糖、氨基葡萄糖、胞壁酸和氨基半乳糖等生物标志物含量、真菌残体碳(FNC)及细菌残体碳(BNC)含量无显著影响。然而施炭处理使土壤FNC,BNC及MNC对SOC的贡献率显著降低16.6%~32.4%、16.7%~27.2%、17.0%~30.8%。M30处理土壤多酚氧化酶(PHOX)、过氧化物酶(PERO)、α-葡萄糖苷酶(AG)、β-D-纤维二糖水解酶(CB)、β-木糖苷酶(XYL)活性分别显著降低19.8%、24.7%、32.7%、34.2%、33.7%。相关性分析表明,MNC对SOC的贡献率与pH,POC和MAOC呈显著负相关,而与MBC和部分水解酶活性呈正相关。随机森林模型预测结果显示,MAOC和pH是决定MNC对SOC贡献的主要驱动因素。 结论 生物质炭的施用有利于提高土壤有机碳的积累和稳定,这主要是通过促进颗粒态有机碳和矿物结合态有机碳(而非微生物残体碳)的积累,研究结果可为应用生物质炭提升稻田土壤固碳能力提供理论参考。

, authors=梁梦露1, 2, 陈俊辉1, 叶雪珠2, 张棋2, 肖文丹2, 石其伟3, 陈德2, authorsList=梁梦露, 陈俊辉, 叶雪珠, 张棋, 肖文丹, 石其伟, 陈德, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=石其伟, 陈德, authorNote=

梁梦露(1991—),女,硕士研究生,主要从事土壤固碳与培肥研究。E-mail:

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石其伟(1980—),女,高级农艺师,硕士,主要从事土壤肥料与植物营养技术推广研究。E-mail:;
陈德(1986—),男,博士,副研究员,硕士生导师,主要从事土壤污染防治与改良培肥研究。E-mail:
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Effect of biochar on soil enzyme activity and the bacterial community and its mechanism[J].Environmental Science,2021,42(1):422-432., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009493358146241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009475695931961, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=7, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=22, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=47, authorNames=Kumar Y, Ren Wei, Tao Haiying, journalName=Biochar, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kumar Y, Ren Wei, Tao Haiying, et al. Impact of biochar amendment on soil microbial biomass carbon enhancement under field experiments: A meta-analysis[J].Biochar,2025,7(1):1-22., articleTitle=Impact of biochar amendment on soil microbial biomass carbon enhancement under field experiments: A meta-analysis, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1312009486680814223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009475695931961, awardId=2023YFD1901800, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD1901800), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1312009486747923088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009475695931961, awardId=2025SNJF018, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省“三农九方”科技协作计划项目(2025SNJF018), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1312009486915695249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009475695931961, awardId=2020SNLF004, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省“三农九方”科技协作计划项目(2020SNLF004), fundOrder=null, country=null)], 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caption=Soil organic carbon fractions under different treatments, figureFileSmall=6psKYrRmQJFI+za7Zg65Vw==, figureFileBig=Z+BkVEhBAYOo8voAnaUCQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009483841270402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009475695931961, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同处理土壤有机碳组分, figureFileSmall=6psKYrRmQJFI+za7Zg65Vw==, figureFileBig=Z+BkVEhBAYOo8voAnaUCQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009484021625475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009475695931961, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Activities of carbon cycle-related enzymes in soils under different treatments, figureFileSmall=JZBgnHFr05QX0ddilUkCSw==, figureFileBig=yWCX51kPMo4WNskTpyRt4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009484092928644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009475695931961, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同处理土壤碳循环相关酶活性, figureFileSmall=JZBgnHFr05QX0ddilUkCSw==, figureFileBig=yWCX51kPMo4WNskTpyRt4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009484168426117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009475695931961, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Proportion of microbial necromass carbon in soil organic carbon under different treatments, figureFileSmall=r6I1LfxikBquL+D8PwIbYg==, figureFileBig=xFbSNdSMV8SLds1vmwAV3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009484239729286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009475695931961, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同处理微生物残体碳在土壤有机碳的占比

注:BNC/SOC为细菌残体碳在土壤有机碳中的贡献率;FNC/SOC为真菌残体碳在土壤有机碳中的贡献;MNC/SOC为总微生物残体碳在土壤有机碳中的贡献。下同。

, figureFileSmall=r6I1LfxikBquL+D8PwIbYg==, figureFileBig=xFbSNdSMV8SLds1vmwAV3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009484302643847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009475695931961, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Correlations between soil microbial necromass carbon and soil chemical properties under different treatments, figureFileSmall=TQLqrVbakNTXU8wQcU4cXg==, figureFileBig=mUah0JQqKM873oSnhcCkfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009484373947016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009475695931961, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同处理土壤微生物残体碳与土壤化学性质的相关性

注:OX/HYD为氧化酶/水解酶比值;*表示p<0.05;**表示p<0.01。下同。

, figureFileSmall=TQLqrVbakNTXU8wQcU4cXg==, figureFileBig=mUah0JQqKM873oSnhcCkfw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009484441055881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009475695931961, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Biotic and abiotic factors affecting microbial biomass carbon predicted by random forest model, figureFileSmall=X90lnCbejUcuZLrhKPGfVg==, figureFileBig=PUgA4ntfjJf18ehxWLezOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009486102000266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009475695931961, language=CN, label=图5, caption=随机森林模型预测的影响微生物残体碳的生物及非生物因素, figureFileSmall=X90lnCbejUcuZLrhKPGfVg==, figureFileBig=PUgA4ntfjJf18ehxWLezOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009486185886347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009475695931961, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Soil chemical properties under different treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理pH

有机碳/

(g·kg-1)

全氮/

(g·kg-1)

全磷/

(g·kg-1)

碱解氮/

(mg·kg-1)

有效磷/

(mg·kg-1)

速效钾/

(mg·kg-1)

CK5.30±0.09b32.77±1.56c3.24±0.02c0.31±0.01b245.39±34.51a6.39±0.81b49.94±3.83b
M205.44±0.08ab39.11±1.72b3.41±0.11b0.35±0.02ab252.52±24.35a7.87±0.15ab54.67±2.48ab
M305.49±0.07a40.47±2.28b3.64±0.03a0.36±0.01ab261.22±16.94a8.35±1.27a55.80±1.40a
M405.57±0.10a47.51±3.45a3.56±0.06a0.37±0.04a260.53±21.88a6.97±0.32ab52.34±3.23ab
), ArticleFig(id=1312009486273966732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009475695931961, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同处理土壤化学性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理pH

有机碳/

(g·kg-1)

全氮/

(g·kg-1)

全磷/

(g·kg-1)

碱解氮/

(mg·kg-1)

有效磷/

(mg·kg-1)

速效钾/

(mg·kg-1)

CK5.30±0.09b32.77±1.56c3.24±0.02c0.31±0.01b245.39±34.51a6.39±0.81b49.94±3.83b
M205.44±0.08ab39.11±1.72b3.41±0.11b0.35±0.02ab252.52±24.35a7.87±0.15ab54.67±2.48ab
M305.49±0.07a40.47±2.28b3.64±0.03a0.36±0.01ab261.22±16.94a8.35±1.27a55.80±1.40a
M405.57±0.10a47.51±3.45a3.56±0.06a0.37±0.04a260.53±21.88a6.97±0.32ab52.34±3.23ab
), ArticleFig(id=1312009486504653453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009475695931961, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Contents of soil amino sugars and microbial necromass carbon under different treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理胞壁酸氨基葡萄糖氨基甘露糖氨基半乳糖细菌残体碳真菌残体碳总微生物残体碳
CK51.86±1.22a588.46±9.81a47.58±1.11a432.15±7.93a2 141.12±50.01a4 630.41±72.90a6 771.53±122.77a
M2050.70±5.76a584.26±64.73a46.60±5.74a414.35±42.35a2 096.85±258.23a4 607.42±508.81a6 704.27±766.87a
M3052.96±2.66a585.37±13.34a48.84±2.74a417.59±11.67a2 197.84±123.51a4 588.55±86.74a6 786.39±209.32a
M4051.93±4.70a550.55±58.21a51.48±2.36a403.04±44.50a2 316.75±106.09a4 288.24±463.99a6 604.99±387.92a
), ArticleFig(id=1312009486567568014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009475695931961, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同处理土壤氨基糖与微生物残体碳含量 (mg/kg)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理胞壁酸氨基葡萄糖氨基甘露糖氨基半乳糖细菌残体碳真菌残体碳总微生物残体碳
CK51.86±1.22a588.46±9.81a47.58±1.11a432.15±7.93a2 141.12±50.01a4 630.41±72.90a6 771.53±122.77a
M2050.70±5.76a584.26±64.73a46.60±5.74a414.35±42.35a2 096.85±258.23a4 607.42±508.81a6 704.27±766.87a
M3052.96±2.66a585.37±13.34a48.84±2.74a417.59±11.67a2 197.84±123.51a4 588.55±86.74a6 786.39±209.32a
M4051.93±4.70a550.55±58.21a51.48±2.36a403.04±44.50a2 316.75±106.09a4 288.24±463.99a6 604.99±387.92a
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生物质炭施用对稻田土壤有机碳组分、酶活性及微生物残体碳积累的影响
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梁梦露 1, 2 , 陈俊辉 1 , 叶雪珠 2 , 张棋 2 , 肖文丹 2 , 石其伟 3 , 陈德 2
水土保持学报 | 基础研究 2026,40(4): 196-204
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水土保持学报 |基础研究 2026 , 40 (4) : 196 -204
生物质炭施用对稻田土壤有机碳组分、酶活性及微生物残体碳积累的影响
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梁梦露1, 2 , 陈俊辉1, 叶雪珠2, 张棋2, 肖文丹2, 石其伟3 , 陈德2
作者信息
  • 1.浙江农林大学环境与资源学院碳中和学院,全省土壤修复与质量提升重点实验室,杭州 311300
  • 2.农产品质量安全全国重点实验室,全省土壤修复与质量提升重点实验室,浙江省农业科学院环境资源与;土壤肥料研究所,杭州 310021
  • 3.绍兴市柯桥区农业水产技术推广站,浙江 绍兴 312030
通讯作者:
石其伟(1980—),女,高级农艺师,硕士,主要从事土壤肥料与植物营养技术推广研究。E-mail:;
陈德(1986—),男,博士,副研究员,硕士生导师,主要从事土壤污染防治与改良培肥研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

梁梦露(1991—),女,硕士研究生,主要从事土壤固碳与培肥研究。E-mail:

Effects of Biochar Application on Soil Organic Carbon Fractions, Enzyme Activities, and Microbial Necromass Carbon Accumulation in Paddy Soils
Menglu Liang1, 2 , Junhui Chen1, Xuezhu Ye2, Qi Zhang2, Wendan Xiao2, Qiwei Shi3 , De Chen2
Affiliations
  • 1.Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Soil Remediation and Quality Improvement,College of Environment and Resources and;College of Carbon Neutrality,Zhejiang A&F University,Hangzhou 311300,China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory for Quality;Safety of Agro-Products,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Soil Remediation and Quality Improvement,Institute of;Environmental Resources,Soil and Fertilizer,Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Hangzhou 310021,China
  • 3.Keqiao Agricultural and Aquatic Technology Promotion Station,Shaoxing,Zhejiang 312030,China
出版时间: 2026-08-28 doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.023
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目的 为探讨生物质炭施用对稻田土壤有机碳(SOC)总量及微生物残体碳(MNC)等关键有机碳组分积累的影响及机制。 方法 通过田间试验,分析一次性施用玉米秸秆生物质炭20 (M20)、30 (M30)、40 t/hm2(M40)5 a后MNC等土壤有机碳组分及酶活性等的变化。 结果 与对照(不施炭)相比,生物质炭处理使土壤SOC、颗粒态有机碳(POC)、矿物结合态有机碳(MAOC)含量分别提高19.4%~45.0%、36.3%~65.3%、13.4%~47.2%,但土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)和土壤微生物量碳(MBC)分别降低9.8%~29.2%、19.5%~29.1%。生物质炭处理对氨基甘露糖、氨基葡萄糖、胞壁酸和氨基半乳糖等生物标志物含量、真菌残体碳(FNC)及细菌残体碳(BNC)含量无显著影响。然而施炭处理使土壤FNC,BNC及MNC对SOC的贡献率显著降低16.6%~32.4%、16.7%~27.2%、17.0%~30.8%。M30处理土壤多酚氧化酶(PHOX)、过氧化物酶(PERO)、α-葡萄糖苷酶(AG)、β-D-纤维二糖水解酶(CB)、β-木糖苷酶(XYL)活性分别显著降低19.8%、24.7%、32.7%、34.2%、33.7%。相关性分析表明,MNC对SOC的贡献率与pH,POC和MAOC呈显著负相关,而与MBC和部分水解酶活性呈正相关。随机森林模型预测结果显示,MAOC和pH是决定MNC对SOC贡献的主要驱动因素。 结论 生物质炭的施用有利于提高土壤有机碳的积累和稳定,这主要是通过促进颗粒态有机碳和矿物结合态有机碳(而非微生物残体碳)的积累,研究结果可为应用生物质炭提升稻田土壤固碳能力提供理论参考。

生物质炭  /  真菌残体碳  /  有机碳形态  /  颗粒态有机碳  /  矿物结合态有机碳  /  土壤固碳

Objective This study investigates the effects and mechanisms of biochar application on the accumulation of total soil organic carbon (SOC) and key organic carbon fractions such as microbial necromass carbon (MNC) in paddy soils. Methods A field experiment was conducted to analyze the changes in SOC fractions, such as MNC and enzyme activities, five years after a one-time application of maize straw biochar at rates of 20 t/hm2 (M20), 30 t/hm2 (M30), and 40 t/hm2 (M40). Results Compared with the control (no biochar application), biochar treatments increased the contents of SOC, particulate organic carbon (POC), and mineral-associated organic carbon (MAOC) by 19.4%-45.0%, 36.3%-65.3%, and 13.4%-47.2%, respectively, whereas dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) decreased by 9.8%v29.2%, and 19.5%-29.1%, respectively. Biochar treatments had no significant effects on the contents of biomarkers such as mannosamine, glucosamine, muramic acid, and galactosamine, nor on fungal necromass carbon (FNC) and bacterial necromass carbon (BNC). However, biochar treatments significantly reduced the contribution rates of FNC, BNC, and MNC to SOC by 16.6%-32.4%, 16.7%-27.2%, and 17.0%-30.8%, respectively. The M30 treatment significantly decreased the activities of polyphenol oxidase (PHOX), peroxidase (PERO), α-glucosidase (AG), β-D-cellobiohydrolase (CB), and β-xylosidase (XYL) by 19.8%, 24.7%, 32.7%, 34.2%, and 33.7%, respectively. Correlation analysis indicated that the contribution rate of MNC to SOC was significantly negatively correlated with pH, POC, and MAOC, and positively correlated with MBC and some hydrolytic enzyme activities. Random forest model prediction showed that MAOC and pH were the main driving factors determining the contribution of MNC to SOC. Conclusion Biochar application enhances the accumulation and stability of SOC mainly by promoting the accumulation of POC and MAOC rather than MNC. The results provide a theoretical reference for improving soil carbon sequestration in paddy soils through biochar application.

biochar  /  fungal necromass carbon  /  organic carbon fractions  /  particulate organic carbon  /  mineral-associated organic carbon  /  soil carbon sequestration
梁梦露, 陈俊辉, 叶雪珠, 张棋, 肖文丹, 石其伟, 陈德. 生物质炭施用对稻田土壤有机碳组分、酶活性及微生物残体碳积累的影响. 水土保持学报, 2026 , 40 (4) : 196 -204 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.023
Menglu Liang, Junhui Chen, Xuezhu Ye, Qi Zhang, Wendan Xiao, Qiwei Shi, De Chen. Effects of Biochar Application on Soil Organic Carbon Fractions, Enzyme Activities, and Microbial Necromass Carbon Accumulation in Paddy Soils[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2026 , 40 (4) : 196 -204 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.023
土壤是陆地生态系统最大的有机碳库,全球土壤储存的有机碳量约是大气碳库的3.3倍,植被碳库的4.5倍,其微小变化将对全球陆地碳循环产生重要影响[1-2]。水稻土是我国的主要土壤类型之一,在“碳达峰碳中和”和保障粮食安全生产的背景下,如何增加稻田土壤SOC的积累及稳定对减缓气候变化、促进土壤健康等均具有重要意义[3]。
土壤有机碳的赋存形态是影响其积累和稳定的重要因子,其中颗粒态有机碳(particulate organic carbon,POC)和矿物结合态有机碳(mineral-associated organic carbon,MAOC)是土壤SOC的重要组分。POC主要由未完全分解的植物源残体碎片等组成,周转速度较快[4],而MAOC主要来自微生物源有机碳及部分未完全分解的植物残体有机碳与土壤中的金属氧化物及黏土矿物相互作用形成,因受土壤矿物等的物理化学保护而不易被土壤微生物分解,是土壤中的稳定碳库[5]。近年来,随着土壤微生物研究的不断深入,发现土壤微生物在调节有机碳形态和稳定性中占主导地位。微生物碳泵理论指微生物主要通过同化作用将植物源碳和大气CO2转化成自身的生物量与代谢产物,死亡后形成更复杂的微生物残体碳(microbial necromass carbon,MNC),其性质稳定,可进一步与土壤矿物表面相互作用形成稳定的MAOC[6]。氨基糖是土壤微生物残体的重要生物标志物,目前普遍用其来表征微生物残体碳的含量[7],其中氨基葡萄糖(GluN)可用于表征真菌残体碳(fungal necromass carbon,FNC)、胞壁酸(MurN)可用于表征细菌残体碳(bacterial necromass carbon, BNC)。Wang等[7]研究发现,MNC在草地和农田生态系统中对SOC的贡献超过50%;宋文婕等[8]分析显示,全球尺度上MNC占SOC的比例高达46.47%。尽管如此,不同环境条件及管理模式下,MNC在SOC中的贡献仍存在较大差异。主要受气候因素、土壤理化性质、施肥等田间管理措施、微生物和酶活性等因素的综合影响[9]。
生物质炭是将秸秆、木材、畜禽粪便等生物质在无氧或限氧条件下,经高温热裂解形成的富含惰性碳的固体产物,具有疏松多孔的结构、高比表面积及丰富的含氧官能团和无机矿物组分[10]。近年来,生物质炭作为一种多功能材料被广泛用于土壤改良培肥。生物质炭可直接促进土壤微生物生长代谢,而惰性碳组分可直接快速提升土壤有机碳含量而不易分解,并且其多孔结构和活性官能团能有效结合土壤有机质组分,增加对土壤原有SOC的物理化学保护,进一步稳定土壤有机碳库[11-12]。然而,目前生物质炭对土壤,尤其是稻田土壤MNC积累的影响尚不清楚,对土壤POC和MAOC积累的影响也相对较少,相关报道[13]结果存在较大差异。在农田生态系统,Dai等[14]研究发现,生物质炭对MNC无显著影响;吴秀兰[15]研究发现,水田中添加生物质炭显著减少FNC和MNC;而崔珂[16]研究发现,虽然生物质炭添加显著增加FNC、BNC、FNC含量,但显著降低三者在SOC中的占比。多数报道聚焦于室内培养或者短期的田间试验,在中长期田间条件下,施用生物质炭对土壤MNC、POC、MAOC等有机碳组分积累及微生物活性的影响及机制尚不清楚。因此,本研究拟通过田间试验探究一次性施用不同用量生物质炭(20~40 t/hm2)5 a后稻田土壤MNC、POC和MAOC等有机碳组分含量,酶活性及微生物量的变化,探讨生物质炭施用对土壤有机碳积累及稳定的影响及机制,旨在为我国南方稻田土壤固碳培肥提供理论参考。
田间试验用地位于浙江省绍兴市柯桥区平水镇(29°56′34″N,120°38′10″E)。该区域属亚热带季风气候,年平均气温为17.0 ℃,年平均降水量1 469.8 mm,年日照时间1 803.9 h。试验地土壤类型为脱潜潴育型水稻土,青紫泥田土属。试验地土壤基础性质为pH 5.06,有机碳32.8 g/kg,全氮2.9 g/kg,碱解氮221 mg/kg,全磷0.3 g/kg,有效磷4.9 mg/kg,速效钾49.9 mg/kg。
试验所用生物质炭为玉米秸秆生物质炭,购自黑龙江大庆市金土地生物质材料制造有限公司,生产设备为转窑式连续炭化炉,炭化温度约为400~550 ℃。生物质炭基本性质为pH 8.30,总碳、氧、氢、氮及硫含量分别为73.6%、11.2%、1.6%、0.79%、0.075%,灰分11.8%,有机碳59.8%,比表面积2.18 m2/g。
田间试验始于2020年4月,试验设置不施生物质炭对照(CK)、施用玉米秸秆炭20 t/hm2(M20)、30 t/hm2(M30)和40 t/hm2(M40)4个处理。每个处理设置3次重复,随机区组排列,共12个小区,每个小区面积30 m2。生物质炭在2020年4月一次性撒入,并用锄头充分混匀至0~20 cm土层,试验期间每年种植水稻,除生物质炭以外,施肥、水分管理及病虫害防控等其他田间管理措施与当地种植大户常规操作一致。
土壤样品采集于2025年4月,用不锈钢土钻按“S”形采集土壤样品后形成混合样,每个小区采集5个点位,采集深度0~20 cm。土壤样品带回实验室后去除杂质过2 mm筛,混匀,分成3份,一份自然风干用于土壤化学性质测定;一份放在4 ℃保存,用于土壤酶活性和微生物生物量碳氮测定;剩余的土壤冷冻干燥后保存至-70 ℃冰箱,用于氨基糖等参数测定。
土壤化学性质分析测定参考《土壤农业化学分析方法》[17]。土壤pH采用pH计按土水比1︰2.5测定;SOC采用重铬酸钾外加热法测定;全氮(TN)采用全自动凯氏定氮仪测定(K1 100,山东海能);全磷(TP)采用浓硫酸-高氯酸消解、钼锑抗比色法测定;土壤碱解氮(AN)采用碱解扩散法测定;有效磷(AP)采用氟化铵-盐酸浸提、磷钼蓝比色法测定;速效钾(AK)采用醋酸铵浸提、火焰光度计测定。
土壤水解酶活性分析采用微孔板荧光法,其原理为利用底物与酶水解释放4-甲基伞形酮酰进行荧光检测,通过荧光强度的变化反映酶活性。测定α-葡萄糖苷酶(AG)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、β-D-纤维二糖水解酶(CB)和β⁃木糖苷酶(XYL)4种胞外酶的活性。土壤多酚氧化酶(PHOX)和过氧化物酶(PERO)活性采用DeForest[18]报道的方法,以L-3,4-二羟基苯丙氨酸(L-DOPA)为底物酶活性进行微孔板分光光度法测定,以nmol产物每g土壤每h表示。土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)采用氯仿熏蒸-硫酸钾浸提-TOC分析仪进行测定[19]。
土壤POC和MAOC含量测定参照Cotrufo等[20]的方法。称取5.00 g过2 mm筛的风干土样,放入50 mL离心管中,加入25 mL 5 g/L的六偏磷酸钠溶液后放入摇床,按180 r/min的转速振荡20 h,振荡后的悬浊液过0.053 mm筛,利用去离子水少量多次冲洗,至筛下流水呈无色,分别收集筛上和筛下的土壤样品,置于烘箱内60 ℃烘干、称重、研磨、过0.149 mm筛。采用重铬酸钾外加热法测定筛上部分土壤的有机碳含量并按比例换算得到原土POC含量,差值法得到MAOC含量。
采用氨基糖生物标志物法[21]指示微生物残体碳含量。在105 ℃下用10 mL 6 mol/L的HCl溶液处理经冷冻干燥的土壤样品(过0.149 mm筛)8 h,将水解产物过滤并在40 ℃下烘干,然后将烘干后的残余物重新悬浮,并在pH 6.6~6.8下通过KOH溶液中和纯化,将离心后获得的上清液冷冻干燥并重新溶解在甲醇中,回收的氨基糖在75~80 ℃ 300 μL衍生化试剂中衍生化,提取后获得的氨基糖在Agilent 1 100系统上定量。肌醇被用作氨基糖生物标志物的内标,特别是氨基甘露糖(mannosamine)、氨基葡萄糖(glucosamine,GluN)、胞壁酸(muramic acid,MurN)和氨基半乳糖(galactosamine)。
细菌、真菌残体碳分别由胞壁酸、氨基葡萄糖通过计算转换得到,微生物残体碳为真菌和细菌残体碳的总和,计算公式为:
CBNC=45×CMurN
CFNC=CGluN/179.17-2×CMurN/251.23×179.17×9
CMNC=CBNC+CFNC
式中:CMurN为胞壁酸质量分数,μg/g;CGluN为氨基葡萄糖质量分数,μg/g。胞壁酸和细菌残体碳的转换系数为45;氨基葡萄糖和真菌残体碳的转换系数为9;GluN的分子质量为179.17;MurN的分子质量为251.23;细菌细胞壁中胞壁酸与氨基葡萄糖的摩尔比例约为1∶2。
利用Excel 2010软件进行数据整理,用SPSS 21软件进行统计分析,采用单因素方差分析法(one-way ANOVA)分析不同生物质炭处理间的差异,当方差分析具有显著差异时(p<0.05),利用LSD法对处理间平均数进行多重比较。变量间相关性用Pearson相关系数(R)表示,并用Origin 2024软件作图。用SPSS 21软件作参数间的相关性分析,通过R语言randomForest包进行随机森林回归分析,评估不同有机碳组分与环境因子间的关系。
施用生物质炭5 a后,M30和M40处理土壤pH与CK相比分别显著增加0.19、0.27个单位(表1)。各施炭处理土壤有机碳和全氮含量均显著高于对照,有机碳含量均随着施炭量的增加而增加,与CK相比,M20、M30和M40处理土壤有机碳含量分别显著增加19.4%、23.5%、45.0%,土壤全氮含量分别显著提高5.0%、12.2%、9.7%。M40处理土壤全磷含量显著提高19.3%,M30处理土壤有效磷和速效钾含量分别比CK提高30.5%和11.7%。
由图1可知,与对照相比,各生物质炭处理显著增加土壤POC和MAOC含量,M20、M30和M40处理分别使POC增加36.3%、65.3%和37.5%,使MAOC含量提高13.4%、13.5%和47.2%。与对照相比,M20、M30和M40处理分别使可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量显著降低29.2%、9.8%和20.1%,使微生物生物量碳(MBC)含量降低20.2%、29.1%和19.5%,其中M30处理降低幅度最大。
由图2可知,与CK相比,M30处理土壤多酚氧化酶(PHOX)显著降低19.8%,M20和M30处理土壤过氧化物酶(PERO)分别显著降低39.7%和24.7%,而M40无显著变化。与CK相比,M30和M40处理土壤α-葡萄糖苷酶(AG)含量分别显著降低32.7%和19.0%,M40处理土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)含量显著降低26.5%;M30处理的β-D-纤维二糖水解酶(CB)含量和β-木糖苷酶(XYL)含量分别显著降低34.2%和33.7%。
由表2可知,各处理土壤胞壁酸、氨基葡萄糖、氨基甘露糖和氨基半乳糖含量分别为50.7~53.0、550.6~588.5、46.6~51.5、403.0~432.2 mg/kg,与对照相比均无显著差异。不同处理土壤真菌残体碳、细菌残体碳、微生物残体碳的含量分别为4 288.2~4 630.4、2 141.1~2 316.8、6 605.0~6 786.4 mg/kg,真菌残体碳含量高于细菌残体碳。各生物质炭处理的真菌残体碳、细菌残体碳和总微生物残体碳与对照相比均无显著差异。
由图3可知,M20、M30和M40各处理中FNC/SOC相比对照分别显著减少16.6%、19.7%和32.4%,BNC/SOC分别显著降低17.9%、16.7%和27.2%,MNC/SOC分别显著降低17.0%、18.7%和30.8%。
相关分析(图4)表明,SOC、TP与BNC显著正相关,MBC、XYL均与FNC/SOC、BNC/SOC及MNC/SOC显著正相关,pH、SOC、TN和MAOC则与三者呈显著负相关。BG与FNC/SOC和MNC/SOC显著正相关,而POC与BNC/SOC和MNC/SOC显著负相关。
随机森林模型预测结果显示,对于BNC/SOC贡献最高的因子是MAOC,对于FNC/SOC有显著影响的是MAOC、pH和TN,对于MNC/SOC有显著影响的是MAOC和pH(图5)。
本研究发现,施用生物质炭5 a后土壤有机碳(SOC)仍显著高于对照。首先,源于生物质炭本身为稳定富碳物质,施入土壤后能够抵抗微生物的分解,从而长期稳定存在[11,22];其次,生物质炭对土壤养分的提升可能通过增加作物根系和秸秆的生物量输入,从而进一步促进土壤有机碳的积累[22-23]。生物质炭施用对氮磷等土壤养分仍具有较好的提升作用,除生物质炭自身输入的养分外,其发达的孔隙结构、较大的比表面积、丰富的表面含氧官能团也有利于土壤养分的固持与富集[23-24]。施用生物质炭处理也显著增加土壤POC和MAOC含量,但降低土壤DOC和MBC含量。与此相似,崔珂[16]的田间试验表明,在塿土中一次性施用20 t/hm2玉米秸秆生物质炭也显著提高土壤POC和MAOC含量;而DOC和MBC无显著变化。已有研究[13]表明,生物质炭可一定程度提高土壤POC和MAOC含量,但对土壤DOC、MBC和MNC的影响因生物质炭性质、用量、土壤类型、施用年限等差异较大。生物质炭增加土壤POC含量主要在于一方面其促进植物生长、吸附植物残体、微生物分解产物及外源有机碳,减少有机碳的矿化;另一方面,生物质炭可能通过促进土壤团聚体形成等途径对土壤颗粒有机质进行物理阻隔与保护[25-26]。生物质炭表面的含氧官能团可与土壤有机‑矿物复合体结合,从而有助于促进土壤MAOC的形成[13]。
本研究发现,生物质炭对土壤BNC、FNC及MNC含量无显著影响,而BNC、FNC和MNC占SOC的比例均显著下降。微生物残体碳对生物质炭的响应特征可能与稻田独特的氧化还原环境有关。水稻土长期干湿交替驱动铁锰氧化物频繁发生还原-氧化循环,可能对生物质炭-矿物-微生物残体交互作用产生双重影响。一方面,氧化条件下铁锰氧化物作为“活性胶结剂”,可强烈吸附微生物残体及生物质炭颗粒,促进有机-矿物复合体形成[27];另一方面,还原条件下铁锰氧化物溶解,可能释放先前被保护的残体碳,使其重新暴露并被微生物分解。“固定-释放”的动态平衡可能使得微生物残体碳的净积累被抵消。此外,生物质炭对土壤微生物残体碳积累的影响受施用方式和周期等众多因素的影响[13,16]。比如,短期内生物质炭的易分解组分刺激微生物活性,从而促进FNC的积累[28];随着老化进程的推进,生物质炭表面氧化与矿物复合体形成[29],其多孔结构和表面化学特性更有利于细菌群落的定殖与代谢[30],导致BNC比例上升。生物质炭施用量也是显著影响微生物残体碳积累的重要因素。高用量生物质炭也更有利于提高土壤pH、C/N比和芳香碳比例,抑制真菌群落活性,尤其是几丁质降解相关真菌[31],从而降低FNC的积累。高生物质炭用量导致的高土壤C/N比可能促使微生物分解利用死亡残体以获取氮源[32-33]。
生物质炭施用5 a后降低MBC含量及部分水解酶及氧化酶活性。Zhu等[34]通过田间试验发现,在旱地土壤施用生物质炭的第1 a土壤MBC增加3.7%~57%,而第2 a则降低30.7%~32%。也有研究[35-36]发现,与典型稻田相比,生物质炭更容易提高旱地土壤微生物量碳,可能是因为生物质炭的添加改善土壤孔隙结构和通气性,从而促进土壤微生物活性提高。然而,生物质炭对酸性水稻土微生物生物量和酶活性存在抑制效应。首先,可能是由于稻田处于长期淹水状况不利于微生物大量繁殖,且生物质炭的多孔结构及丰富的表面官能团对底物、养分及土壤酶具有较强的吸附能力,从而降低土壤酶及其可利用底物浓度,抑制微生物及酶活性[37]。其次,土壤pH是影响微生物群落结构与活性的关键因子,生物质炭较大幅度提高酸性土壤pH,可能抑制适应酸性环境的主导微生物类群(如部分酸杆菌门细菌),从而降低整体微生物生物量及相关酶活性[37-38]。生物质炭本身是以芳香化结构为主的难降解碳源,其大量输入极大改变土壤有机碳库的化学组成与可利用性,增强物理化学保护作用,可能导致易被微生物快速同化的组分有效性降低,从而导致微生物生物量下降,微生物合成水解酶活性也随之减弱[10,37]。
本研究中,不同用量生物质炭处理未影响FNC、BNC、MNC含量,但显著降低其在SOC中的占比。与生物质炭直接增加惰性碳输入、大幅提高土壤有机碳含量,导致不同微生物残体碳占比显著下降有关。尽管生物质炭5 a后仍能有效提高土壤有机碳总量及矿物结合态等稳定性有机碳组分的含量,但微生物残体碳并非提升土壤有机碳的主要途径。随机森林模型预测结果显示,MAOC和pH是决定微生物残体碳对有机碳贡献的主要驱动因素。本研究中,一次性施用生物质炭5 a后仍能较大幅度提升土壤pH,可能不利于偏好酸性环境的微生物生长,导致微生物残体碳无显著积累;相反,土壤高pH和碳氮比环境可能改变微生物群落结构[33],进而影响微生物残体碳生成与稳定。土壤pH的升高也影响关键水解酶(如CB、XYL)和氧化酶(如PHOX)活性。生物质炭处理下土壤酶活性显著降低,表明微生物生长代谢缓慢,减少新鲜有机质的分解通量和自身同化-死亡迭代周转,最终减少微生物残体的产生。MAOC代表与土壤黏粒和金属氧化物紧密结合的高度稳定碳库,其含量高低直接决定MNC稳定性和土壤保护碳的能力[25]。在生物质炭处理下,土壤矿物、有机胶结物质与生物质炭颗粒结合,一方面促进土壤MAOC含量,直接贡献于总有机碳库;另一方面,其表面丰富的官能团和矿物界面还可能优先吸附微生物残体或其前体物质,从而影响残体碳的最终归属[26]。因此,MAOC的提升既可能通过竞争吸附降低游离态残体碳的有效性,也可能通过物理化学保护增强已结合残体碳的稳定性,综合表现为对残体碳占比的关键调控。本研究结果表明,生物质炭在水稻土上中长期的固碳效应可能并非主要通过促进微生物碳泵路径(即微生物同化-死亡-稳定化)实现,而是通过以下路径主导土壤有机碳积累:一方面,生物质炭自身难降解的碳结构作为外源碳直接贡献于有机碳库;另一方面,生物质炭多孔结构和高比表面积通过吸附可溶性有机碳、促进团聚体形成等物理化学机制,增强POC和MAOC的积累及稳定性。因此,本研究推测在高碳用量下,生物质炭稻田固碳效应更倾向于物理化学保护主导模式,而非微生物碳泵介导的生物合成主导模式。
一次性施用20~40 t/hm²生物质炭5 a后,不同生物质炭处理显著提高颗粒态有机碳和矿物结合态有机碳含量,促进酸性水稻土有机碳积累。然而,生物质炭对土壤微生物残体碳总量无显著影响,并降低微生物残体碳对土壤有机碳的贡献。降低效应一方面与生物质炭降低土壤可溶性碳、微生物量碳等活性有机碳含量和微生物介导的水解酶和氧化酶活性有关;另一方面,与生物质炭直接促进土壤惰性碳含量并促进矿物结合态有机碳含量密切相关。生物质炭对水稻土稳定有机碳的积累主要通过物理化学保护作用而并非“微生物碳泵”介导的生物合成作用,为南方酸性稻田土壤固碳培肥技术提供理论参考。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD1901800)
  • 浙江省“三农九方”科技协作计划项目(2025SNJF018)
  • 浙江省“三农九方”科技协作计划项目(2020SNLF004)
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2026年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.023
  • 接收时间:2026-01-19
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-19
  • 修回日期:2026-03-03
  • 录用日期:2026-03-30
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD1901800)
浙江省“三农九方”科技协作计划项目(2025SNJF018)
浙江省“三农九方”科技协作计划项目(2020SNLF004)
作者信息
    1.浙江农林大学环境与资源学院碳中和学院,全省土壤修复与质量提升重点实验室,杭州 311300
    2.农产品质量安全全国重点实验室,全省土壤修复与质量提升重点实验室,浙江省农业科学院环境资源与;土壤肥料研究所,杭州 310021
    3.绍兴市柯桥区农业水产技术推广站,浙江 绍兴 312030

通讯作者:

石其伟(1980—),女,高级农艺师,硕士,主要从事土壤肥料与植物营养技术推广研究。E-mail:;
陈德(1986—),男,博士,副研究员,硕士生导师,主要从事土壤污染防治与改良培肥研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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