Article(id=1312009475469435652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1765814400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-16, revisedDate=1771344000000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-18, acceptedDate=1773504000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-15, onlineDate=1790737034909, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1787846400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790737034909, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790737034909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790737034909, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1312009474789958403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787846400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790737034746, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739471092, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=128, endPage=140, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312009477319123718, articleId=1312009475469435652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=EN, title=The Influencing Factors of Saturated Permeability and Breakthrough Curve Abrupt Change Values in Root-soil Composites from Loess Region, columnId=1312009477243626245, journalTitle=Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective This study aims to investigate the water transport mechanisms in the root-soil composites of typical landslide-prone areas on the Loess Plateau and its influence on slope stability. Methods A systematic analysis was performed on the variation process of the soil water breakthrough curve within the root zone of the region. By measuring soil physical properties, macropore structural parameters, and root parameters indicators, the key influencing factors of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) were identified in combination with linear correlation analysis. Furthermore, redundancy analysis (RDA) and variance partitioning analysis (VPA) were applied to quantify the contribution of each influencing factor to the change ratio of outflow velocity (CRi), which is a key indicator of the dynamic process. Results 1) Non-capillary porosity (NCP), macropore area ratio (PAR), and root surface area density (RSAD) were the main influencing factors of Ksat, with the coefficient of determination (R²) between PAR and Ksat reaching up to 0.99. 2) Soil gradation and macropore parameters overall had a significant effect on the change ratio of outflow velocity (CR i ) (F=2.67), explaining 78.05% of the constrained variation based on redundancy analysis. 3) Gradation influenced the variation mechanisms of water flow paths by regulating macropore structure, explaining 34.8% of the variation based on variance partitioning analysis. Conclusion The saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) of root-soil composites on the Loess Plateau is jointly influenced by basic soil physical properties, macropore parameters, and root parameters. It is primarily dominated by non-capillary porosity and macropores ranging from 0.8 mm to 4.0 mm, and is negatively correlated with soil bulk density. Roots improve permeability by promoting pore development. Furthermore, the influence of particle size distribution on saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) exhibits significant variations among soils under different vegetation types. Regarding the change ratio of outflow velocity, the proportions of sand, silt, and clay are the most dominant influencing factors. This study provides a theoretical basis for further understanding the water transport mechanisms in root-soil composites of loess regions and for evaluating slope stability.

, authors=Hao Zhang1, 2, Chao Ma1, Yuxin Chen1, 3, Lyu Miao1, 4, Yan Zhang1, Xiaoman Zhang1, 5, authorsList=Hao Zhang, Chao Ma, Yuxin Chen, Lyu Miao, Yan Zhang, Xiaoman Zhang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chao Ma, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312009481958023968, articleId=1312009475469435652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=CN, title=黄土区根土复合体饱和渗透性及穿透曲线突变值的影响因素, columnId=1312009477407204103, journalTitle=水土保持学报, columnName=基础研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 为探究黄土高原地区典型滑坡重灾区根土复合体水分运移机制对边坡稳定性的影响。 方法 针对该区域根系层土体水分穿透曲线变化过程开展系统分析,通过测定土壤物理性质、大孔隙结构参数和根系参数,结合线性相关分析识别饱和导水率(Ksat)的关键影响因子,并运用冗余分析(RDA)与方差分解分析(VPA),量化各影响因素对动态过程指标出流速率变化率(CR i )的贡献程度。 结果 1)非毛管孔隙度(NCP)、大孔隙面积比(PAR)和根表面积密度(RSAD)是影响Ksat的主要因子,其中PAR与Ksat的决定系数(R²)最高可达0.99。2)土体级配和大孔隙参数整体上对出流速率变化率(CR i )有显著影响(F=2.67),基于冗余分析共解释其78.05%的约束变异。3)级配参数通过调控大孔隙结构来影响水流路径变化机制,基于方差分解分析,级配参数解释其34.8%的变异。 结论 黄土高原根土复合体饱和导水率受土壤基本物理性质、大孔隙参数、根系参数的共同影响,其主要由非毛管孔隙及0.8~4.0 mm大孔隙主导,与土壤体积质量呈负相关;根系通过促进孔隙发育改善渗透性能;而颗粒级配在不同植被类型土壤中,对饱和导水率(Ksat)的影响则呈明显差异;对于出流速率变化率,砂粒、粉粒与黏粒的比例是最主要的影响因子,研究结果为进一步理解黄土区根土复合体水分运移机制及边坡稳定性评估提供理论依据。

, authors=张昊1, 2, 马超1, 陈雨欣1, 3, 苗绿1, 4, 张岩1, 张晓曼1, 5, authorsList=张昊, 马超, 陈雨欣, 苗绿, 张岩, 张晓曼, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=马超, authorNote=

张昊(1998—),女,硕士研究生,中级工程师,主要从事山地灾害防治研究。E-mail:

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马超(1986—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事山地灾害成灾动力研究。E-mail:
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张昊(1998—),女,硕士研究生,中级工程师,主要从事山地灾害防治研究。E-mail:

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注:*表示显著相关;*表示p<0.05;**表示p<0.01。下同。

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黄土区根土复合体饱和渗透性及穿透曲线突变值的影响因素
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张昊 1, 2 , 马超 1 , 陈雨欣 1, 3 , 苗绿 1, 4 , 张岩 1 , 张晓曼 1, 5
水土保持学报 | 基础研究 2026,40(4): 128-140
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水土保持学报 |基础研究 2026 , 40 (4) : 128 -140
黄土区根土复合体饱和渗透性及穿透曲线突变值的影响因素
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张昊1, 2 , 马超1 , 陈雨欣1, 3, 苗绿1, 4, 张岩1, 张晓曼1, 5
作者信息
  • 1.北京林业大学水土保持学院,北京 100083
  • 2.中国水电基础局有限公司,天津 301700
  • 3.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京 100101
  • 4.盐城市水利勘测设计研究院;有限公司,江苏 盐城 224000
  • 5.通用技术集团工程设计有限公司,济南 250031
通讯作者:
马超(1986—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事山地灾害成灾动力研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

张昊(1998—),女,硕士研究生,中级工程师,主要从事山地灾害防治研究。E-mail:

The Influencing Factors of Saturated Permeability and Breakthrough Curve Abrupt Change Values in Root-soil Composites from Loess Region
Hao Zhang1, 2 , Chao Ma1 , Yuxin Chen1, 3, Lyu Miao1, 4, Yan Zhang1, Xiaoman Zhang1, 5
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Soil and Water Conservation,Beijing Forestry University,Beijing 100083,China
  • 2.Sinohydro Foundation Engineering Co. ,Ltd. ,Tianjin 301700,China
  • 3.Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China
  • 4.Yancheng Water Conservancy Survey Design and Research Institute Co. ,Ltd. ,Yancheng,Jiangsu 224000,China
  • 5.General Technology Group Engineering Design Co. ,Ltd. ,Jinan 250031,China
出版时间: 2026-08-28 doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.010
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目的 为探究黄土高原地区典型滑坡重灾区根土复合体水分运移机制对边坡稳定性的影响。 方法 针对该区域根系层土体水分穿透曲线变化过程开展系统分析,通过测定土壤物理性质、大孔隙结构参数和根系参数,结合线性相关分析识别饱和导水率(Ksat)的关键影响因子,并运用冗余分析(RDA)与方差分解分析(VPA),量化各影响因素对动态过程指标出流速率变化率(CR i )的贡献程度。 结果 1)非毛管孔隙度(NCP)、大孔隙面积比(PAR)和根表面积密度(RSAD)是影响Ksat的主要因子,其中PAR与Ksat的决定系数(R²)最高可达0.99。2)土体级配和大孔隙参数整体上对出流速率变化率(CR i )有显著影响(F=2.67),基于冗余分析共解释其78.05%的约束变异。3)级配参数通过调控大孔隙结构来影响水流路径变化机制,基于方差分解分析,级配参数解释其34.8%的变异。 结论 黄土高原根土复合体饱和导水率受土壤基本物理性质、大孔隙参数、根系参数的共同影响,其主要由非毛管孔隙及0.8~4.0 mm大孔隙主导,与土壤体积质量呈负相关;根系通过促进孔隙发育改善渗透性能;而颗粒级配在不同植被类型土壤中,对饱和导水率(Ksat)的影响则呈明显差异;对于出流速率变化率,砂粒、粉粒与黏粒的比例是最主要的影响因子,研究结果为进一步理解黄土区根土复合体水分运移机制及边坡稳定性评估提供理论依据。

黄土区  /  饱和导水率  /  出流速率变化率  /  冗余分析  /  方差分解分析

Objective This study aims to investigate the water transport mechanisms in the root-soil composites of typical landslide-prone areas on the Loess Plateau and its influence on slope stability. Methods A systematic analysis was performed on the variation process of the soil water breakthrough curve within the root zone of the region. By measuring soil physical properties, macropore structural parameters, and root parameters indicators, the key influencing factors of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) were identified in combination with linear correlation analysis. Furthermore, redundancy analysis (RDA) and variance partitioning analysis (VPA) were applied to quantify the contribution of each influencing factor to the change ratio of outflow velocity (CRi), which is a key indicator of the dynamic process. Results 1) Non-capillary porosity (NCP), macropore area ratio (PAR), and root surface area density (RSAD) were the main influencing factors of Ksat, with the coefficient of determination (R²) between PAR and Ksat reaching up to 0.99. 2) Soil gradation and macropore parameters overall had a significant effect on the change ratio of outflow velocity (CR i ) (F=2.67), explaining 78.05% of the constrained variation based on redundancy analysis. 3) Gradation influenced the variation mechanisms of water flow paths by regulating macropore structure, explaining 34.8% of the variation based on variance partitioning analysis. Conclusion The saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) of root-soil composites on the Loess Plateau is jointly influenced by basic soil physical properties, macropore parameters, and root parameters. It is primarily dominated by non-capillary porosity and macropores ranging from 0.8 mm to 4.0 mm, and is negatively correlated with soil bulk density. Roots improve permeability by promoting pore development. Furthermore, the influence of particle size distribution on saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) exhibits significant variations among soils under different vegetation types. Regarding the change ratio of outflow velocity, the proportions of sand, silt, and clay are the most dominant influencing factors. This study provides a theoretical basis for further understanding the water transport mechanisms in root-soil composites of loess regions and for evaluating slope stability.

loess region  /  saturated hydraulic conductivity  /  change ratio of outflow velocity  /  redundancy analysis  /  variance partitioning analysis
张昊, 马超, 陈雨欣, 苗绿, 张岩, 张晓曼. 黄土区根土复合体饱和渗透性及穿透曲线突变值的影响因素. 水土保持学报, 2026 , 40 (4) : 128 -140 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.010
Hao Zhang, Chao Ma, Yuxin Chen, Lyu Miao, Yan Zhang, Xiaoman Zhang. The Influencing Factors of Saturated Permeability and Breakthrough Curve Abrupt Change Values in Root-soil Composites from Loess Region[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2026 , 40 (4) : 128 -140 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.010
我国黄土高原总面积约6.4×105 km2,其中,水土流失面积约3.9×104 km2,是全国乃至世界上水土流失最严重的地区,区域人地协调关系不利、水资源紧张、生态用水保障难、生态环境潜在风险大等生态问题突出。黄土具有大孔隙、水敏性、力学性质差和节理裂隙发育等特点,进一步导致水土流失、土地荒漠化等一系列环境问题[1]。目前已有研究[2]表明,植被作为生态工程建设工作的核心,可起到改良坡面松散堆积体的土体结构特征、调节坡面水分、拦截泥沙、固结松散土体等作用,在有效控制地表侵蚀、改善流域景观方面成效显著;但是Qu等[3]研究发现,植被强大根系网络可能促进大孔隙发育,加大孔隙导流对孔隙水压力的贡献,可能不利于斜坡稳定,进而诱发其他次生灾害。
国内外学者[4-5]针对植被发育斜坡土体的水文效应研究尚处于初步阶段,多数研究集中于根系对导水率的直接增强或减弱效应,Wang等[6]研究发现,含根土与素土(不含根系的土体)相比,饱和导水率之比最大可达4.23倍,而对于根系层土体饱和导水率的影响机制及其动态变化规律研究较少。饱和导水率与出流速率是表征土体渗透性的核心参数,其非稳态变化直接揭示内部孔隙结构的动态调整过程。现有研究[7]表明,在渗流作用下,土体内部细颗粒迁移重塑孔隙网络,改变土体的局部结构,导致渗透能力突变与出流速率非线性增长,进而影响土体稳定性。同时,土壤中根系的生长发育也造成物理挤压作用,从而影响土壤颗粒的膨胀分散与迁移,使得孔隙通道处于动态变化中,导致出流速率表现出一定周期性的波动[8],根系腐烂后形成的根孔也为优先流提供了良好的通道,从而形成一种结构化的、非均质的网络结构[9]。
目前,对于颗粒迁移的研究主要集中在对诱发颗粒迁移的临界水力梯度的探索[10],关于颗粒迁移对出流速率变化的研究还相对较少。在黄土垂直节理发育、具有特殊水密性的介质中,由颗粒迁移诱发的出流速率动态突变则更加明显。特别是在土体达到饱和后,随着水分的不断运移,土体内部微小结构发生改变,孔隙处于动态变化中,造成水分穿透曲线出现“突变”现象,即出流速率的突然上升和下降。通过分析根土复合体饱和渗透性及穿透曲线“突变”现象的影响因素与机理,可能是理解黄土边坡失稳与重力侵蚀发生前兆的关键。
研究区位于山西省临汾市吉县蔡家川流域(36°14′27″~36°18′23″N,110°39′45″~110°47′45″E)(图1),海拔904~1 592 m,相对高差700 m,平均海拔1 172 m。地势整体西高东低,呈东西走向。该区域具有较大的高度变化和地形起伏,平均坡度为17°,地形复杂多变,地表支离破碎,具有典型的黄土高原地貌特征,包括陡峭的山坡、深切的河谷和广阔的台地等。降水集中在每年的6—9月,其降雨量在全年总降水量中所占比重达80.6%。流域的黄土母质为第四纪马兰黄土,土层厚度较大,母质质地均一,主要土壤类型为褐土,其土质疏松,极易受到侵蚀。其中农地流域土地总面积为0.71 km2,植被类型以黄刺玫(Rosa xanthina)、沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)、虎榛子(Ostryopsis davidiana)等灌木为主;人工林流域土地总面积为2.36 km2,植被类型主要以刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、油松(Pinus tabuliformis)和侧柏(Platycladusorientalis)等乔木为主。该区域的滑坡主要发生在黄土分布区,通过无人机影像解译,共有滑坡220处[11]。目前其侵蚀沟不再呈现出发育特征,横断面表现为“U”形结构,沟坡脚存在较为显著的塌积物汇集堆叠现象,侧沟则表现出“V”形横断面特征且仍然处于发育阶段,各类结构的发育状况相对良好。
为探究黄土高原地区典型滑坡重灾区根系层的渗透特征,以山西临汾吉县蔡家川流域的典型滑坡区作为目标研究区域采集样品。陈佩岩等[12]表明,降水对40 cm以下土层土壤含水率变化影响较小。在根系剖面上,使用50 cm×50 cm的格网为工具对根系数量进行统计发现,灌木和乔木的根系主要集中分布在10~30 cm土层深度,该层也是黄土高原地区浅层滑坡主要分布范围[13],因此,采集10~30 cm土层的根土复合体进行试验。在乔木样地和灌木样地各分别采集8组样品,每组样品包含2个平行样品,总计32组样品,采集时在剖面深10 cm处沿重力方向,将直径φ=10 cm、高h=20 cm的环刀钻于10~30 cm根系层范围内采集样品。将采集后的土样在容器中进行24 h饱和与24 h静置,使土样的含水量达到田间持水量。测量饱和导水率时,使用电子天平记录每间隔1 s的流量值。
根据达西定律,求得土样的饱和导水率(Ksat),基于圆形孔隙假设条件[14],结合Poiseulle方程计算大孔隙半径,计算过程为:
Q=πr4Δp8ητL
式中:Q为单位流量,cm3/s;r为大孔隙孔径,cm;τ为水流实际路径与土柱长度的比值,一般取1.2;L为土样长度,cm;η为水的黏滞系数,g/(cm·s);t为从第1次加水开始记时的时间,s;Δp为压力水头,cm。
对于稳态水流,计算公式为:
Q=πr2τLt
r=τL8η/(tΔp)
对于某孔径而言,若某个孔径的孔隙面积为a,cm2;水流速率为v,cm/s,根据公式可计算对应的大孔隙数量ni :
ni=Qav=Qtπr2τL
Rmean=∑ni×Rin
Ni=niV
PARi=niaA
式中:Rmean为大孔隙平均当量孔径,mm;n为大孔隙总数量,n=n1+n2+…+ni;Ri 为对应分级大孔隙的中值半径,mm;Ni 为大孔隙密度,104个/m3;PAR i 为大孔隙面积比,%;V为土样体积,cm3;A为土样横截面积,cm2。
对于孔隙度,计算公式为:
TP=(W1-W2)V
CP=(W3-W2)V
NCP=(W1-W3)V
式中:TP为总孔隙度,%;CP为毛管孔隙度,%;NCP为非毛管孔隙度,%;W1为饱和土重,g/cm3;W2为烘干土重,g/cm3;W3为静置湿土重,g/cm3。
对于出流速率变化率(CR i ),计算公式为:
CR1=ΔQQ1
CR2=ΔQKsat
CR3=ΔQT2-T1
式中:ΔQ=Q2-Q1。Q1为饱和导水率变化开始时的流量,cm3/s;Q2为再次趋于平稳后的流量,cm3/s;T1为饱和导水率变化开始时的时间,s;T2为再次趋于平稳后的时间,s。
对于根系参数,使用WinRHIZO-pro(dpi=600)进行扫描,计算其根表面积密度(root surface area density,RSAD)、根体积密度(root volume density,RVD)、生物量(biomass,BIO);对于土壤级配参数,采用筛分法和马尔文粒径分析仪获取,取样后使用多层筛筛分,<1 mm的使用马尔文激光粒度仪进行分析,>1 mm的使用称重法进行分析,根据质量占取样百分比的数值计算全级配百分比,分别为黏粒(0.000 1~0.002 mm,Pco)、粉粒(0.002~0.05 mm,Psi)、砂粒(0.05~1 mm,Psa)、石砾(1~3 mm,Pgr)、石块(>3 mm,Pst)。
1) 共线性分析
相关系数是统计学家Pearson提出的用于统计2个随机变量间线性相关程度的统计量。其定义为2个变量的协方差除以标准差的乘积,相关系数矩阵则是由相关系数构成,每个元素均为[-1,1]。本研究使用相关系数矩阵以判断自变量间的相关性,剔除相关系数过高(共线性过高)的参数。
完成共线性检测后保留的参数,作为冗余分析中的“解释变量”,CR1、CR2、CR3作为“响应变量”,通过建立多元多重线性回归模型,将响应变量矩阵与解释变量间的拟合值矩阵进行主成分分析,揭示响应变量与解释变量间的线性关系。
方差分解分析通过量化不同解释变量对响应变量变异的独立解释贡献度,将这些分量表达为占总方差的比例,从而理解和描述观测数据总变异的来源、相对重要性及变量间的交互效应,本研究使用此方法衡量各个参数对出流速率变化率(CR i )的变异性贡献程度。
由于2处采样地点为不同的植被类型,组间测量参数性质差异较大。在土壤体积质量方面,乔木土壤的土壤体积质量为1.04~1.26 g/cm3,灌木土壤的土壤体积质量为1.16~1.47 g/cm3;在级配方面,乔木、灌木的粉粒(0.002~0.05 mm)和石块(>3 mm)含量差异较大,灌木土壤粉粒占比平均值为21.58%,而乔木土壤粉粒占比平均值高达37.75%,且灌木土壤中石块含量远高于乔木土壤,达25.39%;在根系参数方面,乔木的平均根体积密度(RVD)(5.80 mm3/cm3)略大于灌木(5.07 mm3/cm3),但灌木的平均根表面积密度(RSAD)(16.75 mm2/cm3)明显大于乔木(10.67 mm2/cm3)。
通过单因素方差分析(ANOVA),比较人工林流域和农地流域间各土体物理性质参数、大孔隙参数和根系参数的组间差异性(图2)。在土壤物理性质参数中,土壤体积质量、粉粒/黏粒2个参数具有极显著差异性(p<0.000 1);在大孔隙参数中,PAR0.3~0.5 mm、PAR0.8~1 mm均呈极显著差异性(p<0.01),PAR1~4 mm呈显著差异性(p<0.05);在根系参数中,RSAD0~0.5 mm(p<0.000 1)、RSAD0.5~1 mm(p<0.01)呈极显著差异,RSAD总、RSAD3~5 mm(p<0.05)呈显著差异,其余参数均无显著差异性。因此,在进行影响因素分析时,分别探究土壤物理性质参数、大孔隙参数、根系参数对于饱和导水率的影响大小。
土壤物理性质是森林水土保持和水文生态功能效益评价的重要内容。在森林土壤生态系统中,土壤的通气性、透水性和林木根系的穿透性取决于土壤的土壤体积质量、通气度及非毛管孔隙度、总孔隙度等土壤物理性质,同时该类参数也是土体构造的主要指标之一[15]。因此,研究探究土壤体积质量、孔隙度、级配等参数与饱和导水率间的关系(图3)。
2种植被类型的饱和导水率与非毛管孔隙度、土壤体积质量、级配占比等均有极显著相关性(p<0.01)。其中土壤体积质量与饱和导水率呈极显著负相关(乔木样地的R²=0.47,灌木样地的R²=0.46)(p<0.01)。随着土壤体积质量的增加,土壤间的“空隙”越来越少,提供给土壤水分运动的大孔隙也随之减少;非毛管孔隙度则是直接反映土壤水分运移能力的参数,乔木与灌木土壤中非毛管孔隙度和饱和导水率的R2 高达0.84和0.96,随着非毛管孔隙度的增加,饱和导水率也随之增加;土壤颗粒级配的影响在两类样地中也存在较大差异,在乔木土壤中,粉粒含量较高(平均37.75%),粉粒/黏粒比与饱和导水率呈极显著负相关(R²=0.74)(p<0.01),可能是“粉粒-黏粒”骨架组成的运移通道因为黏粒含量的增加,造成粉粒间孔隙比随之增大,从而促进水分在土壤中的下渗速度[16],而在灌木土壤中这种促进效应相对较弱,饱和导水率主要受砂粒/黏粒比的影响。
大孔隙分布规律及其结构特征是影响土体渗透性的首要因素[17],大孔隙的存在可使水流在运动过程中直接快速地进入土壤深层,显著提高土壤水分的入渗速率。本研究根据不同植被类型土壤的水分穿透曲线和Poiseulle方程计算得出,土壤大孔隙孔径分布在0.3~4 mm,该计算结果与王伟等[18]所测土壤大孔隙孔径范围基本一致,为进一步探究不同植被类型下大孔隙参数对饱和导水率的影响,选择能同时代表大孔隙孔径和数量的大孔隙面积比(macropore area ratio,PAR)与饱和导水率进行相关性分析(图4)。
在2种植被类型的土壤中,PAR0.8~1 mm与PAR1~4 mm均与饱和导水率有着极显著的线性关系(p<0.01)。在乔木土壤中,PAR0.8~1.0 mm与PAR1.0~4.0 mm分别与饱和导水率的相关性为0.89与0.88;在灌木土壤中,二者与饱和导水率的相关性为0.99与0.96,可知该区域土壤中0.8~4.0 mm的大孔隙是主要的水分运移通道。
乔木土壤中和灌木土壤中的根系分布和结构参数存在着较大的差异性,乔木的根表面积密度(RSAD)为3.88~20.58 mm2/cm3,而灌木的根表面积密度(RSAD)为6.89~35.10 mm2/cm3。比较不同植被类型下根系结构特征参数,乔木的平均根体积密度(RVD)为5.07 mm3/cm3,略大于灌木的5.80 mm3/cm3,但灌木的平均根表面积密度(RSAD)为16.75 mm2/cm3,明显大于乔木的10.67 mm2/cm3,可证明乔木土壤中粗根所占比例较大,而灌木土壤中细根所占比例较大(图5)。
在2种植被类型的土壤中,根表面积密度(RSAD)和根系生物量(BIO)均与饱和导水率呈极显著指数相关(p<0.01)。在根系较少时,其对饱和导水率的影响并不大;当根系含量增加时,饱和导水率呈指数增长,根系影响土壤中对饱和导水率影响最直接的大孔隙,从而使得饱和导水率大幅度增加(图6)。
由于不同根径的根系对于饱和导水率的影响不同,进一步将根表面积密度(RSAD)划分为0~0.5、0.5~1、1~3、3~5、>5 mm 5个量级,分别分析其与饱和导水率的关系(图7)。在2种土壤中,RSAD0.5~1 mm均与饱和导水率呈极显著线性关系(p<0.01),与饱和导水率的相关性分别为0.68、0.85。证明根系的生长明显影响土体的饱和导水率,且呈正相关,可能是因为该径级范围内的根系是形成土体大孔隙的重要因素[19],可增加大孔隙的含量和土体孔隙的连续性。在乔木土壤中,指数拟合的形式更适合表现根表面积密度(RSAD)与饱和导水率间的关系,可能是由于乔木侧根根系相对较粗,更容易形成贯穿整个土体的“裂隙”,造成饱和导水率的快速增加。
由于研究区域内环境条件不同,所采土样的结构存在差异,土体中的优先流通道存在不同的阻力大小,而水分流动特性为沿着阻力最小的方向流动,使得土样在饱和渗透过程中土壤管道存在被冲开的现象,而当其较大的土体管道遭到堵塞时,土壤管道的排水能力发生骤降,土样中的土体管道在压力水头的作用下,处于被导通-堵塞的动态变化中,随着试验的进行,水流作用下的土粒分配效应减弱,土体管道随之趋于稳定,出水速率不再发生大幅度变化。土体管道虽然可增加土体排水速率,但是如果水流进入土体管道的速率超过管道的输送能力,那么土体管道的空腔很容易充满水,从而增加周围基质中的孔隙水压力[20]。在该情况下,土体管道遭到破坏,从而引起排水的不稳定,为探究影响出流速率变化率(CR i )的因素,选取CR i >5%的样本进行分析。
经过筛选后,有16个样品出现突变现象,选取的出流速率变化点位在示意图中用红圈标出(图8)。由于土壤大孔隙的变化主要体现在土体颗粒的运移,将土壤级配进一步划分为Pst>10 mm、Pst5~10 mm、Pst3~5 mm、Pgr1~3 mm、Psa0.5~1 mm、Psa0.25~0.5 mm、Psa0.1~0.25 mm、Psa0.05~0.1 mm、Psi0.002~0.05 mm、Pco0.000 1~0.002 mm,并计算Psa0.5~1 mm/Pco0.000 1~0.002 mm与Psi0.002~0.05 mm/Pco0.000 1~0.002 mm,结合土壤大孔隙面积比(PAR i )和根表面积密度(RSAD i )进行进一步分析。当2个自变量间的相关系数|r|>0.5时,认为存在高度共线性,需考虑剔除其一。由图9可知,根表面积密度(RSAD i )、大孔隙面积比(PAR i )和其他参数出现严重的共线性,根据相关系数矩阵和参数实际物理意义,对参数进行筛选和剔除以减小共线性对于模型结果的影响,剔除后再次绘制相关系数矩阵。剔除参数后仍有部分参数有较高的相关性,如Psa0.05~0.1 mm与Psi0.002~0.05 mm/Pco0.000 1~0.002 mm,根据其实际物理意义,计算过程并无直接关联性,未进行剔除,将保留的参数进一步分析,探究其对出流速率变化率(CR i )的影响。
将变化率CR1、CR2、CR3作为响应变量,保留的参数作为解释变量,进行标准化处理后使用R软件中的vegan包进行冗余分析,并使用ggplot2包绘制排序图(图10)。冗余分析表明,物理参数和大孔隙参数整体上对出流速率变化率(CRi)有显著影响(F=2.67),前2个RDA轴共解释78.05%的约束变异,其中RDA1轴解释62.21%的变异,RDA2轴解释15.84%的变异。在3种不同的变化率计算方式下,均有土壤级配参数与其具有较好的线性关系,可进一步证明,土壤中砂粒、粉粒与黏粒颗粒级配的组成比例是影响饱和导水率变化的主要因素。
在冗余分析结果(图10)中,解释变量与响应变量夹角的余弦值代表变量间的相关性,余弦值越接近-1或1,表示2个变量间的相关性大;余弦值偏离-1或1,代表2个变量间的相关性较小。研究基于冗余分析排序结果,探究影响出流过程不同变化特征的关键影响因子。分析表明Psa0.5~1 mm/Pco0.000 1~0.002 mm、PAR0.5~0.8 mm与CR1、CR3箭头指向高度一致且夹角锐小,呈正相关,共同构成影响流量快速变化(CR1与CR3)的主导因子。具体而言,大孔隙与粗砂含量促进土壤中优先流通道的形成,使得水分能够快速通过,同时也更易因颗粒迁移发生“导通”与“关闭”,从而直接驱动出流速率的剧烈波动,显著提升CR1与CR3的变化幅度。与此相反,黏粒Pco0.000 1~0.002 mm则与CR1、CR3的箭头方向几乎完全相反,呈负相关。黏粒作为关键稳定性因子,通过胶结土壤颗粒、填充微小孔隙等方式增强基质结构性来削弱水流突变,始终发挥着显著的抑制作用。Psi0.002~0.05 mm/Pco0.000 1~0.002 mm则主要与CR2箭头方向一致且相近,呈正相关;Pco0.000 1~0.002 mm与CR2呈负相关,是影响流量相对于饱和导水率变化的主要因素。表明粉粒与黏粒主要通过改变土壤基质的固有渗透性,来影响出流的基准状态,对CR2产生核心影响。综上所述,土壤出流过程的稳定性主要取决于由粗颗粒主导的“快速变化机制”与由细颗粒维持的“缓慢稳定机制”间的动态平衡[21],该发现为深入理解并预测土壤水分与溶质的优先运移过程提供关键的理论依据。
为探究各影响因素对于出流速率变化率(CR i )的影响大小,将解释变量划分为2组,分别为级配参数、大孔隙参数,使用VPA计算其方差贡献率(图11)。
方差分解分析表明,级配参数单独解释出流速率变化率(CR i )的34.8%,而大孔隙参数的贡献率为0%,与土壤学基本原理一致,即大孔隙结构主要由颗粒级配(特别是粗颗粒含量)所决定[22]。二者共同解释20.2%的变异,则进一步证明,级配通过调控大孔隙结构来影响水流路径的机制。另有45%的变异未能被参数解释,造成该情况的原因可能是级配参数和大孔隙参数无法直接反映孔隙的实际变化情况,而是仅代表变化的可能性大小,在后续的研究中需进一步探究孔隙实际变化情况,寻找与之相关的参数。
通过对乔木样地与灌木样地土体物理性质参数、大孔隙参数和根系参数的单因素方差分析(ANOVA)发现,研究区内的土壤饱和导水率有较强的空间异质性,表明饱和导水率主要受局部结构因素控制。其中灌木样地饱和导水率平均值(6.6×10-3 cm/s)显著高于乔木(1.4×10-3 cm/s),该研究结果与许明祥等[23]和霍嘉仪等[24]研究灌木样地的饱和导水率高于林地的结果相一致。
土壤物理性质是影响饱和导水率的关键因子,随着土壤体积质量的增加,土壤渗透性不断降低,与吴江琪等[25]的研究结果相一致,进一步反映土壤压实过程对孔隙空间的削弱作用;对于孔隙参数,非毛管孔隙度与饱和导水率具有极显著相关性(p<0.01)。在乔木样地中,R²为0.84,而在灌木样地中,R²可达0.96,体现土壤中有效孔隙网络的发育程度,是评价土壤渗透性能的核心结构指标[26];在级配参数中,乔木样地的粉粒含量较高(平均为37.75%),土体疏松,孔隙度相对较高,而在灌木样地中,由于样品中含有大量石块,与土体构成的石-土界面则成为水分快速运移的优先路径,可能是灌木样地的饱和导水率大于乔木样地的重要原因[27];对于植被根系,在乔木样地中,乔木根系粗根占比较大,在渗透过程中,可能通过形成贯穿性裂隙增强水流的流通性;而灌木样地中,灌木细根发达,根表面积密度(RSAD)更大,更倾向于形成密集的微孔隙网络,增强土壤持水与缓冲能力。根系参数上的差异进一步反映植被类型通过根系形态影响土壤结构的路径差异与水文分异特征,也解释为何乔木样地中饱和导水率与根表面积密度(RSAD)呈指数关系,而灌木样地中则更接近线性,进一步体现出不同大孔隙分布范围影响水分运移能力,土壤表现出不同的饱和导水率差异性。特别是在黄土类具有高水敏性和垂直节理发育特性的介质中,结构失稳更容易被触发,进而引发渗透状态的突变。该现象可能是土体内部孔隙水压力剧烈波动的前兆,对黄土斜坡稳定性构成潜在威胁。
在水分穿透曲线的动态响应方面,本研究发现,出流速率变化率(CR i )主要受土壤颗粒级配控制,尤其是砂粒与黏粒的比例。粗颗粒(如0.5~1 mm的砂粒)与表征流量快速变化的CR1、CR3均呈正相关,其含量较高时,粗颗粒间形成优先流通道,但也为细颗粒迁移提供充足的空间。当运移的细颗粒粒径与孔隙通道尺寸匹配时,可能发生机械筛滤作用,导致瞬时堵塞,局部水压升高后冲开堵塞,形成周期性突变[28],导致穿透曲线突变;同时,粉粒质量小、胶结弱,在水流剪切力下易启动。粉粒含量较高的土体在水流作用下更容易发生颗粒迁移与结构重组,其持续迁移动态堵塞孔隙并随机改造孔隙结构,导致出流速率发生波动[29],进一步加剧渗透过程的不连续性与突变性,与苗庆远等[30]在浑水入渗研究中的发现相似,而分散的黏粒可封堵微孔隙,在一定条件下,可能通过增强土壤胶结作用来抑制此类突变[31]。该发现从微观机制上揭示了土体在饱和状态下水分运移的不稳定性产生的原因。
本研究通过冗余分析与方差分解分析进一步量化各因素的贡献程度。结果表明,级配参数独立解释出流速率变化率(CR i )变异的34.8%,而大孔隙参数未独立解释,说明大孔隙结构本身受级配调控,其影响是间接的。该结论强调在黄土区水文模型中,应重视颗粒组成对孔隙结构的约束作用,而非单独考虑孔隙形态。因此,在接下来的研究中,应综合考虑植被类型、根系构型与土壤质地的匹配关系,避免因过度强调渗透性提升而忽视潜在的失稳隐患。
在土壤物理性质参数中,土壤的入渗过程受土壤体积质量、孔隙度、颗粒组成等因素影响[32]。土壤体积质量与饱和导水率呈极显著负相关(p<0.01),即土壤压实过程系统性地压缩孔隙空间,尤其是减少决定快速水流的大孔隙数量与连通性。非毛管孔隙度能最直接反映饱和导水率的大小,在乔木土壤中R2 =0.84,在灌木土壤中R2 =0.96,进一步论证非毛管孔隙网络作为饱和状态下重力水优势运移通道的核心水文功能,直接反映土壤水分的运移能力;同时,研究进一步揭示,在粉粒含量较高的乔木土壤中,粉粒/黏粒比与饱和导水率呈极显著负相关(R2 =0.74)(p<0.01),随着粉粒/黏粒比例的增加,饱和导水率反而降低,而在灌木土壤中,饱和导水率主要受砂粒/黏粒比的影响,与之呈极显著正相关(p<0.01)。
在大孔隙参数中,0.8~1、1~4 mm的大孔隙面积比对饱和导水率有极显著影响(p<0.01)。在乔木土壤中,与饱和导水率的相关性为0.89、0.88;在灌木土壤中,该孔径范围的大孔隙面积比与饱和导水率的相关性为0.99、0.96,均符合极强的线性相关,是预测区域土壤渗透性能的关键结构指标。可知该区域土壤中0.8~4 mm的大孔隙是主要的水分运移通道,特别是在土壤接近饱和的情况下,大孔隙中水流速度远大于土壤基质流。
在根系结构特征参数中,总根表面积密度、总根系生物量与饱和导水率呈极显著正相关(p<0.01)。表现为土壤饱和导水率随根表面积密度、根系生物量的增加呈指数式增大,R2均>0.5。其中根表面积密度(RSAD)可直接反映根系的直径、数量、长度等参数,与大孔隙的形成也有密切的联系,不同土壤类型中不同直径范围的根表面积密度对饱和导水率的影响程度有所差异。在乔木样地中,RASD与Ksat的R2最高可达0.82,而在灌木样地中,RASD与Ksat的R2最高可达0.85,其中0.5~1 mm径级的细根表面积密度(RSAD)是关联根系与饱和导水率最主要的指标。乔木的粗根倾向于形成裂隙促进优先流通道的发育,而灌木的细根则构建均匀的微孔隙网络。由此可知,根系在改善土壤结构、促进土壤水分下渗的过程中发挥着重要作用,是土壤中水分运输通道的主要来源。
冗余分析与方差分解分析共同揭示影响根土复合体出流速率变化率(CRi)的内在主导机制。在进行长时间水分穿透曲线测定时,土壤微观结构随水流运动发生变化,导致水分穿透曲线出现突变,进而导致土壤孔隙水压力的不稳定,造成土壤失稳,变化大小往往取决于土壤中级配颗粒的分布。其中砂粒、粉粒与黏粒的比例是最主要的决定因素,对于不同的变化率表征方式,其影响因素也不同,对于出流速率变化幅度(CR1)和单位时间内出流速率变化率(CR3),Psa0.5~1 mm/Pco0.000 1~0.002 mm是最主要的影响因子,对于流量相对于饱和导水率的变化(CR2),Psi0.002~0.05 mm/Pco0.000 1~0.002 mm则是主要的影响因子,进一步反映土壤基质渗透过程中的颗粒迁移现象。
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(42130701)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(42177309)
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2026年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.010
  • 接收时间:2025-12-16
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-16
  • 修回日期:2026-02-18
  • 录用日期:2026-03-15
基金
国家自然科学基金重点项目(42130701)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(42177309)
作者信息
    1.北京林业大学水土保持学院,北京 100083
    2.中国水电基础局有限公司,天津 301700
    3.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所,北京 100101
    4.盐城市水利勘测设计研究院;有限公司,江苏 盐城 224000
    5.通用技术集团工程设计有限公司,济南 250031

通讯作者:

马超(1986—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事山地灾害成灾动力研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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