Article(id=1312009590951207491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.042, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1774454400000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-26, revisedDate=1776182400000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-15, acceptedDate=1776614400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-20, onlineDate=1790737062442, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1787846400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790737062442, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790737062442, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790737062442, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1312009474789958403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787846400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790737034746, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739471092, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=319, endPage=330, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312009591127368260, articleId=1312009590951207491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=EN, title=Evaluation of Cultivated Land Quality and Zoning-Based Improvement Strategies in Loess Plateau of Northern Shaanxi, columnId=1312009477243626245, journalTitle=Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, columnName=Basic Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective This study aims to clarify the spatiotemporal evolution patterns, obstacle factors, and cultivated land improvement zoning in the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi from 1990 to 2020, and to optimize the regional allocation of cultivated land resources and achieve the strategy of "grain security in the land". Methods Taking Yulin City as the study area, the evaluation indicator system for cultivated land quality mainly covered five aspects: climatic conditions, soil nutrients, cultivated land management, site conditions, and physicochemical properties. The spatial autocorrelation model and the obstacle degree model were introduced to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and core restrictive factors of cultivated land quality, and based on this, the improvement zones were scientifically delineated. Results 1) From 1990 to 2020, the cultivated land quality index in Yulin City showed an upward trend (rising from 0.52 to 0.55), with a spatial distribution pattern of "higher in the east and lower in the west, and higher in the south and lower in the north". 2) The spatial heterogeneity was significant. The high-high-clustering-type cultivated land was distributed in Suide County, Wubu County, and other loess hilly-gully regions, while low-low-clustering-type cultivated land was concentrated in Dingbian County, Jingbian County, and other sandy grassland areas. 3) The diagnosis of obstacle factors indicated that accumulated temperature was the primary factor restricting cultivated land quality in Yulin City. Based on the dominant obstacle factor types, the city was divided into 22 regional types, including accumulated temperature zone, average patch area-pH zone, and organic carbon zone, with differentiated improvement plans proposed for key zones. Conclusion The research findings can provide a scientific basis for cultivated land quality protection and high-quality agricultural development in the northern Shaanxi Loess Plateau.

, authors=Jianyu Zhou1, Yongheng He2, Pengfei Shen3, Bangbang Zhang2, 4, authorsList=Jianyu Zhou, Yongheng He, Pengfei Shen, Bangbang Zhang, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bangbang Zhang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312009593753002575, articleId=1312009590951207491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=CN, title=陕北黄土高原区耕地质量评价与分区提升策略, columnId=1312009477407204103, journalTitle=水土保持学报, columnName=基础研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 为明确1990—2020年陕北黄土高原区耕地质量的时空演变规律、障碍因素及耕地整治分区,优化区域耕地资源配置、实现“藏粮于地”战略。 方法 以榆林市为研究区,耕地质量评价指标体系主要涵盖气候条件、土壤养分、耕地管理、立地条件与理化性状等五大方面,引入空间自相关模型与障碍度模型,剖析耕地质量时空演变特征与核心制约因子,并据此科学划定整治分区。 结果 1) 1990—2020年榆林市耕地质量指数呈上升趋势(由0.52升至0.55),呈东高西低、南高北低分布。2) 空间异质性显著,高高聚集型耕地分布在绥德县、吴堡县等黄土丘陵沟壑区,低低聚集型耕地集中在定边县、靖边县等风沙草滩区。3) 障碍因子诊断显示,积温是制约榆林市耕地质量的首要因素,基于主导障碍因素类型将全市划分为积温区、平均斑块面积-pH区与有机碳区等22个区域类型,针对重点分区提出差异化整治方案。 结论 研究结果可为陕北黄土高原区耕地质量保护与农业高质量发展提供依据。

, authors=周建宇1, 何永恒2, 申鹏飞3, 张蚌蚌2, 4, authorsList=周建宇, 何永恒, 申鹏飞, 张蚌蚌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张蚌蚌, authorNote=

周建宇(1984—),男,学士,高级经济师,主要从事耕地保护与粮食安全研究。E-mail:

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张蚌蚌(1990—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事耕地保护与粮食安全、耕地细碎化治理与农田工程建设研究。E-mail:
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周建宇(1984—),男,学士,高级经济师,主要从事耕地保护与粮食安全研究。E-mail:

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Comprehensive evaluation model for the operational suitability of tillage components applied on natural grassland[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2025,30(1):224-233., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1312009599671165583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009590951207491, awardId=2025KTDS-KT-11, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省空天地水智能监测工程研究中心开放基金课题项目(2025KTDS-KT-11), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1312009599738274448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009590951207491, awardId=2025NYGG010, language=CN, fundingSource=2025年陕西省农业关键核心技术攻关项目(2025NYGG010), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1312009594952573520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009590951207491, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009594965156433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009590951207491, 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Indicator weight results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
准则层权重指标

指标

权重

变异

系数法

熵权法

立地

条件

0.132 0高程0.041 00.040 00.042 0
坡度0.091 00.157 80.023 9

气候

条件

0.099 4降水量0.036 70.021 70.051 7
积温0.062 70.023 00.102 5

土壤

养分

0.070 6有机碳0.070 60.029 20.112 0

理化

性状

0.340 2土壤质地0.137 30.093 00.181 7
pH0.070 00.010 00.130 0
土壤体积质量0.053 00.037 20.068 8
有效土层厚度0.036 60.037 00.036 2
碎石体积比例0.043 30.035 30.051 3

耕地

管理

0.357 8道路通达度0.096 40.119 50.073 3
耕作距离0.080 00.137 80.022 3
斑块密度0.062 80.062 20.063 5
平均斑块面积0.118 60.196 30.040 8
), ArticleFig(id=1312009598945550982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009590951207491, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

指标权重结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
准则层权重指标

指标

权重

变异

系数法

熵权法

立地

条件

0.132 0高程0.041 00.040 00.042 0
坡度0.091 00.157 80.023 9

气候

条件

0.099 4降水量0.036 70.021 70.051 7
积温0.062 70.023 00.102 5

土壤

养分

0.070 6有机碳0.070 60.029 20.112 0

理化

性状

0.340 2土壤质地0.137 30.093 00.181 7
pH0.070 00.010 00.130 0
土壤体积质量0.053 00.037 20.068 8
有效土层厚度0.036 60.037 00.036 2
碎石体积比例0.043 30.035 30.051 3

耕地

管理

0.357 8道路通达度0.096 40.119 50.073 3
耕作距离0.080 00.137 80.022 3
斑块密度0.062 80.062 20.063 5
平均斑块面积0.118 60.196 30.040 8
), ArticleFig(id=1312009599012659847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009590951207491, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Size and proportion of cultivated land of each level in Yulin City

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级1990年2000年2010年2020年
面积/km2占比/%面积/km2占比/%面积/km2占比/%面积/km2占比/%
高等地827.6312.842 143.4635.942 083.3036.272 569.8632.16
中等地3 035.7647.102 935.9949.222 753.6347.953 313.4741.46
低等地2 582.4140.06884.7314.84906.3415.782 108.6526.38
), ArticleFig(id=1312009599092351624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009590951207491, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

榆林市各等级耕地面积大小及占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级1990年2000年2010年2020年
面积/km2占比/%面积/km2占比/%面积/km2占比/%面积/km2占比/%
高等地827.6312.842 143.4635.942 083.3036.272 569.8632.16
中等地3 035.7647.102 935.9949.222 753.6347.953 313.4741.46
低等地2 582.4140.06884.7314.84906.3415.782 108.6526.38
), ArticleFig(id=1312009599163654793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009590951207491, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Global spatial autocorrelation of comprehensive index of cultivated land quality

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标1990年2000年2010年2020年

全局Moran′s I

指数

0.858 20.762 00.755 10.459 7
期望值-0.005 8-0.005 8-0.005 8-0.005 8
Z得分18.754 016.617 416.469 410.557 7
p值检验0.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 1
), ArticleFig(id=1312009599251735178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009590951207491, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

耕地质量综合指数的全局空间自相关

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标1990年2000年2010年2020年

全局Moran′s I

指数

0.858 20.762 00.755 10.459 7
期望值-0.005 8-0.005 8-0.005 8-0.005 8
Z得分18.754 016.617 416.469 410.557 7
p值检验0.000 10.000 10.000 10.000 1
), ArticleFig(id=1312009599318844043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009590951207491, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Obstacle degree of cultivated land quality in Yulin City

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
障碍因子障碍度/%平均值
1990年2000年2010年2020年

立地

条件

6.456.166.145.596.09
高程3.603.633.693.623.64
坡度2.852.532.451.972.45

气候

条件

20.9921.1621.6722.6121.61
降水量6.356.386.587.196.63
积温14.6414.7815.0915.4214.98

土壤

养分

13.6513.2013.3113.0813.31
有机碳13.6513.2013.3113.0813.31

理化

性状

31.3830.1530.7231.2830.88
土壤质地5.836.456.788.396.86
pH13.0712.2512.2811.5512.29
土壤体积质量4.013.984.014.014.00
有效土层厚度1.601.421.471.501.50
碎石体积比例6.876.056.185.836.23

耕地

管理

27.5329.3328.1627.4428.12
道路通达度7.997.797.686.977.61
耕作距离1.471.451.461.511.47
斑块密度5.636.335.415.365.68
平均斑块面积12.4413.7613.6113.6013.35
), ArticleFig(id=1312009599394341516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009590951207491, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

榆林市耕地质量障碍度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
障碍因子障碍度/%平均值
1990年2000年2010年2020年

立地

条件

6.456.166.145.596.09
高程3.603.633.693.623.64
坡度2.852.532.451.972.45

气候

条件

20.9921.1621.6722.6121.61
降水量6.356.386.587.196.63
积温14.6414.7815.0915.4214.98

土壤

养分

13.6513.2013.3113.0813.31
有机碳13.6513.2013.3113.0813.31

理化

性状

31.3830.1530.7231.2830.88
土壤质地5.836.456.788.396.86
pH13.0712.2512.2811.5512.29
土壤体积质量4.013.984.014.014.00
有效土层厚度1.601.421.471.501.50
碎石体积比例6.876.056.185.836.23

耕地

管理

27.5329.3328.1627.4428.12
道路通达度7.997.797.686.977.61
耕作距离1.471.451.461.511.47
斑块密度5.636.335.415.365.68
平均斑块面积12.4413.7613.6113.6013.35
), ArticleFig(id=1312009599495004813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009590951207491, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Types and areas of obstacle factor types

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
障碍因素类型区1990年2000年2010年2020年
面积/km2图斑数面积/km2图斑数面积/km2图斑数面积/km2图斑数
道路通达度353.34623303.58574256.4849280.4991
积温1 179.702 0801 333.312 5211 274.602 4451 535.591 736
有机碳1 024.301 8061 024.441 937922.721 7701 097.741 241
pH189.43334235.35445239.28459——
土壤质地247.85437248.04469243.45467628.04710
平均斑块面积95.85169159.72302135.54260300.75340
土壤质地-积温305.70539287.18543331.03635805.83911
pH-道路通达度60.691073.7074.178——
pH-平均斑块面积732.771 292664.271 256680.831 30689.34101
pH-有机碳572.831 010——————
有机碳-道路通达度22.123926.445028.155445.1151
有机碳-平均斑块面积30.065326.445031.806159.2767
有机碳-pH56.15993.7070.521——
道路通达度-平均斑块面积28.365028.565442.7582155.68176
碎石体积比例-平均斑块面积108.3319189.9117095.92184137.11155
积温-平均斑块面积95.8516985.1516182.37158145.95165
积温-有机碳167.31295164.48311209.05401441.39499
积温-土壤质地217.79384232.18439265.35509437.86495
平均斑块面积-pH474.72837561.671 062511.939821 390.521 572
平均斑块面积-积温46.518243.908349.5295101.72115
平均斑块面积-道路通达度13.052315.873019.813846.8853
平均斑块面积-碎石体积比例57.2810168.7513072.4613999.07112
无重型365.82645357.52676245.54471393.63445
), ArticleFig(id=1312009599574696590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009590951207491, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

障碍因素类型种类及面积

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
障碍因素类型区1990年2000年2010年2020年
面积/km2图斑数面积/km2图斑数面积/km2图斑数面积/km2图斑数
道路通达度353.34623303.58574256.4849280.4991
积温1 179.702 0801 333.312 5211 274.602 4451 535.591 736
有机碳1 024.301 8061 024.441 937922.721 7701 097.741 241
pH189.43334235.35445239.28459——
土壤质地247.85437248.04469243.45467628.04710
平均斑块面积95.85169159.72302135.54260300.75340
土壤质地-积温305.70539287.18543331.03635805.83911
pH-道路通达度60.691073.7074.178——
pH-平均斑块面积732.771 292664.271 256680.831 30689.34101
pH-有机碳572.831 010——————
有机碳-道路通达度22.123926.445028.155445.1151
有机碳-平均斑块面积30.065326.445031.806159.2767
有机碳-pH56.15993.7070.521——
道路通达度-平均斑块面积28.365028.565442.7582155.68176
碎石体积比例-平均斑块面积108.3319189.9117095.92184137.11155
积温-平均斑块面积95.8516985.1516182.37158145.95165
积温-有机碳167.31295164.48311209.05401441.39499
积温-土壤质地217.79384232.18439265.35509437.86495
平均斑块面积-pH474.72837561.671 062511.939821 390.521 572
平均斑块面积-积温46.518243.908349.5295101.72115
平均斑块面积-道路通达度13.052315.873019.813846.8853
平均斑块面积-碎石体积比例57.2810168.7513072.4613999.07112
无重型365.82645357.52676245.54471393.63445
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陕北黄土高原区耕地质量评价与分区提升策略
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周建宇 1 , 何永恒 2 , 申鹏飞 3 , 张蚌蚌 2, 4
水土保持学报 | 基础研究 2026,40(4): 319-330
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水土保持学报 |基础研究 2026 , 40 (4) : 319 -330
陕北黄土高原区耕地质量评价与分区提升策略
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周建宇1 , 何永恒2, 申鹏飞3, 张蚌蚌2, 4
作者信息
  • 1.横山区农村经营服务站,陕西 榆林 719000
  • 2.西北农林科技大学经济管理学院,水土保持与荒漠化整治全国重点实验室,陕西 杨凌 712100
  • 3.陕西省现代农业科学研究院,西安 710068
  • 4.陕西省空天地水智能监测工程研究中心,西安 710054
通讯作者:
张蚌蚌(1990—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事耕地保护与粮食安全、耕地细碎化治理与农田工程建设研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

周建宇(1984—),男,学士,高级经济师,主要从事耕地保护与粮食安全研究。E-mail:

Evaluation of Cultivated Land Quality and Zoning-Based Improvement Strategies in Loess Plateau of Northern Shaanxi
Jianyu Zhou1 , Yongheng He2, Pengfei Shen3, Bangbang Zhang2, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.Hengshan District Rural Business Service Station,Yulin,Shaanxi 719000,China
  • 2.College of Economics and;Management,Northwest A&F University,State Key Laboratory of Soil and Water Conservation and;Desertification Control,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China
  • 3.Shaanxi Academy of Modern;Agricultural Sciences,Xi′an 710068,China
  • 4.Shaanxi Provincial Air-Space-Land-Water;Intelligent Monitoring Engineering Research Center,Xi′an 710054,China
出版时间: 2026-08-28 doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.042
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目的 为明确1990—2020年陕北黄土高原区耕地质量的时空演变规律、障碍因素及耕地整治分区,优化区域耕地资源配置、实现“藏粮于地”战略。 方法 以榆林市为研究区,耕地质量评价指标体系主要涵盖气候条件、土壤养分、耕地管理、立地条件与理化性状等五大方面,引入空间自相关模型与障碍度模型,剖析耕地质量时空演变特征与核心制约因子,并据此科学划定整治分区。 结果 1) 1990—2020年榆林市耕地质量指数呈上升趋势(由0.52升至0.55),呈东高西低、南高北低分布。2) 空间异质性显著,高高聚集型耕地分布在绥德县、吴堡县等黄土丘陵沟壑区,低低聚集型耕地集中在定边县、靖边县等风沙草滩区。3) 障碍因子诊断显示,积温是制约榆林市耕地质量的首要因素,基于主导障碍因素类型将全市划分为积温区、平均斑块面积-pH区与有机碳区等22个区域类型,针对重点分区提出差异化整治方案。 结论 研究结果可为陕北黄土高原区耕地质量保护与农业高质量发展提供依据。

耕地质量  /  障碍度模型  /  整治分区  /  榆林市

Objective This study aims to clarify the spatiotemporal evolution patterns, obstacle factors, and cultivated land improvement zoning in the Loess Plateau of northern Shaanxi from 1990 to 2020, and to optimize the regional allocation of cultivated land resources and achieve the strategy of "grain security in the land". Methods Taking Yulin City as the study area, the evaluation indicator system for cultivated land quality mainly covered five aspects: climatic conditions, soil nutrients, cultivated land management, site conditions, and physicochemical properties. The spatial autocorrelation model and the obstacle degree model were introduced to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and core restrictive factors of cultivated land quality, and based on this, the improvement zones were scientifically delineated. Results 1) From 1990 to 2020, the cultivated land quality index in Yulin City showed an upward trend (rising from 0.52 to 0.55), with a spatial distribution pattern of "higher in the east and lower in the west, and higher in the south and lower in the north". 2) The spatial heterogeneity was significant. The high-high-clustering-type cultivated land was distributed in Suide County, Wubu County, and other loess hilly-gully regions, while low-low-clustering-type cultivated land was concentrated in Dingbian County, Jingbian County, and other sandy grassland areas. 3) The diagnosis of obstacle factors indicated that accumulated temperature was the primary factor restricting cultivated land quality in Yulin City. Based on the dominant obstacle factor types, the city was divided into 22 regional types, including accumulated temperature zone, average patch area-pH zone, and organic carbon zone, with differentiated improvement plans proposed for key zones. Conclusion The research findings can provide a scientific basis for cultivated land quality protection and high-quality agricultural development in the northern Shaanxi Loess Plateau.

cultivated land quality  /  obstacle degree model  /  improvement zoning  /  Yulin City
周建宇, 何永恒, 申鹏飞, 张蚌蚌. 陕北黄土高原区耕地质量评价与分区提升策略. 水土保持学报, 2026 , 40 (4) : 319 -330 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.042
Jianyu Zhou, Yongheng He, Pengfei Shen, Bangbang Zhang. Evaluation of Cultivated Land Quality and Zoning-Based Improvement Strategies in Loess Plateau of Northern Shaanxi[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2026 , 40 (4) : 319 -330 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.042
2024年9月召开的黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展座谈会中习近平总书记提到要“抓好粮食和重要农产品生产,努力提高耕地质量”,国务院印发《黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展规划纲要》[1]中也强调发展高效旱作农业。在此背景下,耕地作为关键资源禀赋[2],其优劣程度直接影响现代农业粮食产出能力,是保障国家粮食安全的重要前提[3]。然而,黄土高原区是我国重要旱作区与典型生态脆弱区,侵蚀严重且耕地资源禀赋不足[4],2024年底黄土高原区水土流失面积达21.88万 km2。区域耕地整合难度大,土壤养分流失严重,面临水资源短缺与生产能力低的困境。在此背景下,全面掌握黄土地区耕地质量等级时空演变、揭示耕地质量影响因素及制定分区调控策略[5]对保护粮食生产、保障国家粮食安全十分关键[6],因此,系统开展黄土高原区耕地质量评价与治理分区具有重要现实意义。
国内外学者[7-8]针对耕地质量评价与整治分区已开展了大量探索。一是耕地质量评价指标方面,早期研究多聚焦于耕地生产力、适宜性等单一维度[9-14],虽在农机作业便利性[15]、生态胁迫响应[16]及细碎化治理等[17]方面也取得了丰富成果,但从耕地系统内部“自然-利用-管理”多维属性的系统评价考虑不足。二是耕地质量评价权重方面,评价手段已由早期的加权综合法、TOPSIS模型[18-20]转向空间自相关分析、三维魔方模型及四象限法等空间聚类与逻辑组合模型[21-23]。三是障碍因素识别方面,现有研究多集中于地理探测器模型[24]、生态位障碍因子诊断模型[25]、主成分分析法等[26]方法,但受限于宏观观测与主观设定最优值,难以客观精准识别因子影响与直接指导分区调控,容易丢失部分重要信息。值得注意的是,障碍度模型(obstacle degree model)的引入为精准识别制约因子进而划分整治分区提供了新路径[27]。但在划定分区时,既有研究[28-29]往往偏重基于单一障碍因子的空间划分,而对耕地质量内部障碍因子的异质性组合特征缺乏深度挖掘。因此,当前耕地质量评价与整治分区研究正面临视角由单向向多维转向、方法由静态描述向动态机理识别演进的阶段。
基于此,本文以榆林市为研究对象,首先运用熵权法、变异系数法等模型,围绕耕地管理、理化性状等维度构建耕地质量评价体系,探究1990—2020年榆林市耕地质量时空演变特征,利用障碍度模型剖析耕地质量主要障碍因素,进而划分主要障碍因素类型区,并提出不同类型区耕地质量提升策略,以期为推动榆林市耕地资源的可持续利用与差异化管护提供决策依据,进而为陕北黄土高原区耕地质量保护与提升提供科学支撑,落实国家三位一体保护战略。
榆林市涵盖榆阳区、神木市等12个县(市、区),地处陕北包含风沙草滩区与黄土高原黄土丘陵沟壑区(36°57′~39°35′N,107°28′~111°15′E),平均海拔1 220 m,是陕北黄土高原区的典型代表(图1)。区域内主要种植玉米、小麦、高粱与马铃薯,耕地总面积约为9 313 km2,其中旱地面积7 167 km2,水浇地面积2 113 km2,水田面积33 km2,耕地资源相对稀缺。榆林市存在风沙土、黄绵土等16种土壤类型,整体土壤肥力相对较低。榆林市兼具北部草滩区土层浅薄、地势平坦与南部沟壑区径流冲刷力强、地表破碎的区域特征,坡度较高、土地沙化与水土流失问题凸显。受土壤与自然气候等条件限制,农业生产水平亟待提高,农牧交错特征明显且生态较为脆弱,农业发展与生态保护矛盾突出。农业灌溉高度依赖地下水,水资源短缺制约农业优化发展。尽管榆林市耕地总量位居陕西省首位,但其整体质量较差、产出不足,耕地平均质量等别较低,粮食平均产量为3 555 kg/hm2,低于全省平均水平4 455 kg/hm2。作为陕西省重要粮仓,榆林市亟须明确耕地质量分布特征,为区域农业高质量发展与规划提供参考。
耕地利用与地形数据来自中国科学院资源环境科学与数据中心(https:∥www.resdc.cn),提取1990年、2000年、2010年、2020年耕地数据;土壤数据来自国家土壤信息格网基本属性数据集(https:∥www.geodata.cn/main);积温降水数据来自中国地区30 a平均温度、降水量数据集(https:∥www.geodata.cn/main);榆林市耕地道路通达度、耕作距离等数据来自OpenStreetMap平台(https:∥www.openstreetmap.org)。为便于在同一单元上评价,将榆林市不同年份耕地分布数据与榆林市县域行政区划图组合作为评价单元底图,形成最终40 063个评价单元图斑。
耕地质量评价指标体系构建遵循科学、准确、合理原则[30],确定评价指标时选取相对影响更大的因素,较好反映耕地质量优劣差异;指标较易获取,利于长期观测,且与评价目的相符。综上,在充分分析榆林市地形地貌[31-32]、土壤性质[33]和经济发展等因素后,参考《耕地质量等级》国家标准[31],从立地条件、土壤养分、理化性状、气候条件、耕地管理5个方面选取高程、坡度、有机碳、有效土层厚度、土壤体积质量、土壤质地、酸碱度、碎石体积比例、降水量、积温、道路通达度和耕作距离、斑块密度、平均斑块面积14个指标评价榆林市耕地质量水平[34-35]。本研究评价单元是在榆林市行政区划内提取的耕地图斑。
由于各指标影响程度不同,通过计算不同权重来确定其贡献。首先变异系数赋权法能依据指标观测值变异程度进行赋权[36],其次熵权法适合在确定权重中使用,局限性在于适用范围较窄,但两者均是客观赋权中常用的方法,因此二者原理及公式不再赘述。综上,本文采用变异系数法和熵权法组合的赋权方法来确定权重,求二者计算权重的算术平均数,减小误差确保结果准确,各评价指标权重见表1。
TOPSIS模型通过测度目标与正负理想解的距离反映耕地质量水平,确定权重W=(w1,w2,…,wi ),构建加权决策矩阵,计算公式为:
Zij=Rij×Wij
获取评估目标正负理想解与欧氏距离,计算公式为:
Li+=max(Zij),i=1,2,⋅⋅⋅,m
Li-=min(Zij),i=1,2,⋅⋅⋅,m
Si+=∑i=1m(Zij-Lj+)2,j=1,2,⋅⋅⋅,n
Si-=∑i=1m(Zij-Lj-)2,j=1,2,⋅⋅⋅,n
计算理想值的贴近度Cj,计算公式为:
Cj=Sj-Sj++Sj-,j=1,2,⋅⋅⋅,n
式中:0≤Cj ≤1,当Cj =0时,表示耕地质量水平最低;当Cj =1时,表示耕地质量水平最高。根据Cj 的值按顺序对评价对象进行排列,Cj 值与耕地质量水平呈正相关。
Spearman相关系数法可以检验赋权方法结合优劣程度。假设2种赋权方法分别为X、Y,元素个数均为N,2种方法取第i项(1≤i≤N)值分别用Xi 、Yi 表示。对X、Y进行排序,即同为升序或降序,得到2个元素排列集合x、y,其中元素xi 、yi 分别为Xi 在X中的排行及Yi 在Y中的排行。兼容度ρ越高组合效果越好,计算公式为:
ρ=1-6∑1N(xi-yi)2N(N2-1)
标准化处理各指标得分后,偏好系数取0.5得到组合权重,得出兼容度为0.846 2,结合效果较好,表明该方法可用于耕地质量评价。
在通过计算Moran′s I指数来分析榆林市县域尺度耕地质量综合指数的全局空间自相关特征,Moran′s I指数为[-1,1]。计算公式为:
Moran's I=n∑i=1n∑j=1mwij(xi-x¯) / ∑i=1n∑j=1mwij∑i=1n(xi-x¯)2
式中:n为空间单元的数量;xi 为第i个空间单元的耕地质量综合指数;x¯是耕地质量综合指数的平均值;wij 为空间权重矩阵。
计算Moran′s I指数分析榆林市耕地质量综合指数的局部空间自相关特征,计算公式为:
Moran's I=(xi-x¯)∑j=1mwij(xi-x¯) /S2
S2=1n∑i=1n(xi-x¯)2
式中:xi 为第i个空间单元的耕地质量综合指数;x¯为耕地质量综合指数的平均值;wij 为空间权重矩阵;S2 为空间单元方差。局部空间自相关表示各地理单元与其邻近单元属性值的相似度,依赖空间权重矩阵定义邻近关系,根据局部莫兰指数将空间单元分为4种典型模式,如高-高、低-低、高-低、低-高。
基于耕地质量评价结果,采用障碍度模型分析各年份指标障碍度,主要包含3个变量:
其中,因子贡献度(Vj ),表示准则层中各指标权重;指标偏离度(Bj ),表示各指标隶属度与1(100%)差值;障碍度(Mj ),是各指标对耕地质量水平的影响值,即目标结果。计算公式为:
Bj=1-Aj
Mj=BjVj∑j=1nBjVj×100%
式中:Vj 为因子贡献率;Aj 为各指标的隶属度;Bj 为各指标偏离度;Mj 为障碍度,本文中n=14。根据上述公式可得4 a指标的障碍度,按等距法将结果分为无明显障碍(0%~5%)、轻度障碍(5%~10%)、中度障碍(10%~15%)及重度障碍(>15%)4个等级,按平均障碍度排序得各年份指标的主次关系。基于重度障碍指标数量分类评价单元,对存在2个重度指标对象确定为主、次要障碍类型区,存在1个重度指标对象确定为主要障碍类型区,无重度指标对象为无重度类型区。
结果显示,1990—2020年榆林市耕地质量等级平均值先从1990年的0.52上升至2010年的0.57,又下降至2020年的0.55,表明1990—2020年研究区耕地质量水平呈倒“U”形发展趋势,整体呈上升趋势。按TOPSIS模型计算的分值排序评价单元,根据自然间距断点法进行耕地质量分级,将40 063个评价单元分为3类,(0~0.48)设置为低等地、(0.48~0.62)设置为中等地、(0.62~1)设置为高等地。榆林市各等级的耕地面积及占比见表2。
1990—2020年榆林市耕地以中等地为主,面积依次为3 035.76、2 935.99、2 753.63、3 313.47 km2,占比从1990年的47.10%上升至2000年的49.22%,后下降至2020年的41.46%;低等地面积分别为2 582.41、884.73、906.34、2 108.65 km2,占比为40.06%、14.84%、15.78%、26.38%;高等地面积分别为827.63、2 143.46、2 083.30、2 569.86 km2,占比为12.84%、35.94%、36.27%、32.16%。总体来看,1990—2020年榆林市中等地面积增加277.71 km2,高等地面积增加1 742.23 km2,低等地面积下降473.76 km2,结合研究期间耕地质量指数均值变化特征来看,榆林市耕地质量整体呈上升趋势,以中等地为主且占比为41.46%。但1990—2020年研究区耕地数量有所增加,且以高等地面积增加最大,主要得益于当地近年来大力推进高标准农田建设、旱作节水农业推广及政府政策与制度的有力保障,将不适宜耕作土地或低等地有效转换为适宜或更高等别耕地,有效支撑地区农业高质量发展。
榆林市耕地质量等级分布差异较大,高、中、低等地在全市各县区差异明显,呈“东高西低、南高北低”分布(图2)。1990年,高等地主要分布在绥德县与吴堡县大部分地区,低等地大多分布在定边县、靖边县、府谷县与神木市,主要源于榆林市东侧黄河流经沿岸耕地较为肥沃,适宜发展农业,而南部黄土丘陵区与北部风沙草滩区的耕地质量本底差异突出,南部降水量相较于北部地区更高,更利于农作物生长。2000年,耕地质量空间差异有所缩小,高、中等地比例显著增加,表明高、中等质量耕地得到改善与扩张,高等地改善主要集中在清涧县、佳县、米脂县等南部川道与丘陵区,得益于该时期农田基本建设与灌溉条件的初步改善;中等地改善主要集中在定边、靖边、横山区、府谷县等地,得益于覆膜种植保水、保护性耕作等技术大力推广与土地整治措施实施,提升了耕地的生产潜力与稳产能力;而神木市、榆阳区等风沙区,则以低等地为主,耕地质量提升较缓,受限于脆弱的生态本底与水资源短缺。2010年,空间分化缩小,南部县区如绥德县、米脂县、佳县的高等地略有缩小,高、中等耕地出现退化,反映出追求粮食产能过程中,部分丘陵坡耕地过度开垦导致水土流失加剧、地力下降;与此同时,北部风沙区低等地范围扩大,榆林市整体呈现出“南部高、中等耕地有所减少、北部低等地略微增加”的格局。至2020年,空间格局优化明显,南部县区如佳县、米脂县通过大规模土地整治、高标准农田建设,中等地质量得到有效恢复,高等地范围进一步扩大;北部县区虽仍以低等地为主,但通过防风固沙、节水灌溉等工程,高、中等地比例有所上升,同时由于耕地占补平衡、坡耕地改造与土地整理复垦等政策措施推行,低等地来源扩大,其面积进一步增加,定边、靖边、横山区县区低等地耕地质量得到有效提升,中等地面积持续增加,农业不断向好发展。总体来看,榆林市耕地质量分布始终受到南土北沙自然特征限制,南部地区因水土条件较好成为质量提升核心区域,归因于生态约束北部地区耕地质量长期处于低等水平;农业生产活动前期加剧榆林市南部地区耕地退化压力,而后期榆林市通过针对性土地整治等提升措施,促进全市耕地质量整体向优发展。
由表3可知,全局自相关结果表明,1990年、2000年、2010年、2020年榆林市耕地质量综合指数显示显著的空间聚类特征,均通过1%水平上的显著性检验,指数均为正值,即空间正相关性显著。1990—2020年空间集聚性与正相关性持续下降,2010—2020年空间集聚性最低,表明该时期相邻区域耕地质量相互依赖关系最弱。由于空间溢出效应发挥作用依赖于较强空间正相关,因此该时期耕地质量综合指数受空间溢出效应影响最小,表明该地区耕地质量提升较难通过技术外溢、要素流动等途径对邻近区域产生显著影响。
通过耕地质量综合指数计算局部莫兰指数,根据计算结果将榆林市耕地质量分布单元分为4种典型模式(图3)。1990年耕地质量综合指数高高聚集区集中于吴堡县、绥德县、清涧县、子洲县、佳县、米脂县,空间依赖性和正相关性较强;低低聚集区分布于靖边县、定边县、横山区、榆阳区等县区,耕地质量普遍较低;高低与低高聚集区极少,且多被低低、高高聚集区包围。2000年耕地质量综合指数高高聚集型耕地分布范围进一步扩大,在吴堡县、绥德县、神木市、佳县、清涧县等地有大量分布,表明这一时期榆林市中东部地区耕地质量水平发展速度较快;低低聚集型耕地在定边县内范围保持稳定,在横山区内规模急剧缩小,在榆阳区范围向北推移,而在靖边县内规模变化不明显。2010年榆林市各地均迎来耕地质量持续发展时期,高高聚集型耕地仍保持在米脂县、佳县、吴堡县、绥德县、清涧县等地大部分区域,低低聚集型耕地规模有所扩大,扩张至神木市北部地区。2020年随着土地整治、土壤改良以及现代农业技术推广实施与开展,高高聚集型耕地在神木市、府谷县内范围明显扩大,低低聚集型耕地在定边县、靖边县内规模大幅度缩小,与当地积极开展耕地质量提升工程、实现农机农艺深度融合密切相关,而榆阳区大部、神木市与府谷县北部出现部分低低型聚集型耕地,当地立地条件相对较差、自然资源禀赋不足等短板凸显。
由表4可知,1990—2020年榆林市各准则层障碍度结果从高到低为理化性状、耕地管理、气候条件、土壤养分与立地条件,其中,理化性状(30.88%)、耕地管理(28.12%)、气候条件(21.61%)平均值居高,构成主要障碍因素。气候条件的障碍度整体呈上升趋势,整体上升1.62%,是3个主要障碍因素中上升幅度最大的,表明极端气候、自然灾害事件频发正成为制约榆林市耕地质量提升的主要因素。而理化性状与耕地管理均呈下降趋势,整体障碍度分别下降0.10%、0.09%,即榆林市通过促进土地流转、规模经营、土壤改良及配套交通基础设施建设等,耕地细碎化与土壤退化贫瘠问题得到缓解。榆林市地处陕北黄土高原区,气候干燥降水较少,近年来极端天气事件如干旱等频发,制约农业种植迈向稳产高产;区域内坡耕地分布众多,地形破碎、坡度陡峭,易出现水土流失等问题,自然本底较差矛盾逐渐凸显。
分析指标层障碍度,1990—2020年榆林市耕地质量各指标障碍度呈显著分化。研究期间榆林市均存在障碍度在中度障碍以上的指标层障碍因子分别是积温、有机碳、pH和平均斑块面积,可见积温不足、土壤贫瘠退化、耕地过酸过碱及耕地细碎化是阻碍榆林市耕地质量提升的关键因子,其中积温障碍度最高,是耕地质量提升的首要障碍因素。深入分析各指标障碍度演化情况,1990—2020年14个指标中障碍度上升的有6个,其中土壤质地、降水量、积温呈持续上升趋势,分别上升2.56%、0.84%、0.78%。表明随着农机农艺推广应用,榆林市土壤、气候禀赋短板逐渐显现。而高程、平均斑块面积呈先上升后下降趋势,1990—2000年分别上升0.03%、1.32%,2000—2020年分别下降0.01%、0.16%。而耕作距离呈先下降后上升趋势,1990—2000年下降0.02%,2000—2020年上升0.06%。1990—2020年障碍度下降的指标有7个,其中,障碍度下降比较明显的是坡度、pH、碎石体积比例与道路通达度等,分别下降0.88%、1.52%、1.04%、1.02%,其余指标如有效土层厚度、斑块密度、有机碳等分别下降0.10%、0.27%、0.57%。土壤体积质量在1990—2020年变化不明显。
根据自然间距断点法将1990—2020年榆林市积温分为0%~6%、6%~12%、12%~18%、18%~24%、24%~36%5个等级,榆林市积温因素的障碍度具有显著空间集聚特征(图4)。区域层面,积温障碍度高值区集中在榆林市西北部地区,如定边县、靖边县、神木市等地,其平均海拔较高,普遍在1 300 m以上,有效积温普遍偏低,无霜期较短,霜冻出现早导致农作物易减产,同时长期受到昼夜温差大作用影响,限制热量资源的有效利用,即使采取地膜覆盖等保护性技术仍然增温效果不明显;而积温障碍度低值区主要分布在黄河流经沿岸的榆林市东侧以及榆林市中部地带,可能源于黄河流经沿岸冲刷形成条带状冲积平原以及平坦河滩,地势开阔平坦,低海拔带来的增温效应为农作物生长发育提供了充裕的热量资源,这些地区霜冻气象灾害相对较少,低温持续时间较短。而中部地区的横山区、榆阳区、子洲县等地由于无定河等河流冲刷形成的川道地利于热量汇集,无霜期较长,能够满足春玉米、马铃薯等农作物的生育期需求,热量资源较为充足。从时间尺度来看,榆林市积温障碍度影响范围逐步缩小,如清涧县、绥德县、神木市、吴堡县、横山区等县区障碍度从12%~36%逐渐下降至0%~12%,定边县与靖边县南部受到积温的作用范围也正逐步收缩,表明榆林市耕地受极端气候影响的问题正加快得到改善优化,耕地质量有所提升。原因可能在于榆林市大力推进耐寒抗逆品种的区域化试验与推广,运用水肥一体化、温室大棚等抗冻技术措施,推进高标准农田建设与设施农业发展,运用现代农机开展集中连片防冻作业,削弱霜冻等极端气候对农业生产的负面冲击,从而提升耕地质量。
根据障碍程度进行因子组合并命名障碍因素类型区(表5、图5)。1990年障碍因素类型区主要分为22个区域类型,2000—2010年障碍因素类型区减少至21个区域类型,2020年障碍因素类型区减少至18种,表明重度障碍因素类型区逐渐减少。1990—2020年榆林市含2种重度障碍指标的类型区有16种,含1种的类型区有6种,包括道路通达度区、积温区、有机碳区、pH区、土壤质地区与平均斑块面积区,大部分面积均呈上升趋势,仅道路通达度区面积从1990年的353.34 km2下降至2020年的80.49 km2,而pH区范围至2020年已不复存在。1990—2010年占比前三的障碍因素类型区分别是积温区为主、有机碳区以及pH-平均斑块面积区,2010年面积分别为1 274.60、922.72、680.83 km2。2010—2020年榆林市占比前三的障碍因素类型区分别是积温区、平均斑块面积-pH区、有机碳区,2020年面积分别为1 535.59、1 390.52、1 097.74 km2,相较于2010年面积分别增长260.99、878.59、175.02 km2。综上,榆林市耕地质量障碍因素类型以积温区为主,面积从1990年的1 179.70 km2增加至2020年的1 535.59 km2,但其占比呈波动下降趋势,1990—2000年由18.30%升至22.36%,而在2000—2020年下降至19.21%。因此,榆林市障碍因素类型分区结构呈长期多种重度障碍为主趋势,且积温区、有机碳区与平均斑块面积-pH区面积扩大,表明榆林市耕地质量提升主要受到区域内积温情况、土壤肥力与耕地破碎化程度影响。
结合1990—2020年榆林市耕地质量演变的发展趋势以及主要障碍因素,在综合分析区域面积占比以及历年出现频率较高特征的基础上,将榆林市耕地质量提升分区分为积温区、有机碳区、平均斑块面积-pH区、道路通达度-平均斑块面积区、pH-平均斑块面积区5大类(图5),今后榆林市耕地质量提升发展应重点关注这几方面:
一是积温区。主要分布在定边县、靖边县大部、横山区南部、神木市、榆阳区北部等区域,由于海拔与地形坡度等严重环境限制,热量资源较为匮乏,这类区域应在发展旱作节水农业时,重点关注削弱低温霜冻影响,推动农业高效稳产生产。该区在农业生产方面有极大提升潜力,这类区域应以高标准农田建设与推广良机良种为主要方向,注重高海拔地区农作物稳产提升,加强农膜回收利用,实施如有偿服务、以奖代补与回收置换等手段,引进先进覆膜技术保证耕地正常积温保温;培育抗寒耐旱优良品种,保证作物在高海拔地区能正常成熟收获,强化抗逆稳产的良种选育。
二是有机碳区。主要分布于府谷县、横山区大部分地区、神木市与榆阳区东部等区域,该类区域地势较为平坦,交通基础设施配套相对完善,易于发展适度规模化经营农业,推动可持续集约生产。但由于受到积温影响,还受到土壤养分制约,在土壤肥力方面有较大提升潜力。因此,该区应以土壤改良与地力培育为主要方向,积极采取秸秆还田、保护性耕作与合理轮作间作等措施来培肥土壤,通过测土配方施肥精准补充土壤缺失养分,加强深耕深松、客土改良。强化耕地地力培育,依据品种特性、土壤质地科学划分优质粮田种植区与耐盐碱作物种植区等功能分区,实现耕地利用从传统粗放型转向精细化模式。
三是平均斑块面积-pH区。主要分布于榆阳区、神木市、清涧县大部分地区、定边与靖边县北部等区域,该类区域由于耕地细碎化问题严重限制耕地质量提升,亟须推进小田并大田政策推广实施,形成一户一田、一组一田发展模式,将分散的补丁地平整或承包,便于机械化作业从而促进种植增产。明确土地产权,促进榆林市土地流转与规模经营,推动农户地权整合与地块调整置换,在农村土地资源再配置市场中允许与鼓励群众间二次互换。通过坡改梯、土地平整等措施改善耕作条件,推广应用适合山区、坡地的智能化农机设备,如专用播种机、联合收割机等。
四是pH-平均斑块面积区。主要分布于吴堡县、米脂县、绥德县与佳县等地区,该类区域化肥用量过度与自然条件导致土壤板结或盐碱化,亟须采用开沟排盐等措施并结合施用石膏、石灰等化学改良剂改良土壤性状,同时推广膜下滴灌、水肥一体化等节水技术,精准控制水分定期灌溉,减少因漫灌引起的盐分集聚,及时排出多余盐分。选种耐盐品种作物,因地制宜种植耐盐碱的绿肥作物,加强盐碱地与退化耕地改造治理,推动种植与改良并进,从而促进耕地稳产增产。
五是道路通达度-平均斑块面积区。主要分布于子洲县大部分地区、定边与靖边县北部地区、榆阳区与神木市中部区域,该类区域由于地形复杂,农村道路多存在路面狭窄、年久失修与通而不畅问题,农资与农产品运输困难,制约开展机械化作业,进一步限制农业规模化经营。因此,亟待改善提升农村道路质量与数量,加强拓宽路面与改造工程,配套土地整治修建机耕路,形成“田成方,路成网”的高标准农田建设格局。
综上所述,近年来榆林市重视提升耕地质量,在节水灌溉农业与高标准农田建设等方面取得良好成效,但仍面临区域总体耕地质量等级不高导致的农业发展瓶颈,伴随部分地区耕地质量下降风险。在耕地质量提升整治分区中,出现主要障碍因素的区域须优先解决该问题,如积温不足、过酸过碱、耕地细碎化等,已严重影响耕地高效生产,通过解决缓解相关难题有利于促进区域耕地质量提升。通过分类优先处理,本研究合理平衡了提升耕地质量的要素治理顺序,确保整治措施合理适用。相较于其他研究聚焦耕地质量评价与主要障碍因子,本研究进一步关注耕地障碍因子组合特征,厘清主次要障碍因素分布并制定分区调控策略,为后续路径分析提供参考。然而,本研究所用土壤指标在反映耕地质量的多维属性方面存在局限,此外多期数据尺度整合年份有待延长,可能在长时段存在差异,但研究结果仍能清晰地体现榆林市耕地质量演变规律,未来需加入机械化程度、灌溉保障率、节水技术采用率等相关自然人文数据,确保指标更加全面合理,探究影响因素作用路径,以期推动黄土高原区耕地高质量发展。
1) 1990—2020年榆林市耕地质量水平呈上升趋势,从1990年的0.52上升至2020年的0.55。区域耕地主要以中等地为主,占耕地总面积的41.46%,且近年来高、中等地面积逐渐扩大,表明榆林市耕地质量保护措施取得良好成效。同时榆林市耕地质量仍受南北自然条件限制,呈东高西低,南高北低集聚格局。
2) 1990—2020年榆林市耕地质量存在显著空间集聚特征,正相关性明显。局部自相关分析显示,2020年高高聚集型耕地主要分布在米脂县、吴堡县、神木市、府谷县,低低聚集型耕地在定边县、靖边县内规模大幅度缩小,与当地积极开展耕地质量提升工程、实现农机农艺深度融合密切相关。榆阳区大部、神木市与府谷县北部出现部分低低型聚集型耕地,当地立地条件相对较差、自然资源禀赋不足等短板凸显。
3) 榆林市耕地主要障碍因素是积温、有机碳和平均斑块面积。其中积温的障碍度最高,同时其障碍度集中在榆林市西北部地区,如定边县、靖边县、神木市等县区。主要障碍因素类型区分为22个类型,以积温、平均斑块面积-pH、有机碳3类分区为主,呈长期多种重度障碍为主的趋势,并针对重点分区提出因地制宜的治理方案。
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2026年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.042
  • 接收时间:2026-03-26
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-26
  • 修回日期:2026-04-15
  • 录用日期:2026-04-20
基金
陕西省空天地水智能监测工程研究中心开放基金课题项目(2025KTDS-KT-11)
2025年陕西省农业关键核心技术攻关项目(2025NYGG010)
作者信息
    1.横山区农村经营服务站,陕西 榆林 719000
    2.西北农林科技大学经济管理学院,水土保持与荒漠化整治全国重点实验室,陕西 杨凌 712100
    3.陕西省现代农业科学研究院,西安 710068
    4.陕西省空天地水智能监测工程研究中心,西安 710054

通讯作者:

张蚌蚌(1990—),男,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事耕地保护与粮食安全、耕地细碎化治理与农田工程建设研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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species
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属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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