Article(id=1312009572894728610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.038, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1770048000000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-03, revisedDate=1774454400000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-26, acceptedDate=1775750400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-10, onlineDate=1790737058136, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1787846400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790737058136, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790737058136, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790737058136, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1312009474789958403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787846400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790737034746, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739471092, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=9, endPage=22, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312009573104443811, articleId=1312009572894728610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=EN, title=Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Vegetation NEP and Identification of Key Driving Factors in Typical Karst Regions, columnId=1312009514929455370, journalTitle=Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, columnName="Special Issue on Rocky Desertification Control and Ecological Restoration", runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective This study explores the spatiotemporal dynamics of vegetation net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and identifies its key driving factors in typical karst regions, providing a theoretical basis for the scientific understanding of carbon cycling mechanisms and the formulation of differentiated carbon neutrality strategies. Methods Vegetation NEP in Guizhou Province from 2000 to 2020 was quantitatively assessed based on an improved Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) model and an empirical equation for soil microbial respiration. Theil-Sen Median trend analysis, Mann-Kendall significance test, Hurst index, and optimal parameters-based geographical detector were applied to systematically analyze the spatiotemporal variation trends, characteristics, and key driving factors of vegetation NEP in Guizhou. Results 1) During the study period, NEP across Guizhou increased significantly, indicating a continuous enhancement of carbon sequestration capacity. Spatially, NEP decreased from the south-central and southwestern regions to the northern and eastern regions. Vegetation NEP in karst regions [278.20 g/(m2·a)(based on C)] was significantly lower than that in non-karst regions [326.83 g/(m2·a)(based on C)], suggesting that differences in geological background were the core reason for divergence in carbon sequestration potential. 2) Across the province, changes in NEP mainly remained stable (50.31%) or showed an increasing trend (46.98%). Increasing trends were concentrated in the western and northeastern regions, while decreasing trends were distributed in the central and eastern regions. Mean Hurst index was 0.48, and areas with Hurst index below 0.5 accounted for 61.59%. 3) Lithology (q=0.41), as the core natural background factor, directly determined basic habitat conditions such as soil development, water retention, and nutrient conservation, while sunshine duration (q=0.35) was the key meteorological factor. Together, they established the inherent carbon sequestration potential of the region. The interactive effects of multiple factors were stronger than those of single factors. Notably, the interaction between sunshine duration and land use had explanatory power of 50%, representing the key driving factor regulating spatiotemporal patterns of carbon sequestration. Conclusion These findings provide scientific data support and decision-making reference for ecological conservation and restoration, carbon sequestration function enhancement, and sustainable development in ecologically fragile karst regions.

, authors=Pai Chen1, Anjun Lan1, Zemeng Fan2, 3, Wenyao Zhu1, Shishu Lian1, Kuisong Xiao1, authorsList=Pai Chen, Anjun Lan, Zemeng Fan, Wenyao Zhu, Shishu Lian, Kuisong Xiao, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Anjun Lan, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312009576875123130, articleId=1312009572894728610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=CN, title=典型喀斯特地区植被NEP时空动态及关键驱动因素识别, columnId=1312009515093033228, journalTitle=水土保持学报, columnName=“石漠化防治与生态修复”专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究典型喀斯特地区植被NEP时空动态及关键驱动因素识别,为科学理解喀斯特地区碳循环机制、制定差异化碳中和策略提供理论基础。 方法 基于改进的CASA模型与土壤微生物呼吸经验方程,引入Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、Mann-Kendall显著性检验、Hurst指数及最优参数地理探测器等方法,在对2000—2020年贵州植被净生态系统生产力(NEP)进行定量评估的基础上,系统阐述贵州植被NEP的时空变化趋势、特征及关键性驱动因素。 结果 1)研究期内贵州全域NEP显著上升,碳汇能力持续增强;空间上呈中南部、西南部向北部和东部递减的分布特征,且喀斯特区域植被NEP[278.20 g/(m²·a)(以C计)]显著低于非喀斯特区的植被NEP[326.83 g/(m²·a)(以C计)],地质本底差异是碳汇潜力分异的核心原因。2)全域NEP变化以稳定(50.31%)和增长(46.98%)趋势为主,增长区域集中在西部及东北部,减少区域分布于中部和东部;Hurst指数平均值为0.48,<0.5的区域占比为61.59%。3)岩性(q=0.41)作为核心自然本底因子,直接决定区域土层发育、持水保肥等基础生境条件,日照时间(q=0.35)为关键气象因子,二者奠定区域碳汇的先天潜力;多因子交互作用强于单因子,其中日照时间与土地利用的交互作用解释力达50%,是调控碳汇时空格局的关键驱动因素。 结论 研究结果可为喀斯特脆弱生态区的生态保护修复、碳汇功能提升及可持续发展提供科学的数据支撑与决策参考。

, authors=陈排1, 兰安军1, 范泽孟2, 3, 朱雯瑶1, 练仕舒1, 肖葵淞1, authorsList=陈排, 兰安军, 范泽孟, 朱雯瑶, 练仕舒, 肖葵淞, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=兰安军, authorNote=

陈排(2001—),女,硕士研究生,主要从事地理信息系统与遥感研究。E-mail:

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兰安军(1974—),男,硕士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事喀斯特环境遥感研究。E-mail:
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陈排(2001—),女,硕士研究生,主要从事地理信息系统与遥感研究。E-mail:

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Study on NEP inversion and spatial-temporal variation of carbon storage and its driving factors in southwest China[D].Guilin, Guangxi: Guilin University of Technology,2025., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1312009584781386247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009572894728610, awardId=42571498, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(42571498), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1312009584852689416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009572894728610, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=地理信息科学与技术全国重点实验室开放基金项目, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1312009577114198459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009572894728610, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009577126781372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009572894728610, companyId=1312009577114198459, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Geography and Environmental Sciences,Guizhou Normal University,Guiyang 550025,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009577135169981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009572894728610, companyId=1312009577114198459, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.贵州师范大学地理与环境科学学院,贵阳 550025)]), AuthorCompany(id=1312009577231638974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009572894728610, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009577240027583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009572894728610, companyId=1312009577231638974, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic;Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009577248416192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009572894728610, companyId=1312009577231638974, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所;地理信息科学与;技术全国重点实验室,北京 100101)]), AuthorCompany(id=1312009577315525057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009572894728610, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009577323913666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009572894728610, companyId=1312009577315525057, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.College of Resources and Environment,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100039,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009577332302275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009572894728610, companyId=1312009577315525057, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.中国科学院大学资源与环境学院,北京 100039)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1312009581203644909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009572894728610, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Overview of study area, figureFileSmall=MLXF3ddFJCD3rFUGyPW2Ug==, figureFileBig=1N6lqwiPOTmzixhmnyfBBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009581266559470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009572894728610, language=CN, label=图1, caption=研究区概况

注:该图基于审图号为GS(2024)0650号的标准地图制作,底图无修改。

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Data sources

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据类型分辨率时间跨度数据来源
土地利用30 m2000—2020/年https:∥www.resdc.cn/
NPP/(g·m-²·a-1)500 m2000—2020/年https:∥lpdaac.usgs.gov/
NDVI250 m2000—2020/年https:∥data.Tpdc.Ac.cn/
气温/℃1 km2000—2020/月
降水量/mm1 km2000—2020/月
PANDA夜间灯光数据1 km2000—2020/年
太阳辐射/(MJ·m-2)4 km2000—2020/月https:∥www.climatologylab.org/terraclimate.
海拔/m12.5 m—https:∥search.earthdata.nasa.gov/search
坡度/(°)12.5 m—https:∥www.cgs.gov.cn
喀斯特类型——https:∥www.cgs.gov.cn
相对湿度/%0.01°2000—2020/年https:∥www.ncdc.ac.cn
人口密度/(人·km-2)100 m2000—2020/年https:∥www.worldpop.org
), ArticleFig(id=1312009584546505220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009572894728610, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数据来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据类型分辨率时间跨度数据来源
土地利用30 m2000—2020/年https:∥www.resdc.cn/
NPP/(g·m-²·a-1)500 m2000—2020/年https:∥lpdaac.usgs.gov/
NDVI250 m2000—2020/年https:∥data.Tpdc.Ac.cn/
气温/℃1 km2000—2020/月
降水量/mm1 km2000—2020/月
PANDA夜间灯光数据1 km2000—2020/年
太阳辐射/(MJ·m-2)4 km2000—2020/月https:∥www.climatologylab.org/terraclimate.
海拔/m12.5 m—https:∥search.earthdata.nasa.gov/search
坡度/(°)12.5 m—https:∥www.cgs.gov.cn
喀斯特类型——https:∥www.cgs.gov.cn
相对湿度/%0.01°2000—2020/年https:∥www.ncdc.ac.cn
人口密度/(人·km-2)100 m2000—2020/年https:∥www.worldpop.org
), ArticleFig(id=1312009584617808389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009572894728610, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Proportion of impact of land use transition on vegetation NEP (2000—2020)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
2000—2020 年耕地林地草地灌木水域建设用地裸地
耕地22.437.140.320.230.130.440.01
林地0.4555.550.146.330.030.040
草地0.930.700.640.1000.010
灌木1.022.030.070.88000
水域0.020.01000.1700
建设用地0.010000.010.150
裸地0.01000000
), ArticleFig(id=1312009584684917254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009572894728610, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2000—2020年土地利用转化对植被NEP的影响比例 (%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
2000—2020 年耕地林地草地灌木水域建设用地裸地
耕地22.437.140.320.230.130.440.01
林地0.4555.550.146.330.030.040
草地0.930.700.640.1000.010
灌木1.022.030.070.88000
水域0.020.01000.1700
建设用地0.010000.010.150
裸地0.01000000
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典型喀斯特地区植被NEP时空动态及关键驱动因素识别
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陈排 1 , 兰安军 1 , 范泽孟 2, 3 , 朱雯瑶 1 , 练仕舒 1 , 肖葵淞 1
水土保持学报 | “石漠化防治与生态修复”专栏 2026,40(4): 9-22
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水土保持学报 |“石漠化防治与生态修复”专栏 2026 , 40 (4) : 9 -22
典型喀斯特地区植被NEP时空动态及关键驱动因素识别
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陈排1 , 兰安军1 , 范泽孟2, 3, 朱雯瑶1, 练仕舒1, 肖葵淞1
作者信息
  • 1.贵州师范大学地理与环境科学学院,贵阳 550025
  • 2.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所;地理信息科学与;技术全国重点实验室,北京 100101
  • 3.中国科学院大学资源与环境学院,北京 100039
通讯作者:
兰安军(1974—),男,硕士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事喀斯特环境遥感研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

陈排(2001—),女,硕士研究生,主要从事地理信息系统与遥感研究。E-mail:

Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Vegetation NEP and Identification of Key Driving Factors in Typical Karst Regions
Pai Chen1 , Anjun Lan1 , Zemeng Fan2, 3, Wenyao Zhu1, Shishu Lian1, Kuisong Xiao1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Geography and Environmental Sciences,Guizhou Normal University,Guiyang 550025,China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic;Sciences and Natural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China
  • 3.College of Resources and Environment,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100039,China
出版时间: 2026-08-28 doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.038
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目的 探究典型喀斯特地区植被NEP时空动态及关键驱动因素识别,为科学理解喀斯特地区碳循环机制、制定差异化碳中和策略提供理论基础。 方法 基于改进的CASA模型与土壤微生物呼吸经验方程,引入Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、Mann-Kendall显著性检验、Hurst指数及最优参数地理探测器等方法,在对2000—2020年贵州植被净生态系统生产力(NEP)进行定量评估的基础上,系统阐述贵州植被NEP的时空变化趋势、特征及关键性驱动因素。 结果 1)研究期内贵州全域NEP显著上升,碳汇能力持续增强;空间上呈中南部、西南部向北部和东部递减的分布特征,且喀斯特区域植被NEP[278.20 g/(m²·a)(以C计)]显著低于非喀斯特区的植被NEP[326.83 g/(m²·a)(以C计)],地质本底差异是碳汇潜力分异的核心原因。2)全域NEP变化以稳定(50.31%)和增长(46.98%)趋势为主,增长区域集中在西部及东北部,减少区域分布于中部和东部;Hurst指数平均值为0.48,<0.5的区域占比为61.59%。3)岩性(q=0.41)作为核心自然本底因子,直接决定区域土层发育、持水保肥等基础生境条件,日照时间(q=0.35)为关键气象因子,二者奠定区域碳汇的先天潜力;多因子交互作用强于单因子,其中日照时间与土地利用的交互作用解释力达50%,是调控碳汇时空格局的关键驱动因素。 结论 研究结果可为喀斯特脆弱生态区的生态保护修复、碳汇功能提升及可持续发展提供科学的数据支撑与决策参考。

净生态系统生产力  /  CASA模型  /  喀斯特地区  /  时空动态  /  驱动机理

Objective This study explores the spatiotemporal dynamics of vegetation net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and identifies its key driving factors in typical karst regions, providing a theoretical basis for the scientific understanding of carbon cycling mechanisms and the formulation of differentiated carbon neutrality strategies. Methods Vegetation NEP in Guizhou Province from 2000 to 2020 was quantitatively assessed based on an improved Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) model and an empirical equation for soil microbial respiration. Theil-Sen Median trend analysis, Mann-Kendall significance test, Hurst index, and optimal parameters-based geographical detector were applied to systematically analyze the spatiotemporal variation trends, characteristics, and key driving factors of vegetation NEP in Guizhou. Results 1) During the study period, NEP across Guizhou increased significantly, indicating a continuous enhancement of carbon sequestration capacity. Spatially, NEP decreased from the south-central and southwestern regions to the northern and eastern regions. Vegetation NEP in karst regions [278.20 g/(m2·a)(based on C)] was significantly lower than that in non-karst regions [326.83 g/(m2·a)(based on C)], suggesting that differences in geological background were the core reason for divergence in carbon sequestration potential. 2) Across the province, changes in NEP mainly remained stable (50.31%) or showed an increasing trend (46.98%). Increasing trends were concentrated in the western and northeastern regions, while decreasing trends were distributed in the central and eastern regions. Mean Hurst index was 0.48, and areas with Hurst index below 0.5 accounted for 61.59%. 3) Lithology (q=0.41), as the core natural background factor, directly determined basic habitat conditions such as soil development, water retention, and nutrient conservation, while sunshine duration (q=0.35) was the key meteorological factor. Together, they established the inherent carbon sequestration potential of the region. The interactive effects of multiple factors were stronger than those of single factors. Notably, the interaction between sunshine duration and land use had explanatory power of 50%, representing the key driving factor regulating spatiotemporal patterns of carbon sequestration. Conclusion These findings provide scientific data support and decision-making reference for ecological conservation and restoration, carbon sequestration function enhancement, and sustainable development in ecologically fragile karst regions.

net ecosystem productivity (NEP)  /  Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) model  /  karst region  /  spatiotemporal dynamics  /  driving mechanism
陈排, 兰安军, 范泽孟, 朱雯瑶, 练仕舒, 肖葵淞. 典型喀斯特地区植被NEP时空动态及关键驱动因素识别. 水土保持学报, 2026 , 40 (4) : 9 -22 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.038
Pai Chen, Anjun Lan, Zemeng Fan, Wenyao Zhu, Shishu Lian, Kuisong Xiao. Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Vegetation NEP and Identification of Key Driving Factors in Typical Karst Regions[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2026 , 40 (4) : 9 -22 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.038
植被是陆地生态系统的核心组成部分,不仅能够调控能量交换、碳循环进程与气候变化趋势,更是维系区域乃至全球生态系统稳定的关键支撑[1]。已有研究[2-3]表明,陆地生态系统是全球碳循环中的关键碳汇库,其固碳过程可有效缓解大气CO₂浓度上升趋势,而植被碳储存在陆地生态系统的物质循环与能量转换过程中占据核心地位,是维系生态系统碳汇功能的重要载体。基于此,依托植被固碳效应抑制大气CO₂浓度升高、减缓全球变暖趋势,已成为推进全球可持续发展目标的关键战略路径[4]。近年来,大规模城市化扩张、森林砍伐等人类活动不断削弱陆地植被的碳封存潜力,对区域碳收支平衡构成潜在威胁,甚至可能引发生态系统碳汇功能退化。在此背景下,精准识别陆地生态系统碳汇的时空变化特征及驱动机制,成为制定有效环境保护与生态修复政策的重要前提。
植被净生态系统生产力(NEP)作为衡量陆地生态系统碳源与碳汇的关键指标,可直接反映生态系统的实际碳封存能力,在应对气候变化、维持生态系统服务功能上具有重大的科学与实践意义[5-6]。尽管通过生物量调查、直接收获法和涡流协方差法等传统手段能够精确测定净初级生产力(NPP)[7],但该类方法通常劳动量大、耗时且其数据局限于点位尺度,导致难以在大范围区域内对NPP进行有效估算。目前,大尺度NPP估算手段已呈多元化特征,除模型模拟以外,遥感反演、大气反演等方法也在大尺度碳循环评估中得到广泛应用[8]。其中,CASA模型(Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach)是一种基于归一化植被指数及植被类型的光能利用率模型,也是当前全球、区域尺度NPP估算的主流模型之一[9]。朱文泉等[10]根据我国植被NPP实测数据优化了模型最大光能利用率参数,显著提升其在我国植被NPP估算中的适配性和精度。改进的CASA模型,可有效区分不同植被类型的生产力差异,避免NPP估算偏差;其次,整合NDVI时序数据,能够精确捕捉稀疏植被的覆盖度变化,揭示土壤贫瘠条件下植被生长的动态特征,并且可量化水分、热量限制对植被光合作用的影响。改进的CASA模型通过静态配置参数文件简化计算,既适配喀斯特地区,又能降低数据缺失带来的估算误差,与喀斯特地区的生态特征高度适配,改进的CASA模型已被广泛应用于喀斯特地区的植被NPP及碳循环相关研究中[11]。在全球变化与人类活动持续作用的背景下,植被NEP的时空动态变化对区域乃至全球碳平衡的影响愈发显著[12-13]。作为我国石漠化问题最突出的省份,贵州不仅石漠化分布范围广、类型多样,其发育强度与生态危害程度亦居全国前列[14]。因此,深入探究贵州植被NEP的时空演变特征,对于科学理解喀斯特地区碳循环机制具有重要意义,更能为喀斯特地区制定差异化碳中和区域策略提供数据支持与决策参考。
当前,NEP作为陆地碳源/碳汇评估的核心指标,已成为国内外碳循环研究的热点。已在多区域、多生态系统类型中取得重要进展。在区域尺度研究中,Qi等[15]以我国7个典型地理分区为研究对象,系统揭示植被NEP的时空演变规律及驱动机制;张怡等[16]聚焦黄土高原,结合遥感与土壤属性等数据完成NEP定量估算并分析其影响因素;在生态系统专项研究中,Guo等[17]针对草地生态系统,解析NEP的空间分异特征,并对比NEP与NPP对气候变化的响应差异;朱锦奇等[18]则以亚热带森林为研究对象,通过对比不同树种、不同龄组的NPP实测值和CASA模型模拟值,验证模型在森林生态系统中的适用性与精度。尽管已在碳源/碳汇估算方法与驱动机制解析上取得突破,但仍存在一定的局限性。其一,在驱动因素分析方法上,地理检测器虽被广泛应用,但对连续性数据的离散化处理易引发信息损失,影响驱动机制解析的准确性;其二,喀斯特地区虽已有一定研究积累,但现有成果多聚焦于碳汇量的估算,对碳源/碳汇动态平衡的过程解析不足,且驱动因子选择多集中于土地利用、气候、地形等常规要素,对喀斯特地区关键的岩性等地质因子关注匮乏;其三,大尺度NEP估算的方法适配性仍需提升,不同方法在喀斯特脆弱生态区的精度验证与交叉融合研究较为薄弱。
基于此,本文利用改进的CASA模型和土壤微生物呼吸经验方程,估算贵州2000—2020年的植被NEP,利用Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、Mann-Kendall显著性检验等方法研究贵州碳汇在时间和空间上的变化特征,并结合Hurst指数预测未来变化趋势。同时,采用偏相关分析、土地利用转移变化及OPGD模型定量分析自然与人为因素对NEP的影响机制,以期深化对喀斯特脆弱生态系统植被生产力变化规律的认识,为区域生态保护修复与可持续发展提供科学支撑。
贵州省(24°37′~29°13′N,104°36′~109°35′E)位于中国西南腹地(图1),全域面积17.62万 km²,是全球最大连片喀斯特分布区的典型代表,其岩溶出露面积占全省总面积的73.6%,发育有峰丛洼地、溶洞、地下河等典型喀斯特地貌。2000年以来,贵州省相继启动退耕还林还草、石漠化综合治理、长江珠江上游生态屏障建设等一系列国家级生态修复工程,显著增强区域碳汇潜力,不仅在区域碳循环中发挥关键作用,更为全球碳平衡的维持提供重要支撑。然而,强烈岩溶作用导致土层浅薄、持水能力弱,叠加季节性干旱频发,加剧生态脆弱性。巨大的碳汇潜力与突出的生态脆弱性在此并存,水土流失与石漠化的双重胁迫,使得喀斯特生态系统兼具高敏感性与高脆弱性,成为我国生态脆弱性突出的区域之一。脆弱的生态本底叠加频繁的人类活动干扰,大幅提升植被受损后的恢复阈值,削弱生态系统服务功能,进而导致碳封存与碳汇能力出现波动。2000—2020年是该区域生态修复措施集中实施、生态系统结构与功能发生显著变化的关键时期,能够清晰揭示生态修复工程对碳汇格局的驱动效应。
在对喀斯特地区植被NEP时空动态模拟及其关键驱动因素识别的过程中,涉及土地利用数据、NPP数据、NDVI数据、喀斯特类型数据、人口密度数据等多源异构数据。其中,2000—2020年土地利用数据,来源于中国科学院资源环境科学数据中心,用于估算NPP时确定各地类最大光能利用率的值和土地利用变化对植被NEP的影响。NPP数据来源于美国地质调查中心MOD17 A3 HGFV6 products,用于对比分析本文NPP估算结果的可靠性。NDVI、月平均降水、月平均温度数据和PANDA夜间灯光数据均来源于国家青藏高原科学数据中心。DEM数据来源于NASA地球科学数据网站,坡度数据基于海拔数据运用ArcGIS计算得到。喀斯特数据来源于中国地质调查局1∶500万比例尺的中国南部岩溶发育程度图,经数字化处理为研究区岩溶分布的数据。相对湿度数据来源于国家冰川冻土沙漠科学数据中心,人口密度数据来源于世界人口数据集。为减少研究数据因空间分辨率和坐标系等问题产生误差,所有数据(表1)均统一配准至 WGS84/UTM48 N坐标系,并经双线性插值法重采样至500 m分辨率后,再开展后续的处理与分析。
在定量估算植被碳汇过程中,首先引入净生态系统生产力(NEP)指数,实现研究区NEP的定量求算。NEP作为衡量碳汇能力的关键指标,其量化逻辑为净初级生产力(NPP)与土壤生物异养呼吸(Rh)的差值。具体反演公式为:
NEP(x, t)=NPP(x, t)-Rh(x, t)
式中:x为空间像元坐标;t为时间维度;当NEP>0时,生态系统碳固定量大于释放量,表现为碳汇;当NEP<0时,则表现为碳源。
鉴于喀斯特地区植被覆盖所具有的破碎化严重且类型复杂特性,本文基于朱文泉等[19]改进的CASA模型对贵州2000—2020年的NPP进行定量估算,其计算公式为:
NPP(x, t)=APAR(x, t)
式中:APAR为光合有效辐射,g/m²(以C计);ε为实际光能利用率,g/MJ(以C计)。
喀斯特地区土壤呼吸主要受气候因子驱动,土壤含水量对降水依赖性极强,降水通过影响土壤湿润度调控微生物活性,进而影响Rh;气温则直接驱动微生物分解速率,间接影响Rh。因此,本文采用裴志永等[20]提出的气温、降水与碳排放回归方程作为经验模型,计算公式为:
Rh(x, t)=0.22×(Exp [0.091 2 T (x, t)]+
ln[0.314 5 R (x, t)+1])×30×46.5%
式中:R为月平均降水量,mm;T为月平均气温,℃。
Theil-Sen Median趋势分析计算效率高,且对观测误差、异常值等具有较强的抗干扰能力[21]。该方法常与MK检验结合使用以实现“趋势大小量化+趋势显著性验证”的完整分析,计算公式为:
β=mean [(xj -xi )/(j-i)],∀j > i
式中:xj 和xi 分别为第j年和第i年喀斯特地区的NEP值;β为斜率,其正负值直接表明NEP的变化趋势,β>0为增加趋势,β<0为减少趋势。
Mann-Kendall检验不需要预设数据服从正态分布,不强制趋势呈线性特征[22]。喀斯特地区NEP对气候驱动的响应并非严格线性,该方法可更真实地捕捉其趋势特征。其计算步骤为:
Z=SVarS           S>0         0                    S=0S+1VarS          S<0
S=∑i=1n-1∑j=i+1nsig nxj-xi
E(S)=0
Var(S)=n(n-1)(2n+5)/18
式中:n为数据样本总量;给定显著性水平α,若∣Z∣>Z1-α/2,则表明变化趋势显著,结合β将贵州NEP趋势变化分为极显著增加、显著增加、微显著增加、显著增加、无变化、不显著减少、微显著减少、显著减少及极显著减少9类。
Hurst指数在描述时间序列数据的长期相关性方面得到广泛应用,考虑到喀斯特地区NEP数据的异质性与复杂性,本文选取R/S分析法,该方法得出的估计成果更为可信[23]。其公式为:
R/S=(cm) H
式中:H为Hurst指数;R为极差;S为标准差;c为常数;m为任意正整数。
本文采用偏相关分析方法探究典型喀斯特地区植被NEP与相对湿度、气温和降水量的相关性。偏相关分析能够有效揭示剔除其他多因素干扰后,单一要素对因变量的作用效应,计算气象因子与NEP的偏相关系数,即可定量度量气象因子对NEP的影响水平。
作为地理探测器模型的优化衍生模型,最优参数地理探测器(OPGD)可通过对离散空间数据解析,界定空间异质性特征的最优判别准则,能够高效地解决空间数据离散化[24]。本文选取降水、气温、日照时间、湿度、高程、坡度、土地利用、人口密度和岩性9个因子,借助R语言的GD包对需进行离散化处理的因子开展最优参数解析,以此获取各影响因子对应的最佳类别,并利用OPGD的因子探测、交互探测以及风险区域探测模块,对喀斯特地区NEP的影响因素进行定量分析。
NPP估算模型的精度验证主要有实测法与相对法,喀斯特地区大范围均匀布设实测采样点面临地形通达性差、采样成本高、植被异质性干扰大等困难,难以实现全域均衡覆盖。相比之下,相对法则将模型估算成果与其他成熟模型结果或遥感产品比对进行验证,以评价模型估算结果的可靠性。故本文以MODIS NPP产品数据为参照,进行相关性分析和显著性检验。结果显示,二者的空间分布格局高度一致(图2),且存在显著线性相关关系,表明估算的NPP结果在典型喀斯特地区可信度较高,可用于后续NEP的计算。
2000—2020年贵州植被NEP线性拟合方程呈显著上升趋势,生态系统植被碳汇能力持续增强(图3)。全域植被NEP多年平均值为296.83 g/(m²·a)(以C计),喀斯特区域为278.20 g/(m²·a)(以C计),非喀斯特区域为326.83 g/(m²·a)(以C计)。在2004年、2010年、2020年多次出现NEP低值,分别为330.63、271.29、345.42 g/(m²·a)(以C计),体现喀斯特生态系统固有的脆弱性及其对环境扰动的敏感性。喀斯特区域土层浅薄、持水保肥能力弱、养分匮乏等自然本底限制,使得NPP值整体低于非喀斯特区域,同时Rh受降水波动影响,使其NEP均值整体偏低,且年际波动更为剧烈。非喀斯特区则因土壤条件较好、生态系统稳定性强,NEP基础值更高,且对环境变化适应能力更强,年际波动相对平缓。该趋势既与气候变暖背景下水热条件的区域性改善相关,更得益于贵州实施的系列生态工程,如石漠化综合治理、退耕还林还草、长江珠江上游生态屏障建设等,这些措施有效缓解喀斯特地区的植被退化风险,提升植被覆盖度与固碳稳定性。
本研究采用相等间隔分级法将贵州省植被栅格单元NEP平均值划分为5个等级,并统计各等级面积占比(图4)。2000—2020年贵州植被NEP平均值为200~400 g/(m²·a)(均以C计),其面积占比在所有等级中始终占据主导地位。其次为400~600、0~200 g/(m²·a),而<0、>600 g/(m²·a)的面积占比极小。平均值<0 g/(m²·a)的区域面积占比始终低于1.5%,呈微弱波动下降态势,2000年为0.51%,2020年微升至1.33%,整体保持低位波动,说明碳源区规模微小且稳定,区域整体以碳汇为主。0~200 g/(m²·a)区域占比由2000年的10.39%降至2020年的5.12%,并在2003、2005、2010、2012年出现阶段性高点,与极端干旱时段吻合,说明弱碳汇区在气候扰动下短暂扩张,生态系统对气候胁迫敏感。200~400 g/(m²·a)区域占比为36.73%~77.27%,2012年占比最高为77.27%,2016年降至36.73%,2020年回升至60.23%,为区域碳汇的核心基底。400~600 g/(m²·a)区域占比由2000年的16.48%持续上升至2016年的55.90%,2020年回落至30.46%,2006年后增长加速,与退耕还林、石漠化治理等工程高度契合,成为提升区域碳汇能力的关键驱动力。>600 g/(m²·a)区域占比由0.21%升至2016年的4.52%,虽占比不大但持续扩张,表明极高固碳植被覆盖增加,生态系统质量稳步提升。总体来看,2000—2020年贵州省植被NEP面积占比呈弱碳汇区缩减、强碳汇区扩张的优化格局,既体现生态修复工程的长效成效,也揭示极端气候对脆弱生态系统的短期扰动,区域碳汇功能整体呈增强趋势。
2000—2020年贵州年平均NEP水平呈现由中部、南部及西南部向北部和东部递减的空间特征(图5),与贵州喀斯特地貌发育强度、人类活动干预程度及生态修复成效的空间分布高度契合。具体而言,黔西南、黔南及六盘水等NEP高值区,一方面受岩溶发育相对缓和、植被覆盖连续性较好的影响;另一方面,得益于石漠化综合治理、退耕还林等生态工程的持续推进,植被固碳能力得到有效提升。2000—2020年呈明显的地理集中性,NEP低值区,贵阳因城市化扩张导致建设用地挤占植被生长空间(图6),毕节因石漠化程度较深、土壤贫瘠限制植被生产力,遵义部分地区受人类农业活动频繁的影响,碳汇能力受限。2000年研究区内高NEP区域较为有限,大部分地区处于低碳汇或碳源状态;该时期喀斯特区域石漠化问题突出,植被覆盖破碎化严重,岩露占比较高,加上人类活动对林地、草地的不合理开发,导致生态系统固碳能力薄弱。自2010年起,随着系列生态修复工程的持续推进,高碳汇的区域显著扩展,植被覆盖度在岩露间隙、坡耕地等关键区域逐步提升,有效弥补喀斯特土壤贫瘠对固碳的限制。2020年更是出现局部高值集聚区,同时碳汇能力的空间异质性也有所增强。生态修复工程通过优化植被结构、提升覆盖度等方式,直接增强固碳潜力,缓解喀斯特生态系统的脆弱性。
2000—2020年贵州NEP变化趋势呈“以稳定和增长为主、减少趋势极弱”的变化特征(图7a)。其中,极显著减少、显著减少、微显著减少占比分别为0.66%、1.16%、0.90%,减少趋势共占2.71%;不显著和基本稳定占比达50.31%;微显著增加、显著增加、极显著增加分别占8.57%、16.43%、21.98%,增长趋势共占46.98%。增长趋势主要集中在西部及东北部,其中毕节、黔西南及铜仁北部最为突出。该区域是喀斯特石漠化综合治理的核心区,峰丛洼地、坡耕地等典型地貌通过退耕还林、植被恢复等工程,有效改善植被覆盖状况。减少趋势主要分布在中部和东部,中部以贵阳为核心的城市圈,受城市化扩张影响,耕地、林地被建设用地挤占,喀斯特区域植被一旦被破坏便极难快速恢复,导致碳汇功能显著削弱;东部区域则因岩溶发育强烈,土层更薄、持水保肥能力极差,植被生长受养分与水分双重限制,叠加局部人类农业活动干扰,NEP呈现小幅减少趋势。不显著变化和基本稳定区集中在贵州中部地区和东南部,该区域喀斯特地貌相对缓和,以低山丘陵为主,植被覆盖连续性较好,生态系统结构稳定,对气候波动与人类活动的缓冲能力较强。
贵州年均NEP的Hurst指数为0.48(图7b),其中61.59%的区域Hurst指数<0.5,主要分布于黔东南、安顺和遵义,尽管2000—2020年NEP呈增长趋势,但生态系统的恢复基础仍较脆弱。植被多为中幼林或人工恢复植被,对气候波动和人类活动干扰的缓冲能力有限,加之部分区域石漠化治理虽初见成效,但深层生态问题尚未完全解决,未来NEP趋势可能逐步下降,存在潜在的生态退化风险。相比之下,Hurst指数>0.5的区域占比为38.41%,零散分布于毕节、黔西南、黔南及贵阳等地,该区域的喀斯特本底条件与生态干预措施形成正向叠加。毕节、黔西南作为石漠化综合治理的核心区,通过大规模退耕还林、植被恢复工程,已形成较为稳定的森林植被覆盖,有效改善生态基底;黔南、贵阳部分区域则因地貌相对缓和,且生态保护与城市生态建设协同推进,植被生态系统稳定性显著提升。因此,该类区域未来NEP可能持续增强或保持稳定,具有长期持续性。喀斯特地区生态恢复易受本底条件约束的规律,土层厚度、岩性稳定性等自然本底与生态修复工程的实施成效共同决定喀斯特地区碳汇能力,并为后续差异化生态保护策略的制定提供关键依据。
植被NEP与气象因子总体呈正相关,与气温和降水的正相关面积占比均超过70%,说明温度与降水对植被NEP具有促进作用(图8)。NEP与气温正相关区域分布于区内多数市州,其中显著正相关区域主要分布于中西部和东北部,极显著负相关面积占比2.16%,主要分布于铜仁市。该区域随着气温的升高,地表水分蒸发速率加快,叠加季节性干旱的影响,植被常面临严重的水分胁迫,光合效率下降,进而减缓NEP的增长速率。呈负相关区域的年平均气温多处于较低或较高阈值区间,而正相关区域则普遍对应于气温适中区域。NEP与降水呈正相关的区域主要分布于中北部、东部及东南部,而26.7%的负相关区域则集中在西部的六盘水与毕节。六盘水地貌陡峭,降水时空分布极不均,且部分区域年降水量超过1 400 mm,高强度降水不仅导致土壤养分快速流失,还破坏植被根系生长环境,因此, NEP与降水呈负偏相关;毕节的负相关区域存在降水集中但季节性干旱突出的问题,降水有效性低,也削弱对NEP的促进作用。相对湿度与NEP的正相关占比为69.7%,负相关占比则为30.4%,其负相关面积比例高于降水和气温。正相关区域主要分布于贵州西部与南部,该类区域以喀斯特高原、河谷为主,通风条件较好,相对湿度为60%~75%的较低水平,既满足植被蒸腾需求,又避免高湿度带来的光合效率抑制。负相关区域多见于中部、北部及东部的峰丛洼地密集区,此类地貌封闭性强,空气流通不畅,平均相对湿度超过80%,过高的湿度不仅使气孔降低植被叶片导度,抑制光合作用,还可能诱发真菌病害,同时加剧土壤表层水分滞留,导致根系缺氧,进而抑制NEP增长。
贵州主要的土地利用类型为森林和耕地,占比分别达62.9%和32.4%,其次是灌木(2.4%)、草地(1.1%)、建设用地(0.7%)、水域(0.4%)和裸地(0.1%)。2000—2020年贵州大量耕地、草地和森林生态系统被转为建设用地,导致地表植物覆盖率下降,生态系统碳汇功能减弱(图9)。森林和耕地生态系统对NEP贡献最大,分别占总NEP变化的55.6与22.4%,是维持和提升贵州碳汇水平的核心生态系统类型(表2)。森林作为自然碳汇的核心载体,其高大乔木的光合作用效率更高,且林下植被能有效覆盖岩露间隙,减少水土流失,同时枯枝落叶分解可缓慢提升土壤有机质含量,进一步改善喀斯特土壤贫瘠的现状,其光合作用对喀斯特生态系统碳汇的支撑作用尤为关键。耕地作为人工干预下的生态系统,其农作物生长过程是碳捕获与固定的重要途径。尽管喀斯特土壤贫瘠,但通过人为耕种、施肥等管理措施,可对自然本底的不足作出适当补偿,维持稳定的碳输入。
基于OPGD模型进一步量化各驱动因子对植被NEP平均值空间分异的影响程度(图10)。其中,日照时间和岩性表现出较高的稳定性和影响力,q值分别为0.35、0.41,是调控喀斯特区域植被NEP的关键驱动因子。岩性作为喀斯特地貌的基础本底,直接决定土层发育厚度、持水保肥能力及水分入渗特性。日照时间则因为喀斯特区域峰丛和洼地交错,光照空间分布不均,故光合效率高度依赖日照时数。双因子交互影响力显著高于单因子,说明喀斯特地区植被NEP是受自然本底与人类活动的协同调控,而非单一因子主导。日照时间和土地利用交互作用最强,解释力为50%,其核心原因在于喀斯特地区独特的地貌格局与日照资源空间异质性及土地利用类型差异深度关联。喀斯特地区峰丛和洼地交错分布、地表破碎化显著,且岩石裸露率高导致日照资源空间异质性极强。同时,不同土地利用类型的覆被结构与植被功能差异显著,林地凭借多层冠层与高叶面积指数高效捕获日照,耕地受作物类型及梯田遮阴等限制利用效率不均,草地与石漠化土地因覆被度低转化能力弱。因此,日照时间和土地利用交互成为碳汇变化的核心驱动因素。尽管降水、坡度和人口密度单因子影响较小,但与其他因子的解释力>10%。坡度单因子影响有限,但与降水交互时,喀斯特区域坡度高放大降水的作用,强降水在陡坡区域易引发水土流失,加剧土层贫瘠,间接抑制植被NEP;与土地利用交互时,坡度决定耕地与林地的分布边界,进而调控植被对其他资源的利用效率。岩性与日照时间作为自然本底核心因子奠定基础,日照时间与土地利用的交互作用整合自然资源与人类活动的双重影响,而其他因子通过与核心因子的交互实现效应增值,共同构成多因子非线性作用的复杂驱动机制。
本文基于改进的CASA模型和土壤微生物呼吸方程,对贵州2000—2020年植被NEP进行估算,并定量探讨贵州植被NEP时空动态及关键驱动因素,对于科学理解喀斯特地区碳循环机制具有重要意义。本文估算的NEP最小值为-404.205 g/(m²·a),最大值为712.617 g/(m²·a),与陈田田等[25]对贵州省NEP的估算结果高度吻合,进一步验证本文NEP估算数据的可靠性。喀斯特区域的地理环境使其在环境条件方面与非喀斯特区域不同,喀斯特区域的植被碳汇[278.20 g/(m²·a)]明显低于非喀斯特区域的植被碳汇[326.83 g/(m²·a)]。喀斯特区域NEP整体水平较低,且年际波动更为剧烈,体现出喀斯特生态系统固有的脆弱性及其对环境扰动的敏感性;非喀斯特区域NEP基础值较高,尽管存在年际波动,但整体更为稳定。
2009—2013年贵州植被NEP呈显著的年际波动,主要原因为气象条件的极端波动与生态工程、土地利用变化的阶段性推进。从气象数据(图11)来看,2009年贵州省年降水量仅为959.64 mm,较常年偏少约20%,叠加高温形成区域性季节性干旱,直接抑制植被光合效率,导致NEP显著下降。2011年降水量进一步降至844.69 mm,为研究区内最低值,同时日照时数较高,极端干旱与强日照加剧植被水分胁迫,使NEP变化剧烈。2010年降水量虽恢复至1 133.92 mm,但气温维持在15.99 ℃的较高水平,水热组合的快速切换加剧NEP的波动。2012—2013年降水量逐步恢复至常年水平,同时贵州省石漠化综合治理工程进入全面推进阶段,森林覆盖率提升7.48%,人工造林与植被恢复直接增强区域碳汇能力,推动NEP逐步回升。全域NEP变化以稳定(50.31%)和增长(46.98%)趋势为主,增长区域集中于西部及东北部石漠化综合治理核心区,孙载瑞等[26]、张靖宙等[27]研究证实,石漠化治理能够有效提高区域碳储量,二者间存在显著的正向关联。区域零散分布以中部城市化区和东部岩溶强烈发育区为主,基于夜间灯光数据体现的人类活动强度,成为控制区域植被NEP下降的关键驱动因子。Hurst指数平均值为0.48,61.59%的区域Hurst指数<0.5,预示区域植被NEP未来存在下降趋势,潜在生态退化风险显著,中部、东部等NEP减少区域为后续生态保护的重点关注区域。
本研究发现,岩性是喀斯特地区NEP的核心驱动因子(q=0.41),与Xiao等[28]对中国喀斯特地区碳水利用效率的研究结果一致,岩性通过决定土层厚度和持水能力,对植被生产力的解释力达38%~45%;Li等[29]研究指出,在不同喀斯特和非喀斯特气候区间,尤其是在与不同基岩类型比较时,NEP的平均值和趋势存在显著差异,进一步说明岩性在喀斯特碳汇研究中的重要性。而日照时间与土地利用的强交互作用(解释力50%),与徐勇等[30]对西南喀斯特地区NEP驱动因素的研究结论形成互补,气象因子与土地利用的交互作用对NEP的解释力约42%,本研究进一步细化日照时间该关键气象因子的作用,并结合喀斯特地貌特征揭示交互作用的内在机制。近年来,随着一系列生态修复工程的实施和降水增加,贵州东北部和西南部植被覆盖度整体状况有所改善,大大提升贵州的碳汇能力。
土地利用变化直观反映人类活动强度,对植被NEP存在双重影响。不同土地利用类型及转换过程直接引发NEP变化,与罗丹等[31]对南北盘江流域喀斯特区域的研究结论一致,其发现建设用地面积增幅达94.46%,耕地、草地等高碳汇地类向建设用地的转换是碳储量流失的核心原因,印证了本研究中耕地转为城市用地导致NEP下降的负向效应;而林地作为区域核心碳汇地类,碳密度显著高于其他地类,其面积增长有效提升固碳能力,与本研究中森林稳定区域NEP较高的结果呼应。喀斯特地貌本底加剧了该影响的复杂性。罗丹等[31]还指出,喀斯特流域碳储量空间分异受地貌与土地利用格局的协同调控,不同碳储量分区对土地利用模式的响应差异显著,冷点区因建设用地集中、生态用地稀缺固碳能力弱,与本研究岩性与土地利用交互调控NEP的结论互补。
在喀斯特地区植被NEP的估算与驱动机制解析领域,结果的不确定性管控一直是研究的核心挑战。参照数据的固有局限、实测数据的缺乏、低分辨率气象数据的误差传导及驱动因素分析方法的单一性等因素,共同增加本研究结果的不确定性。该问题在不同生态区的碳汇研究中具有普遍性,于静等[32]在科尔沁草地NPP研究中同样发现,低分辨率气象数据的空间插值误差影响生态系统生产力估算精度,其通过融合17个气象站实测数据进行校正,在一定程度上降低该类误差;潘竟虎等[33]在西北干旱区碳汇估算中发现,低分辨率气象数据的误差传导是NEP估算不确定性的重要来源,但其研究区为均质干旱区,微气候异质性较弱,而喀斯特峰丛洼地的微气候差异显著,导致插值误差对估算结果的影响更大,也是喀斯特地区碳汇估算与其他区域的重要区别。由于生态系统碳循环和土壤呼吸过程具有显著复杂性,依托模型开展的量化估算工作具有一定的不确定性。
施亚林等[34]采用改进的CASA模型估算黄河流域草地NPP时,以MODIS NPP产品作为验证参照,虽通过Pearson相关性分析验证结果可靠性,但也指出,该数据基于全球通用算法反演,未针对区域特殊生态特征进行优化,可能与实际值存在偏差,与本研究面临的问题高度一致。本研究以MODIS NPP数据为参照,其未适配喀斯特地区土壤贫瘠、植被破碎化的特征,可能导致NPP估算精度存在误差。同时,喀斯特地区地形复杂、采样难度大,缺乏全域均匀分布的NPP。Rh实测数据无法通过实地观测直接验证NEP估算结果的准确性。此外,气温、降水等气象数据空间分辨率较低[35],难以精准捕捉喀斯特峰丛洼地、坡向坡度导致的微气候空间异质性,插值重采样过程进一步放大误差,导致模型估算NPP值有一定偏差,也进一步加剧NEP的估算不确定性。驱动因素分析仅采用土地利用转移、偏相关分析及OPGD模型,方法较为单一,难以全面刻画各因子间的非线性耦合关系与动态反馈效应,导致对驱动机制的解析不够深入。
总体来看,喀斯特地区NEP的研究仍面临多维度局限,后续需进一步补充全域实测NPP与Rh数据以强化验证、采用高分辨率气象同化数据减少空间异质性误差、增加随机森林、结构方程模型等多种驱动分析方法,同时细化模型对喀斯特生态特征的适配性,以此提升NEP时空动态与驱动机制解析的准确性,为喀斯特区域生态管理与碳中和策略制定提供更可靠的科学依据。
1) 2000—2020年贵州植被NEP呈显著空间异质性,全域多年平均值为296.83 g/(m²·a),喀斯特区[278.20 g/(m²·a)]显著低于非喀斯特区[326.83 g/(m²·a)],空间上呈中南部、西南部向北部和东部递减的格局,碳源区域主要集中在中部建设用地、水域及裸地等区域,碳汇区域呈广泛分布特征。
2) 贵州全域NEP呈显著上升趋势,变化以稳定(50.31%)和增长(46.98%)为主,增长区域集中在西部及东北部石漠化综合治理核心区,减少区域仅占2.71%,主要分布于中部贵阳城市圈和东部岩溶强烈发育区;Hurst指数平均值为0.48,61.59%的区域Hurst指数<0.5,表明区域NEP未来存在潜在的下降趋势和生态退化风险,生态修复的长效性需进一步强化。
3) 气候因子中降水对NEP的影响更具差异性,中北部等区域降水促进NEP增长,西部陡峭地貌区高强度/低有效性降水则起抑制作用;人类活动在石漠化治理核心区呈正向影响,在中部城市化区、东部强岩溶区等呈负向影响,生态工程是碳汇提升的重要助力。
4) 林地、耕地是贵州碳汇核心载体,其生态系统结构稳定对NEP的提升促进作用显著;岩性(q=0.41)和日照时间(q=0.35)是影响NEP的关键单因子,且日照时间与土地利用的交互作用最强(解释力50%),喀斯特地区植被NEP由自然本底、气象因子与人类活动协同调控。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(42571498)
  • 地理信息科学与技术全国重点实验室开放基金项目
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2026年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.038
  • 接收时间:2026-02-03
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-03
  • 修回日期:2026-03-26
  • 录用日期:2026-04-10
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(42571498)
地理信息科学与技术全国重点实验室开放基金项目
作者信息
    1.贵州师范大学地理与环境科学学院,贵阳 550025
    2.中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所;地理信息科学与;技术全国重点实验室,北京 100101
    3.中国科学院大学资源与环境学院,北京 100039

通讯作者:

兰安军(1974—),男,硕士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事喀斯特环境遥感研究。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/stbcxb/CN/10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.038
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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