Article(id=1312009688976289962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.034, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1775491200000, receivedDateStr=2026-04-07, revisedDate=1779292800000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-21, acceptedDate=1780329600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-06-02, onlineDate=1790737085813, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1787846400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790737085813, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790737085813, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790737085813, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1312009474789958403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787846400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790737034746, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739471092, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=65, endPage=77, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312009689181810859, articleId=1312009688976289962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=EN, title=The Accumulation and Driving Mechanisms of Microbial Necromass Carbon in Moss-dominated Biocrusts in the Karst Rocky Desertification Region, columnId=1312009514929455370, journalTitle=Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, columnName="Special Issue on Rocky Desertification Control and Ecological Restoration", runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To elucidate the characteristics of soil nutrients, microbial communities, and microbial necromass carbon, and their contributions to soil organic carbon in moss-dominated biocrusts of karst rocky desertification areas, and to identify the key environmental factors and microbial mechanisms underlying the formation of microbial necromass carbon. Methods The study was conducted in rocky desertification areas in Zhanyi District, Qujing City, Yunnan Province. Soil samples were collected from the moss-dominated biocrust layer (0-1 cm) and the sub-layer (1-5 cm) at sites representing non-degraded, lightly degraded, moderately degraded, and severely degraded conditions. Soil nutrients, microbial community structure, microbial biomass, and microbial necromass carbon were subsequently analyzed. Results The results showed that, in moss-covered soils, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon, and microbial biomass nitrogen generally increased with increasing rocky desertification severity, reaching their highest values at the severely degraded stage. Vertically, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, and microbial biomass phosphorus were 19.13%, 29.61%, 10.45%, 97.47%, 97.08%, and 36.21% higher in the biocrust layer than those in the sub-layer, respectively. Bacterial necromass carbon, fungal necromass carbon, and microbial necromass carbon increased with increasing rocky desertification severity, and were generally higher in the biocrust layer than in the sub-layer. The contribution of fungal necromass carbon to soil organic carbon was higher than that of bacterial necromass carbon, and the correlation between fungal necromass carbon and soil organic carbon was stronger than that between bacterial necromass carbon and soil organic carbon. Bacterial communities were more sensitive to soil depth, whereas fungal communities were more responsive to the severity of rocky desertification. Random forest analysis showed that the fungal Shannon index was significantly negatively correlated with fungal necromass carbon in the biocrust layer, while the bacterial Shannon index was significantly positively correlated with bacterial necromass carbon in the sub-layer. Mantel analysis showed that microbial necromass carbon in both soil layers was significantly correlated with soil nutrients and microbial biomass. Microbial necromass carbon in the biocrust layer was mainly associated with bacterial life-history strategies, whereas microbial necromass carbon in the sub-layer was mainly related to fungal life-history strategies. Conclusion Moss biocrusts can significantly enhance soil nutrient availability and microbial activities in karst rocky desertification areas, thereby promoting the accumulation of microbial necromass carbon and its contribution to soil organic carbon, with fungal necromass playing a more prominent role in enhancing the stabilization of soil organic carbon. The formation of microbial necromass carbon is jointly regulated by soil nutrients, microbial activities, community composition, and life-history strategies, and differs between the biocrust layer and the sub-layer.

, authors=Mengting Niu1, 2, 3, Wei Li1, 2, 3, Ruilong Huang1, 2, 3, Zhuanfei Zeng1, 2, 3, Dongmei Pu1, 2, 3, Cunxiu Wang1, 2, 3, Bo Hu1, 2, 3, authorsList=Mengting Niu, Wei Li, Ruilong Huang, Zhuanfei Zeng, Dongmei Pu, Cunxiu Wang, Bo Hu, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wei Li, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312009692667277500, articleId=1312009688976289962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=CN, title=喀斯特石漠化区苔藓结皮覆盖土壤微生物残体碳积累及其驱动机制, columnId=1312009515093033228, journalTitle=水土保持学报, columnName=“石漠化防治与生态修复”专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 为阐明喀斯特石漠化梯度下苔藓结皮覆盖土壤中土壤养分、微生物群落、微生物残体碳及其对土壤有机碳贡献的变化特征,揭示影响微生物残体碳积累的关键环境因子和微生物学机制。 方法 以云南省曲靖市沾益区岩溶峡谷石漠化区为研究区,在无退化、轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化样地采集苔藓结皮层(0~1 cm)和结皮下层(1~5 cm)土壤,测定土壤养分、微生物群落结构、微生物生物量及微生物残体碳含量。 结果 在苔藓结皮覆盖土壤中,随石漠化程度加深,有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、微生物生物量碳氮(MBC、MBN)总体升高,至重度退化阶段达到峰值;就垂直分布而言,结皮层SOC、TN、全磷(TP)、MBC、MBN和微生物生物量磷(MBP)含量分别较结皮下层提高19.13%、29.61%、10.45%、97.47%、97.08%和36.21%。细菌残体碳(BNC)、真菌残体碳(FNC)和微生物残体碳(MNC)储量随石漠化程度加深呈增加趋势,且多数情况下结皮层储量高于结皮下层。FNC对SOC的贡献高于BNC,且FNC与SOC的相关性亦强于BNC。细菌群落对土层深度的响应更敏感,而真菌群落对石漠化等级的变化响应更显著;随机森林分析显示,在结皮层土壤中,真菌Shannon指数与FNC呈显著负相关;在结皮下层土壤中,细菌Shannon指数与BNC呈显著正相关。Mantel分析表明,2个土层MNC储量均与土壤养分和微生物生物量显著相关,其中结皮层MNC主要与细菌的生活史策略相关,而结皮下层则主要与真菌的生活史策略相关。 结论 苔藓结皮能显著增强喀斯特石漠化土壤的养分含量和微生物活性,进而促进微生物残体碳积累与固存,其中尤以真菌残体对有机碳的固持作用更为突出。微生物残体碳的形成受土壤养分、微生物活性、群落组成与生活史策略的共同调控,且在结皮层与结皮下层间存在差异。研究结果表明,苔藓结皮是喀斯特石漠化区土壤碳库恢复的重要生物驱动力,可为石漠化土壤碳汇提升和生态恢复措施优化提供科学依据。

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牛梦婷(2002—),女,硕士研究生,主要从事石漠化区域碳循环研究。E-mail:

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李伟(1978—),男,博士,教授,主要从事石漠化区域生物多样性,生态系统功能研究。E-mail:
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2.云南省山地农村生态环境演变与污染治理重点实验室,昆明 650224
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牛梦婷(2002—),女,硕士研究生,主要从事石漠化区域碳循环研究。E-mail:

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Rocky desertification succession alters soil microbial communities and survival strategies in the karst context[J].Science of the Total Environment,2024,927:e172171., articleTitle=Rocky desertification succession alters soil microbial communities and survival strategies in the karst context, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009706688835925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=11, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=59, authorNames=Domeignoz-Horta L A, Pold G, Liu X A, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Domeignoz-Horta L A, Pold G, Liu X A, et al. Microbial diversity drives carbon use efficiency in a model soil[J].Nature Communications,2020,11:e3684., articleTitle=Microbial diversity drives carbon use efficiency in a model soil, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009706760139094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=13, issue=2, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=60, authorNames=Liu Xiaoke, Wang Yan, Zhao Yongkang, journalName=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Xiaoke, Wang Yan, Zhao Yongkang, et al. 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Tradeoffs among microbial life history strategies influence the fate of microbial residues in subtropical forest soils[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2021,153:e108112., articleTitle=Tradeoffs among microbial life history strategies influence the fate of microbial residues in subtropical forest soils, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009706911134040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=70, issue=null, pageStart=88, pageEnd=95, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=62, authorNames=Reischke S, Rousk J, Bååth E, journalName=Soil Biology and Biochemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Reischke S, Rousk J, Bååth E. The effects of glucose loading rates on bacterial and fungal growth in soil[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2014,70:88-95., articleTitle=The effects of glucose loading rates on bacterial and fungal growth in soil, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1312009706995020121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=15, issue=6, pageStart=1782, pageEnd=1793, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=63, authorNames=Aleklett K, Ohlsson P, Bengtsson M, journalName=The ISME Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Aleklett K, Ohlsson P, Bengtsson M, et al. Fungal foraging behaviour and hyphal space exploration in micro-structured Soil Chips[J].The ISME Journal,2021,15(6):1782-1793., articleTitle=Fungal foraging behaviour and hyphal space exploration in micro-structured Soil Chips, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1312009700347048215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, awardId=31760175, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(31760175), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1312009700422545688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, awardId=202501BD070001-090, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省农业基础研究联合专项(202501BD070001-090), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1312009700485460249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, awardId=SBK20240042, language=CN, fundingSource=水土保持与荒漠化防治一流学科建设项目(SBK20240042), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1312009692910547133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009692923130046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, companyId=1312009692910547133, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Soil and Water Conservation,Southwest Forestry University,Kunming 650224,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009692935712959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, companyId=1312009692910547133, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.西南林业大学水土保持学院,昆明 650224)]), AuthorCompany(id=1312009692994433216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009693007016129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, companyId=1312009692994433216, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Mountainous & Rural Areas of Yunnan Province,Kunming ;650224,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009693015404738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, companyId=1312009692994433216, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.云南省山地农村生态环境演变与污染治理重点实验室,昆明 650224)]), AuthorCompany(id=1312009693090902211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009693099290820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, companyId=1312009693090902211, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Zhanyi Karst Ecosystem Observation and Research Station,Qujing,Yunnan 655500,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009693107679429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, companyId=1312009693090902211, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.国家林业和草原局云南沾益岩溶生态系统定位观测研究站,云南 曲靖 655500)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1312009696983216383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Effects of biocrusts on fungal, bacterial, and microbial necromass carbon and their contributions to organic carbon under different degradation levels, figureFileSmall=CGpebaJExYghNK2gLsFxHA==, figureFileBig=W8X9vdt6apC1P3QCZNzo0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009697054519552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同退化程度下苔藓结皮对真菌、细菌和微生物残体碳的影响及其对有机碳的贡献

注:图柱上方大写字母表示相同深度下不同石漠化退化程度的差异显著(p<0.05),小写字母表示同一退化程度下结皮层和结皮下层的差异显著(p<0.05);BNC、FNC和MNC分别为细菌残体碳、真菌残体碳和微生物残体碳;KRD为石漠化程度;Depth为土层深度;***表示p<0.001;n=5。下同。

, figureFileSmall=CGpebaJExYghNK2gLsFxHA==, figureFileBig=W8X9vdt6apC1P3QCZNzo0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009697247457537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Relationships between fungal, bacterial, and microbial necromass carbon and soil organic carbon, figureFileSmall=MswKbZilVX+EO6wTN34fZg==, figureFileBig=hlb0MmyA+Aef7DvhP/HcbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009697314566402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, language=CN, label=图2, caption=真菌、细菌和微生物残体碳与土壤有机碳的关系

注:阴影区域表示95%置信区间。

, figureFileSmall=MswKbZilVX+EO6wTN34fZg==, figureFileBig=hlb0MmyA+Aef7DvhP/HcbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009697381675267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Variation characteristics of microbial alpha diversity under biocrusts at different degradation levels, figureFileSmall=F6wpnv0dUDEcy5xfjgtFyg==, figureFileBig=7p6rwgnrtEuE86zRemGmTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009697448784132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同退化程度下苔藓结皮对微生物α多样性的影响

注:箱体上下边缘分别表示第75和第25百分位数;空心小方块表示平均值;箱体上下延伸线表示1.5倍四分位距(IQR)内的数据范围;图柱上方不同小写字母表示相同深度下不同石漠化退化程度的差异显著(p<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=F6wpnv0dUDEcy5xfjgtFyg==, figureFileBig=7p6rwgnrtEuE86zRemGmTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009697520087301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=NMDS ordination analysis of soil microbial communities under biocrusts at different degradation levels, figureFileSmall=XctHJLtFkERUH57mZ5aQ5Q==, figureFileBig=2/ZkNVvOgVeuOnwQ4Ag2Sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009697599779078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同退化程度下苔藓结皮对土壤微生物群落NMDS排序

注:a~b为细菌;c~d为真菌。

, figureFileSmall=XctHJLtFkERUH57mZ5aQ5Q==, figureFileBig=2/ZkNVvOgVeuOnwQ4Ag2Sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009697662693639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Relative abundance of soil fungi and bacteria at the phylum level under biocrusts at different degradation levels, figureFileSmall=uJfvx9a3HwZTt+kVWyVkwA==, figureFileBig=70ENgg2gu+bXF4Dw9TUf+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009697742385416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同退化程度下苔藓结皮对土壤真菌和细菌的门水平相对丰度

注:细菌群落中,Acidobacteriota、Actinomycetota、Pseudomonadota、Planctomycetota、Chloroflexota、Bacteroidota、Gemmatimonadota、Myxococcota、Armatimonadota、Cyanobacteriota、Methylomirabilota、Verrucomicrobiota、Entotheonellaeota、Nitrospirota和Latescibacterota分别表示酸杆菌门、放线菌门、变形菌门、浮霉菌门、绿弯菌门、拟杆菌门、芽单胞菌门、黏球菌门、装甲菌门、蓝细菌门、奇古菌门、疣微菌门、海绵菌门、硝化螺旋菌门和晚生菌门;真菌群落中,Ascomycota、Basidiomycota、Mortierellomycota、Chytridiomycota、Glomeromycota、Rozellomycota、Mucoromycota、Fungi_phy_Incertae_sedis、Blastocladiomycota、Kickxellomycota、Calcarisporiellomycota、Olpidiomycota、Entorrhizomycota、Zoopagomycota、Basidiobolomycota、Aphelidiomycota和Monoblepharomycota分别表示子囊菌门、担子菌门、被孢霉门、壶菌门、球囊菌门、罗兹菌门、毛霉门、真菌界门级地位未定类群、芽枝霉门、梳霉门、钙孢菌门、油壶菌门、内生根菌门、捕虫霉门、蛙粪霉门、灭噬菌门和单毛菌门;Unassigned 表示未分类类群;Others 表示其他类群。下同。

, figureFileSmall=uJfvx9a3HwZTt+kVWyVkwA==, figureFileBig=70ENgg2gu+bXF4Dw9TUf+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009697813688585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Abundance distribution characteristics of K-strategist and R-strategist bacteria/fungi in the biocrust and sub-biocrust layer soils under different degradation levels, figureFileSmall=q/qgKGsl9jKdhZqsQ8dr7g==, figureFileBig=fh3FW8G+cFPAgDR7Twop0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009697872408842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同退化程度下结皮层与结皮下层土壤中K-策略和R-策略细菌/真菌的丰度分布特征, figureFileSmall=q/qgKGsl9jKdhZqsQ8dr7g==, figureFileBig=fh3FW8G+cFPAgDR7Twop0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009697935323403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Relationship between soil microbial diversity (Shannon index) and necromass carbon, and the contribution of key bacterial/fungal phyla to necromass carbon (FNC/BNC), figureFileSmall=up/wJUtAfXnA/lgJaI5Kyw==, figureFileBig=wEw3tn9FCkcH259x1aqc5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009698010820876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, language=CN, label=图7, caption=土壤微生物多样性(Shannon指数)与残体碳的关系及关键菌门对残体碳(FNC/BNC)的贡献度

注:图a、图d为细菌和真菌Shannon指数与残体碳的关系;%lncMSE表示均方误差增加的百分比,表示每个预测因子对模型预测能力的影响,%lncMSE值越高,表明预测因子的重要性越大。

, figureFileSmall=up/wJUtAfXnA/lgJaI5Kyw==, figureFileBig=wEw3tn9FCkcH259x1aqc5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009698073735437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=Mantel correlation analysis of microbial necromass carbon with soil physicochemical properties, Shannon index, and microbial life history strategies, figureFileSmall=vgsQlYCNKppi09y6lxvx5w==, figureFileBig=tSR5ZedzdilVKFvCMGUfLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009698157621518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, language=CN, label=图8, caption=微生物残体碳与土壤理化性质、Shannon指数和微生物生活史策略的Mantel关联分析

注:BS和FS分别表示细菌Shannon指数和真菌Shannon指数;Bacteria K和Bacteria R分别表示K策略和R策略细菌;Fungi K和Fungi R分别表示K策略和R策略真菌。

, figureFileSmall=vgsQlYCNKppi09y6lxvx5w==, figureFileBig=tSR5ZedzdilVKFvCMGUfLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009698220536079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic information statistics of study sites

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
退化程度基岩裸露率/%植被覆盖度/%坡度/(°)苔藓结皮盖度/%苔藓结皮厚度/cm叶绿素a/(mg·g-1)
无退化(ND)2095200.42±0.061.11±0.160.470±0.001
轻度退化(LD)3880250.45±0.121.38±0.110.466±0.015
中度退化(MD)7065310.40±0.121.21±0.280.300±0.001
重度退化(SD)8220350.58±0.101.14±0.340.465±0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1312009698279256336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

研究样地基本信息统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
退化程度基岩裸露率/%植被覆盖度/%坡度/(°)苔藓结皮盖度/%苔藓结皮厚度/cm叶绿素a/(mg·g-1)
无退化(ND)2095200.42±0.061.11±0.160.470±0.001
轻度退化(LD)3880250.45±0.121.38±0.110.466±0.015
中度退化(MD)7065310.40±0.121.21±0.280.300±0.001
重度退化(SD)8220350.58±0.101.14±0.340.465±0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1312009698337976593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Soil physicochemical properties of the biocrust and sub-biocrust layer across different rocky desertification levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结皮层次退化程度pH有机碳(SOC)/(g·kg-1)全氮(TN)/(g·kg-1)全磷(TP)/(g·kg-1)
结皮层无退化(ND)6.96±0.05Ca26.32±0.53Da1.69±0.04Da0.61±0.02Ca
轻度退化(LD)7.98±0.04Ab53.40±1.11Ba3.71±0.08Ca0.57±0.01Da
中度退化(MD)7.94±0.05Aa48.04±0.91Ca4.06±0.05Ba0.70±0.02Ba
重度退化(SD)7.62±0.04Ba68.98±1.08Aa7.70±0.11Aa1.08±0.02Aa
结皮下层无退化(ND)6.82±0.04Db12.94±0.26Db1.01±0.04Db0.57±0.02Cb
轻度退化(LD)8.06±0.05Aa37.76±0.66Cb2.50±0.05Cb0.50±0.02Db
中度退化(MD)7.44±0.05Cb46.44±0.59Bb3.95±0.07Bb0.65±0.01Bb
重度退化(SD)7.58±0.04Ba68.02±1.11Aa5.77±0.08Ab0.96±0.02Ab
), ArticleFig(id=1312009698405085458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

石漠化不同退化程度下苔藓结皮层和结皮下层的土壤理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结皮层次退化程度pH有机碳(SOC)/(g·kg-1)全氮(TN)/(g·kg-1)全磷(TP)/(g·kg-1)
结皮层无退化(ND)6.96±0.05Ca26.32±0.53Da1.69±0.04Da0.61±0.02Ca
轻度退化(LD)7.98±0.04Ab53.40±1.11Ba3.71±0.08Ca0.57±0.01Da
中度退化(MD)7.94±0.05Aa48.04±0.91Ca4.06±0.05Ba0.70±0.02Ba
重度退化(SD)7.62±0.04Ba68.98±1.08Aa7.70±0.11Aa1.08±0.02Aa
结皮下层无退化(ND)6.82±0.04Db12.94±0.26Db1.01±0.04Db0.57±0.02Cb
轻度退化(LD)8.06±0.05Aa37.76±0.66Cb2.50±0.05Cb0.50±0.02Db
中度退化(MD)7.44±0.05Cb46.44±0.59Bb3.95±0.07Bb0.65±0.01Bb
重度退化(SD)7.58±0.04Ba68.02±1.11Aa5.77±0.08Ab0.96±0.02Ab
), ArticleFig(id=1312009698497360147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Microbial biomass of the biocrust and sub-biocrust layer across different rocky desertification levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结皮层次退化程度

微生物生物量碳

(MBC)/(mg·kg-1)

微生物生物量氮

(MBN)/(mg·kg-1)

微生物生物量磷

(MBP)/(mg·kg-1)

结皮层无退化(ND)544.40±3.96Da50.28±1.60Da1.58±0.07Da
轻度退化(LD)1 280.58±42.76Ba201.42±11.24Ba8.56±0.25Aa
中度退化(MD)961.92±33.50Ca138.73±2.76Ca4.66±0.19Ca
重度退化(SD)1 629.93±12.37Aa239.68±29.53Aa7.93±0.32Ba

结皮

下层

无退化(ND)171.97±6.17Db18.96±3.23Cb0.48±0.02Db
轻度退化(LD)675.36±20.36Bb118.86±4.83Bb6.19±0.27Ab
中度退化(MD)550.91±14.54Cb52.22±3.79Cb4.39±0.21Cb
重度退化(SD)838.50±13.29Ab129.68±5.35Ab5.61±0.13Bb
), ArticleFig(id=1312009698564469012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

石漠化不同退化程度下苔藓结皮层和结皮下层的微生物生物量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结皮层次退化程度

微生物生物量碳

(MBC)/(mg·kg-1)

微生物生物量氮

(MBN)/(mg·kg-1)

微生物生物量磷

(MBP)/(mg·kg-1)

结皮层无退化(ND)544.40±3.96Da50.28±1.60Da1.58±0.07Da
轻度退化(LD)1 280.58±42.76Ba201.42±11.24Ba8.56±0.25Aa
中度退化(MD)961.92±33.50Ca138.73±2.76Ca4.66±0.19Ca
重度退化(SD)1 629.93±12.37Aa239.68±29.53Aa7.93±0.32Ba

结皮

下层

无退化(ND)171.97±6.17Db18.96±3.23Cb0.48±0.02Db
轻度退化(LD)675.36±20.36Bb118.86±4.83Bb6.19±0.27Ab
中度退化(MD)550.91±14.54Cb52.22±3.79Cb4.39±0.21Cb
重度退化(SD)838.50±13.29Ab129.68±5.35Ab5.61±0.13Bb
), ArticleFig(id=1312009698631577877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Division of bacterial and fungal life history strategies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌种生活史策略菌门参考文献
细菌K策略酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)Fierer等[23]
放线菌门(Actinomycetota)
浮霉菌门(Planctomycetota)
绿弯菌门(Chloroflexota)
芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadota)
疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobiota)
R策略变形菌门(Pseudomonadota)

Fierer等[23]

Li等[24]

拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)
真菌K策略担子菌门(Basidiomycota)Yao等[25]
R策略子囊菌门(Ascomycota)Yao等[25]
), ArticleFig(id=1312009698715463958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009688976289962, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

细菌与真菌生活史划分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌种生活史策略菌门参考文献
细菌K策略酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)Fierer等[23]
放线菌门(Actinomycetota)
浮霉菌门(Planctomycetota)
绿弯菌门(Chloroflexota)
芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadota)
疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobiota)
R策略变形菌门(Pseudomonadota)

Fierer等[23]

Li等[24]

拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)
真菌K策略担子菌门(Basidiomycota)Yao等[25]
R策略子囊菌门(Ascomycota)Yao等[25]
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喀斯特石漠化区苔藓结皮覆盖土壤微生物残体碳积累及其驱动机制
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牛梦婷 1, 2, 3 , 李伟 1, 2, 3 , 黄瑞龙 1, 2, 3 , 曾转飞 1, 2, 3 , 浦东梅 1, 2, 3 , 王存秀 1, 2, 3 , 胡波 1, 2, 3
水土保持学报 | “石漠化防治与生态修复”专栏 2026,40(4): 65-77
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喀斯特石漠化区苔藓结皮覆盖土壤微生物残体碳积累及其驱动机制
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牛梦婷(2002—),女,硕士研究生,主要从事石漠化区域碳循环研究。E-mail:

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牛梦婷(2002—),女,硕士研究生,主要从事石漠化区域碳循环研究。E-mail:

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牛梦婷1, 2, 3 , 李伟1, 2, 3 , 黄瑞龙1, 2, 3, 曾转飞1, 2, 3, 浦东梅1, 2, 3, 王存秀1, 2, 3, 胡波1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.西南林业大学水土保持学院,昆明 650224
  • 2.云南省山地农村生态环境演变与污染治理重点实验室,昆明 650224
  • 3.国家林业和草原局云南沾益岩溶生态系统定位观测研究站,云南 曲靖 655500
通讯作者:
李伟(1978—),男,博士,教授,主要从事石漠化区域生物多样性,生态系统功能研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

牛梦婷(2002—),女,硕士研究生,主要从事石漠化区域碳循环研究。E-mail:

The Accumulation and Driving Mechanisms of Microbial Necromass Carbon in Moss-dominated Biocrusts in the Karst Rocky Desertification Region
Mengting Niu1, 2, 3 , Wei Li1, 2, 3 , Ruilong Huang1, 2, 3, Zhuanfei Zeng1, 2, 3, Dongmei Pu1, 2, 3, Cunxiu Wang1, 2, 3, Bo Hu1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Soil and Water Conservation,Southwest Forestry University,Kunming 650224,China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Ecological Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Mountainous & Rural Areas of Yunnan Province,Kunming ;650224,China
  • 3.Zhanyi Karst Ecosystem Observation and Research Station,Qujing,Yunnan 655500,China
出版时间: 2026-08-28 doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.034
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目的 为阐明喀斯特石漠化梯度下苔藓结皮覆盖土壤中土壤养分、微生物群落、微生物残体碳及其对土壤有机碳贡献的变化特征,揭示影响微生物残体碳积累的关键环境因子和微生物学机制。 方法 以云南省曲靖市沾益区岩溶峡谷石漠化区为研究区,在无退化、轻度退化、中度退化和重度退化样地采集苔藓结皮层(0~1 cm)和结皮下层(1~5 cm)土壤,测定土壤养分、微生物群落结构、微生物生物量及微生物残体碳含量。 结果 在苔藓结皮覆盖土壤中,随石漠化程度加深,有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、微生物生物量碳氮(MBC、MBN)总体升高,至重度退化阶段达到峰值;就垂直分布而言,结皮层SOC、TN、全磷(TP)、MBC、MBN和微生物生物量磷(MBP)含量分别较结皮下层提高19.13%、29.61%、10.45%、97.47%、97.08%和36.21%。细菌残体碳(BNC)、真菌残体碳(FNC)和微生物残体碳(MNC)储量随石漠化程度加深呈增加趋势,且多数情况下结皮层储量高于结皮下层。FNC对SOC的贡献高于BNC,且FNC与SOC的相关性亦强于BNC。细菌群落对土层深度的响应更敏感,而真菌群落对石漠化等级的变化响应更显著;随机森林分析显示,在结皮层土壤中,真菌Shannon指数与FNC呈显著负相关;在结皮下层土壤中,细菌Shannon指数与BNC呈显著正相关。Mantel分析表明,2个土层MNC储量均与土壤养分和微生物生物量显著相关,其中结皮层MNC主要与细菌的生活史策略相关,而结皮下层则主要与真菌的生活史策略相关。 结论 苔藓结皮能显著增强喀斯特石漠化土壤的养分含量和微生物活性,进而促进微生物残体碳积累与固存,其中尤以真菌残体对有机碳的固持作用更为突出。微生物残体碳的形成受土壤养分、微生物活性、群落组成与生活史策略的共同调控,且在结皮层与结皮下层间存在差异。研究结果表明,苔藓结皮是喀斯特石漠化区土壤碳库恢复的重要生物驱动力,可为石漠化土壤碳汇提升和生态恢复措施优化提供科学依据。

苔藓结皮  /  喀斯特石漠化  /  微生物群落  /  微生物残体碳

Objective To elucidate the characteristics of soil nutrients, microbial communities, and microbial necromass carbon, and their contributions to soil organic carbon in moss-dominated biocrusts of karst rocky desertification areas, and to identify the key environmental factors and microbial mechanisms underlying the formation of microbial necromass carbon. Methods The study was conducted in rocky desertification areas in Zhanyi District, Qujing City, Yunnan Province. Soil samples were collected from the moss-dominated biocrust layer (0-1 cm) and the sub-layer (1-5 cm) at sites representing non-degraded, lightly degraded, moderately degraded, and severely degraded conditions. Soil nutrients, microbial community structure, microbial biomass, and microbial necromass carbon were subsequently analyzed. Results The results showed that, in moss-covered soils, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon, and microbial biomass nitrogen generally increased with increasing rocky desertification severity, reaching their highest values at the severely degraded stage. Vertically, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, and microbial biomass phosphorus were 19.13%, 29.61%, 10.45%, 97.47%, 97.08%, and 36.21% higher in the biocrust layer than those in the sub-layer, respectively. Bacterial necromass carbon, fungal necromass carbon, and microbial necromass carbon increased with increasing rocky desertification severity, and were generally higher in the biocrust layer than in the sub-layer. The contribution of fungal necromass carbon to soil organic carbon was higher than that of bacterial necromass carbon, and the correlation between fungal necromass carbon and soil organic carbon was stronger than that between bacterial necromass carbon and soil organic carbon. Bacterial communities were more sensitive to soil depth, whereas fungal communities were more responsive to the severity of rocky desertification. Random forest analysis showed that the fungal Shannon index was significantly negatively correlated with fungal necromass carbon in the biocrust layer, while the bacterial Shannon index was significantly positively correlated with bacterial necromass carbon in the sub-layer. Mantel analysis showed that microbial necromass carbon in both soil layers was significantly correlated with soil nutrients and microbial biomass. Microbial necromass carbon in the biocrust layer was mainly associated with bacterial life-history strategies, whereas microbial necromass carbon in the sub-layer was mainly related to fungal life-history strategies. Conclusion Moss biocrusts can significantly enhance soil nutrient availability and microbial activities in karst rocky desertification areas, thereby promoting the accumulation of microbial necromass carbon and its contribution to soil organic carbon, with fungal necromass playing a more prominent role in enhancing the stabilization of soil organic carbon. The formation of microbial necromass carbon is jointly regulated by soil nutrients, microbial activities, community composition, and life-history strategies, and differs between the biocrust layer and the sub-layer.

moss biocrust  /  karst rocky desertification  /  microbial community  /  microbial necromass carbon
牛梦婷, 李伟, 黄瑞龙, 曾转飞, 浦东梅, 王存秀, 胡波. 喀斯特石漠化区苔藓结皮覆盖土壤微生物残体碳积累及其驱动机制. 水土保持学报, 2026 , 40 (4) : 65 -77 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.034
Mengting Niu, Wei Li, Ruilong Huang, Zhuanfei Zeng, Dongmei Pu, Cunxiu Wang, Bo Hu. The Accumulation and Driving Mechanisms of Microbial Necromass Carbon in Moss-dominated Biocrusts in the Karst Rocky Desertification Region[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2026 , 40 (4) : 65 -77 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.034
生物结皮(biological soil crusts,BSCs)是由蓝藻、细菌、真菌、地衣和苔藓等生命体通过菌丝体、假根和分泌物与土壤表层颗粒紧密结合形成的复杂有机复合体[1],广泛分布于干旱、半干旱及生态脆弱区地表,约覆盖全球陆地表面积的12%[2]。作为陆地生态系统表层的重要组成部分,生物结皮在稳定土壤结构、减少地表侵蚀、调节水分入渗、促进碳氮循环和推动退化生态系统恢复中发挥着关键作用[3]。相较于藻结皮和地衣结皮,处于演替高级阶段的苔藓结皮具有更强的保水固土能力和养分富集效应,能够改善土壤表层微环境、增加有机质输入和增强生物活性,进而促进土壤有机碳和微生物生物量的积累,并对下覆土壤生态过程产生持续影响[4]。作为生物结皮演替的关键阶段,苔藓结皮对土壤生态过程的作用应受到更多关注。
土壤微生物是土壤生态系统中最活跃的生物组分之一,直接参与有机质分解、养分矿化与转化、元素生物地球化学循环及植物-土壤反馈等关键过程[5]。土壤微生物群落组成与多样性对外界环境变化高度敏感,显著受制于土地利用方式[6]、植被类型[7]、环境梯度[8]等因素。生物结皮的发育和演替也可通过改变土壤表层微环境来进一步调控微生物群落组成及功能[9]。与此同时,微生物残体碳(micro-bial necromass carbon,MNC)是微生物死亡后的残体及其代谢产物经转化形成的一类重要有机碳组分,主要包括细菌残体碳(bacterial necromass carbon,BNC)和真菌残体碳(fungal necromass carbon,FNC)。作为土壤稳定性有机碳库形成的重要物质基础,其积累与保存受到底物供给、微生物群落特征及环境条件的共同调控[10]。由于真菌和细菌在资源利用方式、细胞结构组成及残体稳定机制上存在差异,不同微生物类群对微生物残体碳形成及土壤有机碳固持的贡献各不相同[11]。苔藓结皮通过调节土壤表层水热条件、养分供给和有机底物输入等方式改变土壤微生物群落结构,尤其是真菌与细菌的相对比例,进而影响微生物残体碳的来源与积累[12]。然而,当前关于喀斯特地区苔藓结皮覆盖下土壤微生物群落及微生物残体碳变化特征的研究仍较为有限,尤其缺乏对不同石漠化退化程度下二者的响应规律及其驱动机制的深入认识。
喀斯特地区属于典型的生态脆弱区。因长期遭受强烈侵蚀、土壤退化和人为干扰,该地区逐渐演变为典型的喀斯特石漠化景观,呈现土层浅薄、基岩裸露率高、土壤保水保肥能力弱和生境异质性强等特征[13]。苔藓结皮是喀斯特地表重要的生物覆盖形式,在维持土壤结构稳定、改善土壤微环境和促进退化生态系统恢复等方面发挥着重要作用[14]。尽管黄土高原和荒漠化地区已开展大量相关研究[15-16],并侧重分析生物结皮对土壤理化性质[17]、酶活性[18]和微生物特征[19]的影响,有关喀斯特石漠化地区苔藓结皮覆盖下土壤微生物群落、微生物残体碳及其对土壤有机碳贡献的研究仍鲜有报道,其关键驱动因素亦不清楚。基于此,本研究以滇东曲靖市沾益区岩溶峡谷石漠化区为研究区,选取无退化(non-degraded,ND)、轻度退化(light degradation,LD)、中度退化(moderate degradation,MD)和重度退化(severe degradation,SD)4种退化程度下的苔藓结皮覆盖土壤为研究对象,通过采集结皮层与结皮下层土壤样品,分析不同石漠化退化程度下苔藓结皮覆盖土壤的理化性质、微生物群落组成与多样性、微生物残体碳及其对土壤有机碳贡献的差异特征,并探讨驱动微生物残体碳变化的关键环境因子和微生物学机制,以期为喀斯特石漠化区土壤碳库形成机制研究及生态恢复提供理论依据。
研究区位于云南省曲靖市沾益区(25°48′N,103°50′E),地处乌蒙山系南延的滇东高原喀斯特山地核心部位,属于低纬度高原季风气候,年平均降水量1 036 mm,年平均气温15.1 ℃。该区域喀斯特地貌发育广泛,生态系统较为脆弱,土壤类型以山原酸性红色土壤(山地红壤)为主,植被类型则呈现典型的亚热带特征,且以常绿阔叶林和针叶林等为主要构成。
依据石漠化等级的分类标准[20],选取不同退化程度石漠化区域的苔藓结皮作为研究对象,涵盖轻度(LD)、中度(MD)与重度(SD)3种退化程度,并设置无退化区域(ND)作为对照(表1)。在具体选取样点时,以喀斯特石漠化等级特征明显、苔藓结皮发育良好为准,并满足距道路3 km以上,以最大限度减少人为干扰。在每个石漠化等级分别设置5个10 m×10 m的独立样地,同一等级样地间距不小于300 m。各采样点选择苔藓结皮连续发育、无明显草本和灌木覆盖的斑块,并避开植物根系密集区和明显凋落物堆积区。采样前轻轻去除表面凋落物,尽量保留完整苔藓结皮结构。每个样地内分别采集结皮层(0~1 cm)和结皮下层(1~5 cm)土壤各5份,并将同一样地内同一土层样品混合为1个复合样品。收集到的土样过2 mm筛,每个土壤样品分成3份:第一部分在室温下进行风干,用于测定pH、有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP);第二部分在4 ℃下保存,用于测定微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)、微生物生物量磷(MBP);第三部分于-80 ℃的条件下储存,用于微生物测序分析及氨基糖测定。
土壤pH采用电极电位法以2.5∶1的水土比分析pH(pHS-3 C);SOC采用重铬酸钾容量法(外加热法)测定,土样用H2SO4处理并放置过夜,期间用保鲜膜密封以防氧化;TN经消解后采用Kjeltec 8400全自动定氮仪(丹麦富斯公司)测定;TP采用710 ICP-OES电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(美国安捷伦科技公司)测定。MBC、MBN、MBP采用氯仿熏蒸-提取法进行测定。
土壤氨基糖测定方法,采用邻苯二甲醛(OPA)柱前在线衍生-高效液相色谱法测定氨基糖[21],主要包括胞壁酸(MurA)和氨基葡萄糖(GlcN)。称取1 g鲜土于水解管中,加入盐酸,在烘箱中水解6 h,待水解液冷却至室温后,摇匀溶液静置过夜。用N-Evap-112氮吹仪(Organomation,美国)在氮气水浴30 ℃吹干,超纯水再次吹干后过滤,该土壤氨基糖提取液于4 ℃保存待测。本研究利用含有4种氨基糖的混合标准样品进行定量分析,使用Ultimate 3000高效液相色谱仪(Thermo Fisher,美国)测定。
土壤微生物扩增子分析方法,使用Fast-DNA®SPIN土壤试剂盒(MP Biomedicals,Santa Ana,CA)提取总基因组DNA。通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测基因组DNA的完整性,通过Nanodrop 2000和Qubit3.0分光光度计检测基因组DNA浓度和纯度。16 S rRNA基因的Ⅴ4-Ⅴ5高变区用引物515 F(5′-GTGCGCMGCCGG-3′)和907 R(5′-CCGTCAA-TTCMTTTRAGTTT-3′)扩增,用引物ITS1(5′-CTTGTCATTTAGAGAAGTAA-3′)和ITS2(5′-GTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC-3′)扩增ITS1基因的ITS1高变区。PCR在以下条件下运行:在94 ℃下变性5 min,30个循环(94 ℃30 s,52 ℃30 s,72 ℃45 s),然后在72 ℃下延长10 min。扩增产物经1.0%琼脂糖凝胶电泳验证。最后,使用Illumina NovaSeq 6000测序仪测序,原始读取序列在QIME2中进行处理,使用cutadapt插件修剪适配器和引物序列,DADA2插件用于质量控制和识别扩增子序列变体(Amplicon Sequence Variants,ASV)。细菌ASV代表序列的分类分配由在SILVA(版本138.1)上训练的预训练Naive Bayes分类器以置信阈值0.8执行,真菌ASV代表序列的分类分配由在UNITE(版本9.0)上训练的预训练Naive Bayes分类器以置信阈值0.6执行。
真菌残体碳(FNC)和细菌残体碳(BNC)的计算公式为[22]:
FNC=GlcN179.17-2×MurA251.3×179.17×9
BNC=MurA×45
MNC=FNC+BNC
式中:FNC、BNC和MNC分别为真菌残体碳、细菌残体碳和微生物残体碳含量,mg/g;GlcN和MurA分别为氨基葡萄糖和胞壁酸含量,mg/g;179.17和251.3分别为氨基葡萄糖和胞壁酸的相对分子质量;9和45为残体碳转换系数。
所有统计分析和可视化均使用SPSS 26、Origin和R (版本4.3.2)软件进行。采用双因素方差分析确定固定因子土层深度(苔藓结皮层、结皮下层)和石漠化等级(无、轻度、中度、重度)及其交互作用对作为响应变量的各项土壤性质的影响。通过Kruskal-Wallis检验和Duncan检验(以p<0.05为统计学显著性差异标准)分析不同退化程度及不同土层深度下BNC、FNC和MNC储量及其对SOC的贡献,并使用直方图和线性回归进行可视化。基于细菌和真菌ASV水平的Bray-Curtis距离矩阵,采用非度量多维尺度分析(non-metric multidimen-sional scaling,NMDS)表征不同石漠化等级和土层间微生物群落结构差异。采用Shannon指数表征微生物多样性,通过线性回归模型探究MNC与微生物多样性的关系,结合随机森林模型筛选对BNC和FNC储量影响最大的微生物门类。使用Mantel r相关性分析微生物残体碳与土壤理化性质、Shannon指数和微生物生活史策略间的关联。
本研究发现,土层深度和石漠化不同退化程度及其交互作用显著影响土壤理化性质及微生物生物量(表2、表3)。总体来看,pH、SOC、TN、TP、MBC、MBN、MBP在不同退化程度和土层深度间均存在显著差异(p<0.05)。随着退化程度的加剧,SOC、TN、MBC、MBN含量整体呈显著增加趋势,其中SD阶段达到最高值。在结皮层中,SOC、TN分别由26.32、1.69 g/kg增加至68.98、7.70 g/kg,MBC、MBN分别由544.40、50.28 mg/kg增加至1 629.93、239.68 mg/kg;在结皮下层中,SOC、TN、MBC、MBN也表现出类似变化趋势。相比之下,TP含量变化幅度较小,但在重度退化阶段仍显著高于其他阶段。MBP总体呈增加趋势,但在不同退化阶段间存在一定波动,其中轻度退化阶段达到较高水平。土壤pH整体呈弱碱性,随退化程度变化表现为先升高后下降趋势。
不同土层深度中,结皮层的SOC、TN、TP、MBC、MBN和MBP含量均显著高于结皮下层(p<0.05),结皮层的含量分别高出结皮下层19.13%、29.61%、10.45%、97.47%、97.08%、36.21%,表现出明显的富集特征。
石漠化不同退化程度和土壤不同深度及其交互作用对BNC、FNC、MNC储量及其占SOC的比例均具有极显著的影响(p<0.001)(图1)。总体上,在苔藓结皮的作用下,BNC、FNC和MNC储量随石漠化程度加重呈增加趋势,且多数处理下结皮层均高于结皮下层。
微生物残体碳占SOC的比例对石漠化等级和土层深度的响应存在明显差异(p<0.001)(图1)。FNC对SOC的贡献高于BNC,除ND外,其他退化程度中残体碳对SOC的贡献基本表现为结皮层高于结皮下层,而FNC对SOC的贡献在MD和SD的不同土层深度无显著差异。SOC随BNC、FNC和MNC的增加而增加(p<0.05)(图2),且SOC与FNC(R²=0.98)的相关性高于BNC(R²=0.78)。
石漠化不同退化程度和土壤不同深度及其交互作用显著影响微生物多样性(p<0.05)(图3)。从细菌群落来看,结皮层的ACE指数、Chao1指数、Shannon指数均无显著差异但变化趋势相同,而结皮下层都表现为SD最高,ND最低。Simpson指数无论在结皮层还是结皮下层都是ND最高。从真菌群落来看,结皮层的ACE指数、Chao1指数、Shannon指数是ND最高、SD最低,结皮下层则表现为先增后减而后再增加趋势。在真菌与细菌的对比中,细菌群落的ACE指数、Shannon指数与Chao1指数均显著高于真菌群落。基于NMDS排序和PERMANOVA分析(图4),真菌和细菌群落结构在不同土层深度及石漠化不同退化程度间存在显著差异。总体上,细菌群落对土层深度响应更强,真菌群落对石漠化等级变化响应更明显。
通过对细菌和真菌门水平物种的相对丰度进行分析(图5),在细菌群落中,主要门类有酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota)、变形菌门(Pseudomonadota)、浮霉菌门(Planctomyce-tota)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexota)等,不同土层间的门水平物种组成无显著差异。在真菌群落中,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)占据主导地位,占整个真菌群落的80%~95%。在结皮下层的真菌群落中,随着退化程度的增加,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)逐渐增加,担子菌门(Basidiomycota)逐渐减少。
根据细菌和真菌群落的生活史策略分类(表4),K/R策略微生物相对丰度受土层深度和石漠化不同退化程度的影响(图6)。结果表明,K策略和R策略细菌和真菌的平均占比分别为65.31%、23.84%、37.46%、49.41%。细菌群落中,K策略细菌相对丰度显著高于R策略细菌,且随石漠化程度加深总体升高,在MD阶段达到较高水平,R策略细菌则总体下降。真菌群落中,K策略真菌在ND和LD阶段中占比较高,在MD和SD阶段中明显下降,而R策略真菌表现出相反趋势,说明随着石漠化程度的加深,真菌群落由K策略偏向逐渐转为R策略偏向。
通过Shannon指数与微生物残体碳的相关性分析(图7)表明,在结皮下层土壤中,土壤细菌Shannon指数与BNC呈显著相关(p<0.05),但在结皮层土壤中无相关性(p>0.05),而土壤真菌Shannon指数与FNC的相关性则与细菌相反,在结皮层显著相关(p<0.05),结皮下层无相关性(p>0.05)。
采用随机森林模型探讨不同土层深度下影响FNC和BNC的微生物门类(图7)。在结皮层中,对BNC具有显著性影响的是酸杆菌门(Acidobac-teriota)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadota)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteriota)、黏球菌门(Myxococcota);对FNC有显著性影响的是毛霉门(Mucoromycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、球囊菌门(Glomeromycota)。在结皮下层中,酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、奇古菌门(Methylomirabilota)、装甲菌门(Armatimonadota)、变形菌门(Pseudomonadota)对BNC影响显著;担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和子囊菌门(Ascomycota)对FNC影响显著。
Mantel检验分析土壤MNC与土壤理化性质、微生物多样性和生活史策略间的相关性(图8)。结果表明,在结皮层,pH、SOC、TN、TP、MBC、MBN、MBP、FS、K策略细菌、R策略细菌与MNC呈显著相关。在结皮下层,MNC与pH、SOC、TN、TP、MBC、MBN、MBP、BS、R策略细菌、K策略真菌、R策略真菌呈显著相关。
随着石漠化加剧,土壤SOC、TN、MBC和MBN总体呈上升趋势,且结皮层含量显著高于结皮下层,与以往研究[26-27]中荒漠化加剧通常伴随土壤养分下降的认识有所不同。造成该现象的原因可能与喀斯特地区特殊的岩土界面过程及苔藓结皮的生态功能有关。一方面,尽管石漠化的加剧可能导致土壤有机质流失,但在喀斯特环境下,随着基岩和次生土壤的不断暴露,岩石风化、降雨淋洗及岩面流过程可能增强养分在岩土界面的再分配,促使氮、磷等元素在土壤裂缝和细小残留层中逐渐积累,从而表现出TN和TP随石漠化程度加剧而升高的趋势[28];另一方面,地表裸露程度增加和植被郁闭度下降为苔藓结皮提供更适宜的发育空间。苔藓结皮不仅能够通过光合作用增加有机质输入,还可通过其生物膜和胞外多糖分泌物拦截细颗粒和有机碎屑,促进表层养分滞留与积累,从而提高土壤养分有效性[29]。结皮层中SOC、TN、MBC和MBN显著高于结皮下层,也进一步印证苔藓结皮对表层土壤具有明显的养分富集作用。
本研究发现,BNC、FNC和MNC储量总体上随石漠化程度加剧而呈增加趋势,且在多数情况下结皮层含量高于结皮下层,表明苔藓结皮覆盖下的微环境有利于微生物残体碳积累。一方面,苔藓结皮可以增强土壤有机底物输入、养分滞留和微生物活性,促进微生物生长、死亡和残体周转,进而提升残体碳的形成潜力[12];另一方面,结皮层中较高的SOC、TN和微生物生物量为残体碳的形成提供物质基础[30],因此表层呈现更为明显的残体碳富集特征。
FNC对SOC的贡献整体高于BNC,说明真菌残体在喀斯特地区土壤稳定性有机碳形成中发挥更重要作用。与真菌菌丝结构复杂、含有较高浓度的黑色素、细胞壁中几丁质等组分相对更难分解、残体更容易与土壤矿物颗粒和团聚体结合有关[31]。尤其在苔藓结皮覆盖条件下,真菌菌丝通过分泌胞外聚合物等物质,在表层土壤中形成更稳定的物理缠结和空间占据,从而促进残体的保存[32]。SOC与BNC、FNC和MNC均呈显著正相关,且与FNC的相关性更高,也进一步说明真菌残体在土壤有机碳固持中的作用更为突出。
石漠化退化程度和土层深度共同影响土壤微生物多样性和群落组成,但细菌和真菌的响应模式并不一致。细菌群落的α多样性在结皮层整体波动较小,而在结皮下层变化更明显,NMDS结果也表明,细菌群落对土层深度更敏感,可能是由于苔藓结皮对表层土壤具有较强的缓冲作用,可稳定表层水热和养分条件,从而减弱细菌群落α多样性随退化程度变化而发生较大的波动。结皮下层受渗滤、氧扩散、根系输入及养分垂直迁移等影响更大,微环境异质性更强,而细菌对水分变化通常比真菌更敏感,因此,其群落组成和多样性对土层深度变化表现出更明显的响应[33-34]。相比之下,真菌群落对石漠化退化程度的变化更为敏感。在门水平上,子囊菌门(Ascomy-cota)相对丰度随石漠化程度加剧而增加,而担子菌门(Basidiomycota)则呈下降趋势,表明真菌群落的优势类群发生更替。子囊菌门耐逆性较强,通常对干扰和环境胁迫具有更强的适应能力[35],而担子菌门相对更依赖稳定的底物条件和较完整的植物源碳输入[36]。因此,随着石漠化程度加剧,真菌群落呈现由担子菌门向子囊菌门优势类群转变的趋势。真菌Shannon指数在不同石漠化程度间的波动幅度大于细菌,也说明真菌群落结构对石漠化演替更为敏感。
微生物生活史策略分析进一步揭示微生物群落适应机制的差异。在细菌群落中,K策略类群占比高于R策略类群,且该比例随石漠化程度加剧而升高。表明随着石漠化程度加剧,环境筛选作用不断增强,细菌群落逐渐向耐贫瘠、耐逆境和高资源利用效率的方向转变[37]。在苔藓结皮覆盖土壤中,随着石漠化程度加剧,细菌群落中生长较慢、耐受低养分与环境波动的K策略类群逐渐占据优势,而依赖快速资源获取与繁殖的R策略类群则相对减少。尽管苔藓结皮能在一定程度上维持土壤养分积累,但石漠化加剧所导致的整体环境胁迫与异质性仍然较强,进而驱动细菌群落向更加稳定和保守的生存策略进行调整[38]。真菌群落则表现出相反趋势,即K策略真菌下降而R策略真菌上升,说明真菌群落可能更倾向于采取快速定殖和快速周转的策略,以应对石漠化加剧引发的环境波动[39]。进一步表明,在喀斯特石漠化生境中细菌与真菌展现出不同的生态适应策略。
微生物残体碳形成受土壤养分条件、微生物活性、群落内多样性、关键类群组成及生活史策略等共同调控。相关性分析表明,BNC与细菌Shannon指数仅在结皮下层呈显著正相关,说明相对稳定的结皮下层环境为细菌群落提供持续的资源分化与生态位互补条件,不同细菌物种可占据差异化生态位,从而提高底物利用的互补性和群落周转效率,以及促进细菌残体碳的积累,与前人[40]研究结果一致。结皮层中FNC与真菌Shannon指数呈显著负相关,表明结皮层FNC的积累并非依赖于真菌总体多样性的提升,而更可能与群落组成及特定优势类群的调控有关[35]。结合随机森林分析结果来看,结皮层中对FNC贡献较大的真菌门类主要包括毛霉菌门(Mucoromycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和子囊菌门(Ascomycota),表明特定真菌优势类群对FNC的变化具有较强的解释力。研究结果还显示,对于细菌群落来说,酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)是解释BNC变化的主要细菌类群。对于真菌群落而言,结皮层中毛霉门(Mucoromycota)对FNC的解释贡献较高,结皮下层中则以担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和子囊菌门(Ascomycota)贡献最大。显著影响FNC和BNC的微生物门类均为可识别的优势微生物群落,表明相对丰度较高的优势微生物在喀斯特地区的微生物残体碳固存中发挥着关键作用。该发现与内陆湿地土壤[41]和亚热带森林土壤[42]的报道结果一致。因此,从长期发展来看,优势微生物驱动的土壤碳动态对喀斯特生态系统具有积极影响。
Mantel分析显示,无论是结皮层还是结皮下层,MNC均与pH、SOC、TN、TP、MBC、MBN和MBP显著相关,表明微生物残体碳积累还受土壤养分供给和微生物活性共同控制。同时,结皮层MNC主要与细菌生活史策略相关,而结皮下层则主要与真菌生活史策略相关,此差异与真菌和细菌自身资源利用特征的不同密切相关。结皮层土壤是苔藓结皮直接作用对象,最先接收结皮提供的新鲜有机底物和养分输入,对该类新鲜、易利用、更新快的资源,细菌通常比真菌响应更快[43]。相比之下,结皮下层接收的是表层输入和重分配后的资源,资源浓度较低且空间异质性更强。在此环境下,真菌能够凭借其菌丝网络探索、复杂底物降解和持续定殖等优势来发挥主导作用[44]。相关研究[15]还指出,细菌更擅长利用简单有机化合物,以快速吸收不稳定的碳和能量资源为特征。而真菌在利用复杂化合物方面更具优势,能有效地利用更难降解的碳源,因此,下层MNC更可能受到真菌生活史策略的调控。
1)随着石漠化退化程度的加剧,苔藓结皮覆盖土壤具有明显的表层养分富集效应,并伴随微生物群落的差异化响应。结皮层土壤中SOC、TN、TP、MBC、MBN和MBP均显著高于结皮下层,说明苔藓结皮能够通过改善表层微环境、增强有机底物输入和养分滞留等方式,在退化环境中促进表层养分积累和微生物活性。与此同时,细菌群落对土层深度变化更为敏感,而真菌群落对石漠化程度变化的响应更为显著。在生活史策略方面,细菌群落总体表现为K策略占优并随石漠化程度加深而升高,真菌群落则表现为由K策略向R策略偏移的趋势。
2)随着石漠化退化程度加深,苔藓结皮覆盖土壤中BNC、FNC和MNC总体呈增加趋势,且多数情况下结皮层含量高于结皮下层,表明苔藓结皮有利于微生物残体碳积累。FNC对土壤SOC的贡献整体高于BNC,且与土壤SOC的相关性更强,说明FNC在喀斯特石漠化区土壤有机碳固持中的作用更为突出。
3)微生物残体形成受土壤养分供给、微生物活性、群落组成、多样性及生活史策略等因素共同调控,且具有土层分异特征。结皮层中,MNC主要与细菌生活史策略相关;结皮下层中,则主要与真菌生活史策略相关,说明苔藓结皮覆盖土壤中不同土层的微生物残体碳形成机制并不一致。上述结果可为阐明喀斯特石漠化区土壤碳库形成机制及指导生态恢复提供理论依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(31760175)
  • 云南省农业基础研究联合专项(202501BD070001-090)
  • 水土保持与荒漠化防治一流学科建设项目(SBK20240042)
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2026年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.034
  • 接收时间:2026-04-07
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2026-04-07
  • 修回日期:2026-05-21
  • 录用日期:2026-06-02
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(31760175)
云南省农业基础研究联合专项(202501BD070001-090)
水土保持与荒漠化防治一流学科建设项目(SBK20240042)
作者信息
    1.西南林业大学水土保持学院,昆明 650224
    2.云南省山地农村生态环境演变与污染治理重点实验室,昆明 650224
    3.国家林业和草原局云南沾益岩溶生态系统定位观测研究站,云南 曲靖 655500

通讯作者:

李伟(1978—),男,博士,教授,主要从事石漠化区域生物多样性,生态系统功能研究。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/stbcxb/CN/10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.034
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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