Article(id=1312009777706786836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1764777600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-04, revisedDate=1772553600000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-04, acceptedDate=1773936000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-20, onlineDate=1790737106967, onlineDateStr=2026-09-30, pubDate=1787846400000, pubDateStr=2026-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1790737106967, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1790737106967, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1790737106967, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1312009474789958403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='488', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787846400000', pubDateStr='2026-08-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1790737034746, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1790739471092, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1312019693662204414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, issueId=1312009474789958403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=396, endPage=409, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1312009777908113429, articleId=1312009777706786836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=EN, title=Impact of Combined Film Mulching and Soil Amendments on Soil Quality in Rainfed Farmland of Northwest China, columnId=1312009521782944626, journalTitle=Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, columnName=Technical Method, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective This study aims to investigate the interactive effects of plastic film mulching and combined soil amendments on the soil quality index (SQI) and maize yield, in order to achieve the synergistic improvement of soil quality and maize yield in the dryland farming systems of Northwest China. Methods A three-factor randomized block design was adopted, including two mulching methods: no mulching (M0) and black plastic film mulching (M1), two application rates of water-retaining agent (W0: 0 kg/hm2; W1: 45 kg/hm2), and three application rates of biochar (B0: 0 t/hm2; B15: 15 t/hm2; B30: 30 t/hm2). The effects of different treatment combinations on soil physicochemical properties, SQI, and maize yield were compared. Results 1) Both mulching and amendments improved soil physical structure. The W1B30 treatment reduced the bulk density in the 0-40 cm soil layer by an average of 4.29% and increased porosity, field water capacity, and saturated water content. Mulching provided a more stable hydrothermal background for the amendments to function, resulting in more pronounced improvements in surface structure and water-holding capacity. 2) The improvement in soil chemical properties was mainly attributed to biochar. In the 0-20 cm soil layer, soil organic carbon (SOC) in the W1B30 treatment increased by 23.73% compared to the control, while available phosphorus and available potassium increased by 22.66% and 9.86%, respectively. The extent of improvement in SOC and nutrient availability by amendments differed under different mulching conditions, indicating that mulching methods regulated the response of C and N accumulation and available nutrients to amendments. 3) The combined application of plastic film mulching and amendments jointly promoted maize yield, and the yield was more sensitive to mulching×amendment interactions. Under the no mulching condition, W1B30 increased yield by 19.25%, while with mulching, W1B15 increased yield by 18.61%. SQI showed a significant positive correlation with yield (R2 =0.67), and the SQI of the W1B30 treatment increased by 138.95%. Conclusion Plastic film mulching significantly increases maize yield. The combined application of amendments markedly improves the physical structure of dryland farmland soil, enhances water and nutrient retention, thereby increasing soil fertility and achieving synchronous improvement of soil quality and yield. This study provides a basis for optimizing mulching management and amendment application in dryland regions, and for advancing sustainable production with reduced or no plastic film.

, authors=Changjian Li1, 2, Shunling Yan3, Hongmei Guo4, Qilin Wan3, Xuantao Zhang3, Pengtao Du1, Songhao Wang3, Xiaodong Gao1, 2, Xining Zhao1, 2, authorsList=Changjian Li, Shunling Yan, Hongmei Guo, Qilin Wan, Xuantao Zhang, Pengtao Du, Songhao Wang, Xiaodong Gao, Xining Zhao, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xining Zhao, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1312009781230002214, articleId=1312009777706786836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, language=CN, title=覆膜与改良剂复配对西北旱作农田土壤质量的影响, columnId=1312009522378535796, journalTitle=水土保持学报, columnName=技术方法, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 为实现西北旱作农田耕地质量和玉米产量的协同提升,探明地膜覆盖与改良剂复配的交互作用对西北地区旱作农田土壤质量指数(SQI)及玉米产量的综合调控效应。 方法 采用三因素随机区组试验,设置无覆盖(M0)、黑色地膜覆盖(M1)2种覆盖方式,设置0(W0)、45 kg/hm2(W1)2个保水剂施用水平和0(B0)、15(B15)、30 t/hm2(B30)3个生物炭添加量,比较不同组合对土壤理化性质、SQI及玉米产量的影响。 结果 1)覆膜与改良剂均可改善土壤物理结构,其中W1B30处理使0~40 cm土层土壤体积质量平均降低4.29%,孔隙度、田间持水量及饱和含水量显著提高;覆膜为改良剂发挥作用提供更稳定的水热环境,使表层土壤结构与持水性能改善更为明显。2)土壤化学性质提升以生物炭贡献为主,W1B30处理0~20 cm土层有机碳(SOC)较对照增加23.73%,有效磷、速效钾分别提高22.66%、9.86%;不同覆盖条件下,改良剂对SOC、养分有效性的提升幅度存在差异,表明覆盖方式影响改良剂对碳氮积累与速效养分的响应。3)地膜覆盖与改良剂复配共同促进玉米增产,且产量对地膜覆盖×改良剂的交互响应更为敏感,无覆盖条件下W1B30增产19.25%,覆膜条件下W1B15增产18.61%。SQI与产量呈显著正相关(R2=0.67),W1B30处理SQI提高138.95%。 结论 地膜覆盖显著提升玉米产量,改良剂复配显著改善旱作农田土壤物理结构,增强持水保肥能力,进而提升土壤肥力,实现土壤质量与产量的同步提升,为旱作区优化覆膜管理与改良剂配施、推进减膜/无膜的可持续生产提供理论依据。

, authors=李昌见1, 2, 闫顺领3, 郭红梅4, 万奇霖3, 张煊淘3, 杜彭涛1, 王宋浩3, 高晓东1, 2, 赵西宁1, 2, authorsList=李昌见, 闫顺领, 郭红梅, 万奇霖, 张煊淘, 杜彭涛, 王宋浩, 高晓东, 赵西宁, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=赵西宁, authorNote=

李昌见(1987—),男,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事农田生态环境修复研究。E-mial:

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赵西宁(1976—),男,博士,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事雨水资源化利用研究。E-mail:
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李昌见(1987—),男,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事农田生态环境修复研究。E-mial:

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Effect of soil water-retaining agent on water use efficiency and economic benefit of pigment pepper[J].Bulletin of Agricultural Science and Technology,2025(12):87-92., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1312009787722784903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, awardId=2021YFD1900700, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1900700), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1312009787789893768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, awardId=52209069, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目(52209069), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1312009787852808329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, awardId=2024NC-ZDCYL-02-04, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024NC-ZDCYL-02-04), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1312009781464883239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009781473271848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, companyId=1312009781464883239, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering (Institute of Soil and Water Conservation),Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009781481660457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, companyId=1312009781464883239, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.西北农林科技大学水土保持科学与工程学院(水土保持研究所),陕西 杨凌 712100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1312009781548769322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009781561352235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, companyId=1312009781548769322, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.State Key Laboratory of Soil and Water;Conservation and Desertification Control,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009781569740844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, companyId=1312009781548769322, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.水土保持与荒漠化整治;全国重点实验室,陕西 杨凌 712100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1312009781628461101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009781641044014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, companyId=1312009781628461101, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.College of Water Resources and;Architectural Engineering,Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009781649432623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, companyId=1312009781628461101, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.西北农林科技大学水利与建筑工程学院,陕西 杨凌 712100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1312009781712347184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009781720735793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, companyId=1312009781712347184, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.Qingdao Seawin Biotech Group Co. ,Ltd. ,Qingdao,Shandong 266000,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1312009781729124402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, companyId=1312009781712347184, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.青岛海大生物集团股份有限公司,山东 青岛 266000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1312009785898262639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of different treatments on mechanically-stable and water-stable soil aggregates, figureFileSmall=U/v55E1r9H+Ksut5W7BplQ==, figureFileBig=ajVo8YNaoy8TlaF2iWiMWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009785977954416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同处理对机械稳定性和水稳定性团聚体的影响

注:图柱为平均值(n=3);图柱上方不同小写字母表示同一年同一土层中不同处理间差异显著(p<0.05)。下同。

, figureFileSmall=U/v55E1r9H+Ksut5W7BplQ==, figureFileBig=ajVo8YNaoy8TlaF2iWiMWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009786158309489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of different treatments on soil pH, figureFileSmall=Hc8BpmbVuUim818YWCZT8w==, figureFileBig=1fr4YkMz5i+63jtknYFkBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009786217029746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同处理对土壤pH的影响, figureFileSmall=Hc8BpmbVuUim818YWCZT8w==, figureFileBig=1fr4YkMz5i+63jtknYFkBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009786279944307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different treatments on soil organic carbon content, figureFileSmall=xHCFgjcDArPkUuCm/DckCQ==, figureFileBig=bG3zimDRDZmrSnkkH6TuUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009786342858868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同处理对土壤有机碳质量分数的影响, figureFileSmall=xHCFgjcDArPkUuCm/DckCQ==, figureFileBig=bG3zimDRDZmrSnkkH6TuUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009786422550645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of different treatments on soil total nitrogen content, figureFileSmall=3oUyM0cobl3jQIjK6QEyyQ==, figureFileBig=UG4dj8poPeMl96NhF8LQnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009786489659510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同处理对土壤全氮质量分数的影响, figureFileSmall=3oUyM0cobl3jQIjK6QEyyQ==, figureFileBig=UG4dj8poPeMl96NhF8LQnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009786552574071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Effects of different treatments on soil available phosphorus content, figureFileSmall=Kb+20lycozOREjUGUAmyVg==, figureFileBig=okNEthCda0TLRQi8xCxZDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009786619682936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同处理对土壤有效磷质量分数的影响, figureFileSmall=Kb+20lycozOREjUGUAmyVg==, figureFileBig=okNEthCda0TLRQi8xCxZDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009786674208889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effects of different treatments on soil available potassium content, figureFileSmall=pl815ek6nsiagJ6kU7wUcw==, figureFileBig=miOzHvhkB/gwdaVBrOVzzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009786745512058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同处理对土壤速效钾质量分数的影响, figureFileSmall=pl815ek6nsiagJ6kU7wUcw==, figureFileBig=miOzHvhkB/gwdaVBrOVzzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009786812620923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effects of different treatments on soil quality index, figureFileSmall=2O4Kh5OrMGm1De0+ahFdzw==, figureFileBig=Nt9jy1GHqXZaqKssWuUkXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009786900701308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同处理对土壤质量指数的影响, figureFileSmall=2O4Kh5OrMGm1De0+ahFdzw==, figureFileBig=Nt9jy1GHqXZaqKssWuUkXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009786972004477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Regression analysis between soil quality index and crop yield, figureFileSmall=XUYnk8FpUaP4Vf92j7B1WQ==, figureFileBig=amthUQa5qLZBqu8liidnfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009787051696254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, language=CN, label=图8, caption=土壤质量指数和作物产量的回归分析, figureFileSmall=XUYnk8FpUaP4Vf92j7B1WQ==, figureFileBig=amthUQa5qLZBqu8liidnfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1312009787114610815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Effects of different treatments on bulk density, total porosity and water-holding capacity in 0-20 cm soil layer and their significance levels

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处理土壤体积质量/(g·cm-3)总孔隙度/%饱和含水量/%田间持水量/%
2023年2024年2023年2024年2023年2024年2023年2024年
M0W0B01.38a1.36a47.75d48.71e33.23e34.89c26.70d27.41d
M0W0B151.35abc1.33abcd48.92bcd49.68bcde33.23 e36.31bc28.99bcd28.28bcd
M0W0B301.34bcd1.31de49.42abc50.39ab35.74d38.93abc29.51abc30.00abcd
M0W1B01.37ab1.34abc48.33cd49.28cde32.51e36.37bc27.42cd27.60cd
M0W1B151.35abc1.32cde48.92bcd50.12abc35.90cd38.22abc29.42abc30.95abc
M0W1B301.32cd1.31de50.02ab50.62ab36.15bcd39.66ab30.32ab31.15ab
M1W0B01.36ab1.35ab48.50cd49.03de36.29bcd38.35abc27.10cd28.05bcd
M1W0B151.34bcd1.33bcd49.28abc49.84bcd37.17abcd39.54ab30.88ab29.63abcd
M1W0B301.34bcd1.30e49.44abc50.92a37.86ab40.78a31.82a30.74abcd
M1W1B01.35bc1.32cde49.09bc50.08abc36.16bcd38.77abc28.97bcd29.90abcd
M1W1B151.33de1.31de49.76ab50.56ab37.70abc39.11abc30.99ab31.07abc
M1W1B301.31d1.30e50.47a51.03a38.38a40.69a31.19ab32.18a
M**********ns
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), ArticleFig(id=1312009787185913984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同处理对0~20 cm土层土壤体积质量、总孔隙度及持水性能的影响

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处理土壤体积质量/(g·cm-3)总孔隙度/%饱和含水量/%田间持水量/%
2023年2024年2023年2024年2023年2024年2023年2024年
M0W0B01.38a1.36a47.75d48.71e33.23e34.89c26.70d27.41d
M0W0B151.35abc1.33abcd48.92bcd49.68bcde33.23 e36.31bc28.99bcd28.28bcd
M0W0B301.34bcd1.31de49.42abc50.39ab35.74d38.93abc29.51abc30.00abcd
M0W1B01.37ab1.34abc48.33cd49.28cde32.51e36.37bc27.42cd27.60cd
M0W1B151.35abc1.32cde48.92bcd50.12abc35.90cd38.22abc29.42abc30.95abc
M0W1B301.32cd1.31de50.02ab50.62ab36.15bcd39.66ab30.32ab31.15ab
M1W0B01.36ab1.35ab48.50cd49.03de36.29bcd38.35abc27.10cd28.05bcd
M1W0B151.34bcd1.33bcd49.28abc49.84bcd37.17abcd39.54ab30.88ab29.63abcd
M1W0B301.34bcd1.30e49.44abc50.92a37.86ab40.78a31.82a30.74abcd
M1W1B01.35bc1.32cde49.09bc50.08abc36.16bcd38.77abc28.97bcd29.90abcd
M1W1B151.33de1.31de49.76ab50.56ab37.70abc39.11abc30.99ab31.07abc
M1W1B301.31d1.30e50.47a51.03a38.38a40.69a31.19ab32.18a
M**********ns
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), ArticleFig(id=1312009787261411457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of different treatments on bulk density, total porosity and water-holding capacity in 20-40 cm soil layer and their significance levels

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处理土壤体积质量/(g·cm-3)总孔隙度/%饱和含水量/%田间持水量/%
2023年2024年2023年2024年2023年2024年2023年2024年
M0W0B01.44a1.41a45.84d46.63e30.32e32.96cd25.56e25.90d
M0W0B151.42ab1.38cd46.45cd48.05bc31.13de34.34bcd25.75de27.55bcd
M0W0B301.39bcd1.35e47.53abc49.02a32.22de35.48abcd26.91cd28.98abc
M0W1B01.42ab1.40ab46.42cd47.18de31.45de32.84d25.42e26.73cd
M0W1B151.39bcd1.38cd47.55abc48.02bc32.08de34.69abcd27.19c28.61abcd
M0W1B301.37cd1.35e48.31ab48.92a33.11d34.28bcd28.07c29.51abc
M1W0B01.4abc1.39bc47.08bcd47.41cd36.83bc34.81abcd30.08b27.09bcd
M1W0B151.38cd1.36de48.04abc48.63ab35.51c37.58ab30.54ab29.14abc
M1W0B301.36d1.35e48.77a49.12a37.84b36.52abc30.74ab29.78ab
M1W1B01.39bcd1.38bcd47.55abc47.93bcd38.05b36.13abcd30.86ab27.56bcd
M1W1B151.37cd1.37de48.24ab48.42ab38.62b37.81ab31.70a29.97ab
M1W1B301.36d1.35e48.84a48.98a40.80a38.07a31.85a30.76a
M***************
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), ArticleFig(id=1312009787332714626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同处理对20~40 cm土层土壤体积质量、总孔隙度及持水性能的影响

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处理土壤体积质量/(g·cm-3)总孔隙度/%饱和含水量/%田间持水量/%
2023年2024年2023年2024年2023年2024年2023年2024年
M0W0B01.44a1.41a45.84d46.63e30.32e32.96cd25.56e25.90d
M0W0B151.42ab1.38cd46.45cd48.05bc31.13de34.34bcd25.75de27.55bcd
M0W0B301.39bcd1.35e47.53abc49.02a32.22de35.48abcd26.91cd28.98abc
M0W1B01.42ab1.40ab46.42cd47.18de31.45de32.84d25.42e26.73cd
M0W1B151.39bcd1.38cd47.55abc48.02bc32.08de34.69abcd27.19c28.61abcd
M0W1B301.37cd1.35e48.31ab48.92a33.11d34.28bcd28.07c29.51abc
M1W0B01.4abc1.39bc47.08bcd47.41cd36.83bc34.81abcd30.08b27.09bcd
M1W0B151.38cd1.36de48.04abc48.63ab35.51c37.58ab30.54ab29.14abc
M1W0B301.36d1.35e48.77a49.12a37.84b36.52abc30.74ab29.78ab
M1W1B01.39bcd1.38bcd47.55abc47.93bcd38.05b36.13abcd30.86ab27.56bcd
M1W1B151.37cd1.37de48.24ab48.42ab38.62b37.81ab31.70a29.97ab
M1W1B301.36d1.35e48.84a48.98a40.80a38.07a31.85a30.76a
M***************
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B***************
M×Wnsnsnsnsnsnsnsns
M×Bnsnsnsnsnsnsnsns
W×Bnsnsnsnsnsnsnsns
M×W×Bnsnsnsnsnsnsnsns
), ArticleFig(id=1312009787408212099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Effects of different treatments on soil aggregate stability

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处理平均重量直径(MWD)/mm几何平均直径(GMD)/mm
2023年2024年2023年2024年
0~20 cm20~40 cm0~20 cm20~40 cm0~20 cm20~40 cm0~20 cm20~40 cm
M0W0B00.64e0.64c0.50d0.44c0.21d0.19d0.17d0.12c
M0W0B150.71abcd0.72ab0.56cd0.56abc0.23bcd0.22abcd0.18cd0.15ab
M0W0B300.66cde0.69abc0.54d0.51abc0.23cd0.20cd0.19cd0.13abc
M0W1B00.67bcde0.67bc0.62bc0.54abc0.23bcd0.21bcd0.20bc0.16ab
M0W1B150.75a0.75ab0.66ab0.62a0.25abc0.23abc0.22ab0.16ab
M0W1B300.73ab0.71ab0.64abc0.58ab0.25abcd0.22abcd0.21ab0.16ab
M1W0B00.66de0.63c0.54d0.49bc0.22cd0.20d0.18cd0.13bc
M1W0B150.72abc0.74ab0.70ab0.58ab0.25abcd0.24ab0.22ab0.17a
M1W0B300.71abcd0.73ab0.65ab0.56abc0.24abcd0.24ab0.21ab0.15ab
M1W1B00.70abcd0.74ab0.65ab0.56abc0.24abcd0.24ab0.21ab0.15ab
M1W1B150.76a0.76a0.72a0.63a0.28a0.25a0.23a0.16ab
M1W1B300.75a0.75ab0.69ab0.58ab0.26ab0.24ab0.22ab0.15ab
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), ArticleFig(id=1312009787483709572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1311385839672066169, articleId=1312009777706786836, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同处理对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

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处理平均重量直径(MWD)/mm几何平均直径(GMD)/mm
2023年2024年2023年2024年
0~20 cm20~40 cm0~20 cm20~40 cm0~20 cm20~40 cm0~20 cm20~40 cm
M0W0B00.64e0.64c0.50d0.44c0.21d0.19d0.17d0.12c
M0W0B150.71abcd0.72ab0.56cd0.56abc0.23bcd0.22abcd0.18cd0.15ab
M0W0B300.66cde0.69abc0.54d0.51abc0.23cd0.20cd0.19cd0.13abc
M0W1B00.67bcde0.67bc0.62bc0.54abc0.23bcd0.21bcd0.20bc0.16ab
M0W1B150.75a0.75ab0.66ab0.62a0.25abc0.23abc0.22ab0.16ab
M0W1B300.73ab0.71ab0.64abc0.58ab0.25abcd0.22abcd0.21ab0.16ab
M1W0B00.66de0.63c0.54d0.49bc0.22cd0.20d0.18cd0.13bc
M1W0B150.72abc0.74ab0.70ab0.58ab0.25abcd0.24ab0.22ab0.17a
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处理籽粒产量/(kg·hm-2)生物产量/(kg·hm-2)收获指数/%
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M0W0B09 344.18f10 697.60e23 072.87f26 243.97f40.48c40.76b
M0W0B1510 554.61de11 921.62cd24 352.53ef27 479.20def43.35abc43.37ab
M0W0B3010 376.61de11 560.40d25 150.07de26 957.30ef41.25c42.98ab
M0W1B010 149.55ef11 955.25cd24 031.47ef27 824.40def42.25bc43.10ab
M0W1B1510 867.68de12 145.01cd25 178.33de28 950.00bcde43.19abc43.11ab
M0W1B3011 385.66cd12 478.70bc26 466.27cd29 224.50bcd43.01abc41.58ab
M1W0B011 250.87cd12 271.24cd26 800.00c28 467.50cde42.17bc43.11b
M1W0B1513 330.65a13 715.30a29 099.60a30 267.07abc45.86ab45.33a
M1W0B3012 250.68bc13 237.71ab28 858.33ab29 448.77abcd42.49bc44.96a
M1W1B012 038.57bc13 569.37a27 543.13bc30 291.10abc43.69abc44.91a
M1W1B1513 818.77a14 037.63a29 365.87a31 530.53a47.11a44.53ab
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处理籽粒产量/(kg·hm-2)生物产量/(kg·hm-2)收获指数/%
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M0W1B1510 867.68de12 145.01cd25 178.33de28 950.00bcde43.19abc43.11ab
M0W1B3011 385.66cd12 478.70bc26 466.27cd29 224.50bcd43.01abc41.58ab
M1W0B011 250.87cd12 271.24cd26 800.00c28 467.50cde42.17bc43.11b
M1W0B1513 330.65a13 715.30a29 099.60a30 267.07abc45.86ab45.33a
M1W0B3012 250.68bc13 237.71ab28 858.33ab29 448.77abcd42.49bc44.96a
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M1W1B3012 873.96ab13 751.24a29 073.80a30 786.73ab44.29abc44.67a
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覆膜与改良剂复配对西北旱作农田土壤质量的影响
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李昌见 1, 2 , 闫顺领 3 , 郭红梅 4 , 万奇霖 3 , 张煊淘 3 , 杜彭涛 1 , 王宋浩 3 , 高晓东 1, 2 , 赵西宁 1, 2
水土保持学报 | 技术方法 2026,40(4): 396-409
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水土保持学报 |技术方法 2026 , 40 (4) : 396 -409
覆膜与改良剂复配对西北旱作农田土壤质量的影响
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李昌见1, 2 , 闫顺领3, 郭红梅4, 万奇霖3, 张煊淘3, 杜彭涛1, 王宋浩3, 高晓东1, 2, 赵西宁1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.西北农林科技大学水土保持科学与工程学院(水土保持研究所),陕西 杨凌 712100
  • 2.水土保持与荒漠化整治;全国重点实验室,陕西 杨凌 712100
  • 3.西北农林科技大学水利与建筑工程学院,陕西 杨凌 712100
  • 4.青岛海大生物集团股份有限公司,山东 青岛 266000
通讯作者:
赵西宁(1976—),男,博士,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事雨水资源化利用研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

李昌见(1987—),男,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事农田生态环境修复研究。E-mial:

Impact of Combined Film Mulching and Soil Amendments on Soil Quality in Rainfed Farmland of Northwest China
Changjian Li1, 2 , Shunling Yan3, Hongmei Guo4, Qilin Wan3, Xuantao Zhang3, Pengtao Du1, Songhao Wang3, Xiaodong Gao1, 2, Xining Zhao1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Soil and Water Conservation Science and Engineering (Institute of Soil and Water Conservation),Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Soil and Water;Conservation and Desertification Control,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China
  • 3.College of Water Resources and;Architectural Engineering,Northwest A&F University,Yangling,Shaanxi 712100,China
  • 4.Qingdao Seawin Biotech Group Co. ,Ltd. ,Qingdao,Shandong 266000,China
出版时间: 2026-08-28 doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.009
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目的 为实现西北旱作农田耕地质量和玉米产量的协同提升,探明地膜覆盖与改良剂复配的交互作用对西北地区旱作农田土壤质量指数(SQI)及玉米产量的综合调控效应。 方法 采用三因素随机区组试验,设置无覆盖(M0)、黑色地膜覆盖(M1)2种覆盖方式,设置0(W0)、45 kg/hm2(W1)2个保水剂施用水平和0(B0)、15(B15)、30 t/hm2(B30)3个生物炭添加量,比较不同组合对土壤理化性质、SQI及玉米产量的影响。 结果 1)覆膜与改良剂均可改善土壤物理结构,其中W1B30处理使0~40 cm土层土壤体积质量平均降低4.29%,孔隙度、田间持水量及饱和含水量显著提高;覆膜为改良剂发挥作用提供更稳定的水热环境,使表层土壤结构与持水性能改善更为明显。2)土壤化学性质提升以生物炭贡献为主,W1B30处理0~20 cm土层有机碳(SOC)较对照增加23.73%,有效磷、速效钾分别提高22.66%、9.86%;不同覆盖条件下,改良剂对SOC、养分有效性的提升幅度存在差异,表明覆盖方式影响改良剂对碳氮积累与速效养分的响应。3)地膜覆盖与改良剂复配共同促进玉米增产,且产量对地膜覆盖×改良剂的交互响应更为敏感,无覆盖条件下W1B30增产19.25%,覆膜条件下W1B15增产18.61%。SQI与产量呈显著正相关(R2=0.67),W1B30处理SQI提高138.95%。 结论 地膜覆盖显著提升玉米产量,改良剂复配显著改善旱作农田土壤物理结构,增强持水保肥能力,进而提升土壤肥力,实现土壤质量与产量的同步提升,为旱作区优化覆膜管理与改良剂配施、推进减膜/无膜的可持续生产提供理论依据。

改良剂复配  /  地膜覆盖  /  玉米产量  /  土壤质量指数

Objective This study aims to investigate the interactive effects of plastic film mulching and combined soil amendments on the soil quality index (SQI) and maize yield, in order to achieve the synergistic improvement of soil quality and maize yield in the dryland farming systems of Northwest China. Methods A three-factor randomized block design was adopted, including two mulching methods: no mulching (M0) and black plastic film mulching (M1), two application rates of water-retaining agent (W0: 0 kg/hm2; W1: 45 kg/hm2), and three application rates of biochar (B0: 0 t/hm2; B15: 15 t/hm2; B30: 30 t/hm2). The effects of different treatment combinations on soil physicochemical properties, SQI, and maize yield were compared. Results 1) Both mulching and amendments improved soil physical structure. The W1B30 treatment reduced the bulk density in the 0-40 cm soil layer by an average of 4.29% and increased porosity, field water capacity, and saturated water content. Mulching provided a more stable hydrothermal background for the amendments to function, resulting in more pronounced improvements in surface structure and water-holding capacity. 2) The improvement in soil chemical properties was mainly attributed to biochar. In the 0-20 cm soil layer, soil organic carbon (SOC) in the W1B30 treatment increased by 23.73% compared to the control, while available phosphorus and available potassium increased by 22.66% and 9.86%, respectively. The extent of improvement in SOC and nutrient availability by amendments differed under different mulching conditions, indicating that mulching methods regulated the response of C and N accumulation and available nutrients to amendments. 3) The combined application of plastic film mulching and amendments jointly promoted maize yield, and the yield was more sensitive to mulching×amendment interactions. Under the no mulching condition, W1B30 increased yield by 19.25%, while with mulching, W1B15 increased yield by 18.61%. SQI showed a significant positive correlation with yield (R2 =0.67), and the SQI of the W1B30 treatment increased by 138.95%. Conclusion Plastic film mulching significantly increases maize yield. The combined application of amendments markedly improves the physical structure of dryland farmland soil, enhances water and nutrient retention, thereby increasing soil fertility and achieving synchronous improvement of soil quality and yield. This study provides a basis for optimizing mulching management and amendment application in dryland regions, and for advancing sustainable production with reduced or no plastic film.

combined application of amendments  /  plastic film mulching  /  maize yield  /  soil quality index
李昌见, 闫顺领, 郭红梅, 万奇霖, 张煊淘, 杜彭涛, 王宋浩, 高晓东, 赵西宁. 覆膜与改良剂复配对西北旱作农田土壤质量的影响. 水土保持学报, 2026 , 40 (4) : 396 -409 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.009
Changjian Li, Shunling Yan, Hongmei Guo, Qilin Wan, Xuantao Zhang, Pengtao Du, Songhao Wang, Xiaodong Gao, Xining Zhao. Impact of Combined Film Mulching and Soil Amendments on Soil Quality in Rainfed Farmland of Northwest China[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2026 , 40 (4) : 396 -409 . DOI: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.009
旱作农业是我国农业生产体系的重要组成部分,特别是在水资源匮乏的西北地区,旱作农业的可持续生产力直接关系到国家粮食安全[1]。然而,长期以来的集约化耕作、不合理的水肥管理及气候变化的叠加效应,导致大量旱作农田出现土壤退化现象,包括耕层变薄、结构板结、有机质衰减、盐碱化及生物活性降低等突出问题[2-3]。西北旱作区耕地质量评价研究[4]表明,该区域土壤质量总体处于中、低等水平,主要障碍因素为有机质含量低、阳离子交换量低和耕作层浅薄等。在此背景下,如何有效改善旱作农田土壤质量,提升土壤生产力成为当前西北旱作农业可持续发展面临的关键问题。
地膜覆盖技术作为旱作农业的核心技术之一,通过改变土壤水热状况显著影响作物生长环境[5]。已有研究[6-7]表明,地膜覆盖可提高土壤温度、抑制水分蒸发、改善土壤物理性状、促进微生物活动和养分有效化。然而,单一覆膜技术难以全面解决土壤质量问题,甚至可能带来土壤通透性降低等新问题[8]。有研究[9-10]发现,覆膜条件阻碍土壤空气与外界气体的交换,导致土壤导气率降低。土壤改良剂的应用为改善土壤质量提供了另一条路径。改良剂通过改变土壤理化性质发挥积极作用,有机类改良剂可提升土壤有机质含量、改善团粒结构,矿物类改良剂可调节土壤孔隙状况和离子交换能力[11-12]。但是单一改良剂往往效果有限,尤其是在干旱缺水与土壤贫瘠问题交织并存的西北旱作农业区,改良剂的活性难以充分发挥。因此,改良剂复配施用是综合解决土壤质量问题的有效途径。相关研究[13-14]表明,合成土壤改良剂能够克服单一改良剂持续期短和成本高的问题,且具有更好的改良效果[15]。
地膜覆盖与改良剂复配应用,理论上可产生协同效应,覆膜营造有利于改良剂发挥作用的水热环境,而改良剂则可缓解覆膜可能带来的负面效应,共同促进土壤健康,具有广阔的应用前景,但目前关于地膜覆盖与改良剂协同机理的研究不够系统,特别是对土壤物理、化学和生物性质的综合影响机制尚不明确,缺乏对不同旱作区域适用性的综合评价体系。鉴于此,本研究以黄土高原旱作春玉米为农田对象,在多因素耦合体系下探究地膜覆盖技术与生物炭、保水剂等复配策略对区域土壤质量和作物生产力的综合调控效应。研究采用多因素大田定位试验,系统测定土壤理化性质、计算SQI及玉米产量等关键指标,并结合多元统计方法解析三因素交互作用及协同机制,旨在解析地膜、生物炭和保水剂复配对土壤质量提升及玉米增产的协同调控效应,为黄土高原旱作农田实现减膜/无膜的可持续生产提供技术支撑。
试验于中国科学院长武生态试验站(35°12′N,107°47′E)进行,该站位于陕西省咸阳市长武县境内。试验地处于西北内陆腹地,属典型的黄土高原沟壑区,是北方雨养旱作农业区的核心代表之一。试验地海拔约为1 200 m,气候类型为暖温带半湿润大陆性季风气候区。该区域多年平均降雨量为584.1 mm,降水时空分布极不均匀,且年平均蒸发量高达1 016.4 mm。年平均气温为10.1 ℃,无霜期171 d,年平均日照时间为2 230 h,日照率约为51%。供试土壤类型为黑垆土,该土壤在黄土高原沟壑区具有广泛的代表性,耕层土质均匀疏松,通透性良好。表层土壤pH为8.3,体积质量1.3 g/cm3,有机碳9.2 g/kg,全氮1.2 g/kg,有效磷14.9 mg/kg,速效钾187.6 mg/kg。
本研究采用三因素随机区组设计,包括覆盖方式(M)、保水剂(W)和生物炭(B),设置无覆盖(M0)和黑色地膜覆盖(M1)2个水平覆盖方式,0(W0)、45 kg/hm2(W1)2个保水剂用量,(B0)、15(B15)、30(B30)3个生物炭用量,共计12个处理,每处理3次重复,共36个小区,小区面积为30 m2,呈随机区组排列。试验于2023年和2024年玉米生长季开展(每年5月初播种,9月末收获)。供试作物为玉米(Zea mays L.),品种选用“先玉335”(Pioneer 335)。播种前将保水剂与生物炭按各处理设计用量充分混匀后,均匀撒施于对应小区,随后将各处理肥料与表层土通过旋地机耕翻混匀,耕翻深度25 cm。耕翻完成后立即进行人工覆膜(M1处理),并在玉米全生育期持续保持地膜覆盖状态,M0处理不覆膜。玉米播种深度为3~5 cm,采用等行距种植,行距50 cm,株距33.3 cm,种植密度为6万株/hm2。各小区四周设置0.5 m保护行以减少边界效应,并统一进行田间管理,以保证处理间除试验因素外的一致性。施肥量一致,氮肥(N)、磷肥(P2O5)、钾肥(K2O)施用量分别为225、90、45 kg/hm2(均于播种前一次性基施并随耕翻混入土层)。玉米在全生育期内保持雨养条件,整个生育期为138~143 d。选用山东华潍膨润土有限公司生产的“旱地宝”农业抗旱保水剂,纯水吸水倍数>400倍,标准盐水中吸水倍数>30倍,剂型为颗粒剂,主要成分为接枝共聚腐殖酸高吸水膨润土复合材料。供试生物炭pH为8.7,比表面积603 m2/g,总碳、灰分、氧含量、氧碳比、氢碳比分别为70.2%、13.0%、1.61%、0.2%、0.5%,多环芳烃5.2 mg/kg。
玉米收获期(2023年、2024年9月末)采用标准环刀法采集0~20、20~40 cm土层原状土样用于物理性质测定,每个土样取3次重复。其中,土壤体积质量采用105 ℃烘干法测定;总孔隙度基于土壤体积质量和土壤颗粒密度计算;田间持水量与饱和含水量采用环刀浸水法测得。土壤结构稳定性采用干湿筛法分级,并计算水稳定性团聚体的平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)。土壤化学指标于收获后进行取样,每个小区按“S”形或梅花式布点,在剔除地表残茬与杂物后,于小区内均匀取3个土钻点(避开田埂与边界范围),分层采集0~20、20~40 cm土样,充分混匀后去除杂物风干研磨过筛后备用。pH(0~20 cm)采用电位法(水土比2.5∶1)测定。土壤有机碳(SOC)采用重铬酸钾氧化外加热法测定;全氮(TN)采用凯氏定氮法测定;有效磷(AP)采用碳酸氢钠浸提-钼蓝比色法测定;速效钾(AK)采用乙酸铵浸提-火焰光度法测定。考虑到氮素的垂直迁移,硝态氮的取样深度扩展至0~100 cm,采用氯化钾溶液浸提后,利用AA3连续流动分析仪测定。各项土壤化学指标均参照《土壤农化分析》[16]进行测定。玉米成熟期在每个小区内避开边界行,选取中部连续2~4行作为测产区,按实测面积统计穗数与籽粒产量。籽粒脱粒后自然风干至恒重,按含水率折算至14%的标准含水率计算籽粒产量和收获指数(HI)。
HI=Y籽粒Y生物
式中:HI为收获指数;Y籽粒为籽粒产量;Y生物为生物产量。
采用线性评分函数将各项指标数据转化为0~1的标准化分数,评分函数根据指标对土壤质量的影响方向分为“越多越好”型(2)和“越少越好”型(3)[17]。
Si=xi-xminxmax-xmin
Si=xmax-xixmax-xmin
式中:Si 为线性指标得分(0~1);xi 为指标实测值;xmax为指标最大值;xmin为指标最小值。
土壤质量指数(SQI)采用加权求和模型计算,通过主成分分析(PCA)和公因子方差法确定0~20 cm土层14个土壤指标的权重值[18],利用公式(4)将各项指标的标准化分数累加,SQI值越高,表明土壤综合质量水平越好。
SQI=∑i=1nWiSi
式中:SQI为土壤质量指数;Wi 为第i项指标权重;Si 为第i项指标得分;n为指标数量,n=14。
数据采用Excel 2019软件进行整理和基础计算,统计分析在SPSS 27软件中完成。对土壤物理指标(体积质量、孔隙度、饱和含水量、田间持水量)、团聚体稳定性指标(各粒级比例、MWD、GMD等)、土壤化学指标(pH、SOC、TN、AP、AK及剖面硝态氮等)、作物性状与产量指标(籽粒产量、生物产量、收获指数)以及SQI进行三因素方差分析(ANOVA),检验覆盖方式(M)、保水剂(W)、生物炭(B)及其交互作用的显著性;当差异显著时,采用LSD法进行多重比较(p<0.05)。SQI采用加权求和模型计算,以0~20 cm土层14项土壤指标为分析对象,先进行标准化处理,再通过主成分分析(PCA)结合公因子方差确定各指标权重;并开展相关/回归分析评价SQI与产量的关系。图件绘制使用Origin 2022软件。
地膜覆盖条件下,生物炭及保水剂对0~40 cm土层土壤体积质量和孔隙度均产生显著影响(表1、表2)。0~20 cm土层,地膜覆盖对体积质量和孔隙度影响显著(p<0.05),生物炭和保水剂影响极显著(p<0.01);20~40 cm土层,地膜覆盖和生物炭效应极显著(p<0.01),但保水剂影响不显著(p>0.05)。三因素交互作用(M×W×B)对2层土壤体积质量和孔隙度影响均不显著(p>0.05)。不同处理间土壤体积质量差异明显。M0W0B0处理体积质量最大(1.37 g/cm3),M1W1B30处理体积质量最低(1.30 g/cm3),较对照降低5.1%(p<0.05)。方差分析表明,生物炭与保水剂的复配(W1B15、W1B30)在降低体积质量、提高孔隙度方面效果显著,且随生物炭施用量增加改良效果增强。总体上,30 t/hm2生物炭配施保水剂的处理效果最优。
地膜覆盖、生物炭及保水剂对土壤饱和含水量和田间持水量的影响见表1和表2。0~20 cm土层,覆盖方式(M)与生物炭(B)对2项指标的主效应均达极显著水平(p<0.01),保水剂(W)对饱和含水量影响不显著(p≥0.05),但对田间持水量的影响在2024年达到显著水平(p<0.05);20~40 cm土层,M与B对持水指标的影响总体显著,而W效应相对较弱。各交互作用(M×W、M×B、W×B、M×W×B)整体不显著(p≥0.05),表明持水性能提升主要由各因素主效应贡献。以2024年0~20 cm土层为例,饱和含水量以M0W0B0最低(34.89%),M1W0B30最高(40.78%),较对照提高16.9%;田间持水量同样以M0W0B0最低(27.41%),M1W1B30最高(32.18%),较对照提高17.40%。
地膜覆盖、生物炭和保水剂复配均显著改变土壤团聚体分布(图1)。>5 mm机械稳定性团聚体比例在复配处理显著增加(p<0.01),M1W1B30处理0~20、20~40 cm土层分别提高22.8%和19.5%;<0.25 mm团聚体比例显著降低(p<0.05),平均降幅17.3%。地膜覆盖对团聚体影响效应不显著,但与生物炭、保水剂等复配后改良作用增强。水稳性团聚体指标表明,各处理平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)随生物炭施用量增加而提高(表3)。M1W1B15处理0~40 cm土层MWD和GMD分别较对照提高19.7%和30.4%。生物炭主效应极显著(p<0.01),保水剂效应显著(p<0.05),交互作用不显著(p>0.05)。综合2 a结果,生物炭和保水剂复配显著优化土壤团聚体组成,提高团聚体稳定性。地膜覆盖处理有助于进一步增强表层结构稳定性,但对深层土壤影响相对较弱。
地膜覆盖(M)、生物炭(B)和保水剂(W)对玉米收获期土壤pH的影响见图2。试验地土壤初始pH为8.3,整体处于弱碱性。地膜覆盖和生物炭施用均显著影响土壤pH(p<0.05),而保水剂对土壤pH影响不显著(p>0.05)。总体上,地膜覆盖使土壤pH降低,生物炭施用使土壤pH升高。无覆盖条件下,生物炭单施处理(W0B15、W0B30)土壤pH分别较对照提高0.36%和0.86%;地膜覆盖条件下分别提高0.32%和0.60%。无覆盖条件下,生物炭与保水剂复配处理(W1B15、W1B30)土壤pH分别提高0.56%、0.88%;地膜覆盖条件下分别提高0.36%、0.72%。相较于无覆盖(M0)、地膜覆盖(M1)处理,土壤pH降低0.8%~1.1%,表明不同措施对弱碱性土壤的酸碱环境具有一定调节作用。
生物炭与保水剂复配显著提高土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)含量(图3、图4)。生物炭主效应极显著(p<0.01),二者交互作用显著(p<0.05);无覆盖条件下,B30处理0~10、10~20 cm土层SOC分别较对照提高25.6%和17.3%,TN分别提高18.1%和29.2%;覆膜条件下,SOC分别提高19.4%和25.6%,TN分别提高18.6%和26.5%。保水剂单施条件下,土壤SOC和TN平均增加7.2%和3.2%,与生物炭复配后显著增强,平均提高19.0%。表明改良剂复配对土壤肥力的提升具有协同效应。
地膜覆盖、生物炭和保水剂显著影响土壤有效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)含量(图5、图6)。生物炭对AP和AK的影响极显著(p<0.01),保水剂影响显著(p<0.05),三者交互作用显著(p<0.05)。无覆盖条件下,B30处理0~20 cm土层AP和AK含量最高,分别较对照提高16.5%和14.2%;覆膜条件下分别提高10.7%和14.6%。保水剂单施(W1B0)增幅较小(AP增加1%~2%,AK增加3%~9%),但与生物炭复配后显著提高(p<0.05)。地膜覆盖显著提升速效养分水平(p<0.05),0~20 cm土层AP和AK含量较无覆盖处理分别增加约25%和30%,但20~40 cm土层变化不显著。M1W1B30处理AP和AK含量最高,复配效果最佳。
地膜覆盖、生物炭及保水剂对玉米籽粒产量和生物量的影响显著(表4)。三因素主效应均显著(p<0.05),M×B及W×B交互作用在2023年、2024年均达到显著水平(p<0.05),不同处理间差异明显。2 a平均结果显示,M1W1B15处理籽粒产量最高,分别较对照(M0W0B0)提高47.1%和44.5%(p<0.01)。地膜覆盖显著提高玉米产量(p<0.05),M1处理较M0处理增产17.6%~21.4%。生物炭与保水剂复配(W1B30)在无覆盖条件下增产显著,2 a平均增长19.2%,与单覆膜处理(M1W0B0)增产幅度相近。地膜覆盖显著提高收获指数(p<0.05),M1处理2年平均较M0提高约5%。生物炭单施(B30)对收获指数影响不显著(p>0.05),但与保水剂复配后显著提高(p<0.05)。M1W1B30处理2023年收获指数达44.3%。籽粒产量与生物量呈显著正相关。
根据土壤理化与结构指标计算的SQI结果见图7。方差分析表明,地膜覆盖、生物炭及保水剂对SQI影响均显著(p<0.05),其中生物炭主效应极显著(p<0.01)。无覆盖条件下,B30处理SQI最高,较B0提高79.3%~180.1%;覆膜条件下,提高60.8%~97.8%。保水剂单施对SQI增幅有限(约15%),但与生物炭复配后SQI显著提高(p<0.05)。线性回归分析结果(图8)表明,SQI与产量呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),SQI每提高10%,产量平均增加7.0%。总体上,M1W1B30处理在提升SQI和产量方面表现最优。
土壤物理结构是旱作农田蓄水保墒与根系生长的基础。本研究表明,地膜覆盖与生物炭、保水剂等复配可同步降低体积质量、提高孔隙度与持水能力,并提升团聚体稳定性,体现出覆膜水热调控与改良剂结构改良的综合效应。M1W1B30处理0~20 cm土层体积质量较对照降低5.20%,总孔隙度提高5.69%,饱和含水量和田间持水量分别增加8.58%和14.25%,说明在覆膜条件下,改良剂更易转化为耕层结构改善与水分保持能力增强的实际效益。主要与生物炭多孔、低密度及高比表面积特性有关,其加入可增加孔隙连通性并改善通气与入渗[19],同时为有机/无机胶结提供作用界面,促进团聚体形成与稳定[20-21]。保水剂吸水膨胀后形成凝胶网络,可提高土体对降雨水分的暂存能力并减缓水分向深层迁移,同时降低干旱期水分散失速率,从而缓冲耕层含水率波动,减轻干湿交替对土壤结构的扰动,并为根系生长与微生物过程提供相对稳定的水分条件[22-23]。在复配条件下,生物炭的多孔结构可为保水剂提供吸附与分散载体,促进其在耕层中的均匀分布及更充分地吸水膨胀,进而增强持水能力。地膜覆盖通过抑制蒸发、改善耕层水热条件并削弱降雨对表层的直接冲击,可降低结皮与再压实风险、维持孔隙结构稳定[24-25],从而为改良剂效应的持续发挥提供有利环境,与改良剂共同促进耕层结构与水分保持能力提升。
在孔隙结构与持水能力改善的基础上,团聚体结构进一步支撑结构稳定性的提升。复配处理显著增加>5 mm机械稳定性团聚体比例,其中,M1W1B30在0~20和20~40 cm土层分别提高22.8%和19.5%,同时<0.25 mm团聚体比例降低(平均降幅17.3%),表明复配有利于大团聚体形成并增强抗崩解能力。水稳性团聚体指标中,MWD与GMD随生物炭用量增加而提高,且生物炭主效应极显著(p<0.01)、保水剂效应显著(p<0.05),交互作用总体不显著(p≥0.05),说明团聚体稳定性的改善主要由生物炭的孔隙骨架与胶结促进作用驱动,保水剂提供水分缓冲与一定物理支撑的增益[26-27]。持水性能方面,饱和含水量与田间持水量在覆膜、生物炭与保水剂作用下整体提高,但同样以主效应贡献为主,交互作用(M×B、W×B、M×W×B)总体不显著(p≥0.05),因此,复配处理较高的持水水平更可能反映不同措施在孔隙优化与水分缓冲方面的叠加效应,而非统计意义上的交互协同。20~40 cm土层保水剂对体积质量/孔隙度及持水性能的影响相对减弱,可能与其主要作用层位集中在耕作混入层及根际水分波动区有关,而地膜覆盖与生物炭仍可通过影响水分再分配与碳输入对深层结构产生持续影响。总体而言,覆膜提供相对稳定的水热环境,改良剂配施通过改善孔隙结构、增强持水能力、提升团聚体稳定性,实现旱作耕层物理环境的综合优化。
土壤化学性质决定旱作农田养分供给强度与水肥耦合效应,是影响产量的重要因素。本研究结果表明,地膜覆盖与生物炭、保水剂配施显著提升耕层土壤SOC及主要养分含量。与对照(M0W0B0)相比,复配处理(M1W1B30)在0~20 cm土层SOC、TN、AP和AK分别提高19.37%、18.64%、25.72%和14.57%,说明覆膜与改良剂配施能够有效增强耕层碳氮库并提高有效养分供给水平。同时,土壤pH小幅升高(0.72%)。鉴于试验地土壤本底为弱碱性,pH的升高应视为措施对酸碱环境的调节响应,其对养分有效性的影响具有情景依赖性,后续应用中需关注碱化对磷及部分微量元素有效性的潜在约束。
从过程机制看,耕层土壤SOC与养分提升主要与生物炭的稳定碳输入及其对养分保持能力的增强有关。生物炭含有较稳定的芳香结构碳,可直接增加SOC并提高碳库稳定性,其多孔结构与较高比表面积为微生物过程和有机矿物复合提供反应界面[26],有助于促进有机物转化与氮素保留,从而提高TN水平[28]。在有效养分方面,生物炭的表面吸附与较高阳离子交换能力有助于增强NH4+、K+等阳离子的保持并降低其随水分迁移的流失风险,从而提高AK水平,并可能通过影响磷的吸附/解吸过程提升AP有效性[23]。保水剂主要通过改善根际水分环境、缓冲含水率波动,维持微生物矿化与根系吸收过程的相对连续性,并降低养分随水分迁移的损失风险[29],覆膜则通过减少蒸发与径流,进而改善耕层水热条件,为养分在耕层的富集与作物利用提供更稳定的环境[24]。剖面结果进一步表明,覆膜对氮素迁移具有抑制作用,剖面硝态氮含量降低25%~33%,表明覆膜条件下氮素迁移损失风险下降并有利于系统氮素保留。总体而言,地膜覆盖与生物炭、保水剂配施通过提升耕层碳氮库、增强有效养分供给并降低氮素迁移风险,协同改善旱作农田土壤化学环境,为水肥高效利用提供化学基础。
作物产量是土壤物理、化学特性综合改善的直观反映。本研究表明,地膜覆盖、生物炭及保水剂均能显著增加玉米籽粒产量与生物产量,其中覆膜配施生物炭(B15/B30)并结合保水剂的处理总体处于较高水平。以2 a结果为例,M1W1B15处理在2023年与2024年籽粒产量均达到最高或并列最高水平,较对照(M0W0B0)分别提高约48%和31%,表明覆膜与改良剂复配的组合可显著提高产量。方差分析显示,M×B与W×B交互作用在不同年份表现出显著性差异,表明覆膜与改良剂的增产效应受年度水热条件影响,增产机制更可能体现为过程互补与主效应叠加,而非在所有年份均呈现稳定的统计交互协同。由结果可知,增产效应主要归因于根区水分供给稳定性与养分有效性的同步改善。生物炭通过降低体积质量、提高孔隙度与持水能力,并提升SOC及速效养分水平,为根系生长与养分吸收提供更优的物理化学环境,从而促进干物质积累与籽粒灌浆[28]。保水剂主要通过缓冲根际含水率波动、降低干旱期水分胁迫强度等方式,维持养分迁移与吸收过程的连续性[30]。覆膜在整个生育期内抑制蒸发、稳定水热条件并减少养分损失,为早期出苗与高产群体形成提供更适宜的环境[24]。同时提高氮素利用效率(NUE)约17.3%,进一步支撑产量提升。
土壤质量指数(SQI)从综合角度反映土壤生产与生态功能。本研究SQI在不同处理间差异显著,且地膜覆盖、生物炭与保水剂对SQI的影响均达到显著水平,其中生物炭主效应最为突出。保水剂单施增幅有限,但与生物炭配施后SQI显著提高。相关性与回归分析进一步表明,SQI与产量呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),SQI每提高10%,产量平均增加约7%,说明土壤结构与肥力要素的综合改善能够有效转化为产量收益[26]。总体而言,覆膜提供较稳定的水热与损失控制条件,生物炭与保水剂改善根区水分、养分供给并提升土壤综合质量,二者共同作用促进玉米产量形成与SQI提升。而最优组合在产量最大化与土壤质量提升间可能存在差异,因此,生产应用中需结合年度气候与目标(稳产/培肥)优化覆膜与改良剂配施方案。
养分迁移损失风险是旱区农田肥力维持与生态稳定的关键限制环节,氮、磷等元素在降雨集中条件下易随水分运动发生向下迁移或径流输出[31]。本研究基于耕层速效养分与剖面硝态氮的响应发现,地膜覆盖与生物炭、保水剂配施能够增强养分保持能力并降低养分迁移风险。与对照(M0W0B0)相比,M1W1B30处理速效氮、速效磷与速效钾含量分别提高31.8%、44.2%和28.5%,表明复配措施有助于维持根区有效养分供给。与此同时,覆膜处理下剖面硝态氮含量降低25%~33%,因此氮素向深层迁移的风险受到抑制,从而有利于系统氮素留存与利用效率提升。
养分保持能力的提升,主要源于覆膜对水分过程的调控及生物炭与保水剂对养分迁移与保持的共同作用。覆膜通过抑制蒸发、稳定耕层水分并削弱降雨对土壤表面的直接冲击,可降低溶质随水分脉冲迁移的强度与频次,从过程上有利于减少养分向地表径流或深层淋溶的转移,进而提高根区养分可利用性[28]。生物炭施用后,多孔结构与较高比表面积可增强土壤对NH4⁺、K⁺等阳离子的吸附与交换能力,并通过改变土壤表面化学环境影响磷形态转化与有效性,从而降低养分随水分迁移的损失风险[26,32]。同时,生物炭作为相对稳定的碳源与微生物栖息载体[33],可促进土壤养分周转过程向保留、再利用方向转化,提高氮素在土壤作物系统中的留存效率。保水剂的加入则主要通过提高根区水分缓冲能力、减弱降雨后渗漏高峰和干旱期快速失水,降低溶质迁移驱动力,并对养分释放与迁移起到一定的缓释延滞作用。相关研究[34-35]指出,保水剂可显著降低可溶性氮磷的迁移损失。因此,覆膜提供水分过程稳定与损失控制的基础条件,生物炭增强养分保持与缓释能力,保水剂缓冲水分脉冲并延滞溶质迁移,三者在稳水-保肥-减损路径上形成互补,有助于提升旱区农田肥力维持与可持续生产潜力。
1)地膜覆盖与改良剂复配显著改善旱作农田土壤物理结构。与对照处理(M0W0B0)相比,30 t/hm2生物炭+保水剂处理(M1W1B30),0~20 cm土壤体积质量降低约5%,孔隙度和持水量分别提高6%和14%,>5 mm团聚体比例、MWD和GMD均显著增加,表明复配措施有效增强土壤结构稳定性与保水能力。
2)复配施用显著提升耕层土壤肥力水平,且生物炭用量差异是影响化学性质改善幅度的关键因素。总体上,生物炭处理可提高SOC、TN、AP、AK含量,并表现出随施用量增加而增强的趋势,其中高施用量(30 t/hm2)对SOC、TN及速效养分的提升更为明显,为后续产量与SQI提升提供养分基础,保水剂配施在一定程度上强化碳氮积累与养分保持。地膜覆盖在浅层促进养分富集,在深层增强碳氮固持能力,并降低剖面硝态氮含量25%~33%,覆膜通过稳定水热与抑制养分迁移损失有助于提高水肥利用效率。
3)复配措施显著提升玉米产量和土壤质量指数(SQI)。M1W1B15处理两年平均籽粒产量较对照提高约46%,收获指数增加6%,SQI显著提升。SQI与产量呈显著正相关,土壤结构与肥力改善共同促进产量形成。
4)综合考虑土壤改良与产量效益,地膜覆盖下30 t/hm2生物炭配施保水剂(M1W1B30)可作为优选培肥模式。该组合在提升土壤理化性状、增强持水保肥能力与降低硝态氮迁移风险方面表现突出,有利于提高旱作农田生态系统功能与生产稳定性。考虑到高用量生物炭的投入成本与一次性施用特征,建议在推广应用中开展成本收益与长期效应评估(如以增产收益、肥料节约与土壤培肥效益为综合指标),并结合区域资源供给与农户投入能力优化施用方案,以提高复配模式的应用可行性与推广说服力。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1900700)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52209069)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024NC-ZDCYL-02-04)
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2026年第40卷第4期
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doi: 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.009
  • 接收时间:2025-12-04
  • 首发时间:2026-09-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-04
  • 修回日期:2026-03-04
  • 录用日期:2026-03-20
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD1900700)
国家自然科学基金项目(52209069)
陕西省重点研发计划项目(2024NC-ZDCYL-02-04)
作者信息
    1.西北农林科技大学水土保持科学与工程学院(水土保持研究所),陕西 杨凌 712100
    2.水土保持与荒漠化整治;全国重点实验室,陕西 杨凌 712100
    3.西北农林科技大学水利与建筑工程学院,陕西 杨凌 712100
    4.青岛海大生物集团股份有限公司,山东 青岛 266000

通讯作者:

赵西宁(1976—),男,博士,研究员,博士生导师,主要从事雨水资源化利用研究。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/stbcxb/CN/10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2026.04.009
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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