Article(id=1259824985586188512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0415, pmid=null, cstr=32229.14.SSSWXB.2025.0415, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763654400000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-21, revisedDate=1767715200000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778295282979, onlineDateStr=2026-05-09, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778295282979, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778295282979, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778295282979, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259824976404800325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, year='2026', volume='50', issue='5', pageStart='052601-1', pageEnd='052618-200', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778295280791, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778295467894, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259825761310073651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259825761310073652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=052618-190, endPage=052618-200, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259824986202751214, articleId=1259824985586188512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, language=EN, title=RESEARCH AND APPLICATION PROGRESS OF ECOLOGICAL ENCLOSURE TECHNOLOGY IN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION AND PROTECTION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATER BODIES, columnId=1259824986018201834, journalTitle=Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a crucial in-situ remediation technology for river and lake water bodies, ecological enclosure technology effectively inhibits pollutant diffusion, improves the aquatic environment, and enhances stability of river and lake ecosystems through multiple mechanisms such as physical isolation, chemical regulation, and biological enhancement. This paper reviews the operational mechanisms, types, and application effects of ecological enclosure technology in the ecological restoration and protection of rivers and lakes. Building on current literature, we identify existing limitations and propose future directions for both basic research and engineering applications. Future development should prioritize novel materials and technologies for key enclosure components while optimizing construction methods to ensure long-term stability and effectiveness. In addition, systematic numerical simulation methods should be incorporated to predict enclosure durability and ecological impacts, supporting the evolution of enclosure structures towards modularization and intelligence. Ultimately, the comprehensive performance of ecological enclosures should be improved under the premise of reducing management and operation costs and minimizing ecological risks. This study not only provides theoretical support for enhancing the stability and functionality of ecological enclosure technology but also offers technical references for professionals in the aquatic ecological restoration industry. It is expected to promote the sustainable application of this technology.

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生态围隔技术作为河湖水体原位修复的重要手段, 通过物理隔离、化学调控与生物强化等多重机制, 有效抑制污染物扩散, 改善水体环境, 提升河湖生态系统稳定性。本文综述了生态围隔技术的作用机理、类型及其在河湖生态修复与保护中的应用成效, 基于文献综述内容提出了生态围隔技术现存的缺陷和问题, 同时对生态围隔在基础研究和工程应用方面的未来发展方向进行展望。生态围隔技术应重点关注围隔关键部件的新材料和新技术研发, 同时优化围隔构建方式, 确保围隔的长期稳定性和有效性。另外, 在研究和工程应用领域引入系统化数值模拟手段, 预测和评估围隔的耐久性与生态影响, 推动围隔结构向模块化、智能化发展。最终在降低管理运维成本和降低生态风险的前提下实现生态围隔综合性能的提升。本研究既能为生态围隔技术在稳定性和功能性提升方面提供理论支撑, 又能为水体生态修复行业和技术人员提供技术参考, 最终推动生态围隔技术的可持续性应用。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
汪冰洋(1991—), 男, 硕士研究生; 主要从事环境保护、水处理研究。E-mail:
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李柏林(1983—), 男, 博士后; 主要从事水体污染治理与生态修复研究。E-mail:

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李柏林(1983—), 男, 博士后; 主要从事水体污染治理与生态修复研究。E-mail:

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a. Fence-type enclosure; b. Cofferdam-type enclosure[43]; c. Floating enclosure; d. Submerged enclosure; e. Closed enclosure; f. Open enclosure

, figureFileSmall=iXCDXWE4Z5EIWyqfB+7Vhg==, figureFileBig=dmE+VGpk5Iql9OQ+DW8sLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825026157691537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824985586188512, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Advantages, disadvantages and applicable scenarios of enclosures under different classification criteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类依据
Classification basis
围隔类型
Enclosure
type
特征
Characteristic
适用场景
Applicable scenarios
参考文献
Reference
结构形式
Structural form
围栏式刚柔结合, 施工简便、维护便利, 但耐久性差表层水体防污、漂浮物拦截及临时生态保护场景[36]
围堰式底部封闭, 利于深层修复, 但施工复杂、成本高底泥疏浚、原位修复及污染严重的水体工程[37, 38]
浮式柔性浮动, 生态扰动小, 随波自适应。但抗性差、寿命短突发藻华、漂浮垃圾或油污防控的临时或短期治理[40, 41]
沉水式结构埋设于水体内部, 干扰流动小, 但成本高水体的生态过程实验等长期原位监测与研究场景[42, 43]
水交换性
Water exchangeability
封闭式提供全封闭、可控的修复环境, 但需额外供氧需要严格隔离、控制水体条件的污染区治理[45, 46]
开放式开放、透水, 物质交换频繁, 生态友好, 但受水动力条件影响大湿地、河口等需保持水体连通、兼顾生态修复的水域[28, 47]
), ArticleFig(id=1259825026342240917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824985586188512, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同分类依据下的围隔优缺点与适用场景

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类依据
Classification basis
围隔类型
Enclosure
type
特征
Characteristic
适用场景
Applicable scenarios
参考文献
Reference
结构形式
Structural form
围栏式刚柔结合, 施工简便、维护便利, 但耐久性差表层水体防污、漂浮物拦截及临时生态保护场景[36]
围堰式底部封闭, 利于深层修复, 但施工复杂、成本高底泥疏浚、原位修复及污染严重的水体工程[37, 38]
浮式柔性浮动, 生态扰动小, 随波自适应。但抗性差、寿命短突发藻华、漂浮垃圾或油污防控的临时或短期治理[40, 41]
沉水式结构埋设于水体内部, 干扰流动小, 但成本高水体的生态过程实验等长期原位监测与研究场景[42, 43]
水交换性
Water exchangeability
封闭式提供全封闭、可控的修复环境, 但需额外供氧需要严格隔离、控制水体条件的污染区治理[45, 46]
开放式开放、透水, 物质交换频繁, 生态友好, 但受水动力条件影响大湿地、河口等需保持水体连通、兼顾生态修复的水域[28, 47]
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生态围隔技术在河湖水体生态修复与保护中的研究及应用
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李柏林 1 , 王兆航 1 , 丁聪 1 , 王曼 2 , 张圆 2 , 王智 2 , 胡才喜 2 , 白国梁 1 , 汪冰洋 3
水生生物学报 | 综述 2026,50(5): 052618-190-052618-200
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水生生物学报 | 综述 2026, 50(5): 052618-190-052618-200
生态围隔技术在河湖水体生态修复与保护中的研究及应用
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李柏林1 , 王兆航1, 丁聪1, 王曼2, 张圆2, 王智2, 胡才喜2, 白国梁1, 汪冰洋3
作者信息
  • 1武汉理工大学资源与环境工程学院, 武汉 430070
  • 2中国电建集团湖北工程有限公司, 武汉 430040
  • 3生态环境部长江流域生态环境监督管理局生态环境监测与科学研究中心, 武汉 430010
  • 李柏林(1983—), 男, 博士后; 主要从事水体污染治理与生态修复研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

汪冰洋(1991—), 男, 硕士研究生; 主要从事环境保护、水处理研究。E-mail:
RESEARCH AND APPLICATION PROGRESS OF ECOLOGICAL ENCLOSURE TECHNOLOGY IN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION AND PROTECTION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATER BODIES
Bo-Lin LI1 , Zhao-Hang WANG1, Cong DING1, Man WANG2, Yuan ZHANG2, Zhi WANG2, Cai-Xi HU2, Guo-Liang BAI1, Bing-Yang WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 2Power China Hubei Engineering Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, China
  • 3Ecosystem Monitoring and Scientific Research Center, Yangtze River Basin Ecological Environment Supervision and Administration Bureau, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Wuhan 430010, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0415
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生态围隔技术作为河湖水体原位修复的重要手段, 通过物理隔离、化学调控与生物强化等多重机制, 有效抑制污染物扩散, 改善水体环境, 提升河湖生态系统稳定性。本文综述了生态围隔技术的作用机理、类型及其在河湖生态修复与保护中的应用成效, 基于文献综述内容提出了生态围隔技术现存的缺陷和问题, 同时对生态围隔在基础研究和工程应用方面的未来发展方向进行展望。生态围隔技术应重点关注围隔关键部件的新材料和新技术研发, 同时优化围隔构建方式, 确保围隔的长期稳定性和有效性。另外, 在研究和工程应用领域引入系统化数值模拟手段, 预测和评估围隔的耐久性与生态影响, 推动围隔结构向模块化、智能化发展。最终在降低管理运维成本和降低生态风险的前提下实现生态围隔综合性能的提升。本研究既能为生态围隔技术在稳定性和功能性提升方面提供理论支撑, 又能为水体生态修复行业和技术人员提供技术参考, 最终推动生态围隔技术的可持续性应用。

生态围隔  /  生态修复  /  河湖治理  /  仿真模拟

As a crucial in-situ remediation technology for river and lake water bodies, ecological enclosure technology effectively inhibits pollutant diffusion, improves the aquatic environment, and enhances stability of river and lake ecosystems through multiple mechanisms such as physical isolation, chemical regulation, and biological enhancement. This paper reviews the operational mechanisms, types, and application effects of ecological enclosure technology in the ecological restoration and protection of rivers and lakes. Building on current literature, we identify existing limitations and propose future directions for both basic research and engineering applications. Future development should prioritize novel materials and technologies for key enclosure components while optimizing construction methods to ensure long-term stability and effectiveness. In addition, systematic numerical simulation methods should be incorporated to predict enclosure durability and ecological impacts, supporting the evolution of enclosure structures towards modularization and intelligence. Ultimately, the comprehensive performance of ecological enclosures should be improved under the premise of reducing management and operation costs and minimizing ecological risks. This study not only provides theoretical support for enhancing the stability and functionality of ecological enclosure technology but also offers technical references for professionals in the aquatic ecological restoration industry. It is expected to promote the sustainable application of this technology.

Ecological enclosure  /  Ecological restoration  /  River and lake management  /  Simulation
李柏林, 王兆航, 丁聪, 王曼, 张圆, 王智, 胡才喜, 白国梁, 汪冰洋. 生态围隔技术在河湖水体生态修复与保护中的研究及应用. 水生生物学报, 2026 , 50 (5) : 052618-190 -052618-200 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0415
Bo-Lin LI, Zhao-Hang WANG, Cong DING, Man WANG, Yuan ZHANG, Zhi WANG, Cai-Xi HU, Guo-Liang BAI, Bing-Yang WANG. RESEARCH AND APPLICATION PROGRESS OF ECOLOGICAL ENCLOSURE TECHNOLOGY IN ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION AND PROTECTION OF RIVER AND LAKE WATER BODIES[J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2026 , 50 (5) : 052618-190 -052618-200 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0415
当前, 河湖水环境普遍存在水体富营养化、水质恶化、生物多样性降低、生态系统功能退化等问题, 不仅对区域生态安全构成严重威胁, 也制约了社会经济的可持续发展[1, 2]。传统治理手段如截污纳管、底泥疏浚和化学药剂投加等, 虽在短期内可取得一定效果, 但通常存在治理成本高、易引发二次污染、对生态系统扰动较大等局限, 难以实现水体的长效健康修复[3]。在此背景下, 生态围隔(Ecological enclosure)通过物理、化学和生态三方面的协调作用, 可显著改善水体质量、增强水生态系统的自恢复能力, 并在特定应用场景下实现污染治理与生态修复的定向目标[4]。因此, 作为一种原位、生态友好的环境修复与保护手段, 生态围隔技术在河湖水体生态修复中发挥着多样化的作用[4, 5], 近年来逐渐受到广泛关注[6]。其作用机制不仅体现在物理阻隔与局部环境调控上, 更深层地影响着水体的化学环境、关键生物过程及生态系统整体结构与功能的演变。
本文利用VOS viewer软件, 基于CNKI数据库中以“生态围隔”“生态修复”为关键词检索所得文献, 进行文献计量分析, 结果如图 1所示。研究主题大致聚为4个类群: 生态围隔技术应用与优化、生态围隔修复机制与效果、水体富营养化治理策略、河湖生态系统功能提升。其中, 生态围隔修复机制及其技术应用是目前多数文献研究的重点。生态围隔通过物理方式隔离目标水域与外部水体, 降低水动力与物质交换, 形成相对封闭的微系统, 可有效控制局部污染、抑制营养盐扩散, 并为沉水植物修复等生态环境保护措施提供稳定生境。该技术在污染应急处置、面源污染拦截和水体施工管理等领域具有广阔的应用前景[7]。然而, 当前推广过程中仍面临装置适用性差异显著、缺乏统一评估体系、长期运行稳定性不足, 以及动态作用机制研究不深入等挑战[5]。未来应加快建立科学的评价标准与体系, 加强长期监测与多尺度模拟研究, 以提高技术选型的精准性与运行的可靠性。本文系统综述了生态围隔的作用机理、主要类型与应用效果, 分析当前存在问题, 并展望其发展方向, 以促进该技术在河湖生态修复与保护中的科学、高效应用, 助力实现水生态系统健康与可持续发展。
生态围隔通过物理屏障在特定水域实现对水流、风浪、污染物、光照、温度及空间等多维环境要素的调控, 从而显著提高水体的自净能力和生态修复效果。物理阻隔是生态围隔在河湖治理中实现污染物去除的主要方式。部分生态围隔采用具有物理吸附特性的新型材料, 因而具备一定的筛选能力, 可限制低分子量或可溶性污染物的穿透[8, 9]
在水力方面, 围隔的封闭或半封闭结构能够降低通道流速, 增强速度梯度, 延长悬浮颗粒与污染物的滞留时间[10], 从而降低冲刷引起的底泥再悬浮, 提高微生物和水生植物对营养盐与有机物的降解效率[11]。通过调控围隔区域与外部水体的交换速率, 还可进一步增强净化效果[12]
此外, 削减风浪是生态围隔的另一关键物理功能。柔性或刚性屏障可阻断风能和波浪能的传递, 缓解水面波动, 降低岸线与底泥的冲刷和侵蚀频率[13], 为底栖动物、贝类及抗风浪能力较弱的水生植物提供更稳定的定植环境[14]。这不仅有助于减少底泥中养分和污染物的二次释放, 还能促进有益生物膜和结皮的形成, 提高底泥沉积稳定性, 并促进生物多样性的恢复[15, 16]
生态围隔的物理屏障还间接影响近围隔水体的光照与温度分布。通过阻挡浮游藻类与悬浮固体进入, 围隔可维持水体较高的透明度, 满足沉水植物光合作用的需求[17], 从而促进植被重建、提升初级生产力并加速有机物的分解[18], 进而推动水生食物链的正常运行。在较大或全封闭围隔中, 可能形成显著的热分层现象, 抑制水体的垂直混合。这会导致上层温度较高、溶解氧充足, 下层水温较低、溶解氧不足, 造成营养盐、污染物及微生物活性在垂直方向上的非均匀分布[19], 进一步影响生物群落结构[20]、种群演替及相关化学反应的速率与营养盐释放过程。
生态围隔通过构建局部化学微环境屏障, 实现对水体污染物的原位转化与扩散控制。其物理结构限制了内外水体的完全混合, 有利于在围隔内部形成氧化还原梯度、pH梯度及营养盐梯度等局部化学微环境, 从而为污染物的原位转化与迁移提供条件, 同时抑制水体富营养化进程[21, 22]。例如, 在太湖五里湖的生态重建示范工程中, 通过围隔内构建水生植物群落, 显著降低了水体中总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)等污染物浓度, 使湖泊水质从富营养状态逐渐转变为中营养状态乃至寡营养状态[4]。研究表明, 在生态围隔中种植凤眼莲、黄花水龙等水生植物, 可大量吸收氮、磷等营养盐, 并在抗铜菌ACU等根系微生物的作用下, 进一步促进污染物的转化与迁移[23]。同时, 围隔形成的水体分层结构有助于强化污染物去除效率[24]。此外, 围隔还可改善水体氧化还原条件, 提高沉积物中铁、锰等元素的还原效率, 促进磷与铁、磷与钙等发生化学反应, 生成难溶性磷酸铁、磷酸钙等矿物质, 使内源磷固着在沉积物中, 增强其稳定性, 抑制其向水体释放, 从而抑制环境富营养化[25]。另外, 围隔所创造的微生境有利于有机沉积物的分解和有害物质的生物转化, 持续为生态修复过程营造良好的化学反应环境[26]
生态围隔通过提供多样化的物理与化学微环境, 系统性地促进水体微生物活性、植被恢复、浮游生物群落结构优化和底栖动物生境改善, 从而实现对生态系统整体功能的提升[27, 28]。围隔表面及其材料内部界面为异养细菌、氨氧化菌、亚硝酸氧化菌、反硝化菌、聚磷菌等功能微生物提供了丰富的附着载体, 有利于生物膜的形成, 从而提高氨氮和亚硝氮的转化率, 加速氮、碳、磷、硫等元素的生物地球化学循环, 并增强对营养盐、重金属及有机污染物的降解效率[29, 30]。这些微生物在围隔内部形成复杂的群落结构, 不仅增强了系统的自净能力, 也为更高营养级的生物提供了稳定的能量来源。
围隔可调节湖泊水动力条件, 营造出低扰动、底质稳定的环境, 有助于水生植物(尤其是沉水植物)根系在底泥中稳定定植。这既为微生物和底栖动物提供了附着基质与庇护场所, 也抑制了营养盐的再悬浮, 从而缓解水体富营养化。例如, 在武汉东湖的试验中, 在围隔内种植苦草、金鱼藻、轮叶黑藻等六种沉水植物, 最终植物长势较好, 覆盖度明显提高, 水体透明度显著提升, 验证了该技术的水质提升效果[31]。此外, 植被的根系分泌物还可进一步刺激微生物活性, 形成植物−微生物协同净化机制[32]
在围隔区域内, 水流减缓、光照条件改善及营养盐梯度的调整, 有助于抑制有害藻类生长, 并提升硅藻、绿藻等有益浮游植物的多样性。同时, 围隔的布设可增加浮游动物的数量和种类, 促进形成稳定、完整的“浮游植物→浮游动物→水生动物”食物链, 增强群落稳定性, 并提高对有害物质的生物吸收能力[33, 34]。这也为底栖动物创造了更适宜的觅食与繁殖环境[35]。此外, 生态围隔还可作为鱼类等水生动物的多功能栖息地, 提供产卵、育幼、觅食及庇护空间, 降低风浪和外源污染的干扰, 提高鱼卵和幼鱼的存活率, 有利于珍稀、濒危及经济鱼类种群的恢复[5]。通过对空间尺度的精准调控及底质环境的改良, 生态围隔已成为促进鱼类繁殖成功率与种群恢复的关键技术手段之一。
生态围隔系统通过物理、化学与生物过程的深度耦合, 实现水体的高效生态修复。物理结构方面, 围隔界定了修复空间范围, 减弱了水动力与外源污染输入, 稳定局部水环境并调控沉积物迁移。化学过程方面, 系统内发生的吸附、氧化还原及营养盐转化等反应, 形成独特的氧化还原梯度, 促进氮的转化循环和磷的沉淀固定, 从而有效降低水体中营养盐与污染物的浓度。在生物过程方面, 围隔增强了微生物附着与功能菌群发育, 促进水生植物恢复及生物膜形成, 显著提升系统的自净与生态重建能力。在此基础上, 浮游生物、底栖生物及水生动物群落的良性演替, 进一步健全了食物网结构, 促进了生物多样性的恢复。
通过上述过程的耦合作用, 生态围隔构建了局部“人工稳定态”, 为污染治理与生态修复提供了有力的环境支撑(图 2)。未来研究应聚焦于耦合过程的优化调控与“人工稳定态”的可控性, 评估其在气候变化背景下的生态安全性及对生物地球化学循环的影响, 从而为流域水环境的长期健康与稳态维持提供理论与技术支撑。
围栏式围隔  围栏式生态围隔主要采用开放式或半开放式的结构形式, 构建围栏式生态围隔的常见材料包括PVC、PE塑料围栏、金属围栏及土工布帷幕等(图 3a)。相较于其他类型的围隔, 围栏式围隔的施工相对简便, 具备良好的可视性和维护便利性。在昆山傀儡湖水源地治理研究中, 围隔框架由混凝土方桩与钢管桩组成, 外挂镀锌低碳钢斜方眼网片上挂土工布。为防止波浪冲击, 在围隔外侧设置简易毛竹桩围栏, 挂渔网, 下端用石笼固定于底泥中, 最终有效去除了藻类与氮磷污染物的同时保证了水体的自然流动和其他基本生态功能[36]。这种围隔有效缓解了水源地污染状况, 确保了傀儡湖的水质安全和生态环境的稳定, 为后续水源地水质改善和生态恢复奠定了坚实基础。
围堰式围隔  围堰式围隔通常采用底部半封闭或全封闭结构, 典型布设形式包括土石围堰、钢板桩围堰及充气水囊式围堰等[37](图 3b)。其核心功能是通过围堰体形成水−底泥隔离层, 阻止底泥中的污染物随水流扩散, 保持底泥和水体的原位状态。在底泥疏浚、原位修复等工程中, 围堰式围隔能够提供稳定无流动的环境, 为后续生物修复提供条件。苏州重污染河道治理采用该技术, 先在目标段布设钢板桩围堰并铺设防渗围隔布形成封闭水体, 随后在围隔区投放高羊茅浮床, 利用植物根系吸收氮、磷等营养盐并通过沉降作用固定底泥中的重金属和有机污染物[38]。该组合方式有效阻断了围隔内部与外部的水体交换, 提升氮、磷去除率的同时显著降低了底泥中重金属的生物可利用性, 提升了河段的生态自恢复能力[39]
浮式围隔  浮式围隔由若干浮筒串联形成的柔性围帘组成, 漂浮于水面, 可随水位变化自由伸缩, 结构简便、施工快速, 适用于湖泊、河流等水体的应急治理(图 3c)。浮式围隔可在水面形成一条连续的屏障, 阻止漂浮垃圾、油污及藻类等污染物横向扩散, 实现表层水体的隔离与拦截。浮筒之间的柔性帘幕能够在风浪作用下保持完整, 防止围隔破裂; 同时, 围帘下方的水体流动被显著削弱, 可抑制蓝藻水华蔓延。三峡库区支流试验选用浮式围隔, 最终藻类浓度最高下降85%以上, 夏季藻华削减率超过62%, 有效改善水质[40]。此外, 类似的窗帘式围栏通过连续的浮筒与帘幕组合, 能够在海洋或淡水油污泄漏时快速形成封闭屏障, 阻止油污扩散, 展现出良好的防护与回收效果[41]。因此, 浮式围隔凭借其适应性强、成本低、生态扰动小等优势, 已成为湖泊、河流藻华突发治理和漂浮垃圾防控的常用技术手段。
沉水式围隔  沉水式围隔设置于水体中部或底部, 形成封闭或半封闭的水体分层空间, 常用于水生态系统演替、底泥−上覆水体物质交换等基础研究(图 3d)。通常做法是将围隔框架与苦草、轮叶黑藻等沉水植物结合, 构建原位围隔实验装置, 将有植物单元与无植物单元交替布置于水域中, 能够精确测定沉水植物对氮、磷去除、溶解氧释放及抑制藻类的作用机制[42]。此外, 沉水式围隔还能作为鱼类行为试验平台, 在武汉墨水湖的围隔研究中, 围隔内种植沉水植物后显著吸引并聚集鱼类, 验证了围隔对鱼类拦截与聚集的双重功能, 为生态修复提供了生物调控依据[43, 44]。由于沉水式围隔结构位于水体内部, 对水流扰动小, 因此适合长期原位监测和动态过程研究, 已在湖泊、河道及海岸带的营养盐循环、底质沉积及微生物群落演替等多方面得到广泛应用。
根据围隔与外界水体的交换程度, 可分为封闭式围隔与开放式围隔:
封闭式围隔  封闭式围隔是一种底部和侧壁均完全封闭的围隔结构, 围隔内部几乎无外界水体交换[45](图 3e), 主要用于需要严格控制的实验区或修复区, 如小尺度原位修复试验、强隔离型污染区治理等。其核心优势在于通过全方位阻断外源干扰, 保障围隔区生态过程的独立性, 适用于生态修复、污染控制及实验研究等领域[7, 46]。在生态修复领域, 如武汉东湖的水生植被恢复试验中, 封闭式围隔被用于构建封闭式生态系统, 通过控制水体环境改善水质。在污染治理方面, 封闭式围隔可有效阻隔蓝藻等污染物扩散, 在滇池蓝藻治理案例显示其在风浪条件下仍然具有较好的阻隔效果[46]。封闭式围隔有着隔离外源干扰、控制实验条件、减少外部干扰等优势, 在生态修复、污染控制及实验研究中具有广泛应用前景。但其布设成本及维护问题目前尚未找到合理有效的解决办法。
开放式围隔  开放式围隔是一种以柔性或半透性结构实现水体分区与生态调控的围隔结构, 其核心特征在于允许部分水体自由流动与交换, 避免传统硬质刚性围隔对水动力过程的阻断(图 3f)。此类结构广泛应用于湿地、河口、湖泊等生态敏感区域, 通过合理布设生态浮岛、漂浮式隔离带或透水网格, 引导水流路径、改善局部流态, 并为水生生物提供多样化的栖息与繁殖空间。在河口区域, 开放式围隔可与植被浮床结合, 形成缓流区与产卵场, 促进鱼类种群恢复[47]; 在富营养化湖泊中, 则可辅助沉水植物重建, 提升水体自净能力[28]。总体而言, 开放式围隔通过协调水动力过程与生态功能, 保证了水生态系统的生物多样性与稳定性, 提升了水体自净能力, 是一种高效且环境友好的生态修复技术。
不同分类依据下的围隔优缺点与适用场景如表 1所示。
虽然生态围隔技术在河湖水体修复和保护中已有许多应用, 但目前国内对生态围隔的设计规范与标准仍不完善, 不同地区、不同工程项目在选择围隔材料时缺乏科学依据, 可能会选用不适合当地水文和气候等环境条件的材料, 导致围隔材料寿命和材料强度难以达到预期。此外, 现阶段仍缺乏对各类围隔的模拟研究, 导致工程人员在实际应用中难以准确预测围隔在不同环境和工况下的性能变化。这不仅会影响围隔的初始性能, 还会对其长期运行产生不利影响。因此, 深入剖析并解决这些难题对于生态围隔技术的进一步发展和推广至关重要。
(1)材料老化、脆裂与强度退化
现有生态围隔材料多采用聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)等聚合物基体或不锈钢、铝合金框架, 搭配网格、纤维或复合层构成。在长期服役过程中, 聚合物材料易受紫外、温度、化学介质等多重环境因子协同作用而发生老化, 老化表现为分子链断裂、界面破坏、脆化及龟裂[48], 最终导致围隔力学性能削弱甚至结构破坏。在全气候耦合条件下, 其微相结构将逐步破坏, 硬度升高、韧性降低[49], 围隔的承载能力、抗冲击性与密封性持续衰减, 严重影响阻隔与拦截功能, 从而削弱水环境治理效果。目前相关研究缺乏材料创新与系统的老化机理模型, 无法准确描述力学性能退化规律, 也难以预测材料在特定气候、水文和水质条件下的老化速率及失效临界点。工程实践中仍依赖经验估算与短期试验, 造成研发陷入“试错式”困境, 不仅提高了维护成本, 还可能因围隔失效引发污染扩散和生态扰动, 限制生态围隔技术的长期应用与推广。
(2)生物附着堵塞
在含微生物的水环境中, 生态围隔材料易受生物附着与堵塞影响。研究表明, 在微藻培养体系中, 聚氯乙烯(PVC)、聚氨酯(PU)等薄膜7d后透光率几乎降为零, 附着量持续增加[50]; 洪泽湖实测也发现, 沉水植物表面细菌群落在营养盐、流速、光照等因子作用下形成致密生物膜, 导致材料孔隙堵塞[51]。若围隔材料缺乏抗污特性, 易被藻类与细菌覆盖, 削弱通水与排污功能。更严重的是, 生物附着伴随多糖、有机酸等物质的分泌, 形成黏性生物膜, 阻碍水流渗透和污染物迁移, 使围隔的通水与截污性能显著下降。目前相关创新明显不足, 围隔材料仍被动应对附着问题, 难以从源头抑制生物膜形成, 也缺乏兼顾生态安全与防污持效性的技术支撑, 限制了围隔长期稳定应用。
目前生态围隔布设缺乏系统技术规范与标准化设计模型。国内研究仅强调结合地形梯度进行分区管理, 但未给出角度、埋设深度、走向等量化指导, 导致实际施工多凭经验操作, 易出现倾斜、移位或冲垮的风险[52]。现有地理信息系统(GIS)分析亦局限于监测站点布局, 缺乏对围隔受力、冲刷及生物附着等动态过程的模拟, 难以预测长期结构有效性[53]。相比之下, 桥梁工程已形成成熟的仿真体系: 建筑信息模型(BIM)/4D技术可在三维模型中同步展示施工顺序、设备路径与应力变化[54], RapidBridgeBuilder等工具则已经实现设计、施工与风险评估一体化[55]。这些模型基于完善标准和参数库, 可在设计阶段评估角度、深度及荷载, 显著降低结构位移和破坏风险。生态围隔缺乏类似模拟工具与技术方案, 难以确定最优布设参数, 易因水流冲刷、泥沙堆积或生物附着而失效。若借鉴桥梁工程的BIM/4D及离散事件仿真理念, 利用建模软件开展水力与泥沙冲击模拟, 构建多尺度布设仿真平台并制定统一标准, 或将显著提升生态围隔的稳定性与长期效能。
不合理的生态围隔布设可能引发多重生态风险。首先, 围隔阻断水体流动、降低局部流速并延长滞留时间, 易导致营养盐积聚与藻类暴发, 引发水华、缺氧及毒素释放[56]。其次, 底部封闭结构抑制底泥与上覆水交换, 长期缺氧促使铁、锰等金属还原, 释放结合态磷、重金属和有机污染物, 造成二次污染[57]。围隔丰富的附着基质还为外来种提供栖息地, 冲击土著群落并扰乱食物链结构, 削弱生态系统稳定性[58, 59]。此外, 含防腐剂或增塑剂的材料可能缓慢释放化学物质, 增加水体毒性[60]。当前缺乏围隔角度、埋设深度、走向等施工标准与数值模拟, 部分设计未达预期最终诱发了生态风险。实证表明, 湖泊内部完全阻隔区鱼类多样性显著下降, 而半阻隔区与主体湖区差异较小, 说明水体连通性破坏会损害群落结构与生态功能[61]。相比之下, 人工鱼礁和城市低影响开发措施均有FLUENT、SWMM等成熟模型, 可量化布设效果; 生态围隔尚无类似耦合模型, 难以评估与湖泊水文与生态的匹配度, 增加了潜在的生态风险[62]
在生态围隔拆除后, 沉积物在水动力扰动下会发生再悬浮, 从而增加水体TN、TP浓度及浊度, 引发水质恶化的风险; 同时, 由于围隔内的沉水植物群落结构相对脆弱, 沉积物再悬浮会严重抑制沉水植物的光合作用, 影响其生长与繁殖[63, 64], 进而导致河湖生态修复进程受阻甚至倒退。因此, 后续研究者应该将围隔拆除过程的优化纳入研究范围, 例如对围隔拆除工程进行阶段性生态风险评估、通过数学建模等技术手段优化拆除方式等, 减少因围隔拆除引发的生态风险, 进一步完善生态围隔研究体系, 增强围隔在工程应用中的可靠性。
生态围隔技术的实施能够助力复苏河湖生态环境, 契合生态环境部《河湖生态缓冲带保护修复技术指南》与《重点流域水生态环境保护规划 (2021—2025 年)》文件导向[65, 66]。随着河湖水环境治理从“污染控制”向“生态扩容”转变, 生态围隔技术作为河湖水体生态修复的关键手段正面临新的机遇与挑战。为了更好地推动该技术的发展, 未来应围绕实际应用中暴露出的材料、结构、生态、管理等多维挑战, 考虑从以下关键发展方向和改进策略进行优化和创新, 进一步提升生态围隔技术的可靠性、有效性和可持续性。
面向生态围隔工程需求, 未来应在材料与结构两方面协同创新。材料方面, 可将纳米氧化锌、碳黑、硅酸盐等纳米填料引入高密度聚乙烯基体, 抑制紫外老化并提升强度[67]; 可尝试通过多功能填料共混提升抗污性能与水通量[68]; 也可采用聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)、聚己内酯(PCL)等可降解聚合物开发环保材料, 并结合光催化复合涂层, 实现光照或电场触发的污染物降解与杀菌。结构方面, 可借鉴绿色建筑的模块化设计[69], 采用标准化拼接框架, 实现尺寸、埋深和倾角的现场快速调节; 利用3D打印构建仿生网格与梯度孔隙支架, 形成低剪切区以减缓冲刷并提供附着基质; 在关键节点集成柔性应变传感器和微型泵, 实时监测水动力、变形与生物附着, 通过智能控制系统自动调整结构参数, 构建被动与主动结合的自适应防护体系。
当前生态围隔技术缺乏系统化的数值模拟手段, 难以预测围隔在不同湖泊中的适配性、冲刷耐久性及生物附着过程。可借鉴桥梁与海上平台研究中成熟的CFD-FEM双向耦合框架, 在给定倾角、孔径和材料刚度条件下, 模拟水流冲刷导致的局部应力、变形与破坏, 为围隔角度与锚固方式提供量化依据[7072]。同时, 引入元胞自动机(CA)模拟藻类、细菌的空间扩散与聚集过程, 并结合人工神经网络提升对光照、营养盐和流速等多胁迫因子的耦合描述, 预测不同材料表面能与亲水性改性的黏附速率变化[73, 74]。进一步可将Delft3D、MIKE、HEC-RAS等水动力与水质模型与CFD或CA耦合, 将水动力输出作为边界条件, 建立 “结构−生物−水动力”三维耦合系统。通过CFD-FEM分析围隔受力与变形, 再将应力阈值反馈至CA-生物附着模型, 综合评估围隔在不同水文环境条件下长期耐久性与生态影响, 为最优倾斜角、埋设深度和锚固方式提供决策依据, 提升施工合理性并降低潜在的生态风险。
生态围隔技术是河湖水体生态修复与保护的重要手段, 在富营养化治理、水质改善、水生植被和生物多样性恢复等方面具有独特优势和广阔前景, 同时契合当前我国水环境治理“精准治污、科学治污、依法治污”的核心需求, 对保障饮用水安全、修复河湖生态系统具有不可替代的实际应用价值, 是推动水体保护从“被动治理”向“主动防控”转型的关键支撑技术, 具备广阔的规模化应用潜力。但在工程实践中, 生态围隔技术仍面临生态效应偏移、材料与结构稳定性不足、维护成本高、二次污染和生态风险、系统内部失衡、标准化体系缺乏等诸多挑战, 特别是在应对大尺度和复杂水环境时, 适应性和有效性有待提升。未来, 围隔技术研究应深入探究其物理−化学−生物耦合作用机理, 聚焦材料与结构创新、智能化体系构建等方向, 推动理论与技术突破: 引入纳米填料、多功能填料及可降解材料, 增强围隔综合性能; 推动结构向模块化、智能化发展, 提升施工效率并降低管护成本; 借助MIKE系列、Delft3D等模型进行系统化数值模拟, 强化长期生态监测与气候适应性研究, 建立跨季节、跨年度的长期监测机制, 重点评估围隔系统在暴雨洪水等极端天气及不同气候带下的运行稳定性, 深入解析围隔内生态系统对气候变化的响应机制, 提升施工合理性并降低生态风险。全面提升生态围隔技术的科学性、长期稳定性与生态安全性, 最终实现该技术的规范化、可持续应用。
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2026年第50卷第5期
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doi: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0415
  • 接收时间:2025-11-21
  • 首发时间:2026-05-09
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-21
  • 修回日期:2026-01-07
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    1武汉理工大学资源与环境工程学院, 武汉 430070
    2中国电建集团湖北工程有限公司, 武汉 430040
    3生态环境部长江流域生态环境监督管理局生态环境监测与科学研究中心, 武汉 430010

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汪冰洋(1991—), 男, 硕士研究生; 主要从事环境保护、水处理研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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