Article(id=1259824984906711255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0361, pmid=null, cstr=32229.14.SSSWXB.2025.0361, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761580800000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-28, revisedDate=1768838400000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778295282818, onlineDateStr=2026-05-09, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778295282818, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778295282818, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778295282818, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259824976404800325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, year='2026', volume='50', issue='5', pageStart='052601-1', pageEnd='052618-200', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778295280791, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778295467894, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259825761310073651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259825761310073652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=052613-126, endPage=052613-142, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259824985997230314, articleId=1259824984906711255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, language=EN, title=STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SPATIAL WATER-QUALITY NETWORKS IN ERHAI LAKE FROM 2017 TO 2024, columnId=1259824977629537099, journalTitle=Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, columnName=Water Ecology and Environment, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Influenced by natural geographical conditions and intensity of human activities, the water environment of different areas in Erhai Lake exhibits significant differentiation. To analyze the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of the water environment in Erhai Lake, this study constructed water quality correlation networks at overall, annual, and quarterly scales for three lake regions (the north, middle, and south) based on 19 water physicochemical indicators monitored quarterly at the lake center and corresponding bays (Shaping Bay, Wase Bay, and Xiangyang Bay) from 2017 to 2024. The results indicate that: (1) The water quality network at the center of Erhai Lake is sparser and structurally simpler than that in the lake bays. This low connectivity and high modularity structure can localize disturbances such as pollution, thereby endowing higher resistance. In contrast, the bay networks are more complex and densely connected, making them more prone to chain fluctuations under external disturbances and having relatively weaker resistance; (2) The core nodes quality in the center lake network water are TN, TP, SD, and Chl.a, with TP serving as a common key driver. Its regulation can produce an efficient lever effect. Although water quality indicators in the bays have more connections, they possess fewer key nodes and rely more on random connected paths for buffering disturbances, thus having relatively lower stability; (3) The network structure of water quality in the bays undergoes seasonal evolution, gradually becoming more complex and compact from spring to winter, which may be jointly driven by seasonal fluctuations in rainfall runoff and aquatic plants. Therefore, by regulating the aquatic plant communities in the bays, the local network density can be reduced and modularity enhanced, thereby providing a key pathway toward simplifying and stabilizing the overall lake water quality network. This study is the first to incorporate the network stability framework into water quality assessment of plateau lakes. The proposed “water quality network structure characteristics” offer novel early-warning indicators (such as modularity and density) for zonal management of Erhai Lake and indicate the precise governance approach of reducing external loads and regulating aquatic vegetation to drive the network towards a more favorable configuration.

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为解析洱海水环境的时空变化特征, 本研究基于2017—2024年洱海北、中、南三区湖心及对应湖湾(沙坪湾、挖色湾、向阳湾)季度监测的19项水体理化指标, 分区域构建了整体、年度和季度尺度的水质相关性网络。结果表明: (1)洱海湖心水质网络较湖湾更松散、简单, 这一低连通、高模块化的结构可把污染等扰动局域化, 从而赋予其更高的抵抗力; 而湖湾网络复杂、连接冗余, 在外部扰动下更易发生连锁波动, 抵抗力相对较弱。(2)湖心区水质网络以TN、TP、SD和Chl.a为核心节点, 其中TP是共有的关键驱动因子, 对其调控可产生高效的杠杆效应。湖湾水质指标虽连接数多, 但关键节点少, 对扰动的缓冲更依赖随机连通路径, 稳定性相对较低。(3)湖湾区水质网络结构呈季节性演变, 由春季至冬季逐渐复杂紧密, 这可能受降雨径流与水生植物季节波动等的共同驱动。因此, 通过调控湖湾水生植物群落, 有望局部降低网络密度、提升模块化, 进而为全湖水质网络的简化与稳态维持提供一种关键驱动途径。本研究将网络稳定性框架引入高原湖泊水质评价, 所提出的“水质网络结构特征”可为洱海分区治理提供新的预警指标(如模块度与密度), 并指明通过削减外源负荷与调控水生植被驱动网络向更优构型转变的精准治理路径。

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丑庆川(1988—), 男, 副研究员; 主要研究方向为水生植物生态学。E-mail:
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金大程(2002—), 男, 硕士研究生; 主要研究方向为水生植物生态学。E-mail:

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companyId=1259825013222457911, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4Dali Prefecture Smart Erhai Lake Supervision and Command Center, Dali 671100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259825013658665532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, companyId=1259825013222457911, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4大理州智慧洱海监管指挥中心, 大理 671100)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1259825040015672124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The distribution map of sampling points in this study, figureFileSmall=CE9TG+oDZ01jih6FOzDKgg==, figureFileBig=Q1bUo5V6Smzil7Cq/Yj27g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825040187638592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=CN, label=图1, caption=本研究采样点位分布图, figureFileSmall=CE9TG+oDZ01jih6FOzDKgg==, figureFileBig=Q1bUo5V6Smzil7Cq/Yj27g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825040602874702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Comparative study on water quality networks in different zones of Erhai Lake over eight years (Modules are formed by nodes of the same color), figureFileSmall=9z+Q8Czn66626QJWYYlVPw==, figureFileBig=cwMbPL1xqQotofyQmTM2nQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825040762258256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=CN, label=图2, caption=洱海各水域2017—2024年整体水质网络对比(相同颜色的节点组成模块), figureFileSmall=9z+Q8Czn66626QJWYYlVPw==, figureFileBig=cwMbPL1xqQotofyQmTM2nQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825042481922903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Comparison of Cohen’s d effect size for network parameters of the lake center and lake bay in different water bodies, figureFileSmall=IS1FqzsrMW3yeMFRi70E5g==, figureFileBig=7MBffC0h8AAv0r+8C5mukQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825042846827356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同水域湖心与湖湾网络参数Cohen’s d效应量对比

a. Northern lake district; b. Central lake district; c. Southern lake district

, figureFileSmall=IS1FqzsrMW3yeMFRi70E5g==, figureFileBig=7MBffC0h8AAv0r+8C5mukQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825043022988128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The differences in network parameters of various water quality indicators at the center and the bays of Erhai Lake, figureFileSmall=z2qXDonpu8eNG22NwTTRuA==, figureFileBig=JsTEw+aVFBwU3GsPNVLhnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825043157205860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=CN, label=图4, caption=洱海湖心与湖湾各水质指标网络参数差异, figureFileSmall=z2qXDonpu8eNG22NwTTRuA==, figureFileBig=JsTEw+aVFBwU3GsPNVLhnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825043257869161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Annual water quality networks and parameters in different zones of Erhai Lake from 2017 to 2024, figureFileSmall=kQ1zDFr8SdqZU5WpqYUN1A==, figureFileBig=xX6d+5eBxAEGH6OC8QEbBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825043434029935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=CN, label=图5, caption=洱海各水域2017-2024年年际水质网络及参数

Modules are formed by nodes of the same color; a. Interannual water quality network diagram of the lake bay; b. Interannual water quality network diagram of the lake center

, figureFileSmall=kQ1zDFr8SdqZU5WpqYUN1A==, figureFileBig=xX6d+5eBxAEGH6OC8QEbBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825043626967922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Annual water quality network node degrees distribution and node attribute parameter differences in different zones of Erhai Lake, figureFileSmall=uaJ7CN3mwTVrKpvA4jjLqw==, figureFileBig=E8rMWVRBsnIFTnqw0P7VuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825043756991348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=CN, label=图6, caption=洱海各水域年际水质网络节点度分布及节点属性参数差异

All are the differences between the lake bays and centers, red dotted line represents the average difference between the lake bays and centers; a. Degree distribution of nodes in the lake bay; b. Degree distribution of nodes in the lake center; c. Degree difference; d. Closeness centrality difference; e. Betweenness centrality difference; f. Eigenvector centrality difference

, figureFileSmall=uaJ7CN3mwTVrKpvA4jjLqw==, figureFileBig=E8rMWVRBsnIFTnqw0P7VuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825043878626168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Annual water quality network node attribute parameters in different zones of Erhai Lake and their stability relationship, figureFileSmall=UiZ6yM0Ry2NfWf+2hKQtxA==, figureFileBig=sVKi03p/t9aBAxXJQ/EpOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825044029621118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=CN, label=图7, caption=洱海各水域年际水质网络节点属性参数与其稳定性关系

a. Degree; b. Closeness centrality; c. Between Centrality; d. Eigenvector centrality

, figureFileSmall=UiZ6yM0Ry2NfWf+2hKQtxA==, figureFileBig=sVKi03p/t9aBAxXJQ/EpOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825044189004670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Quarterly water quality networks in different zones of Erhai Lake from 2017 to 2024 (Modules are formed by nodes of the same color), figureFileSmall=EIzWXOJvTND9mIfc2BYp9g==, figureFileBig=014nMol825zdz9MimymlMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825044348388225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=CN, label=图8, caption=洱海各湖区2017—2024年季节水质网络图(相同颜色节点组成模块), figureFileSmall=EIzWXOJvTND9mIfc2BYp9g==, figureFileBig=014nMol825zdz9MimymlMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825044524548995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Quarterly water quality network node degrees distribution and node attribute parameter differences of Erhai Lake, figureFileSmall=uImQ1Lf0iWc1GTF2gQlLkQ==, figureFileBig=/o5tRNpVfYOMM04qXPL9/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825044860093320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=CN, label=图9, caption=洱海各湖区季节网络节点度分布及节点属性参数差异

All are the differences between the lake bays and the lake centers, the red dotted line represents the average difference between the bays and the center of the lake; a. Degree distribution of nodes in the lake bay; b. Degree distribution of nodes in the lake center; c. Degree difference; d. Closeness centrality difference between nodes; e. Betweenness centrality difference; f. Eigenvector centrality difference

, figureFileSmall=uImQ1Lf0iWc1GTF2gQlLkQ==, figureFileBig=/o5tRNpVfYOMM04qXPL9/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825044998505358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Quarterly water quality network node attribute parameters of the center and the bay of Erhai Lake and their stability relationship, figureFileSmall=7LLHVDzsWEuuRh2ltjTxAg==, figureFileBig=moEHKwZOTGqiJ5QuaoV0Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825045254357908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=CN, label=图10, caption=洱海2017—2024年湖心与湖湾季节水质网络节点参数与其稳定性关系

a. Degree; b. Closeness centrality; c. Between Centrality; d. Eigenvector centrality

, figureFileSmall=7LLHVDzsWEuuRh2ltjTxAg==, figureFileBig=moEHKwZOTGqiJ5QuaoV0Jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825045384381336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Correlation analysis of water quality indicators and network parameters in the lake center and bays of Erhai Lake, figureFileSmall=pYCiPJGFbXKLP/UgtsdS0A==, figureFileBig=g633P5bz76hbYHf1rI8a9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825047041131419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=CN, label=图11, caption=洱海湖心与湖湾水质指标和网络参数相关性分析

a. 湖心Lake center; b. 湖湾Lake bay; *P<0.05; **P<0.01

, figureFileSmall=pYCiPJGFbXKLP/UgtsdS0A==, figureFileBig=g633P5bz76hbYHf1rI8a9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825047309566881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=EN, label=Appendix Fig.1, caption=Comparative study on water quality networks in different zones of Erhai Lake over eight years, figureFileSmall=/gbHnXx6v8EXNoLiM67kjA==, figureFileBig=stdgtRi3lprnii/c8yTraA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825047649305509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=CN, label=附图1, caption=洱海各水域2017—2024年整体水质网络参数对比, figureFileSmall=/gbHnXx6v8EXNoLiM67kjA==, figureFileBig=stdgtRi3lprnii/c8yTraA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825048223925161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=EN, label=Appendix Fig.2, caption=Hierarchical clustering analysis of water quality indices in the central and bay areas of Erhai Lake, figureFileSmall=HfUmn8qRy287gSyu3CgJBw==, figureFileBig=ybEvixmG0coDfcCL/Re2lA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825048471389100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=CN, label=附图2, caption=洱海湖心与湖湾水质指标层次聚类图, figureFileSmall=HfUmn8qRy287gSyu3CgJBw==, figureFileBig=ybEvixmG0coDfcCL/Re2lA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825048735630256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=EN, label=Appendix Fig.3, caption=Interannual water quality networks modularity (a) and network density (b) in different zones of Erhai Lake from 2017 to 2024, figureFileSmall=FwRwkBxW2yWN8FOq3MT6XA==, figureFileBig=kiE7vtkNtcSYq3rbRChPvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825048978899893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=CN, label=附图3, caption=洱海各湖区2017—2024年年际水质网络模块度(a)和网络密度(b), figureFileSmall=FwRwkBxW2yWN8FOq3MT6XA==, figureFileBig=kiE7vtkNtcSYq3rbRChPvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825049125700539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=EN, label=Appendix Fig.4, caption=Interannual variations of TN, TP, and Chl.a concentrations in different zones of Erhai Lake, figureFileSmall=ZHU9zQ2NFUXUQC9rvIJGqw==, figureFileBig=8dKn6jg++CaH7hEjaQEHWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825049381553088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=CN, label=附图4, caption=洱海各湖区TN、TP、Chl.a浓度年际变化, figureFileSmall=ZHU9zQ2NFUXUQC9rvIJGqw==, figureFileBig=8dKn6jg++CaH7hEjaQEHWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825049511576517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=EN, label=Appendix Fig.5, caption=Quarterly water quality networks modularity (a) and network density (b) in different zones of Erhai Lake from 2017 to 2024, figureFileSmall=+4EV9bhtiyJASbma7t7h6Q==, figureFileBig=/J6+C8nMBBlkSi83eVV7lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825049649988552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=CN, label=附图5, caption=洱海各湖区2017—2024年季节水质网络模块度(a)和网络密度(b), figureFileSmall=+4EV9bhtiyJASbma7t7h6Q==, figureFileBig=/J6+C8nMBBlkSi83eVV7lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825049780011981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=EN, label=Appendix Fig.6, caption=Quarterly variations of TN, TP, and Chl.a concentrations in different zones of Erhai Lake, figureFileSmall=W+8b9BOnFxmlix2e8yeiKg==, figureFileBig=sTcN8MM7gYYYUQWU5KaR4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825051562591184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=CN, label=附图6, caption=洱海各湖区TN、TP、Chl.a浓度季节变化, figureFileSmall=W+8b9BOnFxmlix2e8yeiKg==, figureFileBig=sTcN8MM7gYYYUQWU5KaR4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825051768112086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Sampling points and their longitude and latitude of Erhai Lake

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
湖区
Lake area
采样点位
Sampling point
经度
Longitude (°E)
纬度
Latitude (°N)
北部Northern北部湖湾(沙坪湾)100.1164425.93426
北部Northern北部湖心100.1627025.90525
中部Central中部湖湾(挖色湾)100.2232125.82478
中部Central中部湖心100.1843325.79433
南部Southern南部湖湾(向阳湾)100.2501725.70752
南部Southern南部湖心100.2475025.66010
), ArticleFig(id=1259825051893941210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

洱海采样点位及其经纬度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
湖区
Lake area
采样点位
Sampling point
经度
Longitude (°E)
纬度
Latitude (°N)
北部Northern北部湖湾(沙坪湾)100.1164425.93426
北部Northern北部湖心100.1627025.90525
中部Central中部湖湾(挖色湾)100.2232125.82478
中部Central中部湖心100.1843325.79433
南部Southern南部湖湾(向阳湾)100.2501725.70752
南部Southern南部湖心100.2475025.66010
), ArticleFig(id=1259825052091073502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Network-topology parameters and node-attribute parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网络参数
Network parameter
参数性质
Parameter nature
参数Parameter计算公式
Calculation formula
参数意义
Parameter meaning
定义Definition意义Meaning生态学假设
Ecological hypothesis
网络拓扑结构参数Network-topology parameter[19]连通性网络密度Edge density $ \text{ED=}\dfrac{{2m}}{{n*(n-1)}} $m为网络图中的边数, n为节点数节点间的实际连接占所有可能连接的比例网络密度越高网络越紧密水质网络越紧密, 节点间连接越多, 单一指标波动越容易引起连锁反应, 网络越容易发生整体波动, 抵抗力越弱
连通性平均路径长度
Average path length
$ \text{APL=}\dfrac{{1}}{{n*(n-1)}}\displaystyle\sum i \ne j{\rm{d}}_{ij} $n为节点数, dij为节点i到j的最短路径长度节点间最短路径的平均值平均路径长度越短网络越紧密
连通性最大路径长度
Max path length
$ {\rm{MPL=max(d}}_{ij}) $dij为节点ij的最短路径长度节点间的最长简单路径(不重复经过节点或边)的边数最大路径长度越短网络越紧密
复杂性模块度Modularity $ Q=\displaystyle\frac{1}{2m}\sum \limits_{ij}\left[{A}_{ij}-\frac{{{{k}_{i}}k}_{j}}{2m}\right]\delta ({c}_{i},{c}_{j}) $m为网络图中的边数, Aij为邻接矩阵A中的元素, kikj分别为节点ij的度, δ(ci, cj)=1时, i、j属于同一模块, δ(ci, cj)=0时, ij不属于同一模块模块内节点间的连接比例与随机分布下连接的差异模块度越低网络越复杂水质网络越复杂, 直接相关的水质指标越多, 湖区水质越易受到外源输入干扰, 网络越容易发生整体波动, 抵抗力越弱
复杂性平均聚类系数
Clustering coefficient
$ \text{CC=}\displaystyle\frac{\text{3}{\text{τ}}_{\text{∆}}}{{\text{τ}}_{\text{3}}} $τ为三元团的数量, τ3为联通三元组的数量所有节点的相邻节点间的边与可能存在的最大边比值的平均值平均聚类系数越高网络越复杂
复杂性团数Clique number//网络中完全连接的子图的数量团数越高网络越复杂
网络节点属性参数Network node attribute parameter[27]中心性度Degree//节点与其他节点直接相连的边的数量度越高节点越重要水质网络中节点中心性越高, 节点越重要, 该水质指标对水质网络的影响程度越大
中心性加权度Weight degree//与节点相连的所有边的权重之和加权度越高节点越重要
中心性接近中心性
Closeness centrality
$ {{c}}_{\text{Cl}}\left({v}\right)\text{=}\displaystyle\frac{\text{1}}{{\displaystyle\sum }_{{u\in V}}\text{dist}(v,u)} $dist(v,u)为节点u,vV的捷径距离节点与其他节点间的平均最短路径的倒数接近中心性越高节点对其他节点影响越直接
中心性中介中心性
Betweenness centrality
$ {{c}}_{\text{B}}\left({v}\right)\text{=}\displaystyle\sum \limits_{s\neq t\neq v\epsilon V}\frac{\sigma (s,t|v)}{\sigma (s,t)} $σ(s,t|v)为st之间通过v的最短路径数量, σ(s,t)为s与t之间的最短路径总数节点在所有最短路径中出现的频率中介中心性越高节点越重要
中心性特征向量中心性
Eigenvector centrality
$ {{c}}_{\text{Ei}}\left({v}\right)\text{=α}\displaystyle\sum \limits_{\left\{u,v\right\}}{c}_{Ei}(u) $α-1的最优值是A的最大特征值, 而cEi为对应的特征向量以邻居节点的重要性衡量节点重要性特征向量中心性越高节点越重要
), ArticleFig(id=1259825052258845667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

网络拓扑结构参数和网络节点属性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
网络参数
Network parameter
参数性质
Parameter nature
参数Parameter计算公式
Calculation formula
参数意义
Parameter meaning
定义Definition意义Meaning生态学假设
Ecological hypothesis
网络拓扑结构参数Network-topology parameter[19]连通性网络密度Edge density $ \text{ED=}\dfrac{{2m}}{{n*(n-1)}} $m为网络图中的边数, n为节点数节点间的实际连接占所有可能连接的比例网络密度越高网络越紧密水质网络越紧密, 节点间连接越多, 单一指标波动越容易引起连锁反应, 网络越容易发生整体波动, 抵抗力越弱
连通性平均路径长度
Average path length
$ \text{APL=}\dfrac{{1}}{{n*(n-1)}}\displaystyle\sum i \ne j{\rm{d}}_{ij} $n为节点数, dij为节点i到j的最短路径长度节点间最短路径的平均值平均路径长度越短网络越紧密
连通性最大路径长度
Max path length
$ {\rm{MPL=max(d}}_{ij}) $dij为节点ij的最短路径长度节点间的最长简单路径(不重复经过节点或边)的边数最大路径长度越短网络越紧密
复杂性模块度Modularity $ Q=\displaystyle\frac{1}{2m}\sum \limits_{ij}\left[{A}_{ij}-\frac{{{{k}_{i}}k}_{j}}{2m}\right]\delta ({c}_{i},{c}_{j}) $m为网络图中的边数, Aij为邻接矩阵A中的元素, kikj分别为节点ij的度, δ(ci, cj)=1时, i、j属于同一模块, δ(ci, cj)=0时, ij不属于同一模块模块内节点间的连接比例与随机分布下连接的差异模块度越低网络越复杂水质网络越复杂, 直接相关的水质指标越多, 湖区水质越易受到外源输入干扰, 网络越容易发生整体波动, 抵抗力越弱
复杂性平均聚类系数
Clustering coefficient
$ \text{CC=}\displaystyle\frac{\text{3}{\text{τ}}_{\text{∆}}}{{\text{τ}}_{\text{3}}} $τ为三元团的数量, τ3为联通三元组的数量所有节点的相邻节点间的边与可能存在的最大边比值的平均值平均聚类系数越高网络越复杂
复杂性团数Clique number//网络中完全连接的子图的数量团数越高网络越复杂
网络节点属性参数Network node attribute parameter[27]中心性度Degree//节点与其他节点直接相连的边的数量度越高节点越重要水质网络中节点中心性越高, 节点越重要, 该水质指标对水质网络的影响程度越大
中心性加权度Weight degree//与节点相连的所有边的权重之和加权度越高节点越重要
中心性接近中心性
Closeness centrality
$ {{c}}_{\text{Cl}}\left({v}\right)\text{=}\displaystyle\frac{\text{1}}{{\displaystyle\sum }_{{u\in V}}\text{dist}(v,u)} $dist(v,u)为节点u,vV的捷径距离节点与其他节点间的平均最短路径的倒数接近中心性越高节点对其他节点影响越直接
中心性中介中心性
Betweenness centrality
$ {{c}}_{\text{B}}\left({v}\right)\text{=}\displaystyle\sum \limits_{s\neq t\neq v\epsilon V}\frac{\sigma (s,t|v)}{\sigma (s,t)} $σ(s,t|v)为st之间通过v的最短路径数量, σ(s,t)为s与t之间的最短路径总数节点在所有最短路径中出现的频率中介中心性越高节点越重要
中心性特征向量中心性
Eigenvector centrality
$ {{c}}_{\text{Ei}}\left({v}\right)\text{=α}\displaystyle\sum \limits_{\left\{u,v\right\}}{c}_{Ei}(u) $α-1的最优值是A的最大特征值, 而cEi为对应的特征向量以邻居节点的重要性衡量节点重要性特征向量中心性越高节点越重要
), ArticleFig(id=1259825052355314663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=EN, label=Tab.S1, caption=

The differences in the water quality network structure with different correlation coefficients in each lake area

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
湖区模块度密度聚类系数
r>0.3r>0.4r>0.5r>0.3r>0.4r>0.5r>0.3r>0.4r>0.5
北部湖心0.4420.5810.7040.1520.1110.0410.1370.1670
中部湖心0.5000.6910.6240.0940.0530.0290.07400
南部湖心0.3460.5090.5470.1520.0940.0530.3820.3330.389
沙坪湾0.4010.5480.6740.2050.1170.0470.4290.6200.583
挖色湾0.2810.3910.4520.2340.1460.0880.4740.4000.433
向阳湾0.6140.6550.6240.1400.1230.0470.6430.6790
), ArticleFig(id=1259825052451783659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984906711255, language=CN, label=表S1, caption=

各湖区不同相关系数的水质网络结构差异

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
湖区模块度密度聚类系数
r>0.3r>0.4r>0.5r>0.3r>0.4r>0.5r>0.3r>0.4r>0.5
北部湖心0.4420.5810.7040.1520.1110.0410.1370.1670
中部湖心0.5000.6910.6240.0940.0530.0290.07400
南部湖心0.3460.5090.5470.1520.0940.0530.3820.3330.389
沙坪湾0.4010.5480.6740.2050.1170.0470.4290.6200.583
挖色湾0.2810.3910.4520.2340.1460.0880.4740.4000.433
向阳湾0.6140.6550.6240.1400.1230.0470.6430.6790
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2017—2024年洱海分区水质网络结构特征
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金大程 1, 2 , 吕超超 1 , 石雷 1, 2 , 陈晓希 4 , 华兆晖 1 , 文紫豪 1 , 单航 1 , 印金凤 1, 2 , 曹特 1 , 丑庆川 1, 3
水生生物学报 | 水生态与环境 2026,50(5): 052613-126-052613-142
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水生生物学报 | 水生态与环境 2026, 50(5): 052613-126-052613-142
2017—2024年洱海分区水质网络结构特征
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金大程1, 2 , 吕超超1, 石雷1, 2, 陈晓希4, 华兆晖1, 文紫豪1, 单航1, 印金凤1, 2, 曹特1, 丑庆川1, 3
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院水生生物研究所洱海高原湖泊生态系统试验站, 武汉 430072
  • 2中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
  • 3中国科学院水生生物研究所水产品种创制与高效养殖全国重点实验室, 武汉 430072
  • 4大理州智慧洱海监管指挥中心, 大理 671100
  • 金大程(2002—), 男, 硕士研究生; 主要研究方向为水生植物生态学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

丑庆川(1988—), 男, 副研究员; 主要研究方向为水生植物生态学。E-mail:
STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SPATIAL WATER-QUALITY NETWORKS IN ERHAI LAKE FROM 2017 TO 2024
Da-Cheng JIN1, 2 , Chao-Chao LÜ1, Lei SHI1, 2, Xiao-Xi CHEN4, Zhao-Hui HUA1, Zi-Hao WEN1, Hang SHAN1, Jin-Feng YIN1, 2, Te CAO1, Qing-Chuan CHOU1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1Erhai Plateau Lake Ecosystem Research Station, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
  • 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 3State Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
  • 4Dali Prefecture Smart Erhai Lake Supervision and Command Center, Dali 671100, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0361
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为解析洱海水环境的时空变化特征, 本研究基于2017—2024年洱海北、中、南三区湖心及对应湖湾(沙坪湾、挖色湾、向阳湾)季度监测的19项水体理化指标, 分区域构建了整体、年度和季度尺度的水质相关性网络。结果表明: (1)洱海湖心水质网络较湖湾更松散、简单, 这一低连通、高模块化的结构可把污染等扰动局域化, 从而赋予其更高的抵抗力; 而湖湾网络复杂、连接冗余, 在外部扰动下更易发生连锁波动, 抵抗力相对较弱。(2)湖心区水质网络以TN、TP、SD和Chl.a为核心节点, 其中TP是共有的关键驱动因子, 对其调控可产生高效的杠杆效应。湖湾水质指标虽连接数多, 但关键节点少, 对扰动的缓冲更依赖随机连通路径, 稳定性相对较低。(3)湖湾区水质网络结构呈季节性演变, 由春季至冬季逐渐复杂紧密, 这可能受降雨径流与水生植物季节波动等的共同驱动。因此, 通过调控湖湾水生植物群落, 有望局部降低网络密度、提升模块化, 进而为全湖水质网络的简化与稳态维持提供一种关键驱动途径。本研究将网络稳定性框架引入高原湖泊水质评价, 所提出的“水质网络结构特征”可为洱海分区治理提供新的预警指标(如模块度与密度), 并指明通过削减外源负荷与调控水生植被驱动网络向更优构型转变的精准治理路径。

高原湖泊  /  水质网络  /  稳定性  /  季节差异  /  洱海

Influenced by natural geographical conditions and intensity of human activities, the water environment of different areas in Erhai Lake exhibits significant differentiation. To analyze the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of the water environment in Erhai Lake, this study constructed water quality correlation networks at overall, annual, and quarterly scales for three lake regions (the north, middle, and south) based on 19 water physicochemical indicators monitored quarterly at the lake center and corresponding bays (Shaping Bay, Wase Bay, and Xiangyang Bay) from 2017 to 2024. The results indicate that: (1) The water quality network at the center of Erhai Lake is sparser and structurally simpler than that in the lake bays. This low connectivity and high modularity structure can localize disturbances such as pollution, thereby endowing higher resistance. In contrast, the bay networks are more complex and densely connected, making them more prone to chain fluctuations under external disturbances and having relatively weaker resistance; (2) The core nodes quality in the center lake network water are TN, TP, SD, and Chl.a, with TP serving as a common key driver. Its regulation can produce an efficient lever effect. Although water quality indicators in the bays have more connections, they possess fewer key nodes and rely more on random connected paths for buffering disturbances, thus having relatively lower stability; (3) The network structure of water quality in the bays undergoes seasonal evolution, gradually becoming more complex and compact from spring to winter, which may be jointly driven by seasonal fluctuations in rainfall runoff and aquatic plants. Therefore, by regulating the aquatic plant communities in the bays, the local network density can be reduced and modularity enhanced, thereby providing a key pathway toward simplifying and stabilizing the overall lake water quality network. This study is the first to incorporate the network stability framework into water quality assessment of plateau lakes. The proposed “water quality network structure characteristics” offer novel early-warning indicators (such as modularity and density) for zonal management of Erhai Lake and indicate the precise governance approach of reducing external loads and regulating aquatic vegetation to drive the network towards a more favorable configuration.

Plateau lakes  /  Water quality network  /  Stability  /  Seasonal differences  /  Erhai Lake
金大程, 吕超超, 石雷, 陈晓希, 华兆晖, 文紫豪, 单航, 印金凤, 曹特, 丑庆川. 2017—2024年洱海分区水质网络结构特征. 水生生物学报, 2026 , 50 (5) : 052613-126 -052613-142 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0361
Da-Cheng JIN, Chao-Chao LÜ, Lei SHI, Xiao-Xi CHEN, Zhao-Hui HUA, Zi-Hao WEN, Hang SHAN, Jin-Feng YIN, Te CAO, Qing-Chuan CHOU. STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SPATIAL WATER-QUALITY NETWORKS IN ERHAI LAKE FROM 2017 TO 2024[J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2026 , 50 (5) : 052613-126 -052613-142 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0361
洱海(25°36'—25°58'N, 100°05'—100°17'E)是云贵高原重要的大型淡水湖泊, 位于云南省大理白族自治州中部[1]。受流域人口增长、农业集约化和旅游业扩张的影响, 洱海自20世纪80年代起经历了从贫营养化向富营养化的急剧转变[2]。2017年以来, 大理州政府针对洱海流域实施了一系列治理措施: 2017年6月, 大理州政府以洱海的保护治理为目标开展了“七大行动”, 在2018年11月部署了洱海治理的“八大攻坚战”, 从环湖截污、生态搬迁、矿山整治、农业面源污染治理、河道治理、环湖生态修复、水质改善提升和过度开发建设治理方面, 对洱海流域的污染源与生态问题进行了系统性、根源性的治理。尽管这些措施使洱海流域的点源污染得到有效控制, 但面源负荷仍需改善[3, 4]。因此, 2023年启动了为期3年的洱海流域山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和修复工程项目, 致力于解决区域内水土资源粗放利用、入湖清水通道受损退化、洱海湖泊水质不稳等问题。洱海流域面源污染负荷呈现显著的时空分异性: 2017—2022年, 洱海氮、磷浓度表现为夏季、秋季大于春季、冬季[5], 季节性耕种也导致了同一区域不同时间存在污染强度差异[6]。空间上, 洱海水体营养程度表现为北部>中部>南部[5], 北部农村地区的氮、磷输出强度显著高于南部城镇化集中区。
湖心与湖湾是湖泊的两个空间组成部分, 一般而言, 湖心水深但水生植被分布较少, 湖湾水浅但水生植被丰富[7], 这导致多数湖泊的湖心营养状态高于湖湾, 如梁子湖[8]、太湖[9]等, 洱海则表现为湖心营养状态低于湖湾[10]。由此可见, 洱海的水体环境变化具有长期性和复杂性, 对洱海水质及其影响因素进行分湖区分析具有重要意义[11]。现有洱海水质相关研究多聚焦于少数参数(如总氮、总磷)的时空分布或特定治理技术的效果评估。例如, Liu等[12]通过水质指数(WQI)与Sen斜率分析, 指出总氮、总磷及化学需氧量是驱动洱海藻类生物量变化的核心因子。陈小华等[13]基于洱海流域社会经济统计数据与湖内水质历史监测数据(TN、TP、Chl.a、SD和CODMn), 指出洱海总磷浓度受流域种植业发展影响最大, 其他水质指标则主要受流域畜牧业的影响。然而, 传统方法缺乏对水质指标间相互作用的量化, 导致污染源解析与治理成效评估存在局限性。因此, 本研究旨在探究一种可体现多参数及其相互作用对水环境共同影响的方法。
相关性网络分析是一种用于研究变量之间关系的统计方法, 其通过构建复杂网络模型来揭示变量间的相互作用和关联性[14]。在生态学领域中, 相关性网络常被用于分析群落内微生物间的相互作用[15], 以复杂食物网网络揭示生态系统结构、动力学与稳定性的深层机制[16], 以及探究植物多性状的相互关系等[17]。Domínguez-García等[18]通过构建复杂网络将生态系统稳定性归纳为3个相对独立的维度: 对脉冲扰动的早期响应、对持续压力的敏感性及距离阈值的稳定性。相关性网络中的网络参数主要分为体现网络连通性和复杂性的网络拓扑结构参数与体现网络节点中心性的网络节点属性参数[19, 20], 相比传统水质评价方法, 网络分析运用在湖泊水质分析中可以整体体现多水质指标间的相关关系, 从系统结构层面揭示稳定性和脆弱性, 但目前水环境领域鲜有研究使用此方法。华兆晖等[5]基于8个沿岸带网络样本对洱海水体营养状态(TLI)与多项网络参数进行了相关性分析, 发现TLI与极大团大小显著正相关, 高营养状态可能促进水质网络的紧密化。本研究基于洱海2017—2024年水质指标的季度监测数据, 从空间、年际和季节尺度分湖区构建了多参数相关性水质网络, 以此探讨洱海水环境的时空变化特征, 初步分析洱海最优水质网络结构, 并揭示影响网络结构的主要因素, 从而为洱海精准治理与风险预警提供理论依据和方法支撑。
样点设置  本研究基于洱海水动力特性与湖底地形特征, 将洱海划分为北部(康廊−海舌一线以北)、中部(东部沿线莲花曲至海东之间, 西部海舌至龙龛)、南部(海东−龙龛一线以南) 3个水域[5, 21](图 1), 将湖湾分为河口型、半封闭型和半开放型三种典型生境类型, 并据此在每个水域的湖心区和湖湾区各设置一个采样点 (其中, 北部选取河口型的沙坪湾、中部选取半封闭型的挖色湾、南部选取半开放型的向阳湾作为湖湾水质研究区域)(表 1)。
数据获取  本研究于2017—2024年对研究区域开展了持续的季度水环境监测, 监测指标包括物理参数: 水温(T)、水深(WD)、消光系数(EC)、透明度(SD)、溶解氧(DO)、pH、电导率(COND)、总溶解性固体(TDS)、盐度(SAL)、比电导率(SPC)、氧化还原电位(ORP), 化学参数: 总氮(TN)、总溶解性氮(TDN)、总磷(TP)、总溶解性磷(TDP)、叶绿素a (Chl.a)、氨氮(NH4-N)、硝酸盐氮(NO3-N)和正磷酸盐(PO4-P)。
每个点位使用采水器采集3个重复水体样本(每个500 mL), 每个样本均为上层、中层和底层水的混合样本, 采样同时使用塞氏盘和水深仪分别测定每个点位的SD和WD, 并使用辐射照度测量仪(LI-1500)测定不同水深的光照强度, 水深间隔为0.5 m, 计算得到EC[22], 其计算公式:
$ \text{EC=}\left(\frac{1}{Z}\right)\text{ln}\left(\frac{{{I}}_{\text{0}}}{{{I}}_{{Z}}}\right) $
式中, EC为消光系数, Z为水深, I0为水面光照强度, IZ为水深为Z时的光照强度。使用多参数水质监测仪(YSI Pro Plus, 美国)在各样点测定T、DO、pH、COND、TDS、SPC和ORP。
采集到的水样置于棕色瓶中冷藏保存并带回实验室, 取400 mL水样通过0.45 μm滤膜抽滤并保留过滤后的水样与滤膜。原水样用于测定TN和TP, 过滤后的水样用于测定TDN、TDP、NH4-N、NO3-N和PO4-P。采用碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法测定TN和DTN、钼酸铵分光光度法测定TP和DTP[23], 钼蓝法测定PO4-P[24], 紫外分光光度法测定NO3-N、Nessler法分析NH4-N[25], 并使用过滤后的滤膜采用乙醇提取比色法测定Chl.a浓度[26]
数据预处理 针对研究湖区的整体水质数据、湖心区与湖湾区的年际水质数据及湖心区与湖湾区的季度水质数据分别构建相关性网络, 其中每年3、6、9和12月分别代表春、夏、秋和冬季。采用Z-score方法对全部19项水质指标进行标准化处理, 以消除不同测量方法带来的偏差。对极少量缺失值(<0.5%)采用线性插值法处理。以标准化数据的Z值±3作为异常值的判定标准, 并将异常值设定为缺失值后处理。数据标准化通过R 4.3.2的“scale”包实现; 采用IBM SPSS Statistics 26处理数据缺失值。
水质网络构建  通过Spearman相关分析来量化指标间的相关性, 当Spearman相关系数r>0.2且P<0.05时, 认为2个水质指标间存在网络连接[11]。基于分析结果建立邻接矩阵并转化成无向图, 其中每个节点代表一项水质指标, 连接节点的边表示两项水质指标存在显著相关性。上述相关性分析通过R 4.3.2的“psych”包实现, 采用“igraph”包构建网络; 网络可视化通过Gephi 0.10.1实现。
$ \rho=1-\frac{\text{6}\displaystyle\sum\nolimits_{{i=1}}^{{n}}{d}_{{i}}^{\text{2}}}{{{n}}^{\text{3}}-{n}} $
式中, ρ为Spearman相关系数, di为变量值的秩次差, n为样本量。
敏感性分析  通过比较不同相关系数下的网络结构, 以评估阈值选择对网络结构的影响。在P<0.05的条件下, 设置r>0.3、r>0.4和r>0.5三个Spearman相关系数阈值, 比较不同阈值下的网络拓扑结构参数(模块度、密度和聚类系数)。网络拓扑结构参数计算通过Gephi 0.10.1实现。
水质网络特征 通过R 4.3.2中的“igraph”包得到各水质网络相关参数, 包括网络拓扑结构参数和网络节点属性参数, 各参数的定义、计算公式、意义及其对应的生态学假设如表 2所示。其中, 网络拓扑结构参数代表网络的连通性和复杂性, 网络节点属性参数代表节点的中心性。一般而言, 网络结构越简单松散、拥有的高中心性节点越多, 该相关性网络结构越稳定[19]
网络特征对比分析 采用Cohen’s d效应量对湖心区与湖湾区整体水质网络的拓扑结构参数差异进行分析。
$ {{\mathrm{Cohen}}{{'}} {\mathrm{s}}}\;d=\frac{\overline{{{X}}_{\text{1}}}-\overline{{{X}}_{\text{2}}}}{{\text{SD}}_{\text{p}}} $
式中, $ \overline{{{X}}_{\text{1}}} $为湖心参数平均值, $ \overline{{{X}}_{\text{2}}} $为湖湾参数平均值, SDp为合并标准差。
对各水域网络拓扑结构参数的年际稳定性和季节稳定性进行分析, 并对年际水质网络和季度水质网络参数及其稳定性进行线性回归分析, 其中稳定性系数(Coefficient of Variation)计算公式为:
$ \text{稳定性系数=}\dfrac{\sigma}{{x}}\times 100\text{%} $
式中, x为参数平均值, σ为参数标准差。
Cohen’s d效应量计算及网络参数及其稳定性回归分析在R 4.3.2中进行。所有图件均采用Origin 2021 (版本9.8.0, Microcal)进行绘制。
洱海各湖区水质网络拓扑结构特征及差异  2017—2024年洱海北部和中部湖区的网络拓扑结构特征表现为湖心模块度高(北部湖心0.457、湖湾0.391; 中部湖心0.534、湖湾0.281)、密度低(北部湖心0.152、湖湾0.205; 中部湖心0.094, 湖湾0.234)、团数少(北部湖心49、湖湾79; 中部湖心36, 湖湾100), 表明北部和中部湖心水质网络相对更简单, 不容易发生整体波动。而南部水域的网络特征却表现为湖心模块度低(湖心0.397、湖湾0.614)、密度高(湖心0.152、湖湾0.140)、团数多(湖心58、湖湾54), 即南部湖心各水质参数之间联系更紧密, 网络更复杂, 更容易发生整体波动(图 2)。北部、中部和南部湖心水质网络的最大模块分别由6、5和5个节点组成, 且TP在所有最大模块中均出现, 表明TP可能是湖心水体共有的关键驱动因子。尽管中部湖心与湖湾(挖色湾)水质网络的最大模块中无共享节点指标, 但北部和南部湖心与湖湾的最大模块均同时包含TP、Chl.a、SD和EC, 形成跨区一致的敏感指标组合。另外, 整体来看, 洱海湖心水质网络具有更长的路径长度(湖心2.774、湖湾2.087)和更低的平均聚类系数(湖心0.252、湖湾0.473), 即湖心区各水质指标间耦合度低, 关联松散, 水质状态较湖湾更为稳定。
洱海湖区水质网络节点属性参数及差异  北部、中部和南部湖心与湖湾水质网络节点属性参数(度、加权度、中介中心性、接近中心性和特征向量中心性)的Cohen’s d效应量分析结果(图 3)表明, 北部和南部湖心的接近中心性相较相应湖湾均呈现负的大效应(北部–1.31、南部–1.72), 而中部湖心的节点度相较对应湖湾呈现负的大效应(–1.25), 北部湖心与湖湾的节点度有负的中效应(–0.57)。这表明洱海北部、南部湖心相较于湖湾拥有更多重要节点, 而中部湖湾相比湖心拥有更多重要节点。
对比湖心与湖湾19项水质指标的节点度、加权度、中介中心性、接近中心性和特征向量中心性的Cohen’s d效应量(图 4)。相比湖湾, 湖心TDS、SPC、SAL、NH4-N、PO4-P的节点度和接近中心性均表现出负的大效应, 其中节点度的效应量分别为–2.18、–2.35、–1.88、–1.00和–1.00, 接近中心性效应量分别为–1.33、–2.57、–1.40、–0.92和–1.17。这些指标在湖湾水环境中起到关键作用。
湖心Chl.a、NO3-N、ORP、SD、T、TDP的中介中心性和特征向量中心性均表现为正的大效应。其中中介中心性的效应量分别为1.34、1.14、1.03、1.38、1.27和1.51, 特征向量中心性的效应量分别为0.89、1.14、1.00、1.13、0.82和1.60。TDN的中介中心性表现为正的大效应(0.89), TN和TP的中介中心性和特征向量中心性均表现为正的中效应, 其中中介中心性的效应量分别为0.52和0.44, 特征向量中心性的效应量分别为0.55和0.62。Chl.a、TN、TP和TDN的接近中心性均表现为负的大效应, 分别为–0.88、–0.85、–0.80、–0.84。TDP的接近中心性也表现为负的中效应(0.62)。这表明水温与营养指标在湖心水环境中更为重要。
网络分析结果验证  采用层次聚类分析对洱海湖湾与湖心19项水质指标进行检验, 聚类得到的自然分组与网络分析中的模块结构基本一致。湖心水质指标自然分为5个主要类别, 湖湾水质指标仅分为3个类别。对应着湖心网络结构的高模块化与湖湾水质指标间的紧密联系。TN、TP和Chl.a在各湖区聚类分析中均表现出关键地位。营养指标在湖心更具代表性, 而理化指标在湖湾的代表性高于湖心。
湖区水质网络结构及水质指标的年际差异  2017—2024年湖心与湖湾水质网络模块度与密度的年际变化趋势基本一致(图 5), 湖心的水质网络模块度和密度的稳定性分别为4.92和3.32, 均高于湖湾(3.45和2.23), 表明湖湾水质的时间稳定性弱于湖心水质。其中, 2017、2020、2022和2023年湖心拥有更高的模块度(0.611、0.540、0.430、0.650)和更低的网络密度(0.082、0.094、0.181、0.099)。2018、2019、2021和2024年拥有更低的模块度(0.351、0.332、0.295)和更高的网络密度(0.164、0.146、0.146、0.199)。其中, 2024年洱海水质网络的模块度骤降、密度上升。
对比2017—2024年洱海湖心与湖湾TN、TP和Chl.a三个关键水质指标浓度。洱海2017—2024年湖心平均TN、TP (0.793和0.043 mg/L)低于湖湾浓度(0.813和0.050 mg/L), Chl.a浓度(26.125 μg/L)高于湖湾(24.605 μg/L), 三种水质指标的稳定性均为湖心(5.063、3.658、1.719)高于湖湾(4.438、2.984、1.456)。水质状况及稳定性与水质网络结构特征及稳定性表现一致。
水质网络节点属性参数的年际差异  对比湖湾与湖心的节点度分布(图 6a6b)及各节点参数的差异(图 6c—6f)发现, 湖湾水质网络中WD的连接数(2.000)多于湖心水质网络(0.250)。湖心在2017年拥有最少的节点连接数(1.474), 在2024年达到最大值(3.579)。相比之下, 湖湾在2021年拥有最少的节点连接数(1.789), 在2024年达到最大值(4.211)。同时湖湾在2017和2024年也分别拥有较少(2)与较多(2.632)的节点连接。
湖心WD、EC、TDS、SAL和SPC等理化指标的节点度均低于湖湾(湖心: 0.250、1.750、3.125、2.625和1.500, 湖湾: 2.000、3.000、3.750、3.125和3.125)。其中, 湖心2017—2023年TDS、SAL、SPC的节点度较为稳定(稳定性系数分别为3.764、1.107和0.802), 于2024年显著升高至7、8和6。湖湾2017—2023年TDS、SAL、SPC以及WD的节点度较为稳定(稳定性系数分别为1.909、1.656、2.336和0.971), 于2024年显著升高至6、6、6和5。湖心TN、TDN、TP、TDP、NO3-N、PO4-P和Chl.a等营养指标的节点度均高于湖湾(湖心: 2.375、2.5、2.75、2.125、2.5、2.125和3.875, 湖湾: 1.5、2.25、2.25、1.125、1.875、1.625和3.375)。其中, 湖心2017—2023年TN、TDN和Chl.a的节点度较为稳定(稳定性系数分别为0.847、0.771、1.381), 于2024年显著升高至6、7和5。湖湾各营养指标的节点度稳定性均低于湖心。
对比洱海2017—2024年湖心与湖湾水质网络节点参数的差异, 尽管湖心节点的接近中心性低于湖湾(湖心: 0.157, 湖湾: 0.246), 但湖心的节点度低于湖湾(湖心: 2.500, 湖湾: 2.526), 且中介中心性和特征向量中心性均高于湖湾(湖心: 6.243和0.330, 湖湾: 5.678和0.318), 表明相比湖心, 湖湾各水质指标之间的联系更紧密。
年际水质网络节点属性参数及其稳定性相关分析  分别对洱海湖湾与湖心年际水质网络节点属性参数及其稳定性进行线性回归分析(图 7)。在湖心水质网络中, 节点度、中介中心性和特征向量中心性均与其稳定性显著正相关(P<0.05)。其中节点度、接近中心性和特征向量中心性与其稳定性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。接近中心性与其稳定性极显著负相关(P<0.01)。在湖湾水质网络中, 节点度、中介中心性和特征向量中心性与其稳定性显著正相关(P<0.05), 其中中介中心性和特征向量中心性与其稳定性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01), 而接近中心性与其稳定性关系不显著。以上结果表明关键节点在水质网络中拥有更高的年际稳定性, 在网络中的地位不易随时间变化而改变。
湖区水质网络结构及水质指标的季节差异  湖心与湖湾季节水质网络的模块度与网络密度波动趋势相同(图 8), 但湖心的水质网络模块度和密度的稳定性分别为6.50和3.46, 均高于湖湾(分别为5.89和3.02)。洱海湖区季节水质网络中, 湖湾与湖心的模块度均为春季>夏季>秋季>冬季。湖心网络密度为春季<夏季<秋季<冬季, 而湖湾网络密度为夏季<春季<秋季<冬季。这表明湖心与湖湾均在春季、夏季拥有更松散的水质网络。洱海湖湾TN和Chl.a浓度在夏季(夏季TN为0.693 mg/L、Chl.a为16.229 μg/L)与秋季(秋季TN为0.869 mg/L、Chl.a为34.054 μg/L)低于湖心(夏季TN为0.720 mg/L、Chl.a为17.426 μg/L; 秋季TN为0.885 mg/L、Chl.a为37.832 μg/L), 在春季(春季TN为0.794 mg/L、Chl.a为10.498 μg/L)与冬季(冬季TN为0.924 mg/L、Chl.a为40.436 μg/L)高于湖心(春季TN为0.704 mg/L、Chl.a为9.107 μg/L; 冬季TN为0.869 mg/L、Chl.a为34.054 μg/L)。洱海各水域TP浓度随季节变化均呈单调递增趋势, 且湖湾浓度(分别为春季: 0.035 mg/L、夏季: 0.044 mg/L、秋季: 0.051 mg/L和冬季: 0.064 mg/L)均高于湖心(分别为春季: 0.033 mg/L、夏季: 0.039 mg/L、秋季: 0.048 mg/L和冬季: 0.051 mg/L)。TN、TP和Chl.a浓度的稳定性均表现为湖心(分别为TN: 8.291、TP: 5.238和Chl.a: 1.807)高于湖湾(分别为TN: 8.187、TP: 3.933和Chl.a: 1.779)。
水质网络节点属性参数的季节差异  通过分析对比湖湾与湖心节点度分布的季节变化(图 9a和9b)及其关键节点组成(图 9c—9f), WD在湖湾水质网络中连接数显著多于其在湖心水质网络中的连接数(湖心: 0.500, 湖湾: 4.500), 且在秋季的节点度达到最高值9。湖心与湖湾的TN和TP节点度均在冬季显著升高(湖心: 4和7, 湖湾: 均为7)。秋季湖心的NO3-N、NH4-N和Chl.a节点度显著升高, 均为7。湖湾的SD、NO3-N、Chl.a与T节点度均在秋季显著升高, 分别达到5、5、7和7。
对比洱海湖湾与湖心季节水质网络节点参数的差异, 整体上湖心的节点度、中介中心性和特征向量中心性低于湖湾(湖心: 2.816、11.079和0.345, 湖湾: 3.158、12.066和0.357), 接近中心性高于湖湾(湖心: 0.143, 湖湾: 0.105)。其中, 春季湖心水质网络的中介中心性和特征向量中心性高于湖湾(湖心: 16.526和0.331, 湖湾: 15.526和0.262)、接近中心性低于湖湾(湖心: 0.214, 湖湾: 0.271)。夏季湖心节点度高于湖湾(湖心: 2.526, 湖湾: 2.315)。冬季湖心中介中心性高于湖湾(湖心: 12.789, 湖湾: 9.842)。其余网络参数差异与整体差异一致。
季节水质网络节点属性参数及其稳定性相关分析  分别对洱海湖湾与湖心季节水质网络节点属性参数及其稳定性进行线性回归分析(图 10)。结果表明, 在湖湾水质网络中, 中介中心性和特征向量中心性与其稳定性呈显著正相关(P<0.05), 其中中介中心性和特征向量中心性与其稳定性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01), 接近中心性与其稳定性显著负相关(P<0.05), 而节点度与其稳定性关系不显著。在湖心水质网络中, 节点度、中介中心性和特征向量中心性与其稳定性呈显著正相关(P<0.05), 其中节点度和特征向量中心性与其稳定性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01), 而接近中心性与其稳定性关系不显著。这表明关键节点在水质网络中拥有更高的季节稳定性, 在网络中的地位不易随季节变化而改变。
分别对洱海湖心与湖湾部分水质指标(TN、TP、Chl.a、T、SD、WD、SD、EC和SAL)和部分网络参数(平均度、模块度、密度、聚类系数和平均路径长度)进行Spearman相关分析(图 11)。结果显示, 湖心水质网络中TP和EC与网络模块度极显著负相关(P<0.01), 与平均度和网络密度极显著正相关(P<0.01)。SD与聚类系数极显著负相关(P<0.01), 与平均路径长度极显著正相关(P<0.01)。湖湾水质网络中仅有SD与模块度极显著正相关(P<0.01)。
网络拓扑结构参数可用于体现网络的连通性与复杂性, 密度与路径长度体现了网络中水质指标间的直接相关性, 模块度、平均聚类系数及团数揭示了指标间形成高度内部联系的子群体的能力。本研究结果显示, 2017—2024年洱海湖区整体富营养化程度为北部>南部>中部、湖湾>湖心。洱海北部湖心、中部湖心及南部向阳湾的水质网络结构特征为模块度高、密度低、团数少。拥有此网络结构的湖区, 水质指标间直接相关较少, 分化形成多个独立的功能模块。模块内水质指标紧密互动, 模块间连接稀疏, 网络更松散。此结构特征与传统基于浓度评价的结论相互印证, 同时层次聚类分析的结构也证实了该方法的可靠性。但网络分析进一步从“系统结构”层面揭示了其内在稳定性机制: 高模块度对应扰动局域化, 低密度对应是生态系统具备强大“抵抗力”的结构基础。通过敏感性分析对不同相关系数水平下的网络结构进行了对比, 结果表明r值的增大会导致网络结构更为松散, 但其不影响各湖区间的网络结构差异。即湖心网络更松散的结论在不同阈值下保持一致, 验证了结论的稳健性。未来研究可进一步探索不同阈值在水质网络结构对比中的应用, 以更精确地揭示水质指标间的驱动关系。
洱海北部有弥苴河、罗时江、永安江三条主要入湖河流, 其流域面积和进水量均较大, 同时人口与耕地集中分布[28], 导致北部湖湾入湖河流污染负荷显著高于中部和南部湖区 (北部TN负荷: 639.125 t、TP负荷: 25.581 t; 中部TN负荷: 79.019 t、TP负荷: 6.033 t; 南部TN负荷: 120.502 t、TP负荷: 9.874 t)[5]。因此洱海北部湖区较其他湖区更频繁地发生大规模水华, 水质网络结构更易发生整体波动[29]。洱海中部湖湾冠层型水生植物生物量丰富, 占总生物量的74%以上, 高于北部与南部湖湾。金鱼藻等冠层型植物会阻碍湖心与湖湾间的水体交换, 导致污染物滞留于湖湾, 导致湖湾水质变差、生态系统稳定性降低[30]。南部湖心由于风浪较大等原因, 存在水体扰动频繁、沉积物再悬浮等问题[31]。而南部湖湾(向阳湾)岸线边界复杂, 底质多为大块砾石, 湖流流速较低, 各水质指标间的连接可能被阻断, 形成多个小型功能模块[32]。同时向阳湾冠层型水生植物少, 湖区间水体交换充分, 从而降低了湖湾的营养盐负荷[31]。因此, 向阳湾网络结构比湖心松散且水质状况较好, 是受“地形−底质−植被”三重因素调控的典型例外。基于湖区间的差异, 在洱海北部湖区通过升级生态缓冲区等方法降低入湖污染脉冲对网络结构的冲击。在中部湖区实施差异化收割, 优化水生植物群落结构。严格保护南部湖区现有的砾石底质和稀疏冠层植被生境, 并以向阳湾网络结构(高模块度、低密度)作为其他湖区管理恢复基准线。
洱海湖湾相比湖心拥有更短的路径长度与更高的平均聚类系数, 表明其网络结构更复杂紧密, 而洱海Chl.a浓度有明显的临近效应, 即离岸越近Chl.a浓度越高[33]。可以推测拥有复杂紧密网络结构的水体(如湖湾)水华暴发的风险更高, 因为水质指标紧密连接的水体更易发生整体变化, 更易形成适宜藻类生长的环境[10]。洱海湖心水质网络结构的年际稳定性与季节稳定性均高于湖湾网络, 湖心区域的物质循环过程较为平稳, 不会因为外界扰动或环境变化而出现剧烈波动, 有利于维持湖泊生态系统的正常代谢[34]。May的奠基性工作指出, 生态系统稳定性随着食物网的复杂程度降低, 复杂网络的扰动传递性强, 不满足定性稳定条件(种内作用非正、至少一种内稳定作用、种间作用无关联、无多物种闭环反馈和矩阵非奇异)[35]。亦有研究发现水体的低营养水平可通过提升网络模块性、调节多样性与复杂性的相互作用, 增强了浮游细菌网络的稳定性[36]。本研究在洱海湖心区观察到的松散网络结构, 印证了“模块化增强稳定性”的理论预测, 即模块化通过将扰动限制在局部模块内, 阻断了扰动的全局化, 从而提升了生态系统的抵抗力和恢复力。拥有复杂网络结构的湖区调节服务较弱(尤其是应对污染的缓冲能力), 干扰更易扩散, 进而可能导致水质波动性大, 影响饮用水安全和旅游体验等。综上, 模块度高、密度低的简单、松散网络是洱海更优的水质网络结构, 该网络结构所在湖区(洱海北部、中部湖心及南部湖湾)表现出更优的水质状况与稳定性。这一发现超越了传统单一指标比较, 明确了“最优网络结构”可作为洱海生态系统健康评估的新标准。
网络节点属性参数可用于体现节点的重要性, 节点越重要, 相应水质指标对水环境的影响程度越大[37]。本研究结果显示, TP是洱海湖心水体共有的关键驱动因子, 其对湖心水质网络有着显著影响, TP浓度的升高会导致网络结构的复杂紧密化。这不仅证实了TP是湖心的核心污染物, 更因其在网络中的高中心性, 表明对洱海TP的管控能产生高效的“杠杆效应”。TP在水体中存在溶解态、颗粒态等多种形态, 并在水−沉积物、水−生物等多界面间迁移转化。这些过程将TP与SD、Chl.a、pH等多个水质指标紧密耦合, 使其自然成为网络连接枢纽。同时P作为关键的生物元素, 其可利用性直接影响藻类、水生植物等初级生产者的生长, 进而通过食物网传递, 间接关联DO、T等理化指标。这为精准治理提供了新的靶点, 在控制TP外源输入的同时, 调控内源的磷储存。整体上, 湖心受人类干扰较少, TDS、SAL、SPC节点度较湖湾更稳定。网络节点属性参数及其稳定性相关关系表明, 关键节点越多, 网络中节点间连接强度越高, 网络结构稳定性越高[19]。因此可将湖心区TP浓度及其网络中的中心性变化, 作为评估全湖控磷措施长期效果的核心指标。同时利用网络分析中与TP强关联的指标的空间分布, 通过生态库塘提质改造、生态廊道修复及农田尾水循环利用等方法, 溯源并尽可能拦截外源TP输入。在网络复杂区域通过底泥清淤、底质改良剂等方法阻断TP从沉积物向水体的网络连接路径, 精准调控TP的内源释放。另外, 通过恢复水生植物来作为一道生态屏障, 缓冲外源污染负荷的同时改善其网络结构, 使其更松散, 更稳定。
在年际水质网络中, 湖湾水质指标间拥有更多的连接数, 但湖心拥有更多关键指标。洱海TN、TP与Chl.a浓度整体均表现为湖心低于湖湾, 同时其稳定性系数与浓度表现一致。湖湾连接数多但关键节点少, 反映了其受多样化外源扰动的特征, 水环境状态更具随机性; 而湖心关键节点清晰, 表明其生态过程由“营养盐−藻类”这一内源主导机制所支配。近年来大理州极端气候事件频率升高, 相关研究发现高温干旱会加快洱海内源污染释放, 而低温和极端降雨会加重外源污染负荷[38]。作为国内旅游热点城市, 近年来大理旅游人数持续升高, 激增的旅游人口导致洱海环境压力陡增[39]。此外, 2021年以来洱海每年均有不同程度的突发性甲藻爆发[40]。这些因素均对洱海水生态系统稳定性有较大影响。2024年6月洱海流域部分工程进入主要施工期, 打破了原有水质指标间建立的稳态关系, 导致连接重组。同年部分湖区爆发大规模水华且水生植物生物量降低, 这可能导致了洱海水质网络模块度骤降、密度上升等异常变化。施工期结束后的持续监测发现, 洱海水环境状况开始逐步恢复与提升。季节水质网络中, 洱海各湖区水质网络均呈现季节性演变: 由春季至冬季水质网络结构逐渐紧密复杂。其中湖心在春季、冬季拥有更多关键节点, 湖湾在夏季、秋季拥有更多的关键节点和指标连接, 这与营养盐浓度的季节变化表现相同。2017—2024年, 洱海流域平均降雨量表现为夏季>秋季>春季>冬季, 汛期降水量占全年降水量的77%以上, 入湖水量占全年入湖水量的60%以上[41]。雨水径流易携带污染物入湖, 导致洱海非汛期水质状况优于汛期, 而湖湾水质受降雨影响较湖心更为显著[5, 42], 进而造成了汛期湖湾水质网络结构的紧密复杂。营养盐浓度高的湖区水质网络拥有更多关键节点, 而外源扰动会显著增强水体物理参数与其他水质指标间的关联强度和数量[43]。洱海春季与夏季的水质网络结构相对简单松散, WD、SD和EC在湖湾水质网络中重要性高于湖心水质网络, 且湖湾WD在秋季拥有最高的节点度。同时湖湾水质网络中SD的升高会导致网络向松散结构转变, 这可能与水生植物的生长状况相关: 高透明度对水生植物生长有积极作用[44]。水生植物的不同生长期造成其对水质的影响差异: 生长期大量吸收氮、磷等营养盐, 降低了其浓度及相互作用概率[45]; 衰亡期植物残体分解释放有机物质和营养盐, 分解产物与水体其他物质相互作用[46]。因此, 季节变化导致的降雨径流与水生植物差异会造成湖区水质网络结构波动。沉水植物形成的生态系统能稳定底泥、减少营养盐的内源释放, 使湖区水质网络结构向简单松散方向发展[47]。但需在秋冬季对水生植物进行适度收割, 将其吸收的营养盐移出水体, 避免其衰亡分解后的重新释放。
本研究首次将相关性网络分析系统应用于高原湖泊水质评价, 但方法本身存在一定局限性。水质指标间的相关性不能等同于因果性, 仅能揭示变量间的共变模式而不能直接确定驱动方向。例如, TP与Chl.a的强相关可能源于TP驱动藻类生长, 也可能是藻类残体分解释放TP, 或二者共同受第三因素(如T等)驱动。本研究构建的基于年际或季节水质数据的静态网络也难以捕捉短期、非线性或有时滞性的生态过程, 后续研究中可尝试将动态网络分析方法引入水质评价, 通过连续的时间序列网络捕捉网络拓扑结构动态。
综上所述, 模块度高、密度低的松散网络是洱海水质优良与稳定的结构表征, 该结构将扰动局域化, 不易发生整体波动, 是水生态修复时更优的发展方向。湖心区全年维持该构型, 因而具备更高的年际与季节稳定性。由于TP在湖心水质网络中的极高重要性, 可将其作为全湖控磷效果的核心评价指标。将水质网络结构作为生态系统稳定性的新型评估与预警指标。当监测到某湖区网络密度异常升高、模块度下降时, 即使关键营养盐浓度未超标, 也应视为系统稳定性受损的早期信号, 从而进行主动干预。外源扰动会驱动水质网络结构变化。应重点通过降低入湖河流污染负荷、恢复湖湾沉水植被, 并优化收割策略。利用其“简化网络”的生态功能, 主动提升湖湾的稳定性, 驱动全湖水质网络向更优构型转变, 为高原湖泊从“浓度管理”迈向“结构管理”提供新路径。
(作者声明本文符合出版伦理要求)
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2026年第50卷第5期
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doi: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0361
  • 接收时间:2025-10-28
  • 首发时间:2026-05-09
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-28
  • 修回日期:2026-01-20
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    1中国科学院水生生物研究所洱海高原湖泊生态系统试验站, 武汉 430072
    2中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
    3中国科学院水生生物研究所水产品种创制与高效养殖全国重点实验室, 武汉 430072
    4大理州智慧洱海监管指挥中心, 大理 671100

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丑庆川(1988—), 男, 副研究员; 主要研究方向为水生植物生态学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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