Article(id=1259824983770054857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0383, pmid=null, cstr=32229.14.SSSWXB.2025.0383, oa=null, hot=1, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761753600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-30, revisedDate=1770220800000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778295282546, onlineDateStr=2026-05-09, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778295282546, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778295282546, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781587276430, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259824976404800325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, year='2026', volume='50', issue='5', pageStart='052601-1', pageEnd='052618-200', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778295280791, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778295467894, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259825761310073651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259825761310073652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=052602-9, endPage=052602-20, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259824984730550483, articleId=1259824983770054857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, language=EN, title=FEEDING RHYTHM UNDER DIFFERENT PHOTOPERIODS AND GASTRO INTESTINAL EVACUATION RATE OF SECOND-INSTAR JUVENILE TACHYPLEUS TRIDENTATUS, columnId=1259824977411433288, journalTitle=Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, columnName=Aquatic Animal Behaviour, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the effects of photoperiod on the feeding rhythms and gastrointestinal evacuation dynamics of second-instar juvenile Tachypleus tridentatus, this study examined diel feeding rhythms in second-instar juvenile T. tridentatus using eight observation time points over 24h under three photoperiod regimes: natural photoperiod, constant light, and constant darkness. Feeding rhythms were assessed via gastrointestinal satiety indices, and evacuation dynamics were tracked for 24h after satiation. The results showed that there were no significant differences in average satiety among time points within any photoperiod at 3h or 6h post-feeding. Under natural photoperiod at 3h, satiety was significantly higher at night than during the day, whereas no clear diel differences were observed under continuous light or darkness. By contrast, at 6h post-feeding, satiety indices were consistently higher at night than during the day under all three photoperiods. Feeding peaks under the natural photoperiod at 3h post-feeding occurred during the night-time period (21:00—06:00), while no distinct diel feeding rhythm was detected under continuous light or darkness. However, at 6h post-feeding, clear feeding rhythms emerged under both continuous light and continuous darkness, with feeding peaks occurring at 21:00—09:00, and 21:00—06:00, respectively. Most juveniles achieved substantial food intake within 3h, with only marginal increases observed by 6h. Gastrointestinal evacuation exhibited a biphasic pattern characterized by an initial rapid phase followed by a slower phase. First-time feeding juveniles reached 50% evacuation at 14.7h and 80% at 27.1h after satiation, whereas non-first-time feeding juveniles reached the same benchmarks at 8.8h and 16.3h, respectively. These findings demonstrate that second-instar juvenile T. tridentatus exhibit a pronounced diel feeding rhythm, only weakly influenced by photoperiod. Based on these results, it is recommended that juvenile rearing be conducted under a natural photoperiod with at least one feeding event after dusk and moderately extended during the early feeding stage. This study provides a scientific basis for optimizing feeding strategies in the artificial culture of juvenile T. tridentatus.

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为探讨不同光照周期对中国鲎(Tachypleus tridentatus) 2龄稚鲎摄食节律的影响并分析其消化道排空特征, 本研究通过设置一昼夜8个观测时间段为8个处理组(每日各处理组投喂1次), 基于消化道内容物饱满变化分析中国鲎2龄稚鲎的昼夜摄食节律及不同光照条件(自然光照、全光照、全黑暗)对其摄食规律的影响, 并探讨饱食后24h内的消化道排空特征。结果显示, 无论是投饵3h后或是6h后不同光照周期条件下2龄稚鲎8个时间段平均饱食指数均无显著差异; 而在投饵3h后, 自然光照周期下夜晚平均饱食指数显著大于白天, 而全光照周期组和全黑暗周期组尚未表现昼夜差异; 在投饵6h后, 在3种光照周期下, 其夜间平均摄食饱食指数均显著高于白天。在投饵3h后, 自然光照周期下2龄稚鲎摄食高峰在夜间(21:00—翌日06:00), 全光照周期下和全黑暗周期下则无昼夜摄食节律; 而在投饵6h后, 全光照和全黑暗周期条件下均具有明显的摄食节律, 摄食高峰分别出现在21:00至翌日09:00和21:00—翌日06:00。大部分2龄稚鲎在投饵3h内已达一定摄食量, 与摄食6h后无太大差异。此外, 在饱食后, 初次摄食2龄稚鲎在14.7h 消化道排空率达50%, 80%消化道排空率需要时间为27.1h; 非初次摄食2龄稚鲎在8.8h消化道排空率达到50%, 在16.3h消化道排空率达到80%。研究表明, 中国鲎2龄稚鲎具有明显的昼夜摄食节律, 偏好夜间摄食, 该节律受光照周期影响较小; 2龄稚鲎消化道排空方式呈先快后慢型, 初次摄食后其消化道排空较慢, 非初次摄食经一昼夜后消化道接近完全排空。因此, 本研究建议在稚鲎人工培育过程中保持正常自然光照周期、在傍晚以后每天至少投喂1次为宜, 且在其摄食初期可适当延长投喂间隔。本研究结果可为中国鲎幼体人工培育投饵策略提供理论依据。

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翁朝红(1971—), 女, 博士, 教授; 主要从事水生生物保护生物学研究。E-mail:
吉芬芬(1991— ), 女, 博士, 副教授; 主要从事渔业资源评估研究。E-mail:  *共同通信作者
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封献妮(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生; 研究方向为水产养殖学。E-mail:

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封献妮(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生; 研究方向为水产养殖学。E-mail:

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a. 0; b. 1; c. 2; d. 3; e. 4

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Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between photoperiod groups (P<0.05), and different uppercase letters indicate significant differences within groups; The same applies below

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The same lowercase letters indicate no significant difference of juvenile horseshoe crabs in different times; the same applies below

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Feeding satiety index of the 2nd-instar larval juveniles of T. tridentatus

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摄食饱食指数
Feeding satiety index
特点描述
Description of its trait
0胃部和肠道不显色(无卤虫), 未进食
1胃部前端显橙色, 肠道内不显色
2胃部前端和后端均显橙色
3胃部和肠道前半段显橙色
4胃部和肠道均为橙色, 摄食饱满
), ArticleFig(id=1259825034152035056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824983770054857, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2龄稚鲎摄食饱食指数描述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
摄食饱食指数
Feeding satiety index
特点描述
Description of its trait
0胃部和肠道不显色(无卤虫), 未进食
1胃部前端显橙色, 肠道内不显色
2胃部前端和后端均显橙色
3胃部和肠道前半段显橙色
4胃部和肠道均为橙色, 摄食饱满
), ArticleFig(id=1259825034282058487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824983770054857, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison of feeding satiety indices after 3h and 6h feeding under different photoperiods (mean±SD)

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组别Group18:00—21:0021:00—00:0000:00—03:0003:00—06:0006:00—09:0009:00—12:0012:00—15:0015:00—18:00
12L∶12D3h2.00±0.242.60±0.182.63±0.242.75±0.172.178±0.251.70±0.082.00±0.1411.80±0.29
6h2.13±0.132.68±0.332.65±0.242.58±0.292.38±0.622.15±0.312.10±0.242.15±0.37
24L∶0D3h1.80±0.222.25±0.242.45±0.132.35±0.292.40±0.182.38±0.342.28±0.101.95±0.17
6h2.33±0.17*2.55±0.302.68±0.15*2.43±0.222.53±0.292.03±0.192.08±0.241.88±0.17
0L∶24D3h1.83±0.282.48±0.102.80±0.29*2.58±0.252.35±0.312.45±0.243.00±0.22*1.83±0.29
6h2.03±0.102.48±0.152.28±0.172.50±0.242.05±0.242.23±0.152.05±0.061.88±0.13
), ArticleFig(id=1259825034592436985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824983770054857, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同光照周期条件下投饵3h与6h后不同时间段摄食饱食指数比较(平均值±标准差)

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组别Group18:00—21:0021:00—00:0000:00—03:0003:00—06:0006:00—09:0009:00—12:0012:00—15:0015:00—18:00
12L∶12D3h2.00±0.242.60±0.182.63±0.242.75±0.172.178±0.251.70±0.082.00±0.1411.80±0.29
6h2.13±0.132.68±0.332.65±0.242.58±0.292.38±0.622.15±0.312.10±0.242.15±0.37
24L∶0D3h1.80±0.222.25±0.242.45±0.132.35±0.292.40±0.182.38±0.342.28±0.101.95±0.17
6h2.33±0.17*2.55±0.302.68±0.15*2.43±0.222.53±0.292.03±0.192.08±0.241.88±0.17
0L∶24D3h1.83±0.282.48±0.102.80±0.29*2.58±0.252.35±0.312.45±0.243.00±0.22*1.83±0.29
6h2.03±0.102.48±0.152.28±0.172.50±0.242.05±0.242.23±0.152.05±0.061.88±0.13
), ArticleFig(id=1259825034810540798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824983770054857, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Fitting results of three mathematical models for the gastrointestinal evacuation curve of juvenile horseshoe crabs during first-time feeding

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数学模型
Model
ABR2AICBICRSSSDR
线性模型
Linear
3.9760.1270.705–117.921–112.11054.7160.641
平方根模型
Polynomial
2.0330.0420.716–123.122–117.31252.6480.629
指数模型
Exponential
4.2420.0520.712–121.324–115.51353.3540.633
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稚鲎初次摄食消化道排空曲线的 3 种数学模型拟合结果

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数学模型
Model
ABR2AICBICRSSSDR
线性模型
Linear
3.9760.1270.705–117.921–112.11054.7160.641
平方根模型
Polynomial
2.0330.0420.716–123.122–117.31252.6480.629
指数模型
Exponential
4.2420.0520.712–121.324–115.51353.3540.633
), ArticleFig(id=1259825035628430090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824983770054857, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Fitting results of three mathematical models for the gastrointestinal tract evacuation curve of juvenile horseshoe crabs during non-first-time feeding

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数学模型
Model
ABR2AICBICRSSSDR
线性模型
Linear
3.7270.1670.779–96.134–90.32364.2990.695
平方根模型
Polynomial
2.0340.0700.809–115.935–110.12455.5270.646
指数模型
Exponential
4.2990.0960.788–101.280–95.46961.8940.682
), ArticleFig(id=1259825035976557332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824983770054857, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

稚鲎非初次摄食消化道排空曲线的 3 种数学模型拟合结果

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数学模型
Model
ABR2AICBICRSSSDR
线性模型
Linear
3.7270.1670.779–96.134–90.32364.2990.695
平方根模型
Polynomial
2.0340.0700.809–115.935–110.12455.5270.646
指数模型
Exponential
4.2990.0960.788–101.280–95.46961.8940.682
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中国鲎2龄稚鲎不同光照周期下摄食节律变化及消化道排空率研究
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封献妮 1, 2 , 翁朝红 1, 2 , 吉芬芬 1, 2 , 熊美林 1, 2 , 高锐 1, 2 , 谢仰杰 1, 2 , Kit-Yue KWAN 1, 2 , 王家樵 1, 2 , 周洪磊 3
水生生物学报 | 水生生物行为 2026,50(5): 052602-9-052602-20
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水生生物学报 | 水生生物行为 2026, 50(5): 052602-9-052602-20
中国鲎2龄稚鲎不同光照周期下摄食节律变化及消化道排空率研究
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封献妮1, 2 , 翁朝红1, 2 , 吉芬芬1, 2 , 熊美林1, 2, 高锐1, 2, 谢仰杰1, 2, Kit-Yue KWAN1, 2, 王家樵1, 2, 周洪磊3
作者信息
  • 1集美大学水产学院, 农业农村部东海海水健康养殖重点实验室, 厦门 361021
  • 2集美大学水产学院, 福建省海洋渔业资源与生态环境重点实验室, 厦门 361021
  • 3福建省洋泽海洋生物科技有限公司, 罗源 350603
  • 封献妮(2000—), 女, 硕士研究生; 研究方向为水产养殖学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

翁朝红(1971—), 女, 博士, 教授; 主要从事水生生物保护生物学研究。E-mail:
吉芬芬(1991— ), 女, 博士, 副教授; 主要从事渔业资源评估研究。E-mail:  *共同通信作者
FEEDING RHYTHM UNDER DIFFERENT PHOTOPERIODS AND GASTRO INTESTINAL EVACUATION RATE OF SECOND-INSTAR JUVENILE TACHYPLEUS TRIDENTATUS
Xian-Ni FENG1, 2 , Zhao-Hong WENG1, 2 , Fen-Fen JI1, 2 , Mei-Lin XIONG1, 2, Rui GAO1, 2, Yang-Jie XIE1, 2, Kit-Yue KWAN1, 2, Jia-Qiao WANG1, 2, Hong-Lei ZHOU3
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College of Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
  • 2Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Resources and Eco-Environment, Fisheries College of Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
  • 3Fujian Yangze Marine Biotechnology Limited Company, Luoyuan 350603, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0383
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为探讨不同光照周期对中国鲎(Tachypleus tridentatus) 2龄稚鲎摄食节律的影响并分析其消化道排空特征, 本研究通过设置一昼夜8个观测时间段为8个处理组(每日各处理组投喂1次), 基于消化道内容物饱满变化分析中国鲎2龄稚鲎的昼夜摄食节律及不同光照条件(自然光照、全光照、全黑暗)对其摄食规律的影响, 并探讨饱食后24h内的消化道排空特征。结果显示, 无论是投饵3h后或是6h后不同光照周期条件下2龄稚鲎8个时间段平均饱食指数均无显著差异; 而在投饵3h后, 自然光照周期下夜晚平均饱食指数显著大于白天, 而全光照周期组和全黑暗周期组尚未表现昼夜差异; 在投饵6h后, 在3种光照周期下, 其夜间平均摄食饱食指数均显著高于白天。在投饵3h后, 自然光照周期下2龄稚鲎摄食高峰在夜间(21:00—翌日06:00), 全光照周期下和全黑暗周期下则无昼夜摄食节律; 而在投饵6h后, 全光照和全黑暗周期条件下均具有明显的摄食节律, 摄食高峰分别出现在21:00至翌日09:00和21:00—翌日06:00。大部分2龄稚鲎在投饵3h内已达一定摄食量, 与摄食6h后无太大差异。此外, 在饱食后, 初次摄食2龄稚鲎在14.7h 消化道排空率达50%, 80%消化道排空率需要时间为27.1h; 非初次摄食2龄稚鲎在8.8h消化道排空率达到50%, 在16.3h消化道排空率达到80%。研究表明, 中国鲎2龄稚鲎具有明显的昼夜摄食节律, 偏好夜间摄食, 该节律受光照周期影响较小; 2龄稚鲎消化道排空方式呈先快后慢型, 初次摄食后其消化道排空较慢, 非初次摄食经一昼夜后消化道接近完全排空。因此, 本研究建议在稚鲎人工培育过程中保持正常自然光照周期、在傍晚以后每天至少投喂1次为宜, 且在其摄食初期可适当延长投喂间隔。本研究结果可为中国鲎幼体人工培育投饵策略提供理论依据。

摄食节律  /  光照周期  /  摄食饱食指数  /  消化道排空率  /  中国鲎

To investigate the effects of photoperiod on the feeding rhythms and gastrointestinal evacuation dynamics of second-instar juvenile Tachypleus tridentatus, this study examined diel feeding rhythms in second-instar juvenile T. tridentatus using eight observation time points over 24h under three photoperiod regimes: natural photoperiod, constant light, and constant darkness. Feeding rhythms were assessed via gastrointestinal satiety indices, and evacuation dynamics were tracked for 24h after satiation. The results showed that there were no significant differences in average satiety among time points within any photoperiod at 3h or 6h post-feeding. Under natural photoperiod at 3h, satiety was significantly higher at night than during the day, whereas no clear diel differences were observed under continuous light or darkness. By contrast, at 6h post-feeding, satiety indices were consistently higher at night than during the day under all three photoperiods. Feeding peaks under the natural photoperiod at 3h post-feeding occurred during the night-time period (21:00—06:00), while no distinct diel feeding rhythm was detected under continuous light or darkness. However, at 6h post-feeding, clear feeding rhythms emerged under both continuous light and continuous darkness, with feeding peaks occurring at 21:00—09:00, and 21:00—06:00, respectively. Most juveniles achieved substantial food intake within 3h, with only marginal increases observed by 6h. Gastrointestinal evacuation exhibited a biphasic pattern characterized by an initial rapid phase followed by a slower phase. First-time feeding juveniles reached 50% evacuation at 14.7h and 80% at 27.1h after satiation, whereas non-first-time feeding juveniles reached the same benchmarks at 8.8h and 16.3h, respectively. These findings demonstrate that second-instar juvenile T. tridentatus exhibit a pronounced diel feeding rhythm, only weakly influenced by photoperiod. Based on these results, it is recommended that juvenile rearing be conducted under a natural photoperiod with at least one feeding event after dusk and moderately extended during the early feeding stage. This study provides a scientific basis for optimizing feeding strategies in the artificial culture of juvenile T. tridentatus.

Feeding rhythm  /  Photoperiod  /  Feeding satiety index  /  Gastrointestinal evacuation rate  /  Tachypleus tridentatus
封献妮, 翁朝红, 吉芬芬, 熊美林, 高锐, 谢仰杰, Kit-Yue KWAN, 王家樵, 周洪磊. 中国鲎2龄稚鲎不同光照周期下摄食节律变化及消化道排空率研究. 水生生物学报, 2026 , 50 (5) : 052602-9 -052602-20 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0383
Xian-Ni FENG, Zhao-Hong WENG, Fen-Fen JI, Mei-Lin XIONG, Rui GAO, Yang-Jie XIE, Kit-Yue KWAN, Jia-Qiao WANG, Hong-Lei ZHOU. FEEDING RHYTHM UNDER DIFFERENT PHOTOPERIODS AND GASTRO INTESTINAL EVACUATION RATE OF SECOND-INSTAR JUVENILE TACHYPLEUS TRIDENTATUS[J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2026 , 50 (5) : 052602-9 -052602-20 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0383
中国鲎(Tachypleus tridentatus)是极为珍贵的天然海洋资源[1, 2], 是医疗检测鲎试剂的重要物质材料来源[3], 曾广泛分布于中国东南部沿海, 且资源量丰富[4]。自20世纪80年代起, 我国东南沿海地区经济快速发展、人口急剧增长, 中国鲎因经济价值较高遭过度捕捞; 同时, 大规模填海造地与海洋工程建设, 导致潮间带、浅海等中国鲎栖息地遭到严重破坏。在双重影响下, 中国鲎资源量急剧锐减, 已濒临灭绝[5], 其资源保护与科学管理的重要性愈发凸显。人工增殖放流是恢复其野外资源的重要途径, 而苗种培育技术则是该途径实施的核心关键。2龄稚鲎正处于由卵黄营养向主动摄食转变的开口阶段, 消化道结构已基本形成[6], 其摄食效果直接影响后续生长与存活, 是幼体培育成功的关键[7]。当前中国鲎增殖放流普遍以早期稚鲎为主要放流对象[8], 向野外大规模投放1—3龄稚鲎也被视作其种群恢复的重要手段。但在人工养殖条件下, 稚鲎从2龄蜕壳至3龄阶段的死亡率显著偏高, 这一问题严重制约了优质稚鲎的规模化培育[9], 而饲养管理的核心瓶颈之一, 即是缺乏对稚鲎摄食与消化规律的系统性量化研究。因此, 2龄稚鲎成为优化培育条件、降低死亡率的关键阶段。
在自然条件下, 不同水生动物的摄食行为节律各具特点, 目前国内外关于水生动物摄食节律的研究主要集中在鱼类和虾类[10]。这种节律性是建立科学投喂模式的生物学基础, 直接关系到对投喂时间、投喂方式、投喂频率等投喂策略的决定[11]。依据水生动物的摄食节律来制定适宜的投喂时间和投喂量, 可使投喂时间与养殖对象的索饵活动周期一致, 可以提高食物的利用率[12], 因此研究中国鲎2龄稚鲎昼夜摄食节律, 便于制定合适的投饵时间, 提高饵料利用率, 对幼体培育具有重要意义。
水生动物随光照周期变化而形成的昼夜摄食节律, 是为了充分有效地利用食物资源而进化发展的一种生理节律[13]。光照周期被认为通过影响水产动物的多种生理活动和摄食行为, 进而改变水产动物生长性能和发育速度水平[14]。国内外许多研究表明, 光照周期能够显著影响鱼类和节肢动物的摄食行为。Barlow等[15]在尖吻鲈(Lates calcarifer)的研究中发现持续光照条件下鱼的摄食率较高; Biswas等[16]发现真鲷(Pagrus major)在光周期24L∶0D条件下的摄食率和饵料转化效率显著高于16L∶8D等其他各组; 林小涛[17]对不同光照周期条件下罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)幼体摄食量及发育进行研究, 结果发现适当延长光照周期, 能够增加其日摄食量, 促进幼体生长发育; 李春波等[18]对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)扣蟹进行光照周期实验, 研究表明不同光照周期下扣蟹的摄食量存在一定的差异, 适宜的光照时间可提高扣蟹的摄食量。目前, 关于鲎行为生态和食性已有一定研究基础, 其繁殖行为、活动节律及食物组成等均有报道, 如美洲鲎(L. polyphemus)成体倾向在温暖季节的高潮期交配和产卵, 其非繁殖期的活动节律部分遵循昼夜节律, 部分遵循潮汐节律, 且个体差异大[19]; 美洲鲎幼体同样可表现出昼夜与潮汐活动节律, 活动主要发生在夜间[20, 21]; 针对中国鲎成体的野外监测显示, 其活动也呈现昼夜节律与潮汐节律特征[22], 而中国鲎幼体仅观测到其活动多发生在低潮时段[23, 24], 其他亚洲鲎如巨鲎(T. gigas)、圆尾鲎(C. rotundicauda)的研究更多集中于食性[2527], 主要以底栖无脊椎动物为食。因此, 在可控光照和饵料条件下对中国鲎幼体摄食节律进行的研究尚未见报道。
消化道排空率是指生物摄食后食糜从消化道中排出速率, 是衡量消化功能与营养利用效率的重要指标[28]。通过消化道排空率, 有助于了解生物消化和摄食的动态过程, 还能间接了解食欲恢复进程[29], 对水产养殖、生态学研究和生理学研究具有重要意义。国内外关于水生动物消化道排空研究, 大量集中在鱼类[30]和甲壳类[31]的胃排空率, 也有少量关于头足类胃排空研究的报道[32]。相比之下, 对于鲎消化道排空的研究较少, 仅见一位国外学者报道了关于成年巨鲎(T. gigas)对不同食物种类和性别会显著影响其消化道的排空时间[33], 但对中国鲎幼体消化道排空的相关研究尚未见报道。本研究以2龄稚鲎为研究对象, 在不同光照周期条件下分析其消化道饱食指数变化及摄食节律特征, 以揭示养殖条件下低龄稚鲎的摄食规律; 进一步比较不同光照周期下摄食节律的差异, 明确其行为节律是否由内源生物节律系统驱动, 并阐明光信号在调控稚鲎摄食活动中的作用。同时, 探究其摄食后消化道排空率, 确定消化道排空最佳模型, 根据其摄食和消化道排空特征制定合理的投饵策略和养殖管理, 提高稚鲎养殖效率, 为中国鲎幼体人工培育条件的优化提供方向。
中国鲎幼体为福建省罗源洋泽沙蚕科技小院(人工繁育许可证编号: (闽)水野繁育字[2023]75号)人工培育的2龄稚鲎。随机挑选活力较强、体色较透明的2龄稚鲎用于实验, 其头胸甲宽度为(8.822±0.358) cm, 体质量为(30.4±6.4) mg。投喂新鲜卤虫无节幼体。养殖容器为四周和底部布满筛孔的塑料筛框(30 cm×23 cm×8 cm), 内铺100目筛绢网(使幼体和卤虫不会游出), 底部铺沙2 cm厚。实验用底沙为经10目筛网筛选留下的沙粒, 并经砂滤海水冲洗2—3次去除杂质和粉砂。塑料筛框悬浮于水池中, 使海水漫过底质沙层, 沙层以上水层高度为2 cm左右, 水温为28—29℃, 盐度为30‰—32‰, 连续充氧, 溶氧≥6 mg/L。
稚鲎摄食实验  设置3种光照周期条件, 自然光照周期条件下光照(L)和黑暗(D)时间比为12:12, 即自然光照周期组; 全光照周期条件下白天(6:00—18:00)自然光照, 夜间(18:00至翌日6:00)光照采用2盏40瓦LED灯悬于实验水面50—60 cm高处, 并用照度计测量光照强度, 调整高度使光照强度维持在500 lx左右, 以保证全天24h光照(24L∶0D), 即全光照周期组; 在全黑暗周期条件下, 用不透光的黑色塑料布遮住整个实验水池, 持续24h黑暗(0L∶24D), 即全黑暗周期组。
将1昼夜24h分为8个时间段: 18:00—21:00、21:00—00:00、00:00—3:00、3:00—6:00、6:00—9:00, 9:00—12:00、12:00—15:00和15:00—18:00, 每个时间段作为1个处理组, 每个塑料筛框用塑料板分割成4个格, 每个处理组设置4个重复, 每个重复各10只2龄稚鲎。每个处理组分别在其各时间段开始投喂刚孵化的高密度卤虫无节幼体(60个/mL左右)。
适应各自不同光照周期3d后, 开始摄食实验。2龄稚鲎投饵(摄食)3h和6h之后, 记录1昼夜8个时间段摄食饱食指数, 计算并比较在不同光照条件下8个时间段平均摄食饱食指数差异及摄食3h与6h后差异; 同时, 把8个时间段分为2个时间段, 分别为夜间时间段(18:00—21:00、21:00—00:00、00:00—03:00、03:00—06:00)和白天时间段(06:00—09:00, 09:00—12:00、12:00—15:00、15:00—18:00), 计算和比较夜间与白天时间段平均摄食饱食指数差异及24h昼夜节律。
挑选早期2龄稚鲎作为实验对象, 其体色较透明, 消化道内容物可见, 尤其卤虫呈橘色, 其摄食饱满程度在体视显微镜下清晰可见。实验开始前的3d实验适应期, 每天各时间段按时投喂新鲜卤虫无节幼体1次。正式实验在投喂3h和6h后透过透明外壳通过镜检或肉眼观察消化道内是否呈现橙色卤虫幼体, 确定其摄食饱食指数。建立四级饱食指数标准, 各级饱食指数见表 1描述和图 1显示, 胃部和肠道不显色(无卤虫)表示未进食, 其摄食饱食指数记录为0 (图 1a); 以消化道胃前端内显示橘色(充满卤虫)记录为1 (图 1b), 整个胃充满橘色(图 1c)记录为2, 胃和二分之一肠道充满橘色记录为3 (图 1d), 而胃和肠道都充满记录为4 (图 1e)。为降低主观偏差并提高结果的可重复性, 所有判读均由同一名经训练的观察者完成, 首次判读的同时进行拍照。在首次判读完成后至少间隔7d, 随机抽取 30% 稚鲎个体的摄食消化道图像, 由同一评分者在不参考初次评分结果的情况下进行重复评分, 并采用简单Cohen’s Kappa系数对评分一致性进行检验[34], 依据Landis 和Koch (1977)的判定标准对一致性水平进行评价[35]
消化道排空实验  2龄稚鲎初次摄食后消化道排空率实验: 观察1龄仔鲎, 发现蜕皮为2龄稚鲎(未初次摄食)后立即放入装有高密度卤虫无节幼体的培养皿中, 让其饱食1次、肠道充满卤虫幼体后挑出, 3h后观察并挑出其消化道内充满卤虫的稚鲎, 放于另一个缸中(无卤虫), 分别在饱食后3h、6h、9h、12h、15h、18h、21h和24h镜检和记录消化道内卤虫饱满指数, 共观察15只初次摄食的2龄稚鲎。
非初次摄食后消化道排空率实验方法同上, 实验对象为同一批次人工孵化、已持续投喂卤虫1周的2龄稚鲎, 均为处于蜕壳间期早期个体。实验前, 所有稚鲎已具备正常摄食经验, 并于实验开始前经过24h饥饿处理, 以确保消化道内残留内容物充分排空。
选用线性模型、平方根模型和指数模型3种常用数学模型, 分别对稚鲎饱食后消化道内含物随时间变化的实验数据进行拟合。3种模型的数学表达式:
线性模型: Y=A–B×t
平方根模型: Y=(A–B×t)2
指数模型: Y=A×eBt
式中, Y为瞬时摄食饱食指数; A为常数; B为瞬时排空率(SI/h); t为摄食后时间(h)。
本实验中所有动物及相关操作均严格遵循集美大学水产学院动物伦理委员会的相关规定执行。
实验数据用平均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示, 利用软件Excel 2010对数据进行记录和分类整理, 使用SPSS 24.0进行数据处理与数据分析, 对两次消化道评分结果进行一致性分析, 计算简单Kapp系数以评估评分结果的一致性。通过Shapiro-Wilk检验和Levene检验分别评估数据的正态分布和方差齐性, 符合正态分布且满足方差齐性后, 对3组及3组以上的平均值采用单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA), 组间差异通过 Duncan’s 多重比较法判定; 比较两组间连续变量的差异, 采用独立样本t检验; 对上述不满足正态分布的数据组, 采用非参数Kruskal-Wallis检验进行组间差异比较。P<0.05认为具有显著性差异。
对消化道排空实验数据进行回归分析, 回归模型满足正态性、线性关系及同方差性后, 通过比较各模型的相关系数(R2)、赤池信息量准则(AIC)、贝叶斯信息准则(BIC)、残差平方和(RSS)、残差标准差(SDR), 确定2龄稚鲎的最佳消化道排空模型。同时结合软件Excel 2010与Origin 24.0软件完成相关图表的绘制。
简单Kappa 系数检验结果为κ=0.877 (P<0.05), 显示评分达到几乎完美一致水平, 说明本研究所采用的消化道饱满度评分方法具有良好的重复性和可靠性。2龄稚鲎摄食3h后, 全黑暗周期组(0L∶24D) 8个不同时间段平均摄食饱食指数稍高于自然光照周期组(12L∶12D)和全光照周期组(24L∶0D), 而投饵6h后则较后两者低; 但无论是投饵3h后或是投饵6h后, 不同光照周期间稚鲎平均摄食饱食指数均无显著差异(P>0.05; 图 2), 表明适应3d后, 不同光照周期条件对2龄稚鲎不同时间段的平均摄食饱食指数尚无影响。在同一光照周期条件下, 自然光照周期组投饵3h与投饵6h后平均摄食饱食指数无显著差异(P>0.05), 全光照周期组亦然; 而全黑暗周期组投饵3h后的平均摄食饱食指数显著大于投饵6h后的平均摄食饱食指数(P<0.05; 图 2)。
在投饵3h后, 自然光照周期组(12L∶12D) 2龄稚鲎夜间平均摄食饱食指数显著高于白天(P<0.05), 全光照周期组(24L∶0D)和全黑暗周期组(0L∶24D)的平均摄食饱食指数均不存在昼夜差异(P>0.05)。自然光照周期组白天平均摄食饱食指数显著低于全黑暗周期组(P<0.05), 与全光照周期组无显著差异(P>0.05), 且后两者之间亦无显著差异(P>0.05)。自然光照周期组夜间平均摄食饱食指数则显著高于全光照周期组(P<0.05), 与全黑暗周期组无显著差异(P>0.05), 且后两者之间亦无显著差异(P>0.05; 图 3)。
在投饵6h后, 3种光照周期下(12L∶12D、24L∶0D、0L∶24D), 其夜间平均摄食饱食指数都显著高于白天(P<0.05), 而不同光照周期间其白天摄食饱食指数无显著差异(P>0.05), 其夜间摄食饱食指数亦然(P>0.05; 图 4)。可见, 在投饵6h后, 2龄稚鲎偏向在夜间或黑暗环境下进行摄食。
在不同光照周期条件下, 将投饵3h与6h后的不同时间段摄食饱食指数进行比较(表 2), 自然光照周期组, 除03:00—06:00外, 投饵6h后的摄食饱食指数均高于投饵3h后的摄食饱食指数。全光照周期组, 18:00至翌日09:00投饵6h后的摄食饱食指数高于投饵3h, 09:00—18:00投饵3h后的摄食饱食指数高于投饵6h, 仅18:00—21:00和00:00—03:00投饵6h后摄食饱食指数显著高于投饵3h后(P<0.05)。全黑暗周期组, 15:00—18:00和18:00—21:00投饵6h后摄食饱食指数高于投饵3h后, 而其他时间段则投饵6h后低于3h后, 其中仅00:00—03:00和12:00—15:00的投饵3h后的摄食饱食指数显著高于投饵6h后(P<0.05)。
在投饵3h后, 自然光照周期组(12L∶12D)各时间段的摄食饱食指数存在显著性差异(P<0.05; 图 5), 在21:00至翌日06:00的摄食饱食指数显著高于其他时间段(P<0.05), 表明摄食高峰在夜间, 具有明显的昼夜摄食节律; 全光照周期组(24L∶0D)在00:00—12:00各时间段的摄食饱食指数均显著高于15:00—18:00和18:00—21:00时间段(P<0.05), 但与21:00—00:00、12:00—15:00时间段的摄食饱食指数无显著差异, 因此无明显的昼夜摄食节律, 但在00:00—03:00出现一个摄食高峰。除00:00—03:00时间段外, 全黑暗周期组(0L∶24D)在12:00—15:00的摄食饱食指数显著高于其他时间(P<0.05), 且15:00—18:00和18:00—21:00时间段的摄食饱食指数显著低于其他时间(P<0.05; 图 5), 因此, 0L∶24D组也不具有明显的昼夜摄食节律, 但在00:00—03:00和12:00—15:00呈现出2个摄食高峰。
在投饵6h后, 自然光照周期组(12L:12D)在21:00—00:00出现了一个摄食高峰, 且显著高于12:00—15:00 (P<0.05), 而其他各时间段之间的摄食饱食指数无显著性差异(P>0.05), 相对摄食3h饱食指数数据, 其昼夜摄食节律较为不明显。全光照周期组(24L∶0D)组在21:00至翌日09:00各时间段的摄食饱食指数显著高于09:00—18:00 (P<0.05), 表明24L∶0D组具有明显的昼夜摄食节律, 摄食高峰出现在21:00—翌日09:00。全黑暗周期组(0L∶24D)组在03:00—06:00摄食饱食指数最高, 且显著高于06:00—21:00各时间段(P<0.05), 因此, 0L∶24D组存在明显的昼夜摄食节律, 在21:00至翌日06:00出现摄食高峰(图 6)。
用3种数学模型对稚鲎初次摄食的消化道排空率进行估算(图 7), 图中的黑点代表稚鲎摄食饱食指数的平均值, 采用相关系数(R2)、赤池信息量准则(AIC)、贝叶斯信息准则(BIC)、残差平方和(RSS)、残差标准差(SDR)等判断拟合效果(表 3)。线性模型表达式为Y=3.976–0.127t; 平方根模型表达式为Y=(2.033–0.042t)2; 指数模型表达式为Y=4.242e–0.052t。三种模型均能较好反映饱食指数随时间下降的趋势, 但拟合优度存在明显差异。平方根模型的R2最高, 且其AIC与BIC均为三模型中最低, RSS与SDR也最小。
用3种数学模型对稚鲎非初次摄食的消化道排空率进行估算(图 8), 图中的黑点代表稚鲎摄食饱食指数的平均值, 采用相关系数(R2)、赤池信息量准则(AIC)、贝叶斯信息准则(BIC)、残差平方和(RSS)、残差标准差(SDR)等判断拟合效果(表 4)。线性模型表达式为Y=3.727–0.167t; 平方根模型表达式为Y=(2.034–0.070t)2; 指数模型表达式为Y=4.299e–0.096t。各模型的拟合效果存在显著差异, 平方根模型R2最高, AIC和 BIC均为三者中最低, RSS和SDR也最小。
对于2龄稚鲎初次摄食以及非初次摄食的消化道排空模型来说, 三种数学模型的拟合结果都呈显著相关关系(P<0.01), 其中均是平方根模型R2最大, 是三种数学模型中最适合描述稚鲎消化道排空规律的。2龄稚鲎消化道排空方式为先快后慢型。
根据平方根模型计算, 初次摄食2龄稚鲎消化道瞬时排空率为0.042SI/h, 50%消化道排空时间为14.7h, 80%消化道排空时间为27.1h, 100%消化道排空为48.4h; 而非初次摄食2龄稚鲎消化道瞬时排空率为0.070SI/h, 50%消化道排空时间为8.8h, 80%消化道排空时间为16.3h, 100%消化道排空为29.1h。因此2龄稚鲎初次摄食消化道排空率低于非初次摄食, 消化道完全排空时间远高于非初次摄食。
2龄稚鲎在不同光照周期下适应3d后的摄食实验结果表明, 无论是投饵3h后或是投饵6h后, 不同光照周期条件下2龄稚鲎不同时间段平均摄食饱食指数均无显著差异, 光照周期对稚鲎摄食饱食指数无影响, 表明短期光照周期变化尚未较大地改变其摄食量。这一结果与中华鳖(Trionyx sinensis)[36]、北方长额虾(Pandalus borealis)[37]等研究结果相似, 不同光照周期对上述物种的摄食量无显著影响, 但罗氏沼虾(M. rosenbergii)[17]、叉尾斗鱼(Macropodus opercularis)[38]等研究显示适宜光照可以促进摄食行为, 而过长时间的光照会降低其摄食饱食指数; 因此光照周期和生物摄食量的关系存在物种特异性。
2龄稚鲎在摄食3h后, 在自然光照周期下更偏向在黑暗环境下摄食, 而全光照周期组和全黑暗周期组尚未表现昼夜差异。而投饵6h后, 三种光照周期下的2龄稚鲎均偏向在夜间时间段摄食。这可能与稚鲎仍保持白天埋栖、夜晚钻出底质表面活动的生活习性有关[39], 短期内外界光照周期变化尚未较大地改变其摄食习性。在同一光照周期条件下, 自然光照周期组投饵3h与投饵6h后摄食饱食指数无显著差异, 全光照周期组亦然; 而全黑暗周期组投饵3h后的摄食饱食指数显著大于投饵6h后摄食饱食指数, 表明自然光照周期组和全光照周期组稚鲎摄食主要发生在前3h, 而全黑暗周期组前3h摄食快, 且后3h已出现排空, 黑暗条件有利于稚鲎摄食和排空。
大部分2龄稚鲎在投饵3h内已达一定摄食量, 与摄食6h后无太大差异, 说明2龄稚鲎摄食主要发生在投饵的前3h, 而Razak等[33]发现成年巨鲎(T. gigas)也是在投饵后3h左右就能达到饱食水平, 表明无论是幼小稚鲎还是成年鲎均能在有限时间内快速摄食。2龄稚鲎这种摄食行为特点可能有助于应对潮间带环境下潮汐快速波动, 能在短暂的低潮期间爬出及时觅食, 从而提升觅食效率, 同时有助于减少在外暴露时间, 降低被捕食风险。
在本研究中, 不同光照周期下2龄稚鲎均有明显的昼夜摄食节律。在投饵3h后, 自然光照周期组摄食高峰在21:00至翌日06:00, 全光照周期组摄食高峰在00:00—03:00, 全黑暗周期组则出现两个摄食高峰, 分别为00:00—03:00和12:00—15:00。在投饵6h后, 自然光照周期组在21:00—00:00出现一个摄食高峰, 全光照周期组在21:00至翌日09:00出现摄食高峰, 全黑暗周期组在21:00至翌日06:00出现摄食高峰。水生生物共有4种类型的摄食节律, 包括白昼摄食、夜晚摄食、晨昏摄食、无明显节律[40]。本实验结果表明, 虽然中国鲎2龄稚鲎在全天不同时间段均有不同程度的摄食, 但都出现明显的摄食高峰期, 总体上仍然属于晨昏摄食型, 且偏向夜晚。野外与实验室行为学研究表明, 在光暗周期(LD)条件下, 美洲鲎幼体具有显著的昼夜节律和潮汐活动节律, 其大部分活动发生在夜间[20, 21]。中国鲎成体在光周期与潮汐共同作用下活动节律亦表现出明显的夜行性, 并与夜间高潮同步[23], 而12龄以下的幼鲎则埋栖于潮间带泥沙滩中, 低潮期间才爬出觅食, 这种行为模式既能有效躲避随潮水涌入的海洋捕食者(如鳐等鱼类)[41, 42], 也可能帮助幼体避免被涨潮的水流冲走[43]。早期发育阶段的稚鲎普遍表现出夜间活动偏好, 这可能是其规避被捕食风险或减少日间高温脱水胁迫的一种适应性策略, 对于2—3龄的幼体而言, 由于体型仍然较小, 它们很可能易受上述风险因素的影响[44]
本研究发现室内培育的中国鲎2龄稚鲎24h摄食节律相似, 其摄食高峰基本上出现在夜间, 这与中华绒螯蟹(E. sinensis)扣蟹[18]、红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)[45]研究结果相似。鲎的光感受器为简单眼睛(一对侧复眼、一对中眼和三双小眼), 并且鲎尾巴的顶部和侧面还有一系列眼外光感受器, 多样的光感受器让鲎能灵敏地感知外界光照强度变化, 可以适应不同光照强度环境[46], 使其倾向于夜间活动和摄食。这一现象揭示其摄食行为并非完全依赖外界光信号触发, 而可能受到内源性生物节律系统的调控。该结果与多种潮间带或底栖无脊椎动物在恒定条件下仍保持行为节律的研究结论一致[4749], 表明节律的“产生”本身可能源于内源驱动。已有研究表明, 美洲鲎活动节律可在持续光照或持续黑暗条件下仍保持周期性, 提示其具有一定的内源节律基础[50, 51], 此外还表现出内源性潮汐节律, 其幼体和亚成体的活动可与潮汐周期同步, 即使在恒定条件下仍保持约12.4h的潮汐节律[52, 53]。在本研究中, 在自然光照周期、全光照周期与全黑暗周期下, 2龄稚鲎摄食高峰分别呈现单峰或多峰模式, 且峰值时段发生明显偏移, 说明外界光信号可参与调控, 但不足以完全改变其摄食节律, 其节律表达还受到内源生物钟及潮汐等环境因素调节。因此, 2龄稚鲎的摄食节律可能主要由内源性调控机制维持, 而光照信号在自然环境中更多地起到与潮汐、环境因子协同的同步作用, 而非单一驱动作用。这种调控机制可能是一种生理进化策略, 使得稚鲎在潮间带复杂环境中, 即使在光照和潮汐信号不稳定或被遮蔽的情况下, 仍能保持相对稳定的行为节律。
本实验通过平方根模型计算发现稚鲎在初次摄食14.7h后约50%消化道内含物已排出, 37.8h后约80%消化道内含物已排出; 而其非初次摄食8.8h后约50%消化道内含物已排出, 22.7h后约80%消化道内含物已排出。马彩华等[54]发现大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus) 在摄食20h后排空; 董桂芳等[12]研究发现斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)胃排空需要24h; 余方平等[55]测得眼斑拟石首鱼(Sciaenops ocellatus)摄食28h后接近排空。不同的水生生物消化道排空所需时间不同, 这可能与其生活习性及消化速率相关。
由于不同水生生物的生活习性等因素不同, 消化道排空方式不同。胃排空方式主要有3种类型: 直线下降型、先快后慢型和先慢后快再慢型。在本实验条件下, 中国鲎2龄稚鲎呈先快后慢的消化道排空特征。胃排空方式的复杂性导致不同水生生物的胃排空模型不同, 种类较多。目前已报道的数学拟合模型有10多种, 其中指数模型、平方根模型和线性模型最为常用[56]。本实验采用3种常用模型进行实验, 综合 R2、AIC、BIC 及残差分析, 其中平方根模型为最适模型, 指数模型次之, 线性模型最差。
消化道排空率受到多种因素影响, 除了受动物的种类和实验方法的影响以外, 还受动物自身生理状况、动物体重、温度、食物颗粒的大小、食物性质、摄食频率及饥饿时间等的影响[57]。根据最佳消化道排空模型, 中国鲎2龄稚鲎初次摄食消化道排空率(0.042 SI/h)低于非初次摄食(0.070 SI/h), 且消化道完全排空时间远高于非初次摄食, 说明在相同时间和饵料条件下, 2龄稚鲎初次摄食后的消化速率低于非初次摄食个体。一方面, 这可能与其消化道结构尚未完全成熟有关。鲍虞园等[58]发现, 2龄中国鲎的消化道组织结构虽已基本形成并具备基础摄食与消化功能, 但随着个体生长, 消化道结构仍进一步完善。另一方面, 初次摄食阶段的2龄幼体正处于由内源营养向外源摄食过渡的关键时期。尽管首次蜕皮后消化道结构已趋于完善, 蜕皮后的食管、胃及中肠黏膜皱襞和肌层仍在继续增厚[59]; 与此同时, 胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶等关键消化酶活性显著下降[59], 影响蛋白质的分解与吸收。肠道菌群在蜕皮后经历显著更替, 微生物多样性和丰富度急剧下降, 有益菌如拟杆菌门比例下降, 而弧菌属等潜在致病菌相对增多[6]。代谢特征表明, 该阶段幼体仍主要依赖内源储备的动员, 外源营养相关的代谢通路尚未完全激活[59]。因此, 消化道结构、消化酶活性、肠道菌群及代谢功能的整体协调不足, 可能是导致初次摄食个体消化速率低于非初次摄食个体的主要原因。
生物的食欲与消化道排空密切相关, 一般认为当胃内容物完全排空时, 鱼类食欲完全恢复; 胃内容物排空超过50%, 食欲恢复一半; 胃内容物排空超过80%时, 鱼类食欲基本得到恢复, 此时投喂, 饲料利用率较高[60]。在食欲恢复时投喂, 可提高食物转化效率, 促进生物生长, 根据消化道排空率制定投喂策略具有生产指导意义。已有研究基于胃排空模型得出在8.9℃条件下饲养的1 kg大西洋比目鱼(Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.), 其胃内容物约在8.6h后排空50%, 25h后降至25%的结果, 并据此建议投喂方式为每9h投喂日摄食量的50%或每24h投喂日摄食量的75%[61]。张鹏飞等[62]认为养殖生产中不能单纯以胃排空率确定最佳投喂频率, 还要考虑到生物的摄食节律。因此, 在中国鲎幼体人工培育实践中, 综合中国鲎2龄稚鲎摄食节律和消化道排空特点, 建议中国鲎稚鲎宜在自然光照周期下的傍晚之后投喂, 投喂间隔为每日1次较好。
本研究虽然利用饱食指数初步揭示了稚鲎的摄食节律和消化, 但仍存在一定的局限性。首先, 饱食指数的分级主要依赖于肉眼观察, 缺乏与消化物干重、体积等客观指标的校准, 存在一定的主观误差风险, 未来需通过化学提取法或利用显微图像分析技术进行校准, 以提升指标的客观性与准确性。其次, 本研究重点探讨了稚鲎是否存在不依赖外界光暗变化的内源性节律, 但是未设置模拟潮汐涨落的对照处理, 无法区分内源昼夜节律、内源潮汐节律对摄食动态的具体贡献。此外, 受限于采样频率, 本研究可能未能捕捉到摄食过程中的细微波动。建议后续研究通过缩短观测间隔(如1h间隔)并结合视频行为追踪手段, 以构建更高的时间分辨率, 从而更精细地解析稚鲎的摄食与消化过程。
本研究以中国鲎2龄稚鲎为研究对象, 揭示了其昼夜摄食节律及消化道排空规律, 为人工育苗提供了科学管理依据。稚鲎具有相对稳定的夜行性摄食偏好, 建议将投喂时间安排在傍晚至夜间的摄食高峰期。排空模型显示, 初次摄食的稚鲎个体消化速率较慢, 此阶段消化能力仍在发育。根据2龄稚鲎50%和80%消化道排空时间, 建议初期投喂间隔为36h (约每两日1次); 随着稚鲎摄食能力稳定和对饵料的适应性提升, 其50%和80%消化道排空时间缩短, 投喂频率可相应调整为每日1次(间隔约24h), 以提高饲料利用率。本研究突破了以往依赖经验的模糊投喂模式, 实现了投喂策略与稚鲎摄食生理节律的协调, 为提升育苗成活率和降低养殖环境压力提供了重要的指导依据。
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doi: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0383
  • 接收时间:2025-10-30
  • 首发时间:2026-05-09
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-30
  • 修回日期:2026-02-05
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作者信息
    1集美大学水产学院, 农业农村部东海海水健康养殖重点实验室, 厦门 361021
    2集美大学水产学院, 福建省海洋渔业资源与生态环境重点实验室, 厦门 361021
    3福建省洋泽海洋生物科技有限公司, 罗源 350603

通讯作者:

翁朝红(1971—), 女, 博士, 教授; 主要从事水生生物保护生物学研究。E-mail:
吉芬芬(1991— ), 女, 博士, 副教授; 主要从事渔业资源评估研究。E-mail:  *共同通信作者
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ssswxb/CN/10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0383
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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