Article(id=1259824981819667395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0436, pmid=null, cstr=32229.14.SSSWXB.2025.0436, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764950400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-06, revisedDate=1770566400000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778295282082, onlineDateStr=2026-05-09, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778295282082, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778295282082, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778295282082, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259824976404800325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, year='2026', volume='50', issue='5', pageStart='052601-1', pageEnd='052618-200', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778295280791, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778295467894, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259825761310073651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259825761310073652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=052606-49, endPage=052606-57, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259824983539332042, articleId=1259824981819667395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, language=EN, title=INTER-SPECIES DIFFERENCES IN GROUP BEHAVIOURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SIX CYPRINID FISH SPECIES AND THEIR RESPONSES TO EXERCISE TRAINING, columnId=1259824977411433288, journalTitle=Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, columnName=Aquatic Animal Behaviour, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate interspecific variations in group behaviour characteristics among six Cyprinidae species and their responses to exercise training, we selected Carassius auratus, Tinca tinca, Cyprinus carpio, Spinibarbus sinensis, Procypris rabaudi, and Acrossocheilus fasciatus as experimental subjects. At 25℃, each species was divided into control groups, anaerobic exercise training groups (1 session/d), and aerobic exercise training groups [4 times body length per second (bl/s), 18h/d] for three weeks. Subsequently, within a six-arm maze, the following parameters were measured under both non-predator and simulated predator stimuli: centre density (CD), shelter density (SD), non-shelter density (NSD), and cohesion index (Ic). The results indicated that under both non-predator and simulated predator stimulation, the control groups of C. auratus, T. tinca, C. carpio, and S. sinensis exhibited relatively higher CD, NSD, and Ic values along with lower SD, whereas the control group of P. rabaudi showed relatively lower CD and NSD along with Ic higher SD and Ic values. The control group of A. fasciatus displayed relatively lower CD, SD, and Ic values but higher NSD. Regardless of predator stimulation, exercise training did not produce statistically significant effects on the collective behavioral characteristics of C. auratus, T. tinca, and C. carpio. Anaerobic exercise training led to an 81% significant decrease in NSD and a 21% significant increase in Ic values in P. rabaudi under non-predator stimulation (P<0.05); anaerobic exercise training resulted in a 39% significant increase in Ic values in A. fasciatus under simulated predator stimulation (P<0.05); aerobic exercise training caused a 17% significant decrease in Ic values in S. sinensis under non-predator stimulation (P<0.05). The study demonstrates that: (1) There are significant interspecific differences in the collective behavioral characteristics among the six cyprinid species, which may be related to their living habits and habitat factors; (2) Exercise training exerts varying degrees on collective behavioral characteristics by fish species and training regimen.

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为探究6种鲤科鱼类群体行为特征的种间差异及其对运动训练的响应, 本研究选取鲫(Carassius auratus)、丁鱥(Tinca tinca)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)、岩原鲤(Procypris rabaudi)和光唇鱼(Acrossocheilus fasciatus)作为实验对象, 在25℃下, 各自分为对照组、无氧运动训练组(1次/d)和有氧运动训练组[4倍体长/秒(bl/s), 18h/d]进行为期3周的处理。随后在六臂迷宫中测定鱼群在无捕食者刺激和模拟捕食者刺激下的群体中心密度(Center density, CD)、庇护所臂密度(Shelter density, SD)、非庇护所臂密度(Non-shelter density, NSD)和凝聚力指数(Cohesion index, Ic)。结果发现: 在无捕食者刺激和模拟捕食者刺激下, 鲫、丁鱥、鲤和中华倒刺鲃对照组都展现出相对较高的CD、NSD、Ic值和相对较低的SD, 岩原鲤对照组展现出相对较低的CD、NSD和相对较高的SD、Ic值, 光唇鱼对照组展现出相对较低的CD、SD、Ic值和相对较高的NSD。无论有无捕食者刺激, 运动训练对鲫、丁鱥、鲤的群体行为特征都没有产生统计学意义上的显著影响。无氧运动训练导致岩原鲤在无捕食者刺激下NSD显著降低81%, Ic值显著增加21% (P<0.05); 无氧运动训练导致光唇鱼在模拟捕食者刺激下Ic值显著增加39% (P<0.05); 有氧运动训练导致中华倒刺鲃在无捕食者刺激下Ic值显著降低17% (P<0.05)。研究表明: (1)6种鲤科鱼类群体行为特征具有显著的种间差异, 可能与其生活习性和生境因素有关; (2)运动训练对6种鲤科鱼类群体行为特征具有不同程度的影响, 其影响依赖于鱼的种类和训练制度。

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李秀明, 教授; E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《水生生物学报》编辑部, copyrightOwner=北京中科期刊出版有限公司, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=zeW8uRIj/LVEvtXjMexLSg==, magXml=rgdRIq8tBxqtKMziM4uOiQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=4OaEOrZZkQNWzN7YYykPzg==, pdfFileSize=671380, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=C+ot9Pn8Ap+nmLLnYz+udA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=uzEssWL+QPXkLes5R8orEg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

黄悌基(1997—), 男, 博士; 研究方向为鱼类生理生态和水产养殖。E-mail:

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黄悌基(1997—), 男, 博士; 研究方向为鱼类生理生态和水产养殖。E-mail:

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黄悌基(1997—), 男, 博士; 研究方向为鱼类生理生态和水产养殖。E-mail:

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Reviews in Aquaculture, 2024, 16(2): 942-953., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1259824986311766020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824981819667395, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259824986336931846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824981819667395, companyId=1259824986311766020, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Freshwater Fishes, Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Chongqing Normal University,Chongqing 401331, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259824986412429320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824981819667395, companyId=1259824986311766020, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=重庆师范大学进化生理与行为学实验室, 淡水鱼类资源保护与利用重庆市重点实验室, 动物生物学重庆市高校重点实验室, 重庆 401331)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1259825005710422233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824981819667395, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Effects of exercise training on characteristics of group behavior for six carp populations without predators (mean±SD, N=10), figureFileSmall=1fMtEGJhH5Ys/XjV1JPgeA==, figureFileBig=C+ot9Pn8Ap+nmLLnYz+udA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825006981296348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824981819667395, language=CN, label=图1, caption=运动训练对6种鲤科鱼类群体无捕食者刺激下群体行为特征的影响(平均值±标准差, N=10)

There are no identical lowercase letters (a, b, c) among the same treatment groups of the six fish, indicating significant differences (P<0.05). An asterisk (*) among different treatment groups of the same fish indicates a significant difference (P<0.05); The same applies below

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Body mass and body length of the experimental fish in the present study (mean±SD)

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种类
Species
处理组
Constituencies
样本量
Sample
size
体质量
Body
mass (g)
体长
Body
length(cm)
Carassius auratusCGN=105.43±0.555.84±0.18
ANGN=104.65±0.415.64±0.15
AEGN=105.77±0.535.85±0.14
丁鱥Tinca tincaCGN=102.91±0.395.22±0.17
ANGN=102.56±0.255.14±0.15
AEGN=103.03±0.285.33±0.17
Cyprinus carpioCGN=106.57±0.406.47±0.14
ANGN=105.71±0.396.33±0.16
AEGN=107.40±0.636.72±0.20
岩原鲤Procypris rabaudiCGN=102.66±0.115.51±0.09
ANGN=102.50±0.255.49±0.18
AEGN=102.86±0.285.58±0.20
中华倒刺鲃Spinibarbus sinensisCGN=108.30±0.757.68±0.23
ANGN=106.96±0.297.45±0.11
AEGN=109.73±1.088.01±0.28
光唇鱼Acrossochei-lus fasciatusCGN=105.55±0.416.81±0.16
ANGN=105.45±0.496.80±0.17
AEGN=106.53±0.527.09±0.18
), ArticleFig(id=1259825009128780030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824981819667395, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验鱼体质量和体长(平均值±标准差)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类
Species
处理组
Constituencies
样本量
Sample
size
体质量
Body
mass (g)
体长
Body
length(cm)
Carassius auratusCGN=105.43±0.555.84±0.18
ANGN=104.65±0.415.64±0.15
AEGN=105.77±0.535.85±0.14
丁鱥Tinca tincaCGN=102.91±0.395.22±0.17
ANGN=102.56±0.255.14±0.15
AEGN=103.03±0.285.33±0.17
Cyprinus carpioCGN=106.57±0.406.47±0.14
ANGN=105.71±0.396.33±0.16
AEGN=107.40±0.636.72±0.20
岩原鲤Procypris rabaudiCGN=102.66±0.115.51±0.09
ANGN=102.50±0.255.49±0.18
AEGN=102.86±0.285.58±0.20
中华倒刺鲃Spinibarbus sinensisCGN=108.30±0.757.68±0.23
ANGN=106.96±0.297.45±0.11
AEGN=109.73±1.088.01±0.28
光唇鱼Acrossochei-lus fasciatusCGN=105.55±0.416.81±0.16
ANGN=105.45±0.496.80±0.17
AEGN=106.53±0.527.09±0.18
), ArticleFig(id=1259825009866977541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824981819667395, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Linear mixed model statistical analysis of group behavioral characteristics of six cyprinid fish species in a six-arm maze following exercise training

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index中心密度
Center density
庇护所臂密度
Shelter density
非庇护所臂密度
Non-shelter density
Ic
Cohesion index
协变量(体长)
Covariate (body length)
F1, 360=0.929
P=0.336
F1, 360=0.286
P=0.593
F1, 360=0.057
P=0.811
F1, 360=0.008
P=0.930
训练
Training
F2, 360=1.771
P=0.172
F2, 360=2.472
P=0.086
F2, 360=3.593
P=0.029
F2, 360=4.374
P=0.013
物种
Species
F5, 360=19.497
P<0.001
F5, 360=117.578
P<0.001
F5, 360=100.945
P<0.001
F5, 360=34.14
P<0.001
刺激前后
Before and after stimulation
F1, 360=5.572
P=0.019
F1, 360=0.145
P=0.704
F1, 360=1.125
P=0.290
F1, 360=17.338
P<0.001
训练 * 物种
Training * Species
F10, 360=0.922
P=0.513
F10, 360=1.796
P=0.060
F10, 360=2.027
P=0.030
F10, 360=2.211
P=0.017
训练 * 刺激前后
Training * Before and after stimulation
F2, 360=0.577
P=0.562
F2, 360=0.024
P=0.976
F2,360=0.089
P=0.915
F2,360=0.135
P=0.873
物种 * 刺激前后
Species * Before and after stimulation
F5, 360=1.891
P=0.095
F5, 360=1.319
P=0.256
F5, 360=0.904
P=0.478
F5, 360=1.227
P=0.296
训练 * 物种 * 刺激前后
Training * Species * Before and after stimulation
F10, 360=1.342
P=0.207
F10, 360=0.855
P=0.576
F10, 360=0.676
P=0.747
F10, 360=1.444
P=0.160
), ArticleFig(id=1259825011863466249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824981819667395, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

运动训练对6种鲤科鱼类在六臂迷宫中群体行为特征的线性混合模型统计分析表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标Index中心密度
Center density
庇护所臂密度
Shelter density
非庇护所臂密度
Non-shelter density
Ic
Cohesion index
协变量(体长)
Covariate (body length)
F1, 360=0.929
P=0.336
F1, 360=0.286
P=0.593
F1, 360=0.057
P=0.811
F1, 360=0.008
P=0.930
训练
Training
F2, 360=1.771
P=0.172
F2, 360=2.472
P=0.086
F2, 360=3.593
P=0.029
F2, 360=4.374
P=0.013
物种
Species
F5, 360=19.497
P<0.001
F5, 360=117.578
P<0.001
F5, 360=100.945
P<0.001
F5, 360=34.14
P<0.001
刺激前后
Before and after stimulation
F1, 360=5.572
P=0.019
F1, 360=0.145
P=0.704
F1, 360=1.125
P=0.290
F1, 360=17.338
P<0.001
训练 * 物种
Training * Species
F10, 360=0.922
P=0.513
F10, 360=1.796
P=0.060
F10, 360=2.027
P=0.030
F10, 360=2.211
P=0.017
训练 * 刺激前后
Training * Before and after stimulation
F2, 360=0.577
P=0.562
F2, 360=0.024
P=0.976
F2,360=0.089
P=0.915
F2,360=0.135
P=0.873
物种 * 刺激前后
Species * Before and after stimulation
F5, 360=1.891
P=0.095
F5, 360=1.319
P=0.256
F5, 360=0.904
P=0.478
F5, 360=1.227
P=0.296
训练 * 物种 * 刺激前后
Training * Species * Before and after stimulation
F10, 360=1.342
P=0.207
F10, 360=0.855
P=0.576
F10, 360=0.676
P=0.747
F10, 360=1.444
P=0.160
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六种鲤科鱼类群体行为特征的种间差异及其对运动训练的响应
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黄悌基 , 饶家红 , 赵浩翔 , 罗守良 , 付世建 , 夏继刚 , 李秀明
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六种鲤科鱼类群体行为特征的种间差异及其对运动训练的响应
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黄悌基 , 饶家红, 赵浩翔, 罗守良, 付世建, 夏继刚, 李秀明
作者信息
  • 重庆师范大学进化生理与行为学实验室, 淡水鱼类资源保护与利用重庆市重点实验室, 动物生物学重庆市高校重点实验室, 重庆 401331
  • 黄悌基(1997—), 男, 博士; 研究方向为鱼类生理生态和水产养殖。E-mail:

通讯作者:

李秀明, 教授; E-mail:
INTER-SPECIES DIFFERENCES IN GROUP BEHAVIOURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SIX CYPRINID FISH SPECIES AND THEIR RESPONSES TO EXERCISE TRAINING
Ti-Ji HUANG , Jia-Hong RAO, Hao-Xiang ZHAO, Shou-Liang LUO, Shi-Jian FU, Ji-Gang XIA, Xiu-Ming LI
Affiliations
  • Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Freshwater Fishes, Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Chongqing Normal University,Chongqing 401331, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0436
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为探究6种鲤科鱼类群体行为特征的种间差异及其对运动训练的响应, 本研究选取鲫(Carassius auratus)、丁鱥(Tinca tinca)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)、岩原鲤(Procypris rabaudi)和光唇鱼(Acrossocheilus fasciatus)作为实验对象, 在25℃下, 各自分为对照组、无氧运动训练组(1次/d)和有氧运动训练组[4倍体长/秒(bl/s), 18h/d]进行为期3周的处理。随后在六臂迷宫中测定鱼群在无捕食者刺激和模拟捕食者刺激下的群体中心密度(Center density, CD)、庇护所臂密度(Shelter density, SD)、非庇护所臂密度(Non-shelter density, NSD)和凝聚力指数(Cohesion index, Ic)。结果发现: 在无捕食者刺激和模拟捕食者刺激下, 鲫、丁鱥、鲤和中华倒刺鲃对照组都展现出相对较高的CD、NSD、Ic值和相对较低的SD, 岩原鲤对照组展现出相对较低的CD、NSD和相对较高的SD、Ic值, 光唇鱼对照组展现出相对较低的CD、SD、Ic值和相对较高的NSD。无论有无捕食者刺激, 运动训练对鲫、丁鱥、鲤的群体行为特征都没有产生统计学意义上的显著影响。无氧运动训练导致岩原鲤在无捕食者刺激下NSD显著降低81%, Ic值显著增加21% (P<0.05); 无氧运动训练导致光唇鱼在模拟捕食者刺激下Ic值显著增加39% (P<0.05); 有氧运动训练导致中华倒刺鲃在无捕食者刺激下Ic值显著降低17% (P<0.05)。研究表明: (1)6种鲤科鱼类群体行为特征具有显著的种间差异, 可能与其生活习性和生境因素有关; (2)运动训练对6种鲤科鱼类群体行为特征具有不同程度的影响, 其影响依赖于鱼的种类和训练制度。

运动训练  /  模拟捕食者  /  群体行为  /  鲤科鱼类

To investigate interspecific variations in group behaviour characteristics among six Cyprinidae species and their responses to exercise training, we selected Carassius auratus, Tinca tinca, Cyprinus carpio, Spinibarbus sinensis, Procypris rabaudi, and Acrossocheilus fasciatus as experimental subjects. At 25℃, each species was divided into control groups, anaerobic exercise training groups (1 session/d), and aerobic exercise training groups [4 times body length per second (bl/s), 18h/d] for three weeks. Subsequently, within a six-arm maze, the following parameters were measured under both non-predator and simulated predator stimuli: centre density (CD), shelter density (SD), non-shelter density (NSD), and cohesion index (Ic). The results indicated that under both non-predator and simulated predator stimulation, the control groups of C. auratus, T. tinca, C. carpio, and S. sinensis exhibited relatively higher CD, NSD, and Ic values along with lower SD, whereas the control group of P. rabaudi showed relatively lower CD and NSD along with Ic higher SD and Ic values. The control group of A. fasciatus displayed relatively lower CD, SD, and Ic values but higher NSD. Regardless of predator stimulation, exercise training did not produce statistically significant effects on the collective behavioral characteristics of C. auratus, T. tinca, and C. carpio. Anaerobic exercise training led to an 81% significant decrease in NSD and a 21% significant increase in Ic values in P. rabaudi under non-predator stimulation (P<0.05); anaerobic exercise training resulted in a 39% significant increase in Ic values in A. fasciatus under simulated predator stimulation (P<0.05); aerobic exercise training caused a 17% significant decrease in Ic values in S. sinensis under non-predator stimulation (P<0.05). The study demonstrates that: (1) There are significant interspecific differences in the collective behavioral characteristics among the six cyprinid species, which may be related to their living habits and habitat factors; (2) Exercise training exerts varying degrees on collective behavioral characteristics by fish species and training regimen.

Exercise training  /  Simulated predator  /  Collective behavior  /  Cyprinid fish
黄悌基, 饶家红, 赵浩翔, 罗守良, 付世建, 夏继刚, 李秀明. 六种鲤科鱼类群体行为特征的种间差异及其对运动训练的响应. 水生生物学报, 2026 , 50 (5) : 052606-49 -052606-57 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0436
Ti-Ji HUANG, Jia-Hong RAO, Hao-Xiang ZHAO, Shou-Liang LUO, Shi-Jian FU, Ji-Gang XIA, Xiu-Ming LI. INTER-SPECIES DIFFERENCES IN GROUP BEHAVIOURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SIX CYPRINID FISH SPECIES AND THEIR RESPONSES TO EXERCISE TRAINING[J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2026 , 50 (5) : 052606-49 -052606-57 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0436
鱼类具有明显的集群行为, 特别是在其早期的生活史阶段[1]。鱼类群体行为是其种群内在生理状态和行为特征的直观表现, 与其群体觅食、保卫领地和躲避敌害等活动密切相关[2]。有研究发现, 鱼类群体在无捕食者状态下可以通过聚集成群的方式交流信息和寻找食物[3, 4]。在自然环境中, 鱼类通常会受到肉食性鱼类和鸟类等动物的捕食胁迫。在面对捕食刺激时, 鱼类一般会通过聚集成群或躲入隐蔽场所等方式减小被捕食压力[5, 6]。研究者通常采用各种不同的行为学指标考察鱼类群体行为特征, 比如群体协调性、群体凝聚力、成群频率、成群持续时间、群体速度异质性、群体排列方向极性和焦点鱼位于领头者比例等[711]。在实验室条件下, 可以通过考察鱼群在六臂迷宫中的中心密度(Center density, CD)、庇护所臂密度(Shelter density, SD)、非庇护所臂密度(Non-shelter density, NSD)和凝聚力指数(Cohesion index, Ic)等参数考察其群体行为特征[12]。鱼类的群体行为特征往往具有显著的种间差异, 研究者认为可能与其生存环境和自身游泳能力有关[9]
研究表明, 鱼类群体行为受到食物丰度和捕食压力, 以及内在能量消耗水平和营养状态等众多因素的影响[1315]。例如, 饥饿21d的中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis)群体比正常投喂群体表现出更快的游泳速度和加速率, 其个体间距离也更远[13]。运动训练作为一种能够对鱼类形态特征和生理功能产生显著影响的方法, 受到研究者的广泛关注[1618]。例如运动训练[4 bl/s (体长/秒), 30d]后的黑鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)表现出更大的背鳍和更明显的流线型体型轮廓[19]。运动训练(2—4 bl/s, 8周)显著提高了鲈鲤(Percocypris pingi)的游泳能力[16]。根据训练过程中对氧气的需求可以将鱼类运动训练方式划分成有氧运动训练和无氧运动训练[20]。运动训练能够对鱼类行为特征(如自发行为、探索行为和焦虑行为等)产生显著影响[1618], 训练效果与种类和训练制度密切相关。以往研究发现, 花䱻(Hemibarbus maculatus)和达氏鲟(Acipenser dabryanus)等幼鱼在不同水流速度下表现出不同的群体游泳行为特征, 在高流速(3—5 bl/s)下常聚集成群逆流游动, 在低流速(1—2 bl/s)下鱼群则表现得比较分散[21]。因此, 我们认为运动训练可能会对鱼类运动训练后的群体行为特征产生显著的影响。不过, 有关鱼类群体行为特征对运动训练的响应研究还未见报道。
我国鲤科鱼类资源丰富, 其广泛分布于河流、湖泊等不同水域。有关鲤科鱼类社会性、勇敢性和探索性等行为已有研究涉及[2, 6, 22]。鲤科鱼类的集群行为受到群体数量、食物丰度和捕食者胁迫等众多因素的显著影响[2, 6]。由于过度捕捞和环境污染等原因, 许多鲤科鱼类野生种群的数量日渐减少[23, 24]。增殖放流被认为是一种有效的鱼类物种保护手段[25]。以往研究发现, 增殖放流前适当的运动训练能够对鱼类的生长能力、运动代谢或免疫水平等产生显著的正面影响[19, 26, 27]。放流到野外的养殖鱼类往往在初期表现出时长不等的放流点原位停留期, 随后因群体冒险性逐渐增加而向放流点以外区域扩散[28, 29]。鱼类放流后的早期群体行为特征可能对其野外存活率产生显著影响[30]。因此, 本研究选取鲫(Carassius auratus)、丁鱥(Tinca tinca)、鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、中华倒刺鲃、岩原鲤(Procypris rabaudi)和光唇鱼(Acrossocheilus fasciatus)为研究对象, 考察其群体行为特征的种间差异及对不同运动训练制度(有氧和无氧运动训练)的响应, 以期丰富鱼类行为学理论, 为鱼类增殖放流等保护实践提供基础资料。
本研究选取的6种鲤科鱼类幼鱼皆购于重庆市永川区水花鱼养殖专业合作社。在实验鱼运抵实验室后, 将其放入重庆师范大学进化生理与行为学实验室自行研制的自净化循环控温水槽(180 cm×50 cm×50 cm, 300 L)中驯养2周, 驯养过程控制水体温度为(25±0.5)℃, 光周期12L∶12D, 水体溶氧值7.5 mg/L以上。固定每日上午9:00饱食投喂商品饲料[通威, 饲料组成: (29.5±0.9)%蛋白质、(12.3±0.8)%粗纤维、(4.5±0.5)%粗脂肪、(38.7±1.2)%碳水化合物和(15±0.4)%粗灰分] 1次, 喂食0.5h后清除食物残渣并清理粪便。用曝气24h以上的自来水每天更换养殖水体1/5。
在驯养2周结束后, 每种实验鱼挑选180尾大小相近, 身体健康的个体, 随机分成3个处理组[对照组(Control group, CG)、无氧运动训练组(Anaerobic exercise training group, ANG)、有氧运动训练组(Aerobic exercise training group, AEG)], 转移到自制的自净化循环控温“鱼类游泳运动训练仪”(结构描述详见[31])中进行为期3周的相应处理。每组3个重复, 每个重复20尾实验鱼, 分别放置在训练仪一个水道的3个单元格中。CG组实验鱼水道水流速度控制在大约3 cm/s。预备实验表明这个水流速度可以保证养殖水道内水体交换和充分的溶氧水平(7.5 mg/L以上), 同时也不会导致实验鱼明显的逆流游泳行为产生。ANG组实验鱼每天18:00转移至一个环形水道(流速大于60 cm/s; 结构描述详见文献[32])中进行人工力竭追赶训练1次。追赶训练方式: 将20尾实验鱼转移至高流速环形水道中, 由固定实验人员使用小抄网沿环形水道逆时针方向连续触碰实验鱼尾部迫使其不断逆流冲刺游泳, 当实验个体不能继续冲刺游泳, 落入小抄网中不再有明显反应时判定其达到力竭状态, 此时立即将其转移回运动训练仪中恢复, 剩余实验个体继续进行追赶训练, 直至所有个体都达到力竭状态为止(3min内完成)。AEG组在运动训练仪水道中进行运动训练[4 bl/s, 18h/d]。为了减少对实验鱼的胁迫, AEG组实验水流速度在4d内逐步达到 (每天递增1 bl/s)[31]。实验处理过程其他养殖环境因素与驯养阶段保持一致。在训练结束后对实验鱼进行集群行为相关参数的测定(表 1)。
在训练处理结束后, 在1个自制的六臂迷宫(结构详见参考文献[12])中拍摄实验鱼的群体行为。迷宫包括1个中心区域及6个相同的臂(长×宽: 42 cm×20 cm, 水深5 cm), 于其中一个庇护所臂中放置水草模型作为庇护场所[33]。使用Logic Webam C920高清摄像头拍摄实验鱼在无捕食者刺激和模拟捕食者刺激下的群体行为。为了减少干扰, 迷宫外部搭建正方形框架并使用白色幕布覆盖。从每种实验鱼CG组、ANG组和AEG组中分别随机挑选6尾实验鱼作为1个群体样本进行拍摄。每个实验组10个样本(拍摄10个群体行为视频, 共60尾实验鱼)。
在拍摄开始前, 在六臂迷宫中心放置一个透明圆筒适应器(直径24 cm), 将1个群体拍摄样本(6尾实验鱼)放置于适应器中适应10min (此过程实验鱼可以观察到六条臂的环境情况), 随后缓慢移除适应器, 拍摄实验鱼5min的群体行为视频用于分析其无捕食者刺激下的群体行为特征。此后, 鱼群在六臂迷宫中自由活动10min, 立即使用白鹭模型在六臂迷宫右上方角落对实验鱼进行模拟捕食刺激(持续10s)。刺激结束后再拍摄5min视频用于分析模拟捕食刺激对群体行为特征的影响[34]。在拍摄结束后使用Matlab (vR2020b)软件的迷宫计数系统逐帧统计拍摄时间内(5min, 15帧/s, 共4500帧)实验鱼在迷宫中心和每个臂内的个体总数, 进而计算每个区域每帧个体数量平均值表示实验鱼群体行为特征。相关参数定义和计算:
中心密度(Center density, CD): 实验鱼在六臂迷宫中心区域的分布密度。
庇护所臂密度(Shelter density, SD): 实验鱼在六臂迷宫庇护所臂的分布密度。
非庇护所臂密度(Non-shelter density, NSD): 实验鱼在六臂迷宫非庇护所臂的分布密度。
凝聚力指数(Cohesion index, Ic): 表示实验鱼在径向迷宫中形成凝聚力的能力。迷宫中每个区域个体数量(fi)之间的欧式距离(Dc)[35]:
$ {D}_{\mathrm{c}}=\sqrt{\sum \limits_{i=1}^{N}({f}_{i}{)}^{2}} $
Ic值介于0到1之间, 随着占据区域数量的减少和群体规模的扩大而增加。计算公式 [32]:
$ \mathit{I}_{\mathit{\mathrm{c}}}\mathrm{=(}\mathit{D}_{\mathrm{c}}\mathrm{-}\mathit{D}_{\mathrm{min}}\mathrm{)/(}\mathit{N}\mathrm{-}\mathit{D}_{\mathrm{min}}\mathrm{)} $
式中, N是个体总数, Dmin是可能的最小内聚结构的值(本实验中N=6)。
使用SPSS 17.0统计软件和Excel 2021对数据进行统计分析, 实验数据进行正态性(Shapiro-Wilks检验) 和方差齐性检验, 如果通过检验, 则以每组实验鱼体长为协变量, 以物种、训练和捕食刺激为因子进行一般线性混合模型分析(Linear-Mixed Model, LMM), 若存在显著差异则进行多重比较(LSD法)。如果不符合正态分布性和方差齐性, 采取广义线性混合模型分析。在本研究结果中, Ic值通过正态性与方差齐性检验, 中心密度、庇护所臂密度和非庇护所臂密度未通过正态性与方差齐性检验。以平均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示数据结果, 统计显著性水平定为P<0.05。
6种鲤科鱼类群体中心密度、庇护所臂密度、非庇护所臂密度和Ic值皆具有显著的种间差异(P<0.001; 表 2)。在无捕食者刺激下和模拟捕食者刺激后, 鲫、丁鱥、鲤和中华倒刺鲃对照组都具有相对较高的中心密度、非庇护所臂密度、Ic值和相对较低的庇护所臂密度, 岩原鲤对照组具有相对较低的中心密度、非庇护所臂密度和相对较高的庇护所臂密度、Ic值, 光唇鱼对照组具有相对较低的中心密度、庇护所臂密度、Ic值和相对较高的非庇护所臂密度(图 1图 2)。
运动训练对6种鲤科鱼类群体中心密度(F2, 360=1.771, P=0.172)和庇护所臂密度(F2, 360=2.472, P=0.086)没有产生显著影响, 但对其非庇护所臂密度(F2, 360=3.593, P=0.029)和Ic值(F2, 360=4.374, P=0.013)产生显著影响(表 2)。
与各自对照组相比, 无氧运动训练导致鲫在无捕食者刺激下中心密度、庇护所臂密度、非庇护臂密度和Ic值分别为+115%、–21%、–0.4%和+20%, 在模拟捕食者刺激下分别为–56%、+151%、–4%和+0.4%; 丁鱥在无捕食者刺激下中心密度、庇护所臂密度、非庇护臂密度和Ic值分别为+176%、+43%、–32%和–1%, 在模拟捕食者刺激下分别为+24%、+74%、–31%和+17%; 鲤在无捕食者刺激下中心密度、庇护所臂密度、非庇护臂密度和Ic值分别为–7%、+45%、–8%和–27%, 在模拟捕食者刺激下分别为+42%、+19%、–10%和–3%; 中华倒刺鲃在无捕食者刺激下中心密度、庇护所臂密度、非庇护臂密度和Ic值分别为+60%、–22%、+4%和–4%, 在模拟捕食者刺激下分别为+51%、–23%、+2%和–8%; 岩原鲤在无捕食者刺激下中心密度、庇护所臂密度、非庇护臂密度和Ic值分别为–50%、+31%、–81% (P<0.05)和+21% (P<0.05), 在模拟捕食者刺激下分别为+810%、–2%、+60%和–2%; 光唇鱼在无捕食者刺激下中心密度、庇护所臂密度、非庇护臂密度和Ic值分别为–9%、–33%、+4%和+32%, 在模拟捕食者刺激下分别为+8%、+8%、–1%和+39% (P<0.05; 图 1图 2)。
与各自对照组相比, 有氧运动训练导致鲫在无捕食者刺激下中心密度、庇护所臂密度、非庇护臂密度和Ic值分别为+6%、–63%、+14%和–4%, 在模拟捕食者刺激下分别为–41%、+26%、+3%和–6%; 丁鱥在无捕食者刺激下中心密度、庇护所臂密度、非庇护臂密度和Ic值分别为+136%、–14%、–0.9%和–19%, 在模拟捕食者刺激下分别为–18%、–17%、+8%和–7%; 鲤在无捕食者刺激下中心密度、庇护所臂密度、非庇护臂密度和Ic值分别为–0.7%、+79%、–16%和–12%, 在模拟捕食者刺激下分别为+7%、+25%、–7%和–7%; 中华倒刺鲃在无捕食者刺激下中心密度、庇护所臂密度、非庇护臂密度和Ic值分别为+69%、–6%、–0.4%和–17%(P<0.05), 在模拟捕食者刺激下分别为+68%、+8%、–8%和–4%; 岩原鲤在无捕食者刺激下中心密度、庇护所臂密度、非庇护臂密度和Ic值分别为+6%、+11%、–30%和+0.1%, 在模拟捕食者刺激下分别为+447%、–12%、+399%和–7%; 光唇鱼在无捕食者刺激下中心密度、庇护所臂密度、非庇护臂密度和Ic值分别为–18%、–60%、+7%和+34%, 在模拟捕食者刺激下分别为+9%、+72%、–1%和–0.6% (图 1图 2)。
本研究发现, 鲫、丁鱥、鲤和中华倒刺鲃在捕食者刺激前后都表现出较高的中心密度、非庇护所臂密度、Ic值及较低的庇护所臂密度, 表明其群体在探索环境和逃避敌害时偏好集群, 表现出“集群探索和避敌”的群体行为特征。这可能有利于降低个体被捕食的风险, 与高体鳑鲏(Rhodeus ocellatus)[22]和圆鳍雅罗鱼(Leuciscus cephalus)[36]的研究结果相似。不过, 岩原鲤在捕食者刺激前后都表现出较低的中心密度、非庇护所臂密度和较高的庇护所臂密度、Ic值, 表明其群体凝聚力较高且具有躲藏习性, 表现出“集群躲藏和避敌”群体行为特征。这可能与其喜欢栖息于江河底层较暗石缝和深坑的生活习性有关[37]。这种群体行为特征与德玛森小岩鲷(Chindongo demasoni)[34]和拟鲤(Rutilus rutilus)[38]相似。此外, 光唇鱼在捕食者刺激前后都表现出较低的中心密度、庇护所臂密度、Ic值和较高的非庇护所臂密度, 表明其群体凝聚力较低但探索性强, 在面对捕食胁迫时通过离群躲避的方式应对, 表现出“分散探索和避敌”群体行为特征。这可能与其生活在水流速度较快, 且食物资源相对分散的山涧溪流生境有关[39]。这种行为特征与斑马鱼(Danio rerio)[40]、宽鳍鱲(Zacco Platypus)[14]和福氏厚唇鲻(Aldrichetta forsteri)[41]的研究结果相似。
无氧运动训练能够对鱼类的行为产生显著影响[4244]。例如, 抄网追赶训练(30d, 2次/d)能够提高大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)幼鱼对陌生环境的探索能力[42]。持续4周的无氧运动训练(1—2次/d)降低了斑马鱼日常活跃度, 使其更偏向于集群游动[43]。黑带娇丽鱼(Amatitlania nigrofasciata)的大胆性在网追赶处理后显著提高[44]。本研究发现, 在6种鲤科鱼类中无氧运动训练对鲫、丁鱥和岩原鲤群体行为的影响相对更加明显。无氧运动训练导致鲫和丁鱥在无捕食者刺激下的中心密度分别增加了115%和176%, 模拟捕食者刺激后庇护所臂密度分别增加了151%和74%。由此暗示, 无氧运动训练可能有利于增强鲫和丁鱥探索陌生环境及利用庇护所逃避敌害的能力, 进而提高其增殖放流后的生存适合度。这2种鱼类主要生活在静水水域, 其生境中捕食者众多且物理环境复杂, 这可能是其群体行为特征具有较好可塑性的原因之一。此外, 无氧运动训练导致岩原鲤在无捕食者刺激下中心密度和非庇护所臂密度分别降低50%和81%, 而庇护所臂密度增加31%, 模拟捕食者刺激后中心密度和非庇护所臂密度分别增加了810%和60%。由此暗示, 无氧运动训练可能进一步强化了岩原鲤在没有捕食者情况下的集群躲藏习性, 但是增加了面临捕食者时无遮蔽环境暴露带来的被捕食风险, 进而可能对其增殖放流后的存活率带来负面影响。岩原鲤生性胆小, 喜欢躲藏在石缝和深坑等生境中。无氧运动训练促使其在面临捕食者时离开庇护所的内在原因有待进一步探究。
以往研究发现, 有氧运动训练同样能够显著影响鱼类的行为[1618]。例如, 在4 bl/s的水流速度下持续8周(18h/d)运动训练的鲈鲤(Percocypris pingi)通过增加其运动时间百分比显著提高其自发运动总距离[16]。经过有氧运动训练(3—4 bl/s, 4周)的食蚊鱼(Gambusia holbrooki)变得比对照组更大胆, 离开避难所更快, 表现出更加明显探索陌生环境的倾向[17]。以0.5 m/s的水流速度对斑马鱼进行持续6周的运动训练(1h/d)会显著减少其焦虑行为, 使其比对照组更快上浮至水族箱顶部且在水族箱顶部停留的时间比更长[18]。鱼类行为对运动训练的响应受到鱼的种类和训练制度(强度、历时和方法等)的影响[16, 45]。本研究发现, 有氧运动训练对6种鲤科鱼类群体行为都有不同程度的影响。有氧运动训练导致在无捕食者刺激下鲫庇护所臂密度下降63%, 丁鱥中心密度增加136%。由此暗示, 有氧运动训练可能通过增强这2种静水生境鱼类对陌生环境的探索能力, 进而提高其增殖放流后在复杂生境中的生存适合度。不过, 有氧运动训练导致在无捕食者刺激下鲤庇护所臂密度增加79%, 模拟捕食者刺激下中华倒刺鲃中心密度增加68%, 岩原鲤中心密度和非庇护所臂密度分别增加447%和399%。由此暗示, 有氧运动训练可能降低了这3种流水生境鲤科鱼类环境探索能力或利用庇护所逃避敌害的能力, 对其增殖放流后生存能力产生负面影响。有氧运动训练导致光唇鱼在模拟捕食者刺激后庇护所臂密度增加72%, 暗示其通过庇护所躲避敌害的能力增强, 这可能有利于其在山涧溪流的复杂栖息生境中躲避敌害, 进而提高其增殖放流后的生存率。
综上所述, 6种鲤科鱼类群体的中心密度、庇护所臂密度、非庇护所臂密度和Ic值存在明显的种间差异。鲫、丁鱥、鲤和中华倒刺鲃偏好集群探索环境和躲避捕食者。岩原鲤偏好集群躲藏于庇护所。光唇鱼偏好分散探索环境和躲避捕食者。此外, 运动训练对6种鲤科鱼类群体行为特征的影响与种类和训练制度有关。相比较而言, 运动训练可能对鲤(有氧训练)、中华倒刺鲃(有氧训练)和岩原鲤(无氧和有氧训练)的环境探索能力或反捕食能力产生负面影响。但是无氧和有氧运动训练更有利于增强鲫和丁鱥群体环境探索和避敌能力, 有氧运动训练有利于提高光唇鱼利用庇护所躲避敌害的能力, 进而可能提高其增殖放流到自然水域后的生存率。因此, 在增殖放流过程中应充分考虑不同鱼类的群体行为特征, 例如岩原鲤偏好集群躲藏, 其增殖放流地点建议选择庇护所较多的自然水域环境。同时, 增殖放流前运动训练也应当针对不同鱼类设计合适的训练制度, 以便更好地提高其放流后的存活率。
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2026年第50卷第5期
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doi: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0436
  • 接收时间:2025-12-06
  • 首发时间:2026-05-09
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-06
  • 修回日期:2026-02-09
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    重庆师范大学进化生理与行为学实验室, 淡水鱼类资源保护与利用重庆市重点实验室, 动物生物学重庆市高校重点实验室, 重庆 401331

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李秀明, 教授; E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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