Article(id=1259824981010166718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0323, pmid=null, cstr=32229.14.SSSWXB.2025.0323, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1757865600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-15, revisedDate=1763568000000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778295281889, onlineDateStr=2026-05-09, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778295281889, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778295281889, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778295281889, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259824976404800325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, year='2026', volume='50', issue='5', pageStart='052601-1', pageEnd='052618-200', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778295280791, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778295467894, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259825761310073651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259825761310073652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=052614-143, endPage=052614-155, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259824982155211716, articleId=1259824981010166718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, language=EN, title=BACTERIA-MICROALGAE CONSORTIA FOR REARING WATER REGULATION ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND WATER QUALITY OF MACROBRACHIUM ROSENBERGII LARVAE, columnId=1259824977629537099, journalTitle=Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, columnName=Water Ecology and Environment, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the synergistic effects of probiotics and microalgae on larval rearing performance of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), this study selected Haematococcus pluvialis and Oocystis borgei, which were respectively combined with Clostridium butyricum and Lactobacillus for treatment. The impacts of different probiotic-microalgal combinations on larval survival, growth, development, water quality, and physiological parameters were systematically evaluated. The results showed that the O. borgei+Lactobacillus treatment achieved the highest survival rate (85.80%), significantly higher than that of the control group (50.2%, P<0.05), while the O. borgei+C. butyricum combination exhibited optimal performance in promoting larval growth and development. The two microalgae species demonstrated functional differentiation in water quality regulation: H. pluvialis showed significant advantages in nitrogen removal, whereas O. borgei was most effective in reducing organic matter load (CODcr). Physiological analysis showed that probiotic-microalgal combinations could effectively alleviate oxidative stress in larvae, with malondialdehyde (MDA) content reduced by 68.3%—87.3% compared to the control (P<0.05), among which the H. pluvialis+C. butyricum combination demonstrated the strongest overall performance in antioxidant, immune, and digestive functions. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) concentration and MDA were the key driving factors affecting larval survival rate, jointly explaining 61.0% of the variation. This study elucidates the mechanism by which probiotic-microalgal synergy enhances larval rearing efficiency through nutrient cycling and physiological regulation, providing theoretical basis and technical reference for microecological intervention in crustacean larviculture.

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为探究益生菌−微藻协同作用对罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)幼体育苗的影响, 本研究选取雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis)和波吉卵囊藻(Oocystis borgei), 分别与丁酸梭菌(Clostridium butyricum)和乳酸菌(Lactobacillus)组合处理, 系统评估不同菌−藻组合对幼体存活、生长发育、水质和生理指标的影响。结果表明, 卵囊藻+乳酸菌处理的存活率最高(85.8%), 显著高于对照组(50.2%; P<0.05); 卵囊藻+丁酸梭菌组合则在促进幼体生长和发育中表现最优。两种微藻在水质调控呈现功能分工: 雨生红球藻在氮素去除上优势显著, 卵囊藻则在降低有机物负荷(CODCr)方面效果最佳。生理指标分析显示, 菌−藻组合能有效缓解幼体氧化应激, 丙二醛(MDA)含量较对照组降低68.3%—87.3% (P<0.05), 其中雨生红球藻+丁酸梭菌组合在抗氧化、免疫和消化功能上综合表现最佳。多元逐步回归分析显示, 总无机氮(TIN)和MDA是影响幼体存活率的关键驱动因子, 可解释61.0%的存活率变异。研究揭示了菌−藻协同通过营养盐循环与生理调节提升育苗效能的潜在机制, 为甲壳类幼体培育的微生态干预提供了理论依据与技术参考。

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郜卫华, 副教授; E-mail:
原居林, 研究员; E-mail:   #共同通信作者
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王睿忱, 硕士研究生; 主要从事水产养殖研究。E-mail:

邹松保, 工程师; 主要从事渔业生态学。E-mail:  *共同第一作者

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a. Effects of different bacterial-algal combinations on larval survival rate; b. variations in body length of larvae under different bacterial–algal combinations; Error bars indicate mean±SE; One-way ANOVA tests the significance of differences among groups; Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences in groups (P<0.05); The same applies below

, figureFileSmall=7lUeoQGolk3EgGJPHEOUhQ==, figureFileBig=QL7ZogB0gMhwgOZdUqIGBw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825035963937230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824981010166718, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of different bacterial-algal combinations on water quality in larval nursery systems, figureFileSmall=qvnEOtqPCQq3TWGighvAAQ==, figureFileBig=mpRNTACRhDJL4az8QYGmYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825036244955603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824981010166718, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同菌−藻组合对罗氏沼虾育苗水质的影响, figureFileSmall=qvnEOtqPCQq3TWGighvAAQ==, figureFileBig=mpRNTACRhDJL4az8QYGmYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825036475642327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824981010166718, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of different bacterial-algal combinations on physiological and biochemical parameters of M. rosenbergii larvae, figureFileSmall=NybSSD5+ppgWJuoXCsP4cw==, figureFileBig=HjOKRDdRljM9flZUsbJ/3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825038337913306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824981010166718, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同菌−藻组合对罗氏沼虾幼体生理生化指标的影响, figureFileSmall=NybSSD5+ppgWJuoXCsP4cw==, figureFileBig=HjOKRDdRljM9flZUsbJ/3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825038568600033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824981010166718, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Correlation analysis among environmental factors, enzyme activities, and larval survival rate, figureFileSmall=AprbB9ptK0Zg1VPi5AW8bg==, figureFileBig=Cou7IidBU28EXGbSMjDrZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825038904144357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824981010166718, language=CN, label=图4, caption=环境因子、酶活指标及其与幼体存活率的相关性分析

a. correlation heatmap of environmental parameters; b. correlation heatmap of enzyme activity indicators; c. correlation heatmap between environmental parameters and enzyme activities; d. scatter plots showing correlations between larval survival rate and key environmental factors/enzyme activities. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (ρ) were used for correlations analysis, Blank cells, blue, and red in heatmaps indicate no significant correlation, negative correlation, and positive correlation, respectively (P<0.05), with color intensity representing correlation strength. Abbreviations: TN. total nitrogen; TON. total organic nitrogen; TIN. total inorganic nitrogen; ${\rm{NH}}^+_4 $-N. ammonium nitrogen; ${\rm{NO}}^-_2 $-N. nitrite nitrogen; ${\rm{NO}}^-_3 $-N. nitrate nitrogen; TP. total phosphorus; CODCr. potassium dichromate index; pH. degree of acidity or alkalinity; CAT. catalase; MDA. malondialdehyde; GSH-Px. glutathione peroxidase; SOD. superoxide dismutase; T-AOC. total antioxidant capacity; AKP. alkaline phosphatase; ACP. acid phosphatase

, figureFileSmall=AprbB9ptK0Zg1VPi5AW8bg==, figureFileBig=Cou7IidBU28EXGbSMjDrZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825039394877927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824981010166718, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Effects of different bacterial-algal combinations on larval stage index (LSI) of M. rosenbergii

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
养殖时间
Time (d)
对照组
Control group
(n=3)
雨生+丁梭H. pluvialis+
C. butyricum
(n=3)
雨生+乳酸H. pluvialis+
Lactobacillus
(n=3)
卵囊+丁梭O. borgei+
C. butyricum
(n=3)
卵囊+乳酸O. borgei+
Lactobacillus
(n=3)
P
11.00±0.00a1.00±0.00a1.00±0.00a1.00±0.00a1.00±0.00a0.416
32.95±0.04c2.92±0.04c3.08±0.04ab3.11±0.04a3.00±0.00bc<0.001
54.67±0.09a4.29±0.07b4.12±0.05c4.08±0.04c3.90±0.06d<0.001
74.53±0.09b4.79±0.07a4.73±0.08ab4.87±0.05a4.78±0.06a0.032
95.77±0.08c6.24±0.09b6.47±0.09a6.50±0.08a6.14±0.05b<0.001
116.40±0.09c6.67±0.07ab6.77±0.06a6.67±0.06ab6.53±0.08bc0.009
137.73±0.10c7.75±0.13c8.45±0.09a8.29±0.07ab8.13±0.11b<0.001
158.07±0.05d9.00±0.16c9.54±0.13b10.04±0.10a9.49±0.14b<0.001
178.47±0.09d10.29±0.12bc10.46±0.10b10.76±0.07a10.16±0.14c<0.001
1910.10±0.11c10.70±0.11b10.73±0.15ab11.00±0.05a10.84±0.12ab<0.001
2210.93±0.08c11.32±0.09b11.50±0.09ab11.71±0.09a11.46±0.10ab<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1259825039533289964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824981010166718, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同菌−藻组合对罗氏沼虾幼体发育阶段指数(LSI)的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
养殖时间
Time (d)
对照组
Control group
(n=3)
雨生+丁梭H. pluvialis+
C. butyricum
(n=3)
雨生+乳酸H. pluvialis+
Lactobacillus
(n=3)
卵囊+丁梭O. borgei+
C. butyricum
(n=3)
卵囊+乳酸O. borgei+
Lactobacillus
(n=3)
P
11.00±0.00a1.00±0.00a1.00±0.00a1.00±0.00a1.00±0.00a0.416
32.95±0.04c2.92±0.04c3.08±0.04ab3.11±0.04a3.00±0.00bc<0.001
54.67±0.09a4.29±0.07b4.12±0.05c4.08±0.04c3.90±0.06d<0.001
74.53±0.09b4.79±0.07a4.73±0.08ab4.87±0.05a4.78±0.06a0.032
95.77±0.08c6.24±0.09b6.47±0.09a6.50±0.08a6.14±0.05b<0.001
116.40±0.09c6.67±0.07ab6.77±0.06a6.67±0.06ab6.53±0.08bc0.009
137.73±0.10c7.75±0.13c8.45±0.09a8.29±0.07ab8.13±0.11b<0.001
158.07±0.05d9.00±0.16c9.54±0.13b10.04±0.10a9.49±0.14b<0.001
178.47±0.09d10.29±0.12bc10.46±0.10b10.76±0.07a10.16±0.14c<0.001
1910.10±0.11c10.70±0.11b10.73±0.15ab11.00±0.05a10.84±0.12ab<0.001
2210.93±0.08c11.32±0.09b11.50±0.09ab11.71±0.09a11.46±0.10ab<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1259825039675896305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824981010166718, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Effects of different bacterial-microalgal combinations on water quality (mean±SE)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理化参数Parameter对照组
Control group
(n=3)
雨生+丁梭
H. pluvialis+
C. butyricum
(n=3)
雨生+乳酸
H. pluvialis+
Lactobacillus
(n=3)
卵囊+丁梭
O. borgei+
C. butyricum
(n=3)
卵囊+乳酸
O. borgei+
Lactobacillus
(n=3)
P
总氮TN (mg/L)3.16±0.17a1.98±0.12c1.84±0.13c2.81±0.17a2.80±0.18a<0.001
总有机氮TON (mg/L)1.32±0.08a0.43±0.05b0.32±0.04b0.41±0.04b0.40±0.05b<0.001
总无机氮TIN (mg/L)1.84±0.10bc1.55±0.10c1.52±0.11c2.39±0.14a2.40±0.16a<0.001
氨氮${\rm{NH}}^+_4 $-N (mg/L)1.05±0.10bc0.82±0.10c0.85±0.10c1.55±0.16a1.53±0.16a<0.001
亚硝态氮${\rm{NO}}^-_2 $-N (mg/L)0.05±0.01a0.06±0.01a0.06±0.01a0.08±0.02a0.10±0.02a0.220
硝态氮${\rm{NO}}^-_3 $-N (mg/L)0.74±0.06ab0.67±0.05ab0.61±0.04b0.76±0.06ab0.77±0.06a0.190
总磷TP (mg/L)1.05±0.06c1.31±0.08b0.99±0.07c1.61±0.10a1.18±0.09bc<0.001
重铬酸盐指数CODCr (mg/L)194.85±16.35b245.76±17.52a218.18±13.42ab191.52±16.12b178.18±9.32b0.014
酸碱度pH8.10±0.01a8.12±0.02a8.13±0.02a8.12±0.01a8.13±0.02a0.599
), ArticleFig(id=1259825039805919733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824981010166718, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同菌−藻组合对育苗水质的整体影响(平均值±标准误)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
理化参数Parameter对照组
Control group
(n=3)
雨生+丁梭
H. pluvialis+
C. butyricum
(n=3)
雨生+乳酸
H. pluvialis+
Lactobacillus
(n=3)
卵囊+丁梭
O. borgei+
C. butyricum
(n=3)
卵囊+乳酸
O. borgei+
Lactobacillus
(n=3)
P
总氮TN (mg/L)3.16±0.17a1.98±0.12c1.84±0.13c2.81±0.17a2.80±0.18a<0.001
总有机氮TON (mg/L)1.32±0.08a0.43±0.05b0.32±0.04b0.41±0.04b0.40±0.05b<0.001
总无机氮TIN (mg/L)1.84±0.10bc1.55±0.10c1.52±0.11c2.39±0.14a2.40±0.16a<0.001
氨氮${\rm{NH}}^+_4 $-N (mg/L)1.05±0.10bc0.82±0.10c0.85±0.10c1.55±0.16a1.53±0.16a<0.001
亚硝态氮${\rm{NO}}^-_2 $-N (mg/L)0.05±0.01a0.06±0.01a0.06±0.01a0.08±0.02a0.10±0.02a0.220
硝态氮${\rm{NO}}^-_3 $-N (mg/L)0.74±0.06ab0.67±0.05ab0.61±0.04b0.76±0.06ab0.77±0.06a0.190
总磷TP (mg/L)1.05±0.06c1.31±0.08b0.99±0.07c1.61±0.10a1.18±0.09bc<0.001
重铬酸盐指数CODCr (mg/L)194.85±16.35b245.76±17.52a218.18±13.42ab191.52±16.12b178.18±9.32b0.014
酸碱度pH8.10±0.01a8.12±0.02a8.13±0.02a8.12±0.01a8.13±0.02a0.599
), ArticleFig(id=1259825040116298234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824981010166718, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Stepwise regression analysis between larval survival rate and physiological as well as environmental factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型(标准化系数) Standardized coefficientadj. R2FP
存活率Survival rate= –0.52×MDA0.2154.8310.047
存活率Survival rate=0.708×TIN0.46311.9520.001
存活率Survival rate=0.668×TIN–0.407×MDA0.61011.9520.001
), ArticleFig(id=1259825040204378623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824981010166718, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

幼体存活率与酶活指标和环境因子之间的多元逐步回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型(标准化系数) Standardized coefficientadj. R2FP
存活率Survival rate= –0.52×MDA0.2154.8310.047
存活率Survival rate=0.708×TIN0.46311.9520.001
存活率Survival rate=0.668×TIN–0.407×MDA0.61011.9520.001
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菌−藻联合水体调控对罗氏沼虾幼体生长性能和水质的影响
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王睿忱 1 , 邹松保 2 , 邓明峰 1 , 倪蒙 2 , 于恒 2 , 周聃 2 , 刘梅 2 , 郜卫华 1 , 原居林 2
水生生物学报 | 水生态与环境 2026,50(5): 052614-143-052614-155
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水生生物学报 | 水生态与环境 2026, 50(5): 052614-143-052614-155
菌−藻联合水体调控对罗氏沼虾幼体生长性能和水质的影响
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王睿忱1 , 邹松保2 , 邓明峰1, 倪蒙2, 于恒2, 周聃2, 刘梅2, 郜卫华1 , 原居林2
作者信息
  • 1长江大学动物科学技术学院, 荆州 434025
  • 2浙江省淡水水产研究所, 农业农村部淡水渔业健康养殖重点实验室, 浙江省鱼类健康与营养重点实验室, 湖州 313001
  • 王睿忱, 硕士研究生; 主要从事水产养殖研究。E-mail:

    邹松保, 工程师; 主要从事渔业生态学。E-mail:  *共同第一作者

通讯作者:

郜卫华, 副教授; E-mail:
原居林, 研究员; E-mail:   #共同通信作者
BACTERIA-MICROALGAE CONSORTIA FOR REARING WATER REGULATION ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND WATER QUALITY OF MACROBRACHIUM ROSENBERGII LARVAE
Rui-Chen WANG1 , Song-Bao ZOU2 , Ming-Feng DENG1, Meng NI2, Heng YU2, Dan ZHOU2, Mei LIU2, Wei-Hua GAO1 , Ju-Lin YUAN2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434020, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Healthy Freshwater Aquaculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Quality Improvement and Processing Technology, Zhejiang Institute of Freshwater Fisheries, Huzhou 313001, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0323
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为探究益生菌−微藻协同作用对罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)幼体育苗的影响, 本研究选取雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis)和波吉卵囊藻(Oocystis borgei), 分别与丁酸梭菌(Clostridium butyricum)和乳酸菌(Lactobacillus)组合处理, 系统评估不同菌−藻组合对幼体存活、生长发育、水质和生理指标的影响。结果表明, 卵囊藻+乳酸菌处理的存活率最高(85.8%), 显著高于对照组(50.2%; P<0.05); 卵囊藻+丁酸梭菌组合则在促进幼体生长和发育中表现最优。两种微藻在水质调控呈现功能分工: 雨生红球藻在氮素去除上优势显著, 卵囊藻则在降低有机物负荷(CODCr)方面效果最佳。生理指标分析显示, 菌−藻组合能有效缓解幼体氧化应激, 丙二醛(MDA)含量较对照组降低68.3%—87.3% (P<0.05), 其中雨生红球藻+丁酸梭菌组合在抗氧化、免疫和消化功能上综合表现最佳。多元逐步回归分析显示, 总无机氮(TIN)和MDA是影响幼体存活率的关键驱动因子, 可解释61.0%的存活率变异。研究揭示了菌−藻协同通过营养盐循环与生理调节提升育苗效能的潜在机制, 为甲壳类幼体培育的微生态干预提供了理论依据与技术参考。

益生菌  /  微藻  /  抗氧化能力  /  水质调控  /  罗氏沼虾

To investigate the synergistic effects of probiotics and microalgae on larval rearing performance of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), this study selected Haematococcus pluvialis and Oocystis borgei, which were respectively combined with Clostridium butyricum and Lactobacillus for treatment. The impacts of different probiotic-microalgal combinations on larval survival, growth, development, water quality, and physiological parameters were systematically evaluated. The results showed that the O. borgei+Lactobacillus treatment achieved the highest survival rate (85.80%), significantly higher than that of the control group (50.2%, P<0.05), while the O. borgei+C. butyricum combination exhibited optimal performance in promoting larval growth and development. The two microalgae species demonstrated functional differentiation in water quality regulation: H. pluvialis showed significant advantages in nitrogen removal, whereas O. borgei was most effective in reducing organic matter load (CODcr). Physiological analysis showed that probiotic-microalgal combinations could effectively alleviate oxidative stress in larvae, with malondialdehyde (MDA) content reduced by 68.3%—87.3% compared to the control (P<0.05), among which the H. pluvialis+C. butyricum combination demonstrated the strongest overall performance in antioxidant, immune, and digestive functions. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) concentration and MDA were the key driving factors affecting larval survival rate, jointly explaining 61.0% of the variation. This study elucidates the mechanism by which probiotic-microalgal synergy enhances larval rearing efficiency through nutrient cycling and physiological regulation, providing theoretical basis and technical reference for microecological intervention in crustacean larviculture.

Probiotics  /  Microalgae  /  Antioxidant capacity  /  Water quality regulation  /  Macrobrachium rosenbergii
王睿忱, 邹松保, 邓明峰, 倪蒙, 于恒, 周聃, 刘梅, 郜卫华, 原居林. 菌−藻联合水体调控对罗氏沼虾幼体生长性能和水质的影响. 水生生物学报, 2026 , 50 (5) : 052614-143 -052614-155 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0323
Rui-Chen WANG, Song-Bao ZOU, Ming-Feng DENG, Meng NI, Heng YU, Dan ZHOU, Mei LIU, Wei-Hua GAO, Ju-Lin YUAN. BACTERIA-MICROALGAE CONSORTIA FOR REARING WATER REGULATION ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND WATER QUALITY OF MACROBRACHIUM ROSENBERGII LARVAE[J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2026 , 50 (5) : 052614-143 -052614-155 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0323
在水产养殖生态系统中, 微生物群落在物质循环和环境调控中发挥核心作用。其代谢途径和群落结构对外界扰动高度敏感, 通过驱动碳、氮、磷等元素的生物地球化学循环, 促进有机物降解与营养盐转化, 为水生生物提供营养支撑[1]。然而, 部分微生物产生的毒性代谢产物或携带的病原因子可能破坏生态平衡, 威胁水产养殖动物健康[2]。近年来, 基于微生态学原理的微生物群落调控策略受到关注, 通过优化有益菌群的竞争优势, 提高营养物质利用效率与提升水体自净能力, 可在不依赖化学药剂的前提下, 有效抑制病原菌暴发, 促进养殖系统的健康与可持续发展[3]
益生菌技术作为微生物调控策略的重要组成部分, 在水产养殖中的应用日益广泛[4]。相比传统抗菌剂和化学调控, 益生微生物调控凭借经济效益高、生态友好、可持续性强等优势, 成为更具前景的替代方案。以乳酸菌(Lactic acid bacteria)和丁酸梭菌(Clostridium butyricum)为代表的益生菌株, 通过激活宿主免疫系统、产生拮抗性代谢产物抑制病原微生物、分泌消化酶促进营养消化吸收等多重机制, 实现对养殖动物生理状态和栖息环境的综合优化[5]。研究表明, 乳酸菌在甲壳类养殖中的应用已初见成效, 可提高生长性能、改善饲料转化效率、增强免疫应答[6]。作为饲料添加剂或水体处理剂的丁酸梭菌, 同样表现出促进虾类生长、增强抗病性、改善肠道结构的潜力[7, 8]。例如, Sun等[9]在罗氏沼虾中观察到, 饲料添加丁酸梭菌(2×107 cfu/g)可显著提升抗氧化能力和肠道免疫力; 另有研究表明, 养殖水体中添加丁酸梭菌后对虾在低温胁迫条件下的肠道应激相关基因表达显著增强[10]
微藻作为水生生态系统的初级生产者, 兼具生态与经济价值。从生态功能视角看, 微藻通过光合作用高效吸收水体中的无机氮、氨氮($ \rm{NH}_4^+ $-N)和磷酸盐, 释放溶解氧, 改善水质理化指标, 从而实现营养元素固定与循环利用[11, 12]。以波吉卵囊藻(Oocystis borgei)为例, 该藻种在水产养殖系统中表现出良好的环境适应性和种群稳定性[13], 已报道其能够有效去除氨氮和亚硝态氮, 提升溶解氧水平, 并抑制弧菌和有害蓝藻的生长[14, 15], 显示出较高的水质调控潜力。微藻在养殖系统中的作用不仅限于“净水”功能, 还可直接或间接地支持养殖动物的营养与健康状况。从营养学角度, 微藻富含蛋白质(干重~40%)、氨基酸组成均衡, 且含有多不饱和脂肪酸、β-胡萝卜素、虾青素等多种生物活性物质[16]。这些成分使其既可作为甲壳类动物幼体的优质活体饵料[17, 18], 又可作为功能性饲料添加剂, 部分替代鱼粉以促进甲壳类的生长与健康[19, 20]。其中, 雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis)最具代表性, 其能在细胞内累积以虾青素(Astaxanthin)为主的类胡萝卜素(占干重约2%—5%), 是目前天然虾青素含量最高的生物来源之一[21]。研究表明, 在饲料中适量添加雨生红球藻可显著改善虾类的生长性能、提高存活率、增强免疫反应并增强抗应激能力[2224]
菌−藻协同应用已成为优化养殖环境和改善养殖效果的新型生态工程技术。细菌与微藻之间的互利共生关系表现在细菌可分解有机物, 产生CO2和无机营养盐供给微藻生长, 而微藻通过光合作用提供O2和有机碳促进细菌的增殖。两者的联合应用效能普遍优于单一应用, 尤其是在水体氮磷营养盐的去除方面[25, 26]。研究发现, 角毛藻(Chaetoceros)、酵母、芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)的组合应用可显著提升南美白对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)幼体生长速率和存活率[27]; 而蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)和复合益生菌的联合应用在罗氏沼虾育苗中亦表现出优异的环境净化与生长促进作用[28]。菌−藻的精准调控配比可进一步增强水质调控和病原菌抑制效果[29], 为构建稳定高效的生态育苗体系提供理论依据。
罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)作为全球最具商业价值的淡水养殖虾类, 凭借其卓越的生长性能和环境适应性, 已成为我国淡水甲壳类养殖的重要产业[30]。我国罗氏沼虾年产量占全球总产量的50%以上[31], 但苗种培育阶段仍面临着三大技术瓶颈: 其一, 水质理化指标易波动, 尤其是亚硝酸盐和氨氮积累严重; 其二, 幼体存活率低(普遍为40%—60%); 其三, 幼体抗逆性不强, 对环境应激敏感性高。这些技术问题已成为制约产业发展的主要障碍[32]。菌−藻联合技术在罗氏沼虾养殖中的应用仍属探索阶段。尽管前期研究已报道了初步应用案例, 但系统的菌−藻配方优化、协同作用机制和实践规程仍需深入探讨[33]。基于此, 本研究选取了水产养殖实践中常见的两种微藻(雨生红球藻、波吉卵囊藻)和两种益生菌(乳酸菌、丁酸梭菌)进行搭配使用, 系统评估菌−藻联合处理对罗氏沼虾幼体生长发育、变态发育及免疫能力的调控效益, 旨在为建立高效、无抗的罗氏沼虾生态化育苗技术提供科学依据。
本研究于2024年5月在浙江德清一家罗氏沼虾商业苗种生产企业的标准化育苗车间内实施, 实验周期为22d。实验幼体均来源于同一批次人工孵化的罗氏沼虾溞状幼体[初始体长(1.23±0.03) mm], 选取发育同步、活力良好的个体作为实验对象。将幼体随机分配至15个白色塑料圆桶(容积150 L, 有效水深90 cm), 每个容器投放密度1500尾。
本实验以菌−藻联合调控育苗水体环境为研究目标, 所用微藻和益生菌均泼洒于水体中, 而非作为直接饵料投喂。实验采用两种耐盐微藻(雨生红球藻和波吉卵囊藻)与两种益生菌(乳酸菌和丁酸梭菌)交叉组合构建了培养体系。根据梯度稀释和显微计数法, 确定微藻母液浓度≥2.5×106 ind./mL, 益生菌液浓度≥2.5×109 CFU/mL。实验共设计5个处理组: 对照组、雨生+丁酸、雨生+乳酸、卵囊+丁酸以及卵囊+乳酸, 每组分别设3个重复。培养期间, 每日更换1/5水体并按比例补充微藻悬液和益生菌液, 以维持培养体系中的微藻密度1—2.5×104 ind./mL, 益生菌1—2.5×106 CFU/mL。定期通过显微镜观察和平板稀释计数检查, 确保菌藻浓度稳定。
整个育苗周期, 严格控制环境条件: 盐度10‰—12‰, 温度(30±1)℃, 持续充气以维持溶解氧水平在(6.0±0.5) mg/L。幼体自孵化后第2天开始投喂活体丰年虫(8:00和14:00), 每日投喂2次(8:00和14:00), 丰年虫投喂密度约为10 ind./mL[32]。自第8天起, 在丰年虫的基础上逐渐补充蛋羹作为辅助饵料, 并随幼体发育逐步替代丰年虫成为主要饵料。蛋羹的制备方法为: 5 kg鸡蛋加入20 g奶粉、10 mL鱼肝油和12 g带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)鱼肉充分均质混合后, 高温蒸制30 min后, 通过700 μm孔径不锈钢筛网压制成适宜粒径的颗粒。第8—12天每日投喂蛋羹3次(6:00、11:00和17:00); 自第13天至实验结束, 蛋羹投喂频次增加至每日5次(6:00、9:00、11:00、15:00和17:00), 每次投喂约为2 g/桶的蛋羹颗粒[30]。每次投喂后1h检查残饵情况, 根据摄食状况动态调整投喂量, 以满足营养需求并避免水质恶化。
采用定期取样法监测幼体生长发育状况。每隔48h从各培养容器中, 采集200 mL的水用于检测水质指标, 同时随机采集20只幼体, 用50%乙醇溶液固定保存。在体视显微镜(Nikon SMZ25, 日本)下测量幼体体长L (mm), 同时观察记录形态特征变化。幼体发育阶段划分参考文献[34], 为定量描述群体发育进程, 计算幼体发育阶段指数(Larval stage index, LSI)[35]:
$ \text{LSI=}\left(\text{∑}{{S}}_{{i}}\text{×}n_i\right)/{{N}} $
式中, Si表示第i时间溞状幼体发育阶段(i=1—12), niSi发育阶段的观测数量, N为观察总个体数。
在实验结束时, 统计各处理组中存活的幼体数量(N), 初始幼体数量(N0=1500)。存活率(SR)按下式计算:
$ {\mathrm{SR}}({\text{%}} )=N/N_0\text{×}100 $
为了评估菌−藻添加对水环境的调控效益, 本文测定了以下理化指标: 总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(CODCr)、氨氮(${\rm{NH}}^+_4 $-N)、亚硝酸盐(${\rm{NO}}^-_2 $-N)、硝酸盐(${\rm{NO}}^-_3 $-N)、盐度、碱度和pH。TN采用过硫酸钾氧化-紫外分光光度法(HJ 636-2012)测定, TP采用钼酸铵分光光度法(HJ 671-2013), CODCr采用重铬酸盐法(HJ 828-2017), ${\rm{NH}}^+_4 $-N采用纳氏试剂分光光度法(HJ 535-2009), ${\rm{NO}}^-_2 $-N使用气相分子吸收光谱法(HJ/T 197-20075), ${\rm{NO}}^-_3 $-N采用紫外分光光度法(HJ/T 346-2007)测定, 碱度采用酸滴定法(SL 83-1994)测定。
在育苗周期结束时, 从各处理组随机采集健康幼体样本约200尾, 经液氮冷冻后保存于−80℃环境中备用。取适量(约1 g)样品, 加入预冷的0.9%生理盐水0.9 mL, 冰浴条件下采用微量电动组织匀浆器(AS-ONE, 日本)制备10%组织匀浆液, 4℃下3000 r/min离心10min, 收集上清液进行酶活性测定。本研究检测的酶活性指标包括超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase, SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catalase, CAT)、丙二醛(Malondialdehyde, MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化氢酶(Glutathione peroxidase, GSH-Px)、酸性磷酸酶(Acid phosphatase, ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(Alkaline phosphatase, AKP)、总抗氧化能力(Total antioxidant capacity, T-AOC)。总蛋白浓度采用考马斯亮蓝蛋白法测定, 用于酶活数据标准化处理。上述酶活性指标均使用对应试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所, 中国)进行检测, 所有操作严格按照试剂盒说明书执行, 采用多功能酶标仪(Synergy 2, BioTek, 美国)完成吸光度值检测。
本研究结果用平均值±标准误差(mean±SE)来表示。利用SPSS (v.26.0, IBM)进行单因素方差分析(One-way ANOVA)和LSD post hoc多重比较检验组间差异的显著性, 显著性水平设定为α=0.05。Spearman相关性系数(ρ)用于评估环境因子、酶活、存活率之间的相关性。利用多元逐步回归分析存活率最相关的主要影响因子。使用R (v.4.1.2)的ggplot2包完成可视化。
不同菌−藻组合处理对罗氏沼虾幼体存活率的影响存在显著差异(图 1a)。卵囊藻添加组表现出显著促进效应, 其中卵囊藻+乳酸菌处理最优, 存活率达85.80%, 显著高于对照组(50.20%)及其他处理组(P<0.05), 卵囊藻+丁酸梭菌组合次之(59.90%)。然而, 雨生红球藻+丁酸梭菌(52.10%)及雨生红球藻+乳酸菌(51.80%)两组与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。各菌−藻组合处理在孵化后22d内均促进了罗氏沼虾幼体的生长(图 1b)。育苗前期, 各处理组与对照组的体长差异较小, 自第13天起, 菌−藻组合的促生长效应逐渐显现。至育苗结束时, 菌−藻添加组的幼体体长较对照组提高46%—60%。
菌−藻组合处理显著影响了罗氏沼虾幼体的发育进程(表 1)。总体而言, 各菌藻联合处理均加快了幼体的变态发育进程。相较对照组, 实验组自孵化13d起发育显著加快(P<0.05)。其中, 卵囊+丁梭组合表现最为突出, 其发育阶段指数(LSI)在多数观测时点(3d、7d、9d、15d、17d、19d、22d)均保持最高水平(P<0.05), 并在17d左右率先完成变态形成仔虾; 其余3组在19d出现仔虾, 而对照组延迟至22d。结果表明, 菌藻协同效应可有效促进罗氏沼虾幼体发育, 其中卵囊藻与丁酸梭菌的组合效果最为显著(P<0.05)。
水质指标分析显示, 菌−藻组合处理显著改变了育苗水体的氮、磷营养盐的动态特征(表 2)。与对照组相比, 所有菌−藻处理组均表现出明显的脱氮效应, TN和总有机氮(Total organic nitrogen, TON)含量分别降低了25.3%和70.5% (P<0.05)。其中, 雨生红球藻添加组(雨生+丁梭、雨生+乳酸)的脱氮效果最为突出, TN含量分别降至(1.98±0.12)和(1.84±0.13) mg/L, 伴随总无机氮(Total inorganic nitrogen, TIN)和${\rm{NH}}^+_4 $-N含量显著下降(P<0.05), 显示雨生红球藻具有较强的无机氮吸收与同化能力。相比之下, 卵囊藻添加组(卵囊+丁梭、卵囊+乳酸)虽能有效降低水体TON含量, 但TIN和${\rm{NH}}^+_4 $-N含量却显著高于雨生红球藻组(P<0.05), 反映两种微藻在氮素代谢途径上存在差异。磷素营养盐方面, 各实验组TP含量总体上略高于对照组(P>0.05), 但差异表现不一。除雨生+乳酸组TP含量(0.99 mg/L)与对照组(1.05 mg/L)接近外, 其余处理组均导致水体TP含量升高, 其中卵囊藻+丁酸梭菌组最高(1.61 mg/L), 表明不同菌−藻组合对磷的利用存在差异。有机物负荷指标显示, 相比于对照组, 卵囊藻添加组(尤其是卵囊+乳酸)的CODCr水平降低了1.7%—8.5%, 而雨生红球藻添加组未表现出明显的去除效果, 说明卵囊藻在有机物分解与水质净化方面具有更强的生态调控作用。
为了揭示育苗过程中氮、磷等营养盐的时间变化特征, 根据幼体变态发育进程, 本文将实验周期划分为前期(1—7d)、中期(8—14d)和后期(15—22d)三个阶段进行分析(图 2)。整体而言, TN、TIN和${\rm{NH}}^+_4 $-N含量普遍呈先升后降的动态变化。其中, 雨生红球藻与丁酸梭菌或乳酸菌组合在各阶段均表现出优异的氮素去除能力(P<0.05)。相比之下, 卵囊藻添加组虽能在一定程度上降低TN, 但同时导致TIN和${\rm{NH}}^+_4 $-N含量升高。${\rm{NO}}^-_2 $-N、${\rm{NO}}^-_3 $-N和CODCr含量则随育苗进程而逐步升高, 菌−藻处理对这两种无机氮的调控效果相对有限, 而卵囊藻添加组在后期阶段对CODCr表现出明显的去除效果。TP的变化趋势与氮素相似, 同样呈现先升后降的规律, 但部分菌−藻组合(尤其是卵囊+丁梭)在中后期阶段反而促进了TP的积累。
不同菌−藻组合处理对罗氏沼虾幼体生理生化指标产生了显著影响, 主要体现在抗氧化酶系统、氧化损伤和代谢酶活性的协调变化上(图 3)。除雨生+丁梭组外, 其余各组的CAT活性均显著低于对照组(P<0.05), 降幅达73.8%—87.5%。MDA含量和GSH-Px活性在所有菌−藻处理组中均显著下降(P<0.05), 其中MDA水平较对照组降低68.3%—87.3%, GSH-Px降幅达78.3%—90.2%, 表明菌−藻添加有效减轻了幼体的氧化应激。虽然SOD和T-AOC活性在各组间差异不显著(P>0.05), 但雨生+丁梭组在这2项指标上均表现出最高活性。同样, 该处理组提高了AKP和ACP活性, 并增强淀粉酶和脂肪酶等消化酶的功能, 说明其在提升代谢效率和维持生理稳态方面具有显著优势。
相关性分析显示, 大部分的氮素营养盐之间存在正相关关系。CODCr与除TON外的全部氮素营养盐含量显著负相关(ρ≤–0.44, P<0.05), 而TP与TIN (ρ=0.43)和${\rm{NH}}^+_4 $-N (ρ=0.38)呈正相关。pH与TON显著负相关(ρ= –0.53, P<0.05, 图 4a)。除GSH-Px和T-AOC外, 大部分生化指标之间存在显著正相关(ρ≤0.76, P<0.05, 图 4b)。环境因子与生理指标的相关性分析显示(图 4c): ACP和脂肪酶(Lipase)活性随TP含量升高而升高; pH的升高则抑制了AKP活性和MDA水平。CAT、MDA和GSH-Px水平普遍与TN和TON呈正相关; T-AOC活性与TN、TIN和${\rm{NO}}^-_3 $-N含量保持着负相关关系。为了揭示影响存活率的因素, 本研究对存活率和生理指标、环境因子之间的线性拟合分析(图 4d), 幼体存活率与无机氮素(${\rm{NH}}^+_4 $-N、${\rm{NO}}^-_2 $-N、${\rm{NO}}^-_3 $-N、TIN)显著正相关(0.561≤ρ≤0.760, P=0.760), 而与MDA和CODCr呈负相关(–0.695≤ρ≤–0.554, P=0.6932)。
本文对6个存活率相关的生理和环境因子进行多元逐步回归分析(表 3)。结果显示, MDA含量与幼体存活率呈显著负相关(P=0.047), 可解释21.5%的存活率变异。TIN浓度与存活率显著正相关(P=0.001), 可解释46.3%的变异。最终回归模型包含TIN和MDA两个变量(存活率=0.668×TIN–0.407×MDA), 该模型解释率达61.0%, 表明TIN和MDA是影响幼体存活率的主要因子。
本研究显示, 实验组幼体存活率均高于对照组(图 1a), 表明菌−藻联合处理在罗氏沼虾育苗技术改良中具有显著应用潜力。不同组合的效应存在差异, 其中卵囊藻与乳酸菌组合表现最优。这一协同效应源于菌−藻在营养循环和生理调控方面的互补机制。波吉卵囊藻作为水产养殖中重要的水质调节剂, 能有效吸收氨氮、亚硝酸盐等有害无机营养物[36], 抑制养殖水体和虾肠道中病原菌(如弧菌)的生长[37, 38]。弧菌是罗氏沼虾幼体的主要细菌性病原, 感染引发肌肉白浊、红体及活动迟缓等症状, 重症病虾浮于水面[39]。乳酸菌则通过提高消化酶活性、抑制致病菌、促进肠绒毛发育等途径改善肠道微生态[40], 与波吉卵囊藻协同提升了幼体存活率。与之相比, 雨生红球藻虽富含虾青素等抗氧化活性物质, 但未能显著改善幼体的存活率(图 1a)。研究表明, 雨生红球藻在生命周期中存在4种不同的细胞形态, 在不利环境条件下, 形成扁平孢子以应对极端恶劣的环境, 并大量积累虾青素[41], 但由于孢子壁结构坚韧, 作为天然饵料的生物利用率较低[42]。这一独特的生物学特征可能是导致虾幼体存活率提升不显著的原因之一。
本文观察到菌−藻组合对幼体生长发育的促进作用主要体现在育苗中后期(图 1b表 1), 这与幼体消化系统的逐步完善密切相关。此阶段幼体消化器官发育成熟, 摄食能力增强, 菌−藻组合的营养补充和生长促进作用开始显现。其中波吉卵囊藻与丁酸梭菌组合在促进生长和发育表现最为突出, 这可能与丁酸梭菌通过提供短链脂肪酸(尤其是丁酸)促进肠道上皮再生和修复, 改善肠道健康的微生态, 从而促进幼体肠道发育和营养吸收[43]。相关研究表明, 早期投喂补充丁酸梭菌可显著促进大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)幼鱼生长, 改善肠道发育和免疫反应, 调节肠道菌群结构[44]; 在凡纳滨对虾中, 丁酸梭菌同样改善生长性能, 提高肠道短链脂肪酸和体粗蛋白含量, 增强肠道消化能力和免疫功能, 特别是对氨胁迫的耐受性[45]
菌−藻组合对育苗水体的净化效果呈现明显的种类特异性和时序规律。其中, 雨生红球藻组在氮素去除方面表现突出: 首先, TON向TIN的快速转化表明有机氮源被有效降解; 其次, 较低的TIN积累表明雨生红球藻具备较强的无机氮吸收能力, 从而减少了水体中氮素的残留量并降低其对幼体的潜在毒害。南美白对虾的研究也证实, 雨生红球藻的应用能显著降低循环水养殖系统的TN、${\rm{NH}}^+_4 $-N和${\rm{NO}}^-_2 $-N含量[46]。目前雨生红球藻生长最适氮源仍存在争议。Borowitzka等[47]认为硝酸盐最优, 应巧兰等[48]则主张氨氮, 董袆婷等[49]提出硝酸氮和氨氮的复合效果最佳。尽管观点不一, 多项研究一致表明雨生红球藻具有广谱的无机氮吸收与同化能力。雨生红球藻将无机氮整合为细胞蛋白, 既增加自身生物量, 又显著缓解了氮营养毒性对幼体的危害。
磷素变化反映了不同菌−藻组合对磷循环和利用的差异化影响。根据Rezvani等[50]的研究, 微藻对磷酸盐的吸收同化是其主要去除机制, 同化率受藻类生长速率制约[51]。因此, 本文所观察到卵囊藻+丁酸梭菌组合导致的总磷升高可解释为(1)丁酸梭菌通过矿化有机磷产生可溶性活性磷(${\rm{PO}}^{3-}_4 $), 或在好氧代谢条件下以多聚磷酸盐形式积累过量磷; (2)波吉卵囊藻种群增长缓慢[52]导致吸收同化能力有限, 细菌释放的磷未被及时固定, 导致总磷含量升高。相比之下, COD指标的变化印证了卵囊藻对有机物的显著去除能力, 表明其在维持水质稳定方面的重要潜力。两种微藻在水质调控上呈现功能分工: 波吉卵囊藻更优于有机物去除, 雨生红球藻更优于无机氮吸收, 这为育苗水体的精准生态调控提供了新思路。
菌−藻组合处理引起罗氏沼虾幼体生理生化指标变化反映了其在细胞水平上的适应性调节。抗氧化酶系统活性(CAT、GSH-Px)的普遍下降并非负面效应, 而是表明菌−藻补充有效缓解幼体的氧化应激。MDA含量的显著降低直接证明了菌−藻组合在减轻脂质过氧化损伤方面的保护作用[53], 这与水体环境和肠道微生态的改善密切相关。GSH-Px活性下降同样印证了细胞内氧化应激减轻, 使机体无需维持高强度的抗氧化防御。雨生红球藻与丁酸梭菌组合在SOD和T-AOC活性上的优势(图 3), 主要源于雨生红球藻富含虾青素。虾青素属于叶黄素类胡萝卜素, 具有强效的自由基清除能力[54]。已有研究表明, 在克氏原螯虾仔虾(Procambarus clarkii)[55]、三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)[56]和罗氏沼虾幼虾(M. rosenbergii)[57]等甲壳类中, 饲料中添加雨生红球藻粉末均能显著增强抗氧化能力。此外, 雨生红球藻+丁酸梭菌组合显著提高了磷酸酶(ACP、ALP)和消化酶(淀粉酶、脂肪酶)的活性。AKP/ACP作为甲壳类动物非特异性免疫关键指标, 参与病原识别、吞噬体成熟及磷酸基团转移[58], 其活性提升反映了虾青素对磷酸化代谢的增强和免疫反应的积极调控。消化酶活性的增强则表明丁酸梭菌促进宿主营养消化吸收效率的提高, 这与虾类相关研究结果一致[45]。因此, 雨生红球藻通过虾青素介导的抗氧化与免疫增强发挥整体保护效应, 丁酸梭菌通过调节肠道微生态改善促进营养吸收, 二者共同促进罗氏沼虾幼体的健康发育和存活。
多元逐步回归分析显示, TIN和MDA是影响存活率主要驱动因子(表 3), 揭示了水质环境和生理状态对幼体存活的协同作用。TIN与存活率呈正相关看似矛盾, 但可从以下三个方面解释: 其一, 罗氏沼虾幼体对一定范围TIN具有较强耐受性, 氨氮和亚硝氮对罗氏沼虾第5期幼体的96h半致死浓度分别为2.108和1.078 mg/L, 且耐受性随幼体发育而增强[59], 本研究中氨态氮[平均浓度: (1.16±0.06) mg/L]和亚硝态氮[(0.07±0.007) mg/L]均处于安全阈值内。其二, 菌−藻的代谢活动促进了有机物矿化, 异养细菌分解残饵(蛋羹)、粪便及卤虫尸体, 此过程导致TIN的适度升高[60]。其三, 适度的无机氮浓度对于藻类的生长有促进作用, 已有研究表明, 氮限制可显著影响波吉卵囊藻的繁殖[61], 而适宜氮源形式和适宜浓度对雨生红球藻生长更有利。因此, 在本研究的浓度范围内, TIN可能主要作为藻类生长的限制性营养因子, 其适度增加有利于维持水体的生态平衡和食物供应。
MDA与存活率的负相关关系符合预期, 直接反映了氧化应激对幼体的损伤。如前所述, 菌−藻组合通过降低氧化应激水平来提高存活率的作用机制已得到验证[62]。TIN和MDA两个因子解释了超过60%的存活率变异, 表明微生物介导的氮磷元素循环对水质调控和抗氧化能力增强是影响罗氏沼虾幼体存活的核心要素。
综上, 各菌−藻组合均在不同程度上促进了罗氏沼虾幼体的生长发育, 并增强其免疫能力。卵囊藻+乳酸菌处理组的幼体存活率最高, 较对照组提高约41%; 卵囊藻+丁酸梭菌组合在促进生长和发育表现突出。两种微藻在水质调控中呈现功能分工: 卵囊藻优于有机物去除; 雨生红球藻优于无机氮吸收。雨生红球藻与丁酸梭菌组合在抗氧化(SOD、T-AOC)、免疫(AKP、ACP)与消化(淀粉酶、脂肪酶)功能上综合表现最优。多元逐步回归分析表明, TIN和MDA是影响存活率的关键因子, 印证了微生态干预策略在提升育苗效能中的应用潜力。未来研究应深入优化菌−藻组合的浓度配比与作用机理, 为精准化育苗管理提供理论支撑与实践指导。
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2026年第50卷第5期
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doi: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0323
  • 接收时间:2025-09-15
  • 首发时间:2026-05-09
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-15
  • 修回日期:2025-11-20
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    1长江大学动物科学技术学院, 荆州 434025
    2浙江省淡水水产研究所, 农业农村部淡水渔业健康养殖重点实验室, 浙江省鱼类健康与营养重点实验室, 湖州 313001

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郜卫华, 副教授; E-mail:
原居林, 研究员; E-mail:   #共同通信作者
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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