Article(id=1259824978816545718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0285, pmid=null, cstr=32229.14.SSSWXB.2025.0285, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756224000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-27, revisedDate=1764777600000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778295281365, onlineDateStr=2026-05-09, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778295281365, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778295281365, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778295281365, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259824976404800325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, year='2026', volume='50', issue='5', pageStart='052601-1', pageEnd='052618-200', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778295280791, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778295467894, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259825761310073651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259825761310073652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=052603-21, endPage=052603-29, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259824980985000893, articleId=1259824978816545718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, language=EN, title=ANALYSIS OF PERSONALITY TRAITS IN CHINDONGO DEMASONI AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH COGNITIVE ABILITY, columnId=1259824977411433288, journalTitle=Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, columnName=Aquatic Animal Behaviour, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the relationship between personality traits and cognitive abilities in fish, this study used juvenile Chindongo demasoni, a highly social cichlid species, as the model organism. Through associative learning training and tests based on a “color-food reward” paradigm, we assessed cognitive performance and analyzed its correlation with three personality traits: activity, boldness, and sociability. The results showed that: (1) Activity and boldness were positively correlated in Chindongo demasoni (P=0.024), supporting the Behavioral Syndromes Hypothesis; (2) The fish successfully formed associations between color cues and food rewards through associative learning, with the correct choice rate increasing significantly over training days (P<0.001); (3) Sociability was positively correlated with cognitive performance, as measured by the correct choice rate during the test phase (P=0.006), while no significant relationship was found between cognitive performance and either activity or boldness. The link between sociability and cognitive ability supports the Social Brain Hypothesis, suggesting that for social fish, the demand to process complex social information may be an important driver in the evolution of cognition.

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为探究鱼类个性特征与认知能力之间的关联, 本研究以喜好群居生活的德玛森小岩鲷(Chindongo demasoni)幼鱼为对象, 通过“颜色−食物奖励”的联想学习训练和测试获得其认知能力, 分析了认知能力与个性特征(活跃性、勇敢性和社会性)的关系。结果发现: (1)德玛森小岩鲷个体的活跃性与勇敢性正相关(P=0.024), 符合“行为综合征假说”(Behavioral syndromes hypothesis); (2)该鱼可通过联想学习训练建立颜色与食物奖励的关联, 选择正确率随训练天数的增加而显著提升(P<0.001); (3)该鱼个体的社会性与认知能力(联想学习测试阶段的选择正确率)呈正相关(P=0.006), 而活跃性和勇敢性则与认知表现无显著关联。社会性与认知能力的关联支持“社会脑假说”(Social brain hypothesis), 提示对于群居性鱼类而言, 处理复杂社会信息的需求可能是驱动认知演化的重要驱动力。

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付成(1988—), 男, 副教授; 主要研究方向为鱼类生理生态学。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《水生生物学报》编辑部, copyrightOwner=北京中科期刊出版有限公司, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=9SDBbcrAOWnLW/9rqlGpTQ==, magXml=W4xhfpregJYH0Ps3PCrTDA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=YtvRSd4NeuaMN2cc7v/FRA==, pdfFileSize=801355, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=HuDO4w9F3PnhKADgYVappw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=9RTNWZXeKP4OVmhqk6Q54g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王雯(2002—), 女, 硕士研究生; 研究方向为鱼类生理生态学。E-mail:

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a. activity; b. boldness; c. sociability; A. Open area; B: Shelter; C. Small square door; D. Opaque partition; E, F. Stimulus area; G. Selection area; H. Transparent partition

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Principal component analysis of personality traits in Chindongo demasoni (N=40)

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指标IndexPC1PC2
标准差
Standard
deviation
方差比例
Proportion
of variance
累积比例
Cumulative
proportion
标准差
Standard
deviation
方差比例
Proportion
of variance
累积比例
Cumulative
proportion
活跃性Activity1.3800.9520.9520.3100.0481.000
勇敢性Boldness1.3050.8520.8520.5450.1491.000
社会性Sociability1.3060.8530.8530.5430.1481.000
), ArticleFig(id=1259825013952229661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824978816545718, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

徳玛森小岩鲷个性特征的主成分分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标IndexPC1PC2
标准差
Standard
deviation
方差比例
Proportion
of variance
累积比例
Cumulative
proportion
标准差
Standard
deviation
方差比例
Proportion
of variance
累积比例
Cumulative
proportion
活跃性Activity1.3800.9520.9520.3100.0481.000
勇敢性Boldness1.3050.8520.8520.5450.1491.000
社会性Sociability1.3060.8530.8530.5430.1481.000
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德玛森小岩鲷个性特征及其与认知能力的关系分析
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王雯 , 周岢莹 , 张雨林 , 付世建 , 蒋杭 , 陈思思 , 谭晶丹 , 付成
水生生物学报 | 水生生物行为 2026,50(5): 052603-21-052603-29
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水生生物学报 | 水生生物行为 2026, 50(5): 052603-21-052603-29
德玛森小岩鲷个性特征及其与认知能力的关系分析
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王雯 , 周岢莹, 张雨林, 付世建, 蒋杭, 陈思思, 谭晶丹, 付成
作者信息
  • 重庆师范大学进化生理与行为学实验室; 淡水鱼类资源保护与利用重庆市重点实验室; 动物生物学重庆市高校重点实验室, 重庆 401331
  • 王雯(2002—), 女, 硕士研究生; 研究方向为鱼类生理生态学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

付成(1988—), 男, 副教授; 主要研究方向为鱼类生理生态学。E-mail:
ANALYSIS OF PERSONALITY TRAITS IN CHINDONGO DEMASONI AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH COGNITIVE ABILITY
Wen WANG , Ke-Ying ZHOU, Yu-Lin ZHANG, Shi-Jian FU, Hang JIANG, Si-Si CHEN, Jing-Dan TAN, Cheng FU
Affiliations
  • Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Freshwater Fishes, Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0285
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为探究鱼类个性特征与认知能力之间的关联, 本研究以喜好群居生活的德玛森小岩鲷(Chindongo demasoni)幼鱼为对象, 通过“颜色−食物奖励”的联想学习训练和测试获得其认知能力, 分析了认知能力与个性特征(活跃性、勇敢性和社会性)的关系。结果发现: (1)德玛森小岩鲷个体的活跃性与勇敢性正相关(P=0.024), 符合“行为综合征假说”(Behavioral syndromes hypothesis); (2)该鱼可通过联想学习训练建立颜色与食物奖励的关联, 选择正确率随训练天数的增加而显著提升(P<0.001); (3)该鱼个体的社会性与认知能力(联想学习测试阶段的选择正确率)呈正相关(P=0.006), 而活跃性和勇敢性则与认知表现无显著关联。社会性与认知能力的关联支持“社会脑假说”(Social brain hypothesis), 提示对于群居性鱼类而言, 处理复杂社会信息的需求可能是驱动认知演化的重要驱动力。

个性特征  /  认知能力  /  联想学习  /  德玛森小岩鲷

To investigate the relationship between personality traits and cognitive abilities in fish, this study used juvenile Chindongo demasoni, a highly social cichlid species, as the model organism. Through associative learning training and tests based on a “color-food reward” paradigm, we assessed cognitive performance and analyzed its correlation with three personality traits: activity, boldness, and sociability. The results showed that: (1) Activity and boldness were positively correlated in Chindongo demasoni (P=0.024), supporting the Behavioral Syndromes Hypothesis; (2) The fish successfully formed associations between color cues and food rewards through associative learning, with the correct choice rate increasing significantly over training days (P<0.001); (3) Sociability was positively correlated with cognitive performance, as measured by the correct choice rate during the test phase (P=0.006), while no significant relationship was found between cognitive performance and either activity or boldness. The link between sociability and cognitive ability supports the Social Brain Hypothesis, suggesting that for social fish, the demand to process complex social information may be an important driver in the evolution of cognition.

Personality  /  Cognitive ability  /  Associative learning  /  Chindongo demasoni
王雯, 周岢莹, 张雨林, 付世建, 蒋杭, 陈思思, 谭晶丹, 付成. 德玛森小岩鲷个性特征及其与认知能力的关系分析. 水生生物学报, 2026 , 50 (5) : 052603-21 -052603-29 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0285
Wen WANG, Ke-Ying ZHOU, Yu-Lin ZHANG, Shi-Jian FU, Hang JIANG, Si-Si CHEN, Jing-Dan TAN, Cheng FU. ANALYSIS OF PERSONALITY TRAITS IN CHINDONGO DEMASONI AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH COGNITIVE ABILITY[J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2026 , 50 (5) : 052603-21 -052603-29 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0285
动物个体在行为上表现出的稳定的种内差异被定义为个性[1]。目前个性的研究对象已涵盖哺乳类[2]、鸟类[3]、爬行类[4]、鱼类[5]、两栖类、节肢动物和软体动物等多种动物类群[6]。就鱼类而言, 描述个性的特征有活跃性(Activity)、勇敢性(Boldness)、社会性(Sociability)、探索性(Exploration)和攻击性(Aggressiveness)五种[7]。一般认为动物的个性不会孤立存在, 个性特征之间通常会存在相互关联并形成组合, 即“行为综合征”(Behavioral syndromes), 如较为勇敢的个体一般活跃性也更高[8]; 在具体研究中, 高体鳑鲏(Rhodeus ocellatus)和蓝鳃太阳鱼(Lepomis macrochirus)的活跃性和勇敢性呈正相关[9, 10], 而三刺鱼(Gasterosteus aculeatus)的勇敢性则与社会性呈负相关[11]。尽管个性特征之间的关联可能会一定程度上制约个体行为的可塑性, 但个性本身被认为具有重要的适应性价值[12], 并与物种形成、遗传变异、群落构建及种群动态等多个生态过程密切相关[13], 因而在生态与进化层面上具有重要意义[8]
广义上的动物认知包括感知、学习、记忆和决策, 即动物通过感官获取、处理、保留信息并据此行动的所有方式[14]。动物的认知能力被广泛研究, 复杂的认知已不再被视为仅限于灵长类动物, 鱼类等低等动物的认知能力也逐渐受到关注与承认。认知能力使鱼类能够精确地完成复杂的环境交互行为, 例如在栖息地间的往返迁徙、有效躲避天敌以及高效获取食物资源等[15, 16], 对于鱼类应对多种生存挑战、维持个体存活及实现种群延续具有重要意义[17, 18]。联想学习是评估动物认知能力的重要指标之一[19, 20]。学习过程中动物能够通过经验建立特定线索与刺激之间的关联。例如, 通过反复训练, 动物可以学会将特定路标与食物位置相联系, 从而利用该路标快速定位食物, 显著提高觅食效率[21, 22]
在不同生态与社会背景下, 动物的个性特征可能影响其学习倾向[23]。因此, 个体间的个性差异或许能够部分解释群体中所观察到的认知能力变异。在自然选择的作用下, 当认知能力直接关联到生存适合度时, 特定的行为表型往往更易被优先选中[24, 25]。在此意义上, 深入探讨个性与认知能力之间的关联, 不仅有助于理解行为变异的适应基础, 对于揭示认知能力的进化驱动力也具有重要意义。Sih和Del Giudice[23]提出的“认知风格假说”(Cognitive style hypothesis)预测: “快”(即高探索性、大胆和活跃)的个体能够很快学会联想学习任务, 但精度较差, 因为他们以一种浅显的方式采集环境信息, 动作虽然迅速但易形成惯性; 而“慢”个体的情况正好相反[2628]。尽管已有研究尝试对“认知风格假说”进行验证[29, 30], 但相关研究总体较少, 且结果也存在较大争议。例如, 在孔雀鱼(Poecilia reticulata)和三刺鱼中, 大胆个体的认知表现优于害羞个体[27, 31]; 而在虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)中的研究结果则相反[32]。近期针对锦鲫(Carassius auratus)的研究则未发现个性特征与认知表现之间存在显著相关[33]。因此, 个性与认知能力之间的内在关联尚需进一步研究。
德玛森小岩鲷(Chindongo demasoni)原产自非洲马拉维湖(Lake Malawi), 属鲈形目(Perciform)慈鲷科(Cichlidae)。其栖息地环境复杂, 使得较高的认知能力对其完成日常觅食与反捕食活动至关重要; 同时, 该物种个体间行为表现差异显著[34]。这些特点使其成为研究个性与认知关联的理想对象。本研究选取德玛森小岩鲷幼鱼为实验对象, 分析了其个性特征(活跃性、勇敢性和社会性)之间及其与认知能力(联想学习)的关联。研究结果对于深入理解群居鱼类的行为适应性, 并厘清其个性与认知的协同关系具有一定的科学价值。
德玛森小岩鲷幼鱼购自重庆市水族馆, 所有实验鱼均放入实验室的循环水养殖系统(鱼缸尺寸: 40 cm×32 cm×30 cm)内驯养1个月。在驯养期间, 每天早上9:30用颗粒饲料(四川: 通威股份有限公司)搭配解冻后的红虫饱足投喂1次, 投喂30min后使用虹吸管将未被吃完的食物和粪便清理干净。实验用水为曝气后的自来水, 每日换水量约20%。驯养期间温度为(27.0±1)℃, 用充气泵不断向水体充入空气使其溶氧接近饱和, 光周期为12h L∶12h D。
在驯养结束后, 随机挑选德玛森小岩鲷40尾, 作为焦点鱼(Focal fish), 用于正式的实验测定和数据分析, 其余个体继续喂养用作社会性测定时的刺激鱼群。将40尾焦点鱼麻醉(MS-222: 80 mg/L)后使用荧光染料(山东, 青岛海星仪器有限公司)进行颜色标记, 以达到区分个体的目的。在焦点鱼恢复48h后, 开始正式的实验测定。正式实验包含两个部分: (1)对焦点鱼进行个性特征的测定, 包括活跃性、勇敢性和社会性; (2)对焦点鱼认知能力的测定: 基于LED灯光颜色与食物奖励关联的联想学习训练与测试。
活跃性  活跃性的观测装置是一个由有机玻璃板组成的长方体水槽[35] (70 cm×35 cm×35 cm, 图 1a)。实验时首先将单尾焦点鱼转移至观测装置进行5min的环境适应, 随后打开安装在装置正上方的摄像头(罗技 C920, 720p, 15帧/s)对焦点鱼的自发运动进行持续 10min的拍摄[7, 36], 用于后续活跃性分析。
勇敢性  勇敢性的装置[35]与活跃性的观测装置类似(图 1b), 但在装置内部通过一块带有小门的不透明隔板将水槽划分为开阔区和隐蔽区。实验时将单尾焦点鱼转移到隐蔽区内, 此时隔板上的小门处于关闭状态。适应5min后, 打开小门, 使用摄像头对焦点鱼进行持续30min的视频拍摄[35, 37], 用于后续勇敢性的分析。
社会性  社会性的观测装置[36]是一个“二元选择”水槽(图 1c)。在实验时, 首先随机选取5尾(非焦点鱼)作为刺激鱼群放入任意一侧刺激区, 另一侧空白, 然后将单尾焦点鱼转移至选择区适应 5min 后拍摄 10min[7, 36], 用于后续社会性的分析。
为确保个性特征数据的可靠性, 活跃性、勇敢性和社会性均在首次测定24h后进行了重复测定, 最终结果取两次测定的平均值。在社会性的测定过程中, 为避免方位的影响, 重复测定时刺激鱼群与空白区的位置对调。三种个性特征均在拍摄完成后将视频导入“格式工厂”(http://formatfactory.softonic.cn)转换成 AVI 格式(15帧/s), 然后使用行为学分析软件 EthoVision XT 9.0 (荷兰, Noldus)分析并提取三种个性特征的指标。活跃性的指标包括焦点鱼的平均移动速度(cm/s)和运动时间比(%)。运动时间比是焦点鱼运动的时间占整个拍摄时间的百分比, 运动状态的判断标准为焦点鱼质心的移动速度>1.75 cm/s [37, 38]。勇敢性的指标包括焦点鱼距离隐蔽区的平均距离(cm)和在开阔区的累计停留时间(s) [7]。社会性的指标包括焦点鱼距刺激鱼群的平均距离(cm)和靠近刺激鱼群(距离刺激鱼群一侧隔板一倍焦点鱼体长的空间范围, 大约4 cm)的累计时间(s) [7]
通过联想学习训练与测试考查德玛森小岩鲷的认知能力。实验装置根据“GoFish”[39]改装而成, 如图 2所示, 装置主体为矩形水槽(70 cm×35 cm×35 cm), 一端为由不透明白板围成的适应隔间(13 cm×13 cm×35 cm), 打开隔间的小门后焦点鱼可自由出入隔间。另一端由一块不透明白板(20 cm ×35 cm)均分为两个区域, 在该侧水槽的外部安装有两块LED灯板(10 cm×10 cm, 由遥控器远程控制), 分别用于显示对应区域的训练颜色, 使德玛森小岩鲷建立训练颜色与食物奖励的关联。两块LED灯板前各固定一根塑料管连接到水槽以外用来投喂食物。水槽除LED灯板以外的区域均贴有白色广告纸, 以达到隔绝外界环境干扰、增加对比度的目的。距离LED灯板一倍焦点鱼体长的距离范围(约为4 cm)为投喂区域, 距离LED灯板20cm内为选择区域。联想学习分3个阶段进行: 适应阶段(1d)、训练阶段(10d)和测试阶段(3d)。为防止焦点鱼对某一种颜色的偏好影响测定结果, 40尾焦点鱼中一半进行“蓝色灯光−食物奖励”的训练, 另一半进行“红色灯光−食物奖励”的训练, 并在测试阶段同时给予蓝色和红色两种灯光(预实验表明德玛森小岩鲷对红光和蓝光的偏好不显著)。
适应阶段  将单尾焦点鱼放入适应隔间适应5min后, 打开适应隔间的小门, 允许其自由探索实验水槽10min, 此时两块光板显示为白色, 当焦点鱼靠近光板时用注射器连接固定在LED灯板前的塑料管, 从远端投喂食物(解冻后的红虫), 目的是让焦点鱼逐步意识到靠近LED灯板时会有食物的掉落。
训练阶段  将单尾焦点鱼放入适应隔间适应5min, 此时LED灯板一块显示为蓝色(或红色), 另一块显示为白色。5min后打开适应隔间的小门, 同时打开水槽正上方的摄像头开始视频拍摄。当焦点鱼进入正确颜色(红色/蓝色)一侧的投喂区域时记为正确选择, 并投喂一次食物。待焦点鱼离开选择区后再次进入正确区域才记为一次新的正确选择, 并投喂; 进入错误的投喂区(白色)则不投喂, 并记为错误选择。为排除方位的影响, 期间左右两侧LED灯板的颜色随机切换, 并且只有当焦点鱼进入适应隔间或背对LED光板时才进行颜色的切换。每尾鱼成功投喂10次后即结束当天的训练(每次投喂量较少, 第10次投喂时食物仍会被迅速吃掉)。共进行10d的训练。40尾焦点鱼中20尾训练蓝色为正确颜色(即选择蓝色可获得食物), 另20尾训练红色为正确颜色。记录训练阶段焦点鱼每天选择的正确率(Accuracy in cognitive training)用来评估训练效果。
测试阶段  测试阶段的操作步骤与训练阶段类似, 不同之处在于LED灯板一侧为蓝色, 另一侧为红色。如训练阶段蓝色为正确颜色, 则测试阶段正确颜色为蓝色, 红色为干扰色, 反之亦然。另外, 焦点鱼进入三角区域停留2s及以上再游出才视为一次新的选择。每天允许每尾焦点鱼进行10次选择。焦点鱼选择正确时进行投喂, 选择错误时不投喂。10次选择完成后即结束当天的测试, 共测试3d。记录测试阶段焦点鱼选择的正确率(Accuracy in cognitive test)和每次选择的平均耗时(Latency in cognitive test, s)作为认知能力的评价指标。选择耗时为每天完成10次选择的总时间除以10。两个指标均取3d的平均值。
实验数据采用 Excel 2010 进行常规计算后, 使用SPSS 22.0 进行统计分析。活跃性、勇敢性和社会性均包含多个指标, 且指标之间存在关联, 因此, 采用主成分分析(PCA)对个性特征进行降维。使用广义线性混合模型(GLMM)分析训练天数对训练阶段选择正确率的影响(训练天数、训练颜色和鱼体重为固定效应, 鱼编号为随机效应)。个性特征之间及个性与认知能力之间的关联使用皮尔逊(Pearson)相关分析进行检验。
徳玛森小岩鲷活跃性指标中的平均速度为1.98—6.7 cm/s, 运动时间比为25.79%—80.92%。勇敢性指标中的距隐蔽区的平均距离为11.96—39.71 cm, 在开阔区的累计停留时间为20.33s—507.17s。社会性指标中距刺激鱼群的平均距离为0.78—12.12 cm, 靠近刺激鱼群的累计时间为262.47s—592.76s。个性特征的各指标均表现出较大的个体间差异。
徳玛森小岩鲷个性特征的主成分分析结果如表 1所示, 活跃性、勇敢性和社会性的PC1均解释了85%以上的方差。此外, 徳玛森小岩鲷活跃性PC1与勇敢性PC1呈显著正相关(R=0.357, P=0.024; 图 3); 而活跃性PC1与社会性PC1 (R=0.139, P=0.394), 以及勇敢性PC1与社会性PC1均不相关(R=0.005, P=0.976; 图 3)。
联想学习训练阶段德玛森小岩鲷的选择正确率随训练天数增加而显著上升(从(61.33±1.16)% 上升至(74.42±2.22)%, F9, 388=8.777, P<0.001; 图 4)。训练颜色(F1, 388=0.932, P=0.335)和体重(F1, 388=0.745, P=0.389)对选择正确率的影响不显著。
德玛森小岩鲷个体的社会性PC1与联想学习测试阶段的选择正确率呈显著正相关 (R=0.428, P=0.006; 图 5), 表明社会性较高的个体认知能力更强。而活跃性PC1 (R=0.280, P=0.080)、勇敢性PC1 (R=0.080, P=0.622)则均与联想学习测试阶段的选择正确率无显著关联(图 5)。此外, 活跃性PC1 (R=–0.136, P=0.404)、勇敢性PC1 (R= –0.132, P=0.416)及社会性PC1 (R= –0.082, P=0.615)均未表现出与联想学习测试阶段的选择耗时的显著关联(图 5)。
“行为综合征”假说认为, 动物的个性特征在一定时间内具有较高的稳定性, 且不同的个性特征之间存在关联进而形成行为组合[8]。“生活节奏综合征假说”(Pace-of-Life Syndrome)也有类似的表述, 如生活节奏较快的个体(或物种)通常更大胆, 更活跃, 但社会性较低[40, 41]。就鱼类而言, 已有较多研究对不同个性特征之间的关联进行了验证, 但研究结果不尽相同[9, 11, 42]。在本研究中, 德玛森小岩鲷的活跃性与勇敢性呈显著正相关, 表明较活跃的个体更加勇敢, 这与“行为综合征”假说及“生活节奏综合征假说”相符[8, 41]。然而德玛森小岩鲷的活跃性和勇敢性均未表现出与社会性的关联, 以往的研究也曾报道类似的现象[43], 提示德玛森小岩鲷的社会性可能与活跃性和勇敢性相对独立。值得一提的是, 欧洲鲈(Dicentrarchus labrax)社会性与勇敢性的关联在经历饥饿胁迫后发生逆转, 即由正相关转为负相关[42], 这表明个性特征的关联除了受物种特异性影响外, 还可能会受到饥饿等生态因子的调控, 这种可塑性体现了行为表型组合对选择压力的适应性响应, 可能对于鱼类应对复杂多变的栖息地环境具有重要意义。
本研究中德玛森小岩鲷在训练阶段的选择正确率随训练天数增加而不断提高, 表明通过联想学习训练可以使德玛森小岩鲷建立颜色与食物奖励之间的联系, 这与以往的研究结果类似[44]。认知能力较强的个体能够更好地理解颜色刺激与食物奖励之间的联系, 进而在联想学习任务中表现更好, 即能更加准确地找到食物[45]
个性特征会影响鱼类的信息处理方式, 进而影响认知能力。本研究发现, 德玛森小岩鲷的社会性与认知能力正相关, 而活跃性和勇敢性均与认知能力不相关。社会性与认知能力的关联进一步支持了“社会脑假说”(Social brain hypothesis) [46]。该假说认为, 社会性较强的物种进化出了更强的认知能力, 因为社会生活本质上具有认知挑战性[46]。尽管该假说最初的提出基于种间比较, 但本研究的发现表明该假说的内容在种内水平同样适用。与社会互动相关的认知技能, 如通过颜色等信息识别不同的个体, 对于群居动物来说尤其重要, 因为个体必须和群体成员发展并保持长期的、个性化的社会关系[47], 而独立生活的个体则不需要解决这些问题[48]。因此, 认知能力的某些方面可能与社会性协同演化。
然而, 本研究未在德玛森小岩鲷中发现活跃性或勇敢性与认知能力之间存在显著关联, 该结果不支持“认知风格假说”[23]。可能的原因在于, 尽管活跃个体具有较高的运动速度和运动时间比, 但由于本研究中联想学习的实验装置空间有限, 个体在运动特征上的差异可能并未显著影响其对环境中线索的探索效率。更重要的是, 德玛森小岩鲷在学习过程中对“颜色−食物奖励”关联的建立, 可能更依赖于对“正确颜色有食物, 错误颜色无食物”这一关系的复杂认知与推理过程, 而非单纯依赖对环境的快速探索, 这可能是活跃性与认知能力未表现出关联的重要原因。此外, 本研究中样本量相对有限, 可能是未发现活跃性与认知能力显著关联的另一原因(P=0.08)。就勇敢性而言, 尽管勇敢的个体通常更倾向于探索新环境或线索[49], 但这种探索动机本身并不等同于对“颜色−食物奖励”关联的认知与推理能力。二者涉及不同的认知机制, 这可能是本研究中勇敢性与认知能力未表现出显著关联的重要原因。
值得注意的是, 认知能力可能也会反过来影响动物的个性特征。例如生活在群体中的个体需要争夺有限的食物和配偶等资源[50, 51], 认知能力较强的个体可能受益于更强的资源位置编码和记忆能力在资源竞争中占据优势, 进而塑造更为积极的行为特征, 如更勇敢和富有攻击性。而个性特征与认知能力之间的因果关系机制则需要更加深入的研究。
研究发现, 德玛森小岩鲷幼鱼的活跃性和勇敢性呈正相关, 符合“行为综合征假说”, 社会性与认知能力正相关, 提示在群居性鱼类中, 处理复杂的社会信息的需求可能是驱动认知演化的重要驱动力。本研究结果为揭示动物认知与行为特征的协同演化规律提供了新的证据。
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doi: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0285
  • 接收时间:2025-08-27
  • 首发时间:2026-05-09
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-27
  • 修回日期:2025-12-04
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    重庆师范大学进化生理与行为学实验室; 淡水鱼类资源保护与利用重庆市重点实验室; 动物生物学重庆市高校重点实验室, 重庆 401331

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付成(1988—), 男, 副教授; 主要研究方向为鱼类生理生态学。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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