Article(id=1259824978300625746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0367, pmid=null, cstr=32229.14.SSSWXB.2025.0367, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761062400000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-22, revisedDate=1769356800000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778295281242, onlineDateStr=2026-05-09, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778295281242, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778295281242, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778295281242, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259824976404800325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, year='2026', volume='50', issue='5', pageStart='052601-1', pageEnd='052618-200', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778295280791, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778295467894, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259825761310073651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259825761310073652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=052605-39, endPage=052605-48, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259824980628464480, articleId=1259824978300625746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, language=EN, title=SOCIAL ISOLATION AND CONTEXTS ON THE COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOUR OF COMMON CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO), columnId=1259824977411433288, journalTitle=Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, columnName=Aquatic Animal Behaviour, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Group living brings numerous ecological benefits and costs, and changes in social status (such as from group living to social isolation) have a profound effect on the morphology, physiology, behaviour, and life history characteristics of social animals. Refuges are intricate and variable, however, most earlier studies on animal group behavior focused on a single ecological context. Therefore, to examine the effect of social isolation and ecological contexts on the group behaviour of cyprinid fish, we utilized common carp (Cyprinus carpio) as the experimental subjects, setting up two social status treatment groups (group-rearing, 5 fish maintained together; isolation group, single fish isolated alone). After 28 days, we measured the collective behavior of each treatment across three contexts: open water, food presence, and food+refuge. We found that, social isolation had no significant effect on the individual behaviour of common carp, but in the food context, both two groups had the fastest individual swimming speed, and in the food+refuge context, the synchronization of speed synchrony was the lowest. Social isolation and contexts have an impact on the collective behaviour and structure. The group speed and the percentage of time spent moving in group-rearing increased with context complexity. The isolation group exhibited a decrease in polarization and in both the open water and food+refuge displayed decreased group coordination and cohesion. After 28 days, foraging efficiency increased significantly in both treatments compared to day 0, while time spent in refuge decreased significantly. Group size in the isolation group was also significantly higher at day 28 than that at day 0. The study shows that social isolation reduces the activity and group coordination in common carp, and that increasingly complex ecological contexts improve the movement ability at the expense of group coordination.

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为考察社会隔离和生态场景对鲤科鱼类群体行为的影响, 本研究以鲤(Cyprinus carpio)幼鱼为实验对象, 设置两种社会状态处理组(群养组, 5尾作为一个群体进行群体饲养; 隔离组, 单尾鱼隔离饲养), 饲养28d后, 测定3种生态场景(包括开放水域、食物、食物+隐蔽场所)下实验鱼的群体行为。结果表明: 社会隔离并未显著改变鲤幼鱼的个体行为, 但生态场景显著影响其运动表现, 在食物场景下, 个体游泳速度最高; 而在食物+隐蔽场所场景中, 两组鱼的游泳速度同步性最低。社会隔离与生态场景共同调控群体行为与结构: 群养组的群体游泳速度和运动时间比均随环境复杂化而上升; 隔离组则在开放水域和食物+隐蔽场所中表现出群体极性下降、个体间距增加, 导致群体协调性与凝聚力显著降低。经过28d, 所有鱼群觅食效率均提升, 在隐蔽场所停留时间缩短, 且隔离组离开隐蔽场所的群体规模显著增大。这表明, 社会隔离会降低鱼群活跃度与协调性, 而环境复杂化虽提升运动能力, 却可能削弱群体协调性。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
曾令清, 教授; E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《水生生物学报》编辑部, copyrightOwner=北京中科期刊出版有限公司, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ONciGO/VE7xTG0Aq3HZH8g==, magXml=voF1gb7UGUl2p+jzCs5r1g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=7T1BIyrjx/Nvi+pyqACq5w==, pdfFileSize=1045067, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=SpAbVBylmeXVnRmDWFxOtQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=88Q8rasb43vgVs1cxz+99A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

杨清(2001—), 女, 硕士研究生; 研究方向为鱼类生理生态与行为学。E-mail:

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杨清(2001—), 女, 硕士研究生; 研究方向为鱼类生理生态与行为学。E-mail:

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杨清(2001—), 女, 硕士研究生; 研究方向为鱼类生理生态与行为学。E-mail:

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i means open water context; ii means food context; iii means food+refuge context

, figureFileSmall=0ChjvJti5Qyz30BtG1iorg==, figureFileBig=SpAbVBylmeXVnRmDWFxOtQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825025276830037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824978300625746, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of social isolation and ecological context on individual swimming speed and synchronization of speed in juvenile common carp, figureFileSmall=hlRDmc+XdRHQCNWitlp81A==, figureFileBig=+SiWB3NuhpH5yPx+o/AujQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825025826283870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824978300625746, language=CN, label=图2, caption=社会隔离和生态场景对鲤幼鱼个体游泳速度和游泳速度同步性的影响

x, y, and z indicate significant differences among groups of larval carp under the same social state across three ecological contexts; The same applies below

, figureFileSmall=hlRDmc+XdRHQCNWitlp81A==, figureFileBig=+SiWB3NuhpH5yPx+o/AujQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825026065359205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824978300625746, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=The effects of social isolation and ecological context on the group behavior of juvenile common carp, figureFileSmall=teiMNEG2w3dFlGMh/8loFw==, figureFileBig=B16zri3TR9mc9Eyr9yxoJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825026472206698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824978300625746, language=CN, label=图3, caption=社会隔离和生态场景对鲤幼鱼群体行为的影响

* indicates significant differences in the parameters of experimental fish under different social states at the same ecological context; the same applies below

, figureFileSmall=teiMNEG2w3dFlGMh/8loFw==, figureFileBig=B16zri3TR9mc9Eyr9yxoJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825026870665585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824978300625746, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of social isolation and ecological context on group cohesion in juvenile common carp, figureFileSmall=wkmCUrvzAdvKGdM+YwHUrA==, figureFileBig=IqNnajT5+BtEwTdklst5Ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825027357204857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824978300625746, language=CN, label=图4, caption=社会隔离和生态场景对鲤幼鱼群体凝聚力的影响, figureFileSmall=wkmCUrvzAdvKGdM+YwHUrA==, figureFileBig=IqNnajT5+BtEwTdklst5Ug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825027671777664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824978300625746, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Group foraging performance of two social conditions group across contexts, figureFileSmall=cIZ/2fVyncWjt1WFaCErdA==, figureFileBig=DyaYyqIrHlqEsi16rMjiTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825029148172676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824978300625746, language=CN, label=图5, caption=两种社会状态下鱼群在不同生态情景下的集体觅食表现

“a, b” indicates significant differences in the ecological context of juvenile common carp in the same social state; the same applies below

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Effects of social isolation and ecological context on group behavioral parameters of juvenile common carp

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验参数Parameters社会状态
Social station(S)
测定时间
Measurement
time(M)
生态场景
Ecological
contexts(C)
交互作用Interaction
(S×M)(S×C)(M×C)
个体游泳速度Individual swimming speed(cm/s)F=1.050,
P=0.307
F=27.301,
P<0.001**
F=44.401,
P<0.001**
F=2.131,
P=0.147
F=0.457,
P=0.634
F=1.850,
P=0.161
游泳速度同步性Synchronization of speedF=0.152,
P=0.697
F=13.088,
P<0.001**
F=103.07,
P<0.001**
F=0.090,
P=0.764
F=1.085,
P=0.341
F=0.280,
P=0.752
个体间距离Inter-individual distance(cm)F=4.854,
P=0.029*
F=0.387,
P=0.535
F=1.526,
P=0.221
F=0.594,
P=0.442
F=0.034,
P=0.967
F=1.800,
P=0.169
最近邻距离Nearest neighbor distance(cm)F=3.404,
P=0.067
F=0.312,
P=0.577
F=12.735,
P<0.001**
F=1.767,
P=0.186
F=0.444,
P=0.642
F=1.380,
P=0.253
与群体中心距离Group center(cm)F=7.293,
P=0.025*
F=0.823,
P=0.366
F=2.762,
P=0.067
F=1.469,
P=0.228
F=0.964,
P=0.384
F=2.490,
P=0.087
群体游泳速度Group speed(cm/s)F=5.518,
P=0.020*
F=7.708,
P=0.006**
F=23.282,
P<0.001**
F=3.674,
P=0.057
F=1.450,
P=0.384
F=1.560,
P=0.214
群体极性Group polarizationF=2.101,
P=0.032*
F=5.423,
P=0.021*
F=7.817,
P=0.001**
F=3.939,
P=0.049*
F=0.958,
P=0.386
F=0.500,
P=0.603
群体运动时间比Group PTM(%)F=3.836,
P=0.049*
F=9.058,
P=0.003**
F=24.860,
P=0.001**
F=3.801,
P=0.053
F=0.845,
P=0.432
F=1.340,
P=0.263
), ArticleFig(id=1259825030708453787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824978300625746, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

社会隔离和生态环境对鲤鱼群体行为参数的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验参数Parameters社会状态
Social station(S)
测定时间
Measurement
time(M)
生态场景
Ecological
contexts(C)
交互作用Interaction
(S×M)(S×C)(M×C)
个体游泳速度Individual swimming speed(cm/s)F=1.050,
P=0.307
F=27.301,
P<0.001**
F=44.401,
P<0.001**
F=2.131,
P=0.147
F=0.457,
P=0.634
F=1.850,
P=0.161
游泳速度同步性Synchronization of speedF=0.152,
P=0.697
F=13.088,
P<0.001**
F=103.07,
P<0.001**
F=0.090,
P=0.764
F=1.085,
P=0.341
F=0.280,
P=0.752
个体间距离Inter-individual distance(cm)F=4.854,
P=0.029*
F=0.387,
P=0.535
F=1.526,
P=0.221
F=0.594,
P=0.442
F=0.034,
P=0.967
F=1.800,
P=0.169
最近邻距离Nearest neighbor distance(cm)F=3.404,
P=0.067
F=0.312,
P=0.577
F=12.735,
P<0.001**
F=1.767,
P=0.186
F=0.444,
P=0.642
F=1.380,
P=0.253
与群体中心距离Group center(cm)F=7.293,
P=0.025*
F=0.823,
P=0.366
F=2.762,
P=0.067
F=1.469,
P=0.228
F=0.964,
P=0.384
F=2.490,
P=0.087
群体游泳速度Group speed(cm/s)F=5.518,
P=0.020*
F=7.708,
P=0.006**
F=23.282,
P<0.001**
F=3.674,
P=0.057
F=1.450,
P=0.384
F=1.560,
P=0.214
群体极性Group polarizationF=2.101,
P=0.032*
F=5.423,
P=0.021*
F=7.817,
P=0.001**
F=3.939,
P=0.049*
F=0.958,
P=0.386
F=0.500,
P=0.603
群体运动时间比Group PTM(%)F=3.836,
P=0.049*
F=9.058,
P=0.003**
F=24.860,
P=0.001**
F=3.801,
P=0.053
F=0.845,
P=0.432
F=1.340,
P=0.263
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社会隔离和生态场景对鲤幼鱼群体行为的影响
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杨清 , 毕瑾秋 , 龚雅星 , 王春花 , 付世建 , 曾令清
水生生物学报 | 水生生物行为 2026,50(5): 052605-39-052605-48
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水生生物学报 | 水生生物行为 2026, 50(5): 052605-39-052605-48
社会隔离和生态场景对鲤幼鱼群体行为的影响
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杨清 , 毕瑾秋, 龚雅星, 王春花, 付世建, 曾令清
作者信息
  • 重庆师范大学进化生理与行为学实验室, 淡水鱼类资源保护与利用重庆市重点实验室, 动物生物学重庆市高校重点实验室, 重庆 401331
  • 杨清(2001—), 女, 硕士研究生; 研究方向为鱼类生理生态与行为学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

曾令清, 教授; E-mail:
SOCIAL ISOLATION AND CONTEXTS ON THE COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOUR OF COMMON CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO)
Qing YANG , Jin-Qiu BI, Ya-Xing GONG, Chun-Hua WANG, Shi-Jian FU, Ling-Qing ZENG
Affiliations
  • Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fishes Resources Conservation and Utilization, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0367
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为考察社会隔离和生态场景对鲤科鱼类群体行为的影响, 本研究以鲤(Cyprinus carpio)幼鱼为实验对象, 设置两种社会状态处理组(群养组, 5尾作为一个群体进行群体饲养; 隔离组, 单尾鱼隔离饲养), 饲养28d后, 测定3种生态场景(包括开放水域、食物、食物+隐蔽场所)下实验鱼的群体行为。结果表明: 社会隔离并未显著改变鲤幼鱼的个体行为, 但生态场景显著影响其运动表现, 在食物场景下, 个体游泳速度最高; 而在食物+隐蔽场所场景中, 两组鱼的游泳速度同步性最低。社会隔离与生态场景共同调控群体行为与结构: 群养组的群体游泳速度和运动时间比均随环境复杂化而上升; 隔离组则在开放水域和食物+隐蔽场所中表现出群体极性下降、个体间距增加, 导致群体协调性与凝聚力显著降低。经过28d, 所有鱼群觅食效率均提升, 在隐蔽场所停留时间缩短, 且隔离组离开隐蔽场所的群体规模显著增大。这表明, 社会隔离会降低鱼群活跃度与协调性, 而环境复杂化虽提升运动能力, 却可能削弱群体协调性。

社会隔离  /  生态场景  /  群体行为  /  鲤幼鱼

Group living brings numerous ecological benefits and costs, and changes in social status (such as from group living to social isolation) have a profound effect on the morphology, physiology, behaviour, and life history characteristics of social animals. Refuges are intricate and variable, however, most earlier studies on animal group behavior focused on a single ecological context. Therefore, to examine the effect of social isolation and ecological contexts on the group behaviour of cyprinid fish, we utilized common carp (Cyprinus carpio) as the experimental subjects, setting up two social status treatment groups (group-rearing, 5 fish maintained together; isolation group, single fish isolated alone). After 28 days, we measured the collective behavior of each treatment across three contexts: open water, food presence, and food+refuge. We found that, social isolation had no significant effect on the individual behaviour of common carp, but in the food context, both two groups had the fastest individual swimming speed, and in the food+refuge context, the synchronization of speed synchrony was the lowest. Social isolation and contexts have an impact on the collective behaviour and structure. The group speed and the percentage of time spent moving in group-rearing increased with context complexity. The isolation group exhibited a decrease in polarization and in both the open water and food+refuge displayed decreased group coordination and cohesion. After 28 days, foraging efficiency increased significantly in both treatments compared to day 0, while time spent in refuge decreased significantly. Group size in the isolation group was also significantly higher at day 28 than that at day 0. The study shows that social isolation reduces the activity and group coordination in common carp, and that increasingly complex ecological contexts improve the movement ability at the expense of group coordination.

Social isolation  /  Ecological context  /  Collective behaviour  /  Common carp
杨清, 毕瑾秋, 龚雅星, 王春花, 付世建, 曾令清. 社会隔离和生态场景对鲤幼鱼群体行为的影响. 水生生物学报, 2026 , 50 (5) : 052605-39 -052605-48 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0367
Qing YANG, Jin-Qiu BI, Ya-Xing GONG, Chun-Hua WANG, Shi-Jian FU, Ling-Qing ZENG. SOCIAL ISOLATION AND CONTEXTS ON THE COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOUR OF COMMON CARP (CYPRINUS CARPIO)[J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2026 , 50 (5) : 052605-39 -052605-48 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0367
群体中的个体出于某些社会原因自发地聚集在一起相互作用、 相互影响, 群体行为会被个体之间互动以及环境影响所改变[1]。群体行为在动物界中广泛存在, 例如鸟类迁徙、蚁群的觅食及鱼群躲避捕食者等, 其中鱼类的群体行为是水生环境中最广泛的集体现象之一, 据估计有上万种鱼类在其整个生活史或者某一特定阶段会出现群体行为[2]。群体成员通过从社会性中获得成本和收益, 如规模更大、更有凝聚力的群体往往更快发现食物, 觅食效率高[3], 同时, 发现天敌的速度也越快, 并能启动防御机制、提高群体警觉性, 降低被捕食风险[4, 5]。此外, 群体生活对提高动物的繁殖成功率具有重要作用[6]。但群体生活也面临一定的风险, 如, 个体间食物、配偶、领地资源争夺加剧, 以及感染寄生虫的风险增加等[7]。群体生活的收益与成本之间存在潜在的权衡关系。
与集群生活相对应的是社会隔离(Social isolation), 社会隔离是指个体或群体与社会主流群体之间缺乏正常的社会交往和互动, 导致其在社会关系网络中处于边缘化或孤立无援的状态[8]。对于动物而言, 社会隔离意味着个体被剥夺了与同种生物其他成员进行正常社交行为的机会, 导致其无法参与群体活动、信息交流与资源共享等社会行为[9]。社会隔离会对动物的行为、生理等均产生影响, 如长期隔离(5—7d)的黑腹果蝇(Drosophila melanogaster)比短期隔离表现出睡眠不足并伴有食物过量摄入的现象[10]。对于社会性物种来说, 社会隔离作为压力来源, 不仅是影响个体生理、行为和健康的重要影响因素[11], 而且还通过改变社会选择发生遗传变异进而改变种群进化的轨迹[12]。对多数群居鱼类而言, 在社会隔离条件下, 鱼类同样会显现出明显的生理和行为上的改变, 如攻击性、运动能力、觅食行为、神经内分泌系统和认知功能的损害[1318]
在自然界中, 鱼类的栖息地呈现出复杂多样的特征, 利用隐蔽场所是鱼类的一种关键生存策略, 能通过降低被捕食概率和减少能量消耗来提升生存机会[19]。隐蔽场所可用性的降低, 极有可能对鱼类的生长产生重大影响。研究显示, 在无捕食者存在的情形下, 鱼类会占据开放水域以及有水草的场所; 而当存在捕食者时, 鱼类则更倾向于选择有水草的区域[20, 21]。生态功能方面, 隐蔽场所既可调节鱼类个体的空间活动分配, 也能增强其学习认知能力[22]。研究表明, 在无隐蔽场所环境中, 斑马鱼(Danio rerio)的皮质醇浓度显著高于隐蔽场所环境[23]。此外, 对于群居动物而言, 其群体结构与功能会随着生存环境的变化而发生显著改变。例如, 群体在遭受攻击时可能会表现得更为紧密, 而在觅食过程中则会更加分散[24, 25]。然而, 此前关于群体行为的研究大多聚焦于单一的生态场景[2628]
鲤(Cyprinus carpio)隶属鲤科鲤属, 是中型淡水经济鱼类, 其喜集群, 在白天和冬季表现出强烈的群聚倾向[29], 其活动受到水流速度、温度、环境等因素的影响[3032]。鲤的环境适应性较强, 广泛分布于我国除西藏外的各大江河、湖泊与水库, 现已成为我国水产养殖的主要品种[33]。为考察社会隔离和生态场景对鲤科鱼类群体行为的影响, 本研究考察了不同社会状态下的鲤幼鱼在不同生态场景的群体行为, 这一研究有助于深入了解群体行为可塑性, 并为生态系统管理和保护提供科学依据。
实验鱼购于重庆市永川区当地鱼场, 购买后运送实验室的2个循环控温水槽内进行驯化。每个水槽中布设若干不同高度(10—30 cm)的绿色人工水草与鹅卵石以模拟真实栖息环境。每日早上10:00用鲤科鱼类通用饲料(中国通威公司)对水槽中的实验鱼进行饱足投喂, 食物驯化30d以上。鉴于实验设计中涉及食物场景, 驯养后期使用解冻后的红线虫混合饲料作为持续喂养的饵料。为减少充氧、水体循环等因素造成的水体波动对鱼群摄食的影响, 每次投喂之前提前10min关闭充气泵及循环系统使水面保持平静。投喂30min后使用虹吸管吸取水体中悬浮的残饵和粪便, 每日换水量保持总水量的10%左右。本实验驯化水槽温度设定为(26.0±0.1)℃, 溶氧水平维持在7.0 mg/L及以上, 光周期设定为12L∶12D。本研究的全部动物操作与实验程序, 均遵循淡水鱼类资源保护与利用重庆市重点实验室的动物伦理规范(许可证号: FU2020112302)及中国国家标准《实验动物 环境及设施》(GB14925-2023), 同时亦符合重庆市地方性法规《重庆市实验动物管理办法》的要求。
本研究设置两个处理组(群养组和隔离组), 在驯化结束后, 筛选出大小相近、机体健康的实验鱼120尾, 随机分为24个鱼群, 本研究每个处理组的鱼群成员数量设定为5尾, 分为2个处理组: (1)群养组: (12组×5尾/组, n=60); (2)隔离组: (12组×5尾/组, n=60)。鱼群的群体行为视频拍摄只在0和28d分别进行, 但隔离组的鱼在处理期间是单尾鱼饲养, 群养组的鱼仍是5尾鱼为一个饲养群体。在社会隔离前后, 开展3种生态场景下群体行为视频拍摄。在社会隔离前, 即0时进行行为视频拍摄, 重复测定后进入社会隔离。隔离组的实验鱼分别置于一个(长17 cm×宽5 cm×高12 cm、水深10 cm)单独隔间。
本实验设置3种不同的生态场景: 开放水域、食物场景、食物+隐蔽场所场景(图 1)。(1)开放水域: 无食物和隐蔽场所。(2)食物场景: 通过在圆形水槽中布设3个呈等边三角形排列的食物盘构成, 每个盘内均放置九宫格, 并于格内随机投放红线虫作为饵料。(3)食物+隐蔽场所场景: 同时包括食物和隐蔽场所, 隐蔽场所(一棵高约8 cm的人工水草)置于圆形水槽中央, 以方便鱼群摄食后进出。
本研究使用圆形PVC水槽(直径1 m, 水深8 cm)作为行为观测装置。为减少颜色干扰并便于视频分析, 水槽内部(包括底部与内壁)均覆以白色无毒贴纸, 同时通过安装6枚LED灯及环绕水槽的1.5 m高白色布帘, 以提供均匀照明并屏蔽外部环境干扰, 确保记录到鱼群的自然行为。在每个观测水槽的正上方均置有广角高清摄像头(设备型号: BMPCC 6K, 镜头: Canon EF 16—35mm f/4L IS USM), 用于拍摄每个鱼群在不同生态场景下的群体行为。
群养组和隔离组中的每个鱼群均采用随机拍摄行为测定, 每个鱼群在3种场景中均拍摄2次, 每组的测定顺序不一样, 以减少鱼群对环境的习惯化。以一个群体为单位, 将实验鱼带水转移至拍摄水槽中的阻隔桶里面适应2min, 然后实验人员缓慢地提升阻隔桶, 待鱼群自由游出后, 立即开始行为拍摄。其中, 在开放水域和食物+隐蔽场所场景均拍摄20min, 食物环境中拍摄10min。每次试验, 都需确保从测试槽中清除任何粪便和其他物质, 并彻底更换拍摄水槽中的水, 防止任何残留的化学物质。
为获取单尾鱼的二维坐标数据, 视频分析工作借助于idTracker.ai软件进行, 而所有拍摄到的WMA格式行为视频均预先使用格式工厂转换为AVI格式。在本研究中所获取的群体行为参数涵盖多个方面, 具体包括个体游泳速度(Velocity, V)、个体游泳速度同步性(Synchronization of speed, Sv)、个体间距离(Inter-individual distance, IID)、最近邻距离(Nearest neighbor distance, NND)、群体极性(Group polarization, P)、群体游泳速度(Group speed, Gv), 以及群体运动时间比(Group percentage time spent moving, Group PTM)等。此外, 本研究还通过人工分析获取了鱼群在隐蔽场所的穿梭次数(单位: 次)、觅食效率(单位: ind./min)、在隐蔽场所的停留时间(单位: s)及隐蔽场所中的群体大小(单位: 尾)[34]。上述所有参数的计算方法:
(1) 个体游泳速度(V, cm/s)
$ V\left(t\right)=\sqrt{{\left(x\left(t\right)-x\left(t-1\right)\right)}^{2}+{\left(y\left(t\right)-y\left(t-1\right)\right)}^{2}}{/d}_{t} $
式中, V(t) 表示个体游泳速度(单位: cm/s) [28, 34], 而(x(t), y(t))和(x(t–1), y(t–1))分别代表焦点鱼在tt–1时刻的横、纵坐标的数据, dt表示时间间隔, 即在本研究中设定为1/15s。
(2) 游泳速度同步性(Sv)
Sv评价个体游泳速度的同步性, 其值处于0—1; 当该Sv越高, 表明群体中所有成员的个体游泳速度的同步性就越高[34, 35]
$ {S}_{{\mathrm{v}}}=1-\left| \frac{{v}_{i}-{v}_{j}}{{v}_{i}+{v}_{j}}\right| $
式中, Sv代表群体成员的个体游泳速度同步性(无单位); vivj分别代表群体中第ij尾鱼的瞬时游泳运动速度。
(3) 个体间距离(IID, cm)
IID表示鱼群中所有个体之间的平均距离(cm), 用于衡量鱼群的群体凝聚力[27]。若IID越小, 则说明该鱼群的群体凝聚力越强; 反之, 若IID越大, 则说明该鱼群的群体凝聚力越弱[34]
$ \text{IID}\left(t\right)=\frac{1}{n}\sum \limits_{i\neq j}^{n}\sqrt{{\left({x}_{i}\left(t\right)-{x}_{j}\left(t\right)\right)}^{2}+{\left({y}_{i}\left(t\right)-{y}_{j}\left(t\right)\right)}^{2}} $
式中, 变量(xi, yi)和(xj, yj)分别为第ij条鱼在t时刻的横、纵坐标, 而n=5。
(4) 最近邻距离(NND, cm)
NND表示某一个体与群内其他所有个体距离中的最小值(cm), 用于衡量群体的凝聚力[27, 34]
$ \text{NND}\left(t\right)={{\mathrm{min}}}_{i\neq j}\sqrt{({x}_{i}\left(t\right)-{x}_{j}\left(t\right){)}^{2}+({y}_{i}\left(t\right)-{y}_{j}\left(t\right){)}^{2}} $
式中, NND是最近邻距离(cm); 变量(xi, yi) 和 (xj, yj) 分别为第ij条鱼在t时刻的横、纵坐标的数据。
(5) 群体极性(P)
P表示鱼群成员间的个体排列的整齐程度, 具有矢量属性, 其值在0—1。当P=1时, 说明鱼群中所有成员个体以朝向绝对一致方向排列进行游泳运动; 当P=0时, 则说明该鱼群中所有成员个体以方向完全相反且抵消的方式排列进行游泳运动[3436]。如果P值越高, 那么鱼群的协调能力越强。
$ P\left(t\right)=\frac{1}{n}\left| \sum \limits_{i=1}^{n}{v}_{i}(t)\right| $
式中, vi(t)为群体成员中的单尾鱼i在单位时间内的运动向量, 其指示方向由t–1时刻的空间位置指向t时刻的空间位置, n=5。
(6) 群体中心(Gx, Gy)
$ {G}_{x,y}\left(t\right) = ({x,y}_{1}\left(t\right)+{x,y}_{2}\left(t\right)+{x,y}_{3}\left(t\right)+{x,y}_{4}\left(t\right)+{x,y}_{5}\left(t\right))/5 $
式中, Gx, y表示群体中心的横、纵坐标的数据, 变量(x, y (t))分别表示群体中的单尾鱼在t时刻的横、纵坐标数据[37]
(7) 群体游泳速度 (Gv, cm/s)
$ {G}_{{\mathrm{v}}}\left(t\right)=\sqrt{({G}_{x}\left(t\right)-{G}_{x}\left(t-1\right){)}^{2}+({G}_{y}\left(t\right)-{G}_{y}(t-1){)}^{2}}/\Delta t $
式中, 变量Gx(t)和Gy(t)是t 时刻群体中心的水平坐标和垂直坐标的数据[37], Gx(t–1)和Gy(t–1)是t–1时刻群体中心的水平坐标和垂直坐标的数据, ∆t是群体中心两个坐标之间的时间间隔(如本研究设定该值为1/15s)。
(8) 群体运动时间比 (PTM, %)
$ \text{PTM}={T}_{\text{moving}}/{T}_{\text{total}}\times 100 $
式中, 变量Tmoving表示群体游泳运动花费的总时间, Ttotal是视频拍摄总时间。当鱼群的瞬时群速大于 1.75 cm/s时, 认为鱼群处于游泳运动状态[38]
(9) 摄食速率 (F, ind./min)
$ F=i/t $
式中, 变量i是单个鱼群摄入红线虫的累计数量(ind), t为该鱼群完成摄食活动所需的总时间(min)。
(10) 穿梭次数(次): 在开阔视野条件下, 由不少于3尾鱼组成的鱼群往返穿过隐蔽场所边界的次数, 本研究设定鱼群的一次完整的出入计为一次穿梭活动[34]
(11) 隐蔽场所停留时间(s): 指鱼群(≥3尾)在隐蔽场所内的群体停留总时长。
(12) 群体大小(尾): 在食物+隐蔽场所场景条件下, 鱼群离开隐蔽场所中(即不少于2尾的群体)的群体成员数量[34]
鉴于idTracker软件无法从20个视频(约占总量的13%)中提取有效的运动轨迹, 这部分数据 (除人工观测参数外)在后续统计分析中予以排除。本研究使用IBM SPSS Statistics (v.22.0)进行所有统计分析, 并利用Microsoft Excel (2019)与OriginPro完成图表绘制。
首先对实验数据的正态性和方差齐性进行检验。当实验数据呈现正态分布和满足方差齐性时, 则使用三因素方差分析(Three-way ANOVA)考察社会隔离、测定时间和生态场景对鲤幼鱼群体行为的影响。若同一种场景下隔离组和群养组之间存在差异, 则使用独立样本t检验比较差异。若同一社会状态下3种生态场景之间存在差异, 则使用单因素方差 (One-way ANOVA)分析进行事后两两比较。如果数据分布不符合正态性, 则采用非参数检验 (Mann-Whitney检验)分析组间差异, 采用Kruskal-Wallis检验分析组内差异。使用Mann-Whitney检验鲤幼鱼的群体觅食行为参数。
生态场景对鲤幼鱼个体行为产生显著影响(P<0.05), 而社会隔离对其个体游泳速度和游泳速度的同步性无显著影响。不管是群养组还是隔离组, 在食物场景下的个体游泳速度最高, 在食物+隐蔽场所场景下的个体游泳速度最低 (图 2A; 表 1; P<0.05)。游泳速度同步性方面, 无论是群养组还是隔离组, 其在食物场景和开放水域中的同步性均显著高于食物+隐蔽场所场景(图 2B; 表 1; P<0.05)。
不同社会状态和生态场景对鲤幼鱼群体行为产生显著影响(表 1; P<0.05)。群养组的游泳速度、群体极性和群体运动时间比在开放水域和食物+隐蔽场所生态场景下均显著高于隔离组 (图 3; P<0.05), 而在食物场景下无显著差异。随着环境复杂性增加, 群养组与隔离组的群体游泳速度及运动时间比均呈现同步上升的趋势, 其中, 群养组在食物存在情况下表现出较高的群体运动速度和运动时间比, 均显著高于开放水域场景(图 3A3C; P<0.05)。此外, 群体极性是由社会状态和生态场景调控的, 且两者具有交互作用(表 1; P<0.05)。在3种生态场景中, 群养组在食物+隐蔽场所生态场景下群体极性最高(图 3B和3C; P<0.05), 而隔离组的群体极性在3种生态场景下无显著差异。
不同社会状态和生态场景均对鲤幼鱼群体结构产生显著影响(表 1; P<0.05)。在3种生态场景下, 群养组的个体间距离、最近邻距离均显著低于食物和食物+隐蔽场所场景下, 群养组在开放水域中的凝聚力最高, 而隔离组在不同生态场景中的个体间距离, 最近邻距离和与群体中心距离中无显著差异(图 4; P<0.05)。隔离组在开放水域的IID显著高于群养组(图 4B; P<0.05)。
无论是群养组还是隔离组, 鲤幼鱼群在28d的群体觅食速率显著高于0 (图 5B; P<0.05)。经历28d的驯化后, 群养组的隐蔽场所穿梭次数显著高于0 (图 6A; P<0.05), 而隔离组在0和28d的穿梭次数无显著差异, 且鱼群在28d的隐蔽场所的停留时间显著低于0 (图 6B, P<0.05), 鱼群从隐蔽场所出来的群体数目也存在差异, 隔离组在28d离开隐蔽场所的群体大小显著高于0时的水平(图 6C; P<0.05)。
本研究结果表明, 社会隔离对鲤幼鱼个体行为参数如个体游泳速度和个体游泳速度同步性均无显著影响, 但生态场景的变化对鲤幼鱼的个体行为产生影响。这可能与个性不同有关。研究发现, 不是所有个体的平均个性特征都能解释群体从众行为, 群体中的关键个体可能会过度影响鱼群的行为[27, 39]。一般认为, 运动速度越快的鱼群往往具有更强的运动同步性[34, 40, 41], 而在本研究中, 在食物场景下的鲤幼鱼表现出最高的个体游泳速度, 在食物+隐蔽场所场景下表现出最低的个体游泳速度和个体游泳速度同步性, 这可能是因为由于隐蔽场所下的环境更加复杂, 隐蔽场所的物理结构减少了鱼群个体之间视觉接触, 增加了鱼群游泳运动的障碍[4244]。隐蔽场所的出现可能导致群体进一步出现分裂, 部分个体选择待在隐蔽场所, 而部分个体更倾向于外出活动, 进而导致鱼群同步性的改变。群体的复杂性往往源自于其内部成员在行为表现上的个体差异[45]。运动同步性理论认为, 群体凝聚力的维持依赖于成员在运动时间和地点上的协调一致, 个体通过调节自身速度来实现同步[46]。本研究发现, 无论社会状态如何, 鲤幼鱼的个体游泳速度与群体游泳速度在整体水平上保持一致, 鱼群在食物场景中的个体游泳速度和群体游泳速度显著高于开放水域场景, 表现出随环境的复杂程度的增加而增加的趋势, 这与中华倒刺鲃研究结果相似[40], 但在食物+隐蔽场所的个体游泳速度最低, 这可能是因为个体行为的异质性和动机不一致, 说明群体生活中的个体需要调整自身的运动状态来适应环境的改变。
鱼群在不同生态情境下的群体行为存在巨大差异, 当食物供应或捕食风险变化导致觅食动机发生变化时, 环境条件可能会降低行为表达的异质性[27]。从群体水平变化来看, 社会隔离和特定场景对鲤幼鱼的群体行为产生显著影响。研究发现, 在开放水域和“食物+隐蔽场所”场景中, 群养组的游泳速度、群体极性与运动时间比均显著高于隔离组, 暗示社会隔离降低了鱼群在此类场景中的协调性。群居个体能够通过观察和模仿同伴来优化决策, 从而提高群体的协调性与移动效率[47, 48]。有社会经验的鱼类个体能更快地对环境变化作出反应, 形成更为协调一致的群体运动[49, 50]。在本研究中, 社会隔离可能中断了这种社会学习过程, 使个体难以通过观察与模仿来优化群体决策和运动效率, 导致隔离组在开放水域和复杂场景中均表现出行为能力的下降。值得注意的是, 在单纯食物场景中, 不同社会状态的鱼群在协调性上无显著差异。这可能是因为食物作为一种强烈的直接激励, 能够驱动所有个体产生高度的觅食动机, 从而在一定程度上掩盖了社会经验差异所导致的行为劣势, 强烈的觅食动机可能驱动所有个体, 无论其社会背景如何, 都表现出相似的高活动水平[51]
本研究发现, 在有食物存在情况下, 鲤幼鱼群体结构更加松散, 凝聚力要显著低于开放水域环境, 这与前人研究结果相似[25, 27], 这可能是因为食物资源有限, 群体内个体会更加分散, 以减小群体内的竞争, 保证群体成员都能获得食物。在开放水域环境中, 群体表现出最高的凝聚力, 其最近邻距离(NND)和个体间距离(IID)均显著低于其他生态场景。隐蔽场所的出现可能干扰群体决策, 导致群体内的成员行为存在差异[44]。社会隔离降低了鱼群在开放水域下的群体协调性和凝聚力, 其原因有可能是隔离减少了个体间的接触与信息交换, 使群体活动更倾向于“自发”状态, 缺乏社会互动所支撑的协同行为[52]。研究发现, 长期的社会隔离导致斑马鱼个体间距离增加[53], 与本研究结果相似。在不同生态场景下, 个体的行为模式通常是为了适应环境和群体生活而进化出的复杂策略, 社会隔离可能普遍削弱鱼类群体的结构紧密度与行为协调能力。
摄食是鱼类获取营养与能量的关键活动, 但频繁摄食也会增加被捕食的风险[54]。因此, 为获得最大生态收益, 鱼类的生存和觅食之间存在权衡。本研究发现, 无论群养组还是隔离组, 在28d实验后其觅食速率均显著提高。这可能是因为实验初期鲤幼鱼对红线虫适口性较差, 经过长期定时投喂后逐渐适应, 从而提升了摄食速率。鱼类的觅食行为受到多种因素的影响[5557], 本研究发现, 社会隔离对鲤幼鱼群体的觅食速率没有显著影响, 但这可能是因为鱼群的觅食动机高度一致。在强烈的生存动机驱动下, 摄食行为的改变可能主要通过个体经验学习而非社会学习来实现, 强烈的内在动机可以成为一个主导性因素, 驱使动物克服社会经验的缺乏, 并通过试错等个体学习方式高效地掌握获取资源的技能[58]
隐蔽场所的出现不仅为鱼类提供了潜在安全的庇护所, 同时还可能对鱼群的视觉起到一定的阻碍作用, 导致集群碎片化[59, 60]。经过28d驯化, 群养组在隐蔽场所的穿梭次数有所增加, 这可能意味着它们通过群体互动增强了对环境的熟悉度或在集体中获得了更高的安全感, 从而更主动地探索隐蔽场所周边区域。相比之下, 隔离组在同期内的穿梭次数则未出现显著变化。这可能表明, 缺乏社会互动的个体, 在面对环境结构(隐蔽场所)时, 其行为调整的可塑性或探索倾向降低[61]。此外, 本研究发现隔离降低了群体的协调性与凝聚力, 这可能使得要达到半数以上的群体穿梭难以实现。社会隔离后的群体以更大的群体规模离开隐蔽所, 其原因可能是社会隔离可能诱导了鱼群形成一种更依赖的策略——即聚集在一起以集体形式应对外部未知风险, 这反映了它们在缺乏社会信息支撑时, 对风险评估和决策模式的改变[62]
短期的社会隔离虽未显著改变个体的基本运动能力(如游泳速度及其同步性), 但会影响鱼群在不同生态场景的集体行为表现。隔离组群体协调性与凝聚力在开放水域及食物+隐蔽场所场景中均出现下降, 表明社会经验的缺失可能削弱了群体应对环境变化时的协作能力。经过28d驯化后, 所有鱼群的摄食速率均提升, 同时在隐蔽场所的停留时间减少, 且隔离组以更大的群体规模离开隐蔽场所, 这反映出驯化过程促进了行为适应性调整, 而隔离则可能改变群体在风险决策中的群体行为模式。这不仅揭示了社会状态在群体行为可塑性中的重要作用, 也为理解动物如何通过群体行为适应多变环境提供了实验依据, 对行为生态学、动物社会学等领域具有参考价值, 尤其在探讨环境变化、社会结构破坏对群体动态的影响机制方面, 提供了新的视角与数据支持。
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2026年第50卷第5期
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doi: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0367
  • 接收时间:2025-10-22
  • 首发时间:2026-05-09
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-22
  • 修回日期:2026-01-26
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    重庆师范大学进化生理与行为学实验室, 淡水鱼类资源保护与利用重庆市重点实验室, 动物生物学重庆市高校重点实验室, 重庆 401331

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曾令清, 教授; E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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