Article(id=1259824977205912389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0378, pmid=null, cstr=32229.14.SSSWXB.2025.0378, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761667200000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-29, revisedDate=1768492800000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778295280982, onlineDateStr=2026-05-09, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778295280982, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778295280982, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778295280982, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259824976404800325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, year='2026', volume='50', issue='5', pageStart='052601-1', pageEnd='052618-200', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778295280791, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778295467894, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259825761310073651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259825761310073652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=052604-30, endPage=052604-38, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259824977520485193, articleId=1259824977205912389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, language=EN, title=SWIMMING BEHAVIOR OF TWO CYPRINID FISH SPECIE AT THE GUXIAN WATER CONTROL PROJECT IN THE MIDDLE REACHES OF THE YELLOW RIVER, columnId=1259824977411433288, journalTitle=Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, columnName=Aquatic Animal Behaviour, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The construction of the Guxian Water Control Project causes blockage of river sections, hindering population exchange between fish upstream and downstream across the dam. Fish passage facilities can mitigate this barrier, and detailed knowledge of fish swimming behavior is critical for their effective design. This study targeted two main fish species for the project: Leuciscus waleckii Dybowski and Opsariichthys bidens-and tested their induced velocity and critical swimming speed. The study also analyzed ecological behavioral indicators including tail-beat frequency, tail-beat amplitude, body wave velocity, body wave length, maximum head angle, and maximum head angle velocity during upstream swimming at three swimming velocitys (2, 4, and 6 BL/s). The results showed that the absolute induced velocities of Leuciscus waleckii Dybowski and Opsariichthys bidens were (0.06±0.01) and (0.11±0.03) m/s, respectively, with corresponding relative values of (0.55±0.11) and (1.11±0.27) BL/s. The absolute and relative rheoreaction velocities of Leuciscus waleckii both exhibited significant negative correlations with body length (P<0.05), whereas the absolute rheoreaction velocity of Opsariichthys bidens showed a significant positive correlation with body length (P<0.05). The absolute critical swimming speeds of Leuciscus waleckii Dybowski and Opsariichthys bidens were (0.99±0.20) and (0.96±0.14) m/s, respectively, and the relative critical swimming speeds were (9.30±1.14) and (10.07±1.47) BL/s, respectively. Both absolute and relative critical swimming speeds of Leuciscus waleckii Dybowski were significantly positively correlated with body length (P<0.05). For both species, tail-beat frequency, body wave velocity, and maximum head angle velocity increased with flow velocity, while tail-beat amplitude and maximum head angle decreased with increasing flow velocity. The body wave length of Leuciscus waleckii Dybowski at 2 BL/s was significantly higher than that under the other two swimming velocitys (P<0.05), whereas the body wave length of Opsariichthys bidens showed no significant change with increasing flow velocity (P>0.05). Among the ecological behavioral indicators, tail-beat frequency, maximum head angle velocity, and body wave velocity showed the strongest correlations with swimming speed, suggesting their central role in propulsion. For fish-passage designs targeting Leuciscus waleckii Dybowski and Opsariichthys bidens, we recommended an entrance velocity of 0.9—1.2 m/s for upstream collection vessels and an internal velocity of 0.1—0.9 m/s within the collection chamber. This study quantifies the swimming ability and key swimming behavioral characteristics of two representative fish-passage target species, providing a reference for the design and optimization of fish passage facilities.

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水利枢纽工程过鱼设施的设计主要依赖于目标鱼类的游泳行为参数。本研究以工程主要过鱼对象瓦氏雅罗鱼(Leuciscus waleckii Dybowski)和马口鱼(Opsariichthys bidens)为研究目标, 测试了2种鱼的感应流速和临界游泳速度, 并分析了3种游泳速度(2、4和6 BL/s)下, 实验鱼在顶流静止时的摆尾频率、摆尾幅度、身体波动速度、身体波长、鱼头最大转角和鱼头最大转角速度等生态行为指标。结果表明: 瓦氏雅罗鱼和马口鱼的绝对感应流速分别为(0.06±0.01)和(0.11±0.03) m/s, 相对感应流速分别为(0.55±0.11)和(1.11±0.27) BL/s。瓦氏雅罗鱼绝对感应流速及相对感应流速均与其体长呈显著负相关(P<0.05), 马口鱼绝对感应流速与其体长呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。瓦氏雅罗鱼和马口鱼的绝对临界游泳速度分别为(0.99±0.20)和(0.96±0.14) m/s, 相对临界游泳速度分别为(9.30±1.14)和(10.07±1.47) BL/s。瓦氏雅罗鱼绝对临界游泳速度及相对临界游泳速度均与其体长呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。2种鱼的摆尾频率、身体波动速度和鱼头最大转角速度均随着流速增大而升高, 摆尾幅度和鱼头最大转角均随着流速增大而下降。瓦氏雅罗鱼的身体波长在2 BL/s下显著高于另2个流速(P<0.05), 而马口鱼的身体波长随着流速增加没有显著性变化(P>0.05)。在几种生态行为指标中, 摆尾频率、鱼头最大转角速度和身体波动速度与游泳速度的关联系数最大, 可推测以上3种行为是为鱼游泳过程提供推动力的主要指标。以瓦氏雅罗鱼和马口鱼为主要过鱼目标时, 建议上行集运鱼船入口设计流速为0.9—1.2 m/s, 集鱼箱内部设计流速为0.1—0.9 m/s。本文探讨了2种典型工程过鱼对象的游泳能力及关键游泳行为特征, 研究结果可为过鱼设施的设计与优化提供参考依据。

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涂志英, 女, 博士, 教授; 研究方向为生态水利。E-mail:
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赵月月(1998—), 女, 硕士研究生; 研究方向为生态水利。E-mail:

, authorsList=赵月月, 曹海涛, 柯森繁, 杨森, 李冬晴, 谭均军, 石小涛, 郭辉, 涂志英)}, authors=[Author(id=1259824990451524604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824977205912389, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=1945857190@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1259824990896119817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824977205912389, authorId=1259824990451524604, language=EN, stringName=Yue-Yue ZHAO, firstName=Yue-Yue, middleName=null, lastName=ZHAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1College of Biology and Pharmacy, Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
2Hubei Provincial International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Fish Passage Technology, Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
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2三峡大学湖北省鱼类过坝技术国际科技合作基地, 宜昌 443002
3长江科学院水力学研究所, 武汉 430010, bio={"content":"

赵月月(1998—), 女, 硕士研究生; 研究方向为生态水利。E-mail:

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赵月月(1998—), 女, 硕士研究生; 研究方向为生态水利。E-mail:

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The Journal of Experimental Biology, 1995, 198(Pt 2): 585-602., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259825052682412695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824977205912389, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=54, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=金志军, 陈小龙, 王从锋, 等. 应用于鱼道设计的马口鱼(Opsariichthys bidens)游泳能力 [J]. 生态学杂志, 2017, 36(9): 2678-2684.], articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259825052858573465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824977205912389, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=55, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jin Z J, Chen X L, Wang C F, et al. 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ABC indicates the differences in the ecological behavior indicators of Leuciscus waleckii Dybowski with flow velocity, and abc indicates the differences in the ecological behavior indicators of Opsariichthys bidens with flow velocity; Different letters indicate significant differences

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The ellipses in the figure represent the 95% confidence intervals

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Morphological parameters of the experimental fish

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鱼名
Fish name
数量
Quantity (尾)
体长
Body length (cm)
体长范围
Body length range (cm)
叉长
Fork length (cm)
全长
Full length (cm)
湿重
Wet weight (g)
水温
Water temperature (℃)
瓦氏雅罗鱼
Leuciscus waleckii Dybowski
2010.47±1.228.1—11.911.63±1.2712.85±1.3916.25±5.3520.93±0.74
马口鱼
Opsariichthys bidens
279.53±0.917.72—10.9910.44±0.9911.42±1.0610.52±2.9421.18±0.55
), ArticleFig(id=1259825030247080339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824977205912389, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验鱼的形态学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
鱼名
Fish name
数量
Quantity (尾)
体长
Body length (cm)
体长范围
Body length range (cm)
叉长
Fork length (cm)
全长
Full length (cm)
湿重
Wet weight (g)
水温
Water temperature (℃)
瓦氏雅罗鱼
Leuciscus waleckii Dybowski
2010.47±1.228.1—11.911.63±1.2712.85±1.3916.25±5.3520.93±0.74
马口鱼
Opsariichthys bidens
279.53±0.917.72—10.9910.44±0.9911.42±1.0610.52±2.9421.18±0.55
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Correlation and ranking of six ecological behavior indicators with flow velocity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
游泳动力学指标
Swimming dynamics indicator
瓦氏雅罗鱼
Leuciscus waleckii Dybowski
马口鱼
Opsariichthys bidens
关联系数
Correlation coefficient
排名
Rank
关联系数
Correlation coefficient
排名
Rank
摆尾频率
Tail beat frequency
0.73810.6712
摆尾幅度
Tail beat amplitude
0.60660.6166
鱼头最大转角
Maximum head angle
0.60940.6175
鱼头最大转角速度
Maximum head angle speed
0.67230.6831
身体波动速度
Body wave velocity
0.68120.6703
身体波长
Body wave length
0.60850.6434
), ArticleFig(id=1259825031081746848, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824977205912389, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

6种生态行为指标与流速的关联度结果和排名

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
游泳动力学指标
Swimming dynamics indicator
瓦氏雅罗鱼
Leuciscus waleckii Dybowski
马口鱼
Opsariichthys bidens
关联系数
Correlation coefficient
排名
Rank
关联系数
Correlation coefficient
排名
Rank
摆尾频率
Tail beat frequency
0.73810.6712
摆尾幅度
Tail beat amplitude
0.60660.6166
鱼头最大转角
Maximum head angle
0.60940.6175
鱼头最大转角速度
Maximum head angle speed
0.67230.6831
身体波动速度
Body wave velocity
0.68120.6703
身体波长
Body wave length
0.60850.6434
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黄河中游古贤水利枢纽工程2种鲤科过鱼对象游泳行为研究
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赵月月 1, 2, 3 , 曹海涛 4 , 柯森繁 2 , 杨森 2 , 李冬晴 2 , 谭均军 2 , 石小涛 2 , 郭辉 3 , 涂志英 1
水生生物学报 | 水生生物行为 2026,50(5): 052604-30-052604-38
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水生生物学报 | 水生生物行为 2026, 50(5): 052604-30-052604-38
黄河中游古贤水利枢纽工程2种鲤科过鱼对象游泳行为研究
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赵月月1, 2, 3 , 曹海涛4, 柯森繁2, 杨森2, 李冬晴2, 谭均军2, 石小涛2, 郭辉3, 涂志英1
作者信息
  • 1三峡大学生物与制药学院, 宜昌 443002
  • 2三峡大学湖北省鱼类过坝技术国际科技合作基地, 宜昌 443002
  • 3长江科学院水力学研究所, 武汉 430010
  • 4黄河勘测规划设计研究院有限公司, 郑州 450003
  • 赵月月(1998—), 女, 硕士研究生; 研究方向为生态水利。E-mail:

通讯作者:

涂志英, 女, 博士, 教授; 研究方向为生态水利。E-mail:
SWIMMING BEHAVIOR OF TWO CYPRINID FISH SPECIE AT THE GUXIAN WATER CONTROL PROJECT IN THE MIDDLE REACHES OF THE YELLOW RIVER
Yue-Yue ZHAO1, 2, 3 , Hai-Tao CAO4, Sen-Fan KE2, Sen YANG2, Dong-Qing LI2, Jun-Jun TAN2, Xiao-Tao SHI2, Hui GUO3, Zhi-Ying TU1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Biology and Pharmacy, Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
  • 2Hubei Provincial International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Fish Passage Technology, Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
  • 3Institute of Hydrology, Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan 430010, China
  • 4Yellow River Survey, Planning and Design Research Institute Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450003, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0378
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水利枢纽工程过鱼设施的设计主要依赖于目标鱼类的游泳行为参数。本研究以工程主要过鱼对象瓦氏雅罗鱼(Leuciscus waleckii Dybowski)和马口鱼(Opsariichthys bidens)为研究目标, 测试了2种鱼的感应流速和临界游泳速度, 并分析了3种游泳速度(2、4和6 BL/s)下, 实验鱼在顶流静止时的摆尾频率、摆尾幅度、身体波动速度、身体波长、鱼头最大转角和鱼头最大转角速度等生态行为指标。结果表明: 瓦氏雅罗鱼和马口鱼的绝对感应流速分别为(0.06±0.01)和(0.11±0.03) m/s, 相对感应流速分别为(0.55±0.11)和(1.11±0.27) BL/s。瓦氏雅罗鱼绝对感应流速及相对感应流速均与其体长呈显著负相关(P<0.05), 马口鱼绝对感应流速与其体长呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。瓦氏雅罗鱼和马口鱼的绝对临界游泳速度分别为(0.99±0.20)和(0.96±0.14) m/s, 相对临界游泳速度分别为(9.30±1.14)和(10.07±1.47) BL/s。瓦氏雅罗鱼绝对临界游泳速度及相对临界游泳速度均与其体长呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。2种鱼的摆尾频率、身体波动速度和鱼头最大转角速度均随着流速增大而升高, 摆尾幅度和鱼头最大转角均随着流速增大而下降。瓦氏雅罗鱼的身体波长在2 BL/s下显著高于另2个流速(P<0.05), 而马口鱼的身体波长随着流速增加没有显著性变化(P>0.05)。在几种生态行为指标中, 摆尾频率、鱼头最大转角速度和身体波动速度与游泳速度的关联系数最大, 可推测以上3种行为是为鱼游泳过程提供推动力的主要指标。以瓦氏雅罗鱼和马口鱼为主要过鱼目标时, 建议上行集运鱼船入口设计流速为0.9—1.2 m/s, 集鱼箱内部设计流速为0.1—0.9 m/s。本文探讨了2种典型工程过鱼对象的游泳能力及关键游泳行为特征, 研究结果可为过鱼设施的设计与优化提供参考依据。

感应流速  /  临界游泳速度  /  瓦氏雅罗鱼  /  马口鱼  /  游泳行为

The construction of the Guxian Water Control Project causes blockage of river sections, hindering population exchange between fish upstream and downstream across the dam. Fish passage facilities can mitigate this barrier, and detailed knowledge of fish swimming behavior is critical for their effective design. This study targeted two main fish species for the project: Leuciscus waleckii Dybowski and Opsariichthys bidens-and tested their induced velocity and critical swimming speed. The study also analyzed ecological behavioral indicators including tail-beat frequency, tail-beat amplitude, body wave velocity, body wave length, maximum head angle, and maximum head angle velocity during upstream swimming at three swimming velocitys (2, 4, and 6 BL/s). The results showed that the absolute induced velocities of Leuciscus waleckii Dybowski and Opsariichthys bidens were (0.06±0.01) and (0.11±0.03) m/s, respectively, with corresponding relative values of (0.55±0.11) and (1.11±0.27) BL/s. The absolute and relative rheoreaction velocities of Leuciscus waleckii both exhibited significant negative correlations with body length (P<0.05), whereas the absolute rheoreaction velocity of Opsariichthys bidens showed a significant positive correlation with body length (P<0.05). The absolute critical swimming speeds of Leuciscus waleckii Dybowski and Opsariichthys bidens were (0.99±0.20) and (0.96±0.14) m/s, respectively, and the relative critical swimming speeds were (9.30±1.14) and (10.07±1.47) BL/s, respectively. Both absolute and relative critical swimming speeds of Leuciscus waleckii Dybowski were significantly positively correlated with body length (P<0.05). For both species, tail-beat frequency, body wave velocity, and maximum head angle velocity increased with flow velocity, while tail-beat amplitude and maximum head angle decreased with increasing flow velocity. The body wave length of Leuciscus waleckii Dybowski at 2 BL/s was significantly higher than that under the other two swimming velocitys (P<0.05), whereas the body wave length of Opsariichthys bidens showed no significant change with increasing flow velocity (P>0.05). Among the ecological behavioral indicators, tail-beat frequency, maximum head angle velocity, and body wave velocity showed the strongest correlations with swimming speed, suggesting their central role in propulsion. For fish-passage designs targeting Leuciscus waleckii Dybowski and Opsariichthys bidens, we recommended an entrance velocity of 0.9—1.2 m/s for upstream collection vessels and an internal velocity of 0.1—0.9 m/s within the collection chamber. This study quantifies the swimming ability and key swimming behavioral characteristics of two representative fish-passage target species, providing a reference for the design and optimization of fish passage facilities.

Induced velocity  /  Critical swimming speed  /  Leuciscus waleckii Dybowski  /  Opsariichthys bidens  /  Swimming behavior
赵月月, 曹海涛, 柯森繁, 杨森, 李冬晴, 谭均军, 石小涛, 郭辉, 涂志英. 黄河中游古贤水利枢纽工程2种鲤科过鱼对象游泳行为研究. 水生生物学报, 2026 , 50 (5) : 052604-30 -052604-38 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0378
Yue-Yue ZHAO, Hai-Tao CAO, Sen-Fan KE, Sen YANG, Dong-Qing LI, Jun-Jun TAN, Xiao-Tao SHI, Hui GUO, Zhi-Ying TU. SWIMMING BEHAVIOR OF TWO CYPRINID FISH SPECIE AT THE GUXIAN WATER CONTROL PROJECT IN THE MIDDLE REACHES OF THE YELLOW RIVER[J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2026 , 50 (5) : 052604-30 -052604-38 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0378
黄河古贤水利枢纽工程位于黄河中游北干流碛口至禹门口河段、壶口瀑布上游约10 km处, 坝址多年平均径流量209.5亿m3, 左岸为山西省吉县, 右岸为陕西省宜川县, 在水沙调控体系中具有承上启下、难以替代的作用。古贤水利枢纽在发挥防洪减淤, 水资源调控的同时, 也破坏了河流的连通性[1], 阻碍了鱼类自然洄游, 威胁着鱼类种群的健康和稳定。鱼类洄游不仅有助于鱼类寻找适宜的繁殖和觅食场所, 还能促进不同种群间的基因流动, 增强物种的生存能力, 对于维持种群的遗传多样性和适应性至关重要。修建过鱼设施被认为是减缓电站对洄游鱼类影响的有效措施。为了确保过鱼设施的合理有效, 有必要开展过鱼对象的游泳行为研究[2], 以提高目标鱼通过过鱼设施成功率。表征鱼类游泳行为的指标有很多, 如游泳能力、游泳模式和生态行为指标等[3], 游泳能力通常包括感应流速、临界游泳速度和暴发游泳速度[4], 其中感应流速是指鱼类能够感知并产生趋流反应的最低速度, 通常用于过鱼设施内部最低流速, 临界游泳速度作为评价鱼类最大可持续有氧运动的参数, 主要用于过鱼设施池室与休息室等低流速区的流速设计[5]。生态行为指标通常包括摆尾频率、摆尾幅度、身体波长和头部转角等, 有助于深入理解鱼类游泳的推进机理和能量消耗[6]。可作为池室流场、障碍物尺寸等设计的参考。
瓦氏雅罗鱼(Leuciscus waleckii Dybowski)为短距离洄游鱼类, 主要分布在黑龙江流域各水系, 黄河流域、达里诺尔湖也有分布但数量较少, 对高盐碱化水域适应性强[7]。马口鱼(Opsariichthys bidens)是一种繁殖能力较强的小型经济鱼类, 广泛分布于我国中东部山区的各大小江河溪流中。瓦氏雅罗鱼和马口鱼是古贤水利枢纽的主要过鱼目标鱼种。近年来, 由于大小型水坝的修建, 这2种鲤科鱼类的资源量急剧下降, 急需保护措施[8, 9]。然而, 关于瓦氏雅罗鱼和马口鱼游泳能力及游泳行为的相关研究较为匮乏。本研究通过测试瓦氏雅罗鱼和马口鱼的感应流速和临界游泳速度, 并分析不同流速下2种鱼的生态行为指标变化(摆尾、身体波动及转角等), 探讨流速和体长对鱼游泳行为的影响, 为过鱼设施设计提供参考。
瓦氏雅罗鱼和马口鱼于2024年4—5月采自黄河北干流下段古贤水利枢纽工程的库尾, 陕西省榆林市吴堡县地处于河段上下游10 km的区域(110.73°E—110.74°E、37.45°N—37.46°N), 采用人工捕捞、地笼、撒网等方式捕获, 选取健康的瓦氏雅罗鱼20尾及马口鱼27尾作为本次实验的测试对象, 形态学参数如表 1所示。捕获的实验鱼在暂养鱼池中暂养1周, 暂养期间全天不间断充氧, 每天更换曝气过的自来水为总水量的30%, 实验前48h禁食, 实验槽与暂养鱼池水温保持一致, 实验结束后样本鱼放生。
实验用丹麦Loligo System公司生产的游泳水槽SW10050进行临界游泳能力测试(图 1; https://www.loligosystems.com), 测试区长×宽×高为28 cm×7.5 cm×7.5 cm, 内置循环水槽容积为5 L。通过变频电机转速调节实验流速。实验前用Loligo水槽自带流速仪测试各电机频率所对应的流速, 得到流速和频率的关系图(图 2)。实验鱼的最大横截面积小于游泳区域截面积的10%, 可忽略阻挡效应的影响[10]。在水槽正上方安装摄像头记录鱼在实验过程中的游泳行为。
感应流速(Uind) 采用递增流速法对实验鱼进行感应流速测试。实验前先测量实验鱼的体长, 然后将单尾实验鱼放入测试区在0.5 BL/s流速下适应30min, 适应结束后开始测试, 将控制水流方向的螺旋桨反转, 每隔5s微调变频率以逐步增大流速, 当观察到实验鱼对水流做出反应, 调转鱼头朝向来流方向时即认定该流速为实验鱼的感应流速[5]
相对感应流速(${U}'_{\text{ind}} $, BL/s)由绝对感应流速除以实验鱼体长求得。
临界游泳速度(Ucrit) 采用递增流速法对实验鱼进行临界游泳速度测试。感应流速测试与临界游泳速度测试均在同一尾实验鱼上连续完成, 每尾实验鱼仅参与一次完整测试, 不进行重复使用, 在完成感应流速测试后, 实验鱼于0.5 BL/s流速下适应30min, 随后开展临界游泳速度测试。在测试过程中, 每隔20 min流速增加0.5 BL/s, 直至实验鱼疲劳。疲劳定义为实验鱼停靠在下游拦网20s不动[11]。测试结束后捞出测量叉长、全长、湿重等形态学参数。绝对临界游泳速度(Ucrit, cm/s)计算公式[12]:
$ {U}_{\text{crit}}={U}_{\max }+\frac{t}{\Delta t}\Delta U $
式中, Umax为实验鱼完成20min持续游泳时间的最大游速(cm/s), t为在最高流速下的游泳时间(min), Δt为流速递增改变的时间20min, ΔU为流速递增量(cm/s)。
相对临界游泳速度(${U}'_{\text{crit}} $, BL/s)由绝对临界游泳速度除以实验鱼体长求得。
水槽正上方架设高速摄像机(120 fps, GoPro Hero 5 Black, oPro Co., Ltd., American)记录每尾鱼在实验过程中的游泳行为。临界游泳速度测试结束后, 将实验视频导入视频处理软件格式工厂4.9.5中, 截取实验鱼在2、4和6 BL/s 流速工况下发生顶流静止(前后游动距离不超过5 cm)行为的视频。在每个流速工况下, 随机选取每尾鱼表现顶流静止行为的视频各3个, 2种鱼各随机选取10尾, 共180个视频。采用 Logger Pro 3.8.4软件, 利用手动跟踪技术对筛选的视频进行处理, 提取鱼类生态行为学指标: 摆尾频率(Hz)、摆尾幅度(cm)、身体波动速度(cm/s)、身体波长(cm)、鱼头最大转角(deg)和鱼头最大转角速度(rad/s)。摆尾频率是指在1s内鱼类摆尾周期的次数, 一个摆尾周期指的是鱼尾从最高点摆动到最低点再回到最高点的完整周期; 摆尾幅度是鱼尾左右摆动的最大幅度的1/2, 指从鱼尾部最高点到最低点之间的距离的一半[13, 14]; 身体波动速度是鱼头部到鱼尾部波动的时间与体长的比值; 身体波长是指身体波动速度与摆尾频率的比值; 鱼头最大转角是指鱼头部能达到的最大转动角度; 鱼头最大转角速度指最大的瞬时鱼头转角速度绝对值, 计算公式[15]:
$ {\omega }_{\text{head}}=\frac{\Delta {\theta }_{\text{head}}}{\Delta {t}_{\text{head}}} $
式中, ωbead为鱼头最大转角速度(rad/s), Δθhead为相邻时刻鱼头和水槽中轴线之间的瞬时夹角差(rad), Δthead为鱼头运动相邻时刻时间差(s)。
实验数据采用Microsoft Excel 2016软件进行处理和统计, 采用SPSS 27软件进行分析, Origin 2022软件进行绘图。采用双变量相关分析(Bivariate correlation)检验2项游泳能力指标与体长之间的相关关系, 并对数据进行线性相关性函数拟合。对生态行为学指标首先进行正态性检验(Shapiro-Wilk)和方差齐性检验(Levene), 在满足统计前提条件的情况下, 采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)比较不同游泳速度下各生态行为学指标的差异。统计值均以平均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示, P<0.05代表显著性差异。使用灰色关联分析法(GRA)和主成分分析法(PCA)分析不同流速下2种实验鱼生态行为学指标差异, GRA是在小样本、贫信息下, 将因素之间发展趋势的相似或相异程度作为衡量系统内部因素之间关联程度的一种方法, 结果用关联系数衡量, 当两个因素变化的趋势具有同步性或同步性较高时, 关联系数越大, 关联程度越高[16, 17]。PCA是用于实现多变量间关联关系衡量的统计方法, 它通常采用降维的方法将每个数据点投影到前几个主成分上, 以获得低维数据, 并最大程度不丢失原评估指标信息[18]
瓦氏雅罗鱼的绝对感应流速为0.04—0.07 m/s, 平均绝对感应流速为(0.06±0.01) m/s, 相对感应流速为0.38—0.77 BL/s, 平均相对感应流速为(0.55±0.11) BL/s。马口鱼的绝对感应流速为0.01—0.14 m/s, 平均绝对感应流速为(0.11±0.03) m/s, 相对感应流速为0.13—1.42 BL/s, 平均相对感应流速为(1.11±0.27) BL/s。如图 3所示, 瓦氏雅罗鱼绝对感应流速与其体长呈显著负相关(P<0.05), 拟合关系式: $ {U}_{\text{ind}}= -0.01BL+0.09\;({R}^{2}=0.23,P \lt 0.05) $, 马口鱼绝对感应流速与其体长呈显著正相关(P<0.05), 拟合关系式: $ {U}_{\text{ind}}=0.02BL-0.06\;({R}^{2} = 0.29,P \lt 0.05) $; 马口鱼相对感应流速与体长无显著性关系(P>0.05), 瓦氏雅罗鱼相对感应流速与其体长呈显著负相关(P<0.05), 拟合关系式: $ {U}'_{\text{ind}}=-0.09BL+1.47\;({R}^{2} = 0.71, P \lt 0.05) $
瓦氏雅罗鱼绝对临界游泳速度为0.67—1.28 m/s, 平均绝对临界游泳速度为(0.99±0.20) m/s, 相对临界游泳速度为7.20—10.82 BL/s, 平均相对临界游泳速度为(9.30±1.14) BL/s。马口鱼的绝对临界游泳速度为0.66—1.15 m/s, 平均绝对临界游泳速度为(0.96±0.14) m/s, 相对临界游泳速度为7.11—13.28 BL/s, 平均相对临界游泳速度为(10.07±1.47) BL/s。如图 4所示, 瓦氏雅罗鱼绝对临界游泳速度与其体长呈显著正相关(P<0.05), 拟合关系式: $ {U}_{\text{crit}}=0.18BL- 0.95\;({R}^{2} = 0.87,P \lt 0.05) $, 马口鱼绝对临界游泳速度与体长无显著性关系(P>0.05); 瓦氏雅罗鱼相对临界游泳速度与其体长呈显著正相关(P<0.05), 拟合关系式: $ {U}'_{\text{crit}}=0.91BL-0.33\;({R}^{2} = 0.66,P \lt 0.05) $, 马口鱼相对临界游泳速度与体长无显著性关系(P>0.05)。
分析瓦氏雅罗鱼和马口鱼在2、4和6 BL/s游泳速度下, 发生顶流静止时的生态行为学指标发现: 瓦氏雅罗鱼的摆尾频率、身体波动速度均随着流速的变化有显著性差异(P<0.05), 摆尾幅度、身体波长和鱼头最大转角速度在2 BL/s游泳速度下与4和6 BL/s游泳速度下有显著性差异(P<0.05), 但4和6 BL/s游泳速度下没有显著性差异(P>0.05); 鱼头最大转角在2和6 BL/s 游泳速度下有显著性差异(P<0.05); 其中摆尾幅度、身体波长和鱼头最大转角随着流速增大而下降, 摆尾频率、身体波动速度和鱼头最大转角速度随着流速增大而升高。马口鱼的摆尾幅度随着流速的变化有显著性差异(P<0.05); 摆尾频率和身体波动速度在2和6 BL/s游泳速度下有显著性差异(P<0.05); 鱼头最大转角在2 BL/s游泳速度下与4和6 BL/s游泳速度下有显著性差异(P<0.05), 但4和6 BL/s游泳速度之间没有显著性差异(P>0.05); 鱼头最大转角速度在6 BL/s游泳速度下与2和4 BL/s游泳速度下有显著性差异(P<0.05), 但2和4 BL/s游泳速度之间没有显著性差异(P>0.05); 其中摆尾幅度和鱼头最大转角随着流速增大而下降, 摆尾频率、身体波动速度和鱼头最大转角速度随着流速增大而升高, 马口鱼的身体波长随着流速增加没有显著性变化(P>0.05; 图 5)。
为进一步判断各生态行为指标受水流速度的影响程度, 分别对2种鱼的6种生态行为指标进行GRA分析(表 2), 统一采用初值法处理。结果显示, 在3种不同游泳速度下, 瓦氏雅罗鱼的摆尾频率和流速的关联系数最大, 身体波动速度次之; 马口鱼的鱼头最大转角速度和流速的关联系数最大, 摆尾频率次之。摆尾频率、鱼头最大转角速度和身体波动速度3种生态行为指标和流速的关联系数较大, 但各指标之间的关联系数差异均较小。
由于2种鱼组内(同种鱼的6种生态行为指标与流速) 6种生态行为指标与流速的关联性有所差别, 为进一步分析组间(2种鱼)差异, 本研究使用PCA对2种鱼的上述6种生态行为指标开展组间研究。将这些数据根据鱼的种类分为2组: 瓦氏雅罗鱼和马口鱼。PCA结果如图 6所示, 成分1 (PC1)和成分2 (PC2)的方差贡献率分别为49.0%和21.6%。摆尾频率、身体波动速度、鱼头最大转角速度和PC1的相关性较高且呈正相关, 身体波长与PC1的相关性次于上述3个指标, 呈负相关。摆尾幅度和鱼头最大转角与PC2的相关性较高, 瓦氏雅罗鱼的置信椭圆显著大于马口鱼, 表示瓦氏雅罗鱼的数据方差更大, 与GRA的结果一致。
鱼类的游泳能力不仅与其自身形态参数密切相关, 也受到外部环境条件的显著影响。已有研究表明, 体长和体重较大的鱼类在游泳过程中通常能够产生更大的推进力, 从而表现出较强的游泳能力[19]; 同时, 背鳍、腹鳍、胸鳍和尾鳍等鳍条的形态特征与长度差异也会对鱼类的游泳性能产生重要影响[20]; 此外, 环境因素同样是制约鱼类游泳能力的重要方面, 例如冷水性鱼类如鲑(Salmo salar)更适于低温条件下游泳, 而热带鱼类在较高水温环境中往往具有更强的游泳能力[21]。本研究在室内游泳能力测试水槽测定了瓦氏雅罗鱼和马口鱼的感应流速。结果表明: 瓦氏雅罗鱼和马口鱼的绝对感应流速分别为0.04—0.07和0.01—0.14 m/s, 相对感应流速分别为0.38—0.77和0.13—1.42 BL/s。在体长相近的条件下, 马口鱼的感应流速整体高于瓦氏雅罗鱼, 且从单位体长尺度来看, 马口鱼对水流变化的感知能力更强, 表明其对流速变化具有更高的敏感性, 这可能与马口鱼长期栖息于中上游急流环境有关, 其需要通过更敏锐的流速感应能力来维持身体位置平衡并及时调整游泳姿态[22], 而瓦氏雅罗鱼主要分布于水流相对较缓的砂砾底质水域, 对瞬时流速变化的感应需求相对较低[23]。临界游泳速度是Brett于1964年首次提出的重要指标, 被广泛用于表征鱼类最大可持续有氧游泳能力, 通常采用递增流速法进行测定[24]。本研究结果显示: 瓦氏雅罗鱼和马口鱼的绝对临界游泳速度分别为0.67—1.28和0.66—1.15 m/s, 相对临界游泳速度分别为7.20—10.82和7.11—13.28 BL/s。瓦氏雅罗鱼的绝对临界游泳速度略高于马口鱼, 这一方面与2种鱼的体长差异有关, 另一方面也可能与其生态习性和生理适应性密切相关。瓦氏雅罗鱼是典型的冷水性鱼类, 能够耐受碱度53.57 mmol/L、pH 9.69的极端水质条件[25], 其对环境的高度适应性可能与较强的游泳能力有关。然而, 从相对临界游泳速度来看, 马口鱼(10.07±1.47) BL/s高于瓦氏雅罗鱼(9.30±1.14) BL/s, 反映出其在单位体长尺度下具备更高的游泳效率和急流适应潜力, 这一结果与蔡露等[26]基于4446尾鲤科鱼类游泳能力数据得出“喜流水型>广适型>喜静水型”结论一致。此外, 已有研究表明, 鱼类的身体形态及鳍条结构会通过影响水动力特性而对游泳稳定性和推进方式产生重要影响[19, 20]。在本研究中, 瓦氏雅罗鱼具有相对较长的背鳍及腹鳍起点偏前的形态特征, 这种构型可能有利于其在较高流速条件下维持姿态稳定, 从而实现持续游动; 相比之下, 马口鱼体型更为细长, 更适于在复杂急流环境中进行快速姿态调整和机动游动, 与其喜流水型鱼类的生态习性相符。
游泳行为是鱼类应对环境变化最直观的表现形式, 当鱼类感知到水流速度发生变化时, 往往会表现出相应的游泳行为响应[2729], 而这些行为变化通常伴随着新陈代谢水平的调整, 进而引起机体能量需求的变化[30]。本研究结果表明, 随着流速增加, 瓦氏雅罗鱼和马口鱼均表现出摆尾频率、身体波动速度和鱼头最大转角速度的上升, 而摆尾幅度和鱼头最大转角呈下降趋势, 说明鱼类在适应较高流速条件时倾向于采用更高频率、更紧凑的运动模式, 以维持游动过程中的稳定性。在具体指标表现上, 瓦氏雅罗鱼的身体波长随流速增加而减小, 而马口鱼的身体波长变化不显著, 表明两种鱼类在能量分配方式和推进策略上存在一定差异。GRA和PCA分析结果进一步表明, 在所选取的6种生态行为指标中, 摆尾频率、鱼头最大转角速度和身体波动速度与流速的关联性较强, 是受流速变化影响较为显著的关键行为参数。从行为机理角度分析, 摆尾频率是鱼体产生推进力的核心参数, 鱼类可通过提高摆尾频率来抵消外界水流阻力, 从而维持或提升前进速度, 该指标能够较好地反映鱼类的巡游能力和耐力水平[31, 32]; 鱼头最大转角速度则体现了鱼体在水流环境中的机动性和姿态稳定能力, 头部摆动速度的增加有助于鱼类在流速变化条件下维持平衡并及时调整游动方向, 对逃避、觅食及抗流游动过程中的姿态控制具有重要意义[33, 34]; 身体波动速度与鱼类的运动模式及推进效率密切相关, 其增大可增强尾鳍的推水效应, 从而为鱼类在高流速环境中的持续游泳提供动力支持[35, 36], 上述行为参数的协同变化, 使鱼类在不同流速条件下呈现出差异化的游泳能力及适应策略。
为了给鱼类提供洄游通道, 古贤水利枢纽工程拟采用集运鱼船作为活动过鱼设施。在进行集运鱼船入口流速设计时, 会利用较大的水流吸引并帮助鱼类找到集运鱼船入口, 若入口流速过大, 会对过鱼对象形成流速障碍; 若入口流速过小, 则对过鱼对象的吸引力不足。上行集运鱼船入口设计流速应大于主要过鱼对象的最小临界游泳速度且小于主要过鱼对象的最小暴发游泳速度。马口鱼的暴发游泳速度通常是临界游泳速度的1.25倍左右[37], 因此当以瓦氏雅罗鱼和马口鱼为主要过鱼对象时, 建议上行集运鱼船入口设计流速0.9—1.2 m/s; 为保证鱼在集鱼箱中有足够的活性, 需要进行一定的流水刺激, 建议上行集鱼箱内部的流速设计大于主要过鱼对象的最大感应流速且小于主要过鱼对象的最小临界游泳速度, 当以上述2种鱼为主要过鱼对象时, 建议上行集鱼箱内部设计流速为0.1—0.9 m/s。
本研究测试了2种工程过鱼对象的游泳能力, 分析了其在游泳过程中对游泳推动力影响最大的行为指标, 研究结果为集运鱼船的设计提供了理论指导和数据支撑。本文只研究了20℃水温下的游泳行为, 而鱼在洄游过程中季节水温、昼夜节律、水文情势等因素均发生变化, 未来研究应考虑多种环境因素对游泳行为的影响。此外, 野外捕获的鱼类样本有限, 未来还应探明不同发育阶段鱼类游泳行为特征差异性, 并结合游泳过程中的能量消耗与水流阻力, 以全面了解鱼类的运动机理, 为过鱼设施的普适性设计提供更为全面的科学依据。
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2026年第50卷第5期
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doi: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0378
  • 接收时间:2025-10-29
  • 首发时间:2026-05-09
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-29
  • 修回日期:2026-01-16
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    1三峡大学生物与制药学院, 宜昌 443002
    2三峡大学湖北省鱼类过坝技术国际科技合作基地, 宜昌 443002
    3长江科学院水力学研究所, 武汉 430010
    4黄河勘测规划设计研究院有限公司, 郑州 450003

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涂志英, 女, 博士, 教授; 研究方向为生态水利。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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