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The efficient underwater sensing and attack mechanisms of electric eels provide significant inspiration for the development of biomimetic equipment. To this end, this paper investigates the response strategies and discharge patterns of electric eels under various behavioral intents. By constructing specialized test scenarios and integrating behavioral recordings, data acquisition, and bio-electric field simulations, we systematically analyzed the correlation between attack/defense postures and discharge logic, as well as the corresponding discharge characteristics of electric organs. The results reveal that a curled attack posture enhances targeting efficiency through synergistic electric field and circuit interactions. Simulations indicate it can increase the voltage delivered to prey more than three times. Touch-based experiments further identified a deep-water passive defense mechanism through double/triple pulses. By comparing behavioral and electrogenic organ discharge (EOD) patterns in active and passive defense, this study concludes that active defense is suitable for shallow water, while passive defense is suitable for deep water environments, providing a more complete theoretical framework for understanding the different biological behaviors in electric eels.
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为探索电鳗(Electrophorus electricus)高效的水下探测与攻击机制, 本文研究了电鳗在不同行为意图下的应对策略及放电规律, 构建了专门的测试场景, 通过整合图像行为记录、数据采集与生物电场仿真, 系统分析了电鳗攻击/防御姿态与放电逻辑的关联及其对应的电器官放电特征。并从电场−电路协同的角度揭示了蜷曲攻击的优势, 通过仿真分析得到其能够将猎物受到的电压提高3倍以上。基于触碰实验, 本文揭示了一种深水环境下通过双/三脉冲进行防御的被动防御机制。通过比较主动与被动防御在行为表现和放电模式上的核心差异, 本研究得到主动防御适用于浅水环境, 而被动防御适用于深水环境这一结论, 为理解电鳗的不同生物行为提供了更完整的理论框架。
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武帅(1995—), 男, 博士; 研究方向为无人装备及无人系统技术、仿生工程。E-mail: wushuai@hit.edu.cn
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武帅(1995—), 男, 博士; 研究方向为无人装备及无人系统技术、仿生工程。E-mail: wushuai@hit.edu.cn
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电鳗攻击行为的图像采集与模拟分析a. Photographic record of curling behavior exhibited by electric eels on earthworms (top) and krill fixed on electrodes (bottom); b. Spatial distribution of electric field in the electric eel’s ordinary attack state; c. Distribution of electric field applied to the prey in the state of ordinary attack; d. Overall current density distribution and electric field distribution of current arrows in the normal attack state; e. Spatial distribution of the electric field in the curled-up attack state of the electric eel; f. Distribution of the electric field to which the prey is subjected in the curled-up attack state; g. Overall current density distribution and electric field distribution of current arrows in the curled-up attack state
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电鳗建模分析与 EOD 攻击数据整合a. Equivalent circuit of the regular attack mode of electric eels; b. 3D potential map under the regular attack mode; c. Equivalent circuit of the curled attack mode of electric eels; d. 3D potential map under the curled attack mode; e. Sequence of pictures showing electric eels biting the electrode; f. Relationship between pulse time interval and voltage amplitude; g. Relationship between pulse frequency and voltage amplitude; h. Collected waveforms from the experiment of electric eels biting the electrode; i. Graph of the relationship between pulse sequence and duration; j. Graph of the relationship between pulse sequence and frequency
, figureFileSmall=DFw/LV7ox4EWM7kLqr8OlA==, figureFileBig=k3YYaGa4D4EdlokqsPrN0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259825017198600460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824982146802552, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
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电鳗防御模式分析与实验验证a. Schematic and equivalent circuit diagram of the touching electric eel; b. Double pulse emitted by passive defense of electric eel captured in touch experiment; c. The touch experiment captured the triple pulse emitted by the passive defense of electric eels; d. Current density distribution of the electric eel leaping 0.1 m out of the water; e. Leap-up attack phenomenon of active defense of electric eel captured when simulating shallow water environment; f. The fitted curve of the correspondence between the average current density experienced by the human body and the height of the electric eel during the whole leaping process
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