Article(id=1259824977709228876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0354, pmid=null, cstr=32229.14.SSSWXB.2025.0354, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760112000000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-11, revisedDate=1767542400000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778295281101, onlineDateStr=2026-05-09, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778295281101, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778295281101, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778295281101, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259824976404800325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, year='2026', volume='50', issue='5', pageStart='052601-1', pageEnd='052618-200', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778295280791, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778295467894, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259825761310073651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259825761310073652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=052607-58, endPage=052607-64, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259824980003513173, articleId=1259824977709228876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, language=EN, title=COMPARSION OF THE INDUCTION VELOCITY BETWEEN NARROW ENDEMIC AND WIDESPREAD FISHES IN THE GENUS PSEUDORASBORA AND ITS CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS FOR PSEUDORASBORA ELONGATE, columnId=1259824977411433288, journalTitle=Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, columnName=Aquatic Animal Behaviour, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to find out the difference of rheotaxis between narrow range species Pseudorasbora elongata and widespread species Pseudorasbora parva, and whether differences in flow sensitivity contribute to their contrasting distribution patterns, with the aim of informing conservation measures for P. elongata. In this study, we examined the induction velocity for P. elongata and P. parva with the increasing velocity protocol. The results showed that absolute induction velocity (AIF) was (2.88±1.00), (6.81±1.20), (9.63±2.28) cm/s, and relative induction velocity (RIF) was (0.47±0.11), (0.83±0.11), (1.09±0.24) BL/s for body length of 5.0—6.9, 7.0—8.4, 8.5—9.0 cm for P. elongate, respectively. Both AIF and RIF differed significantly among length groups (P<0.05). The AIF and RIF for body length of 5.0—6.9, 7.0—7.9, 8.0—9.0 cm was (5.25±0.82), (7.34±0.46), (7.91±1.03) cm/s, and (0.83±0.10), (0.98±0.06), (0.94±0.10) BL/s for P. parva, respectively. Except for the groups between 7.0—7.9 cm and 8.0—9.0 cm, there were significant differences in AIF and RIF between the other body length groups (P<0.05). The AIF and RIF were positively correlated with body length for both two species (P<0.001). Independent-samples t test showed that the AIF and RIF of P. elongata were significantly lower than that of P. parva (P<0.05). The greater sensitivity of the narrow-ranged P. elongata to water flow, compared to the widespread P. parva, is likely a key factor constraining its distribution. Therefore, conservation of P. elongata habitats should fully account for its rheotactic characteristics. River realignment should follow natural variations in channel width and morphology while meeting flood-discharge safety requirements. In addition, in the sections where the P. elongata has been distributed, the density of lower head dams should be reduced to maximize free-flowing intervals, and removal should be considered where feasible.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Meng-Qi LIAO, Yu-Xi LIAN, Zhi-Hua ZHONG, Yi-Jun LI, Ming DUAN, Xiao-Ge YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1259824984613053332, articleId=1259824977709228876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, language=CN, title=麦穗鱼属狭域种与广布种的感应流速比较及长麦穗鱼保护启示, columnId=1259824978225128273, journalTitle=水生生物学报, columnName=水生生物行为, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为明确狭域种长麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora elongata)和广布种麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)的趋流性差异, 以及是否因此导致其适应性的不同, 为长麦穗鱼保护提供科学依据。以二者为研究对象, 采用递增流速法对其感应流速进行测量。结果表明: 长麦穗鱼[体长(7.7±1.3) cm]的绝对感应流速为(2.88±1.00)—(9.63±2.28) cm/s, 相对感应流速为(0.47±0.11)—(1.09±0.24) BL/s, 不同体长组间绝对感应流速和相对感应流速均存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。麦穗鱼[体长(7.2±0.9) cm]的绝对感应流速为(5.25±0.82)—(7.91±1.03) cm/s, 相对感应流速为(0.83±0.10)—(0.94±0.10) BL/s, 除7.0—7.9与8.0—9.0 cm体长组外, 其余各体长组间绝对感应流速与相对感应流速均存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。两种麦穗鱼的绝对感应流速、相对感应流速与体长间均呈极显著正相关(P<0.001)。长麦穗鱼的绝对感应流速及相对感应流速均显著性低于麦穗鱼(P<0.05), 表明狭域种长麦穗鱼比广布种麦穗鱼对水流有更高的敏感性, 这可能是长麦穗鱼分布区域狭窄的重要原因之一。因此, 在长麦穗鱼栖息地的保护中, 应充分考虑其趋流性特征。在满足安全行洪的条件下, 河道整治应遵循河道的自然宽窄变化和起伏, 避免线型渠化。此外, 在长麦穗鱼分布河段, 尽量降低水坝密度, 增大水坝间隔。

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杨晓鸽(1987— ), 女, 副教授; 研究方向为鱼类生态学。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《水生生物学报》编辑部, copyrightOwner=北京中科期刊出版有限公司, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=wSDelmc1ZE3NYb0VJQaIWg==, magXml=D6IXefr92ce2ldn3MeuYfw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=+inOTHx6D+HY0E3qc5KjpQ==, pdfFileSize=855464, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=bM9sH8h3TIYwPLXgDJ7BIA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=XhJ4gP2BVxWOmQv9/NUiqw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

廖梦绮(2001—), 女, 硕士研究生; 研究方向为鱼类行为学。E-mail:

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*represents P<0.05; **represents P<0.01; The same applies below

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麦穗鱼属狭域种与广布种的感应流速比较及长麦穗鱼保护启示
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廖梦绮 1 , 连玉喜 1, 2 , 钟志华 1 , 李翊君 1 , 段明 3 , 杨晓鸽 1, 2
水生生物学报 | 水生生物行为 2026,50(5): 052607-58-052607-64
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水生生物学报 | 水生生物行为 2026, 50(5): 052607-58-052607-64
麦穗鱼属狭域种与广布种的感应流速比较及长麦穗鱼保护启示
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廖梦绮1 , 连玉喜1, 2, 钟志华1, 李翊君1, 段明3, 杨晓鸽1, 2
作者信息
  • 1安庆师范大学生命科学学院, 安庆 246133
  • 2水生生物保护与水生态修复安徽省高等学校工程技术研究中心, 安庆 246133
  • 3中国科学院水生生物研究所, 武汉 430072
  • 廖梦绮(2001—), 女, 硕士研究生; 研究方向为鱼类行为学。E-mail:

通讯作者:

杨晓鸽(1987— ), 女, 副教授; 研究方向为鱼类生态学。E-mail:
COMPARSION OF THE INDUCTION VELOCITY BETWEEN NARROW ENDEMIC AND WIDESPREAD FISHES IN THE GENUS PSEUDORASBORA AND ITS CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS FOR PSEUDORASBORA ELONGATE
Meng-Qi LIAO1 , Yu-Xi LIAN1, 2, Zhi-Hua ZHONG1, Yi-Jun LI1, Ming DUAN3, Xiao-Ge YANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Life Science, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246133, China
  • 2Engineering Technology Research Center for Aquatic Organism Conservation and Water Ecosystem Restoration in University of Anhui Province, Anqing 246133, China
  • 3Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0354
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为明确狭域种长麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora elongata)和广布种麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)的趋流性差异, 以及是否因此导致其适应性的不同, 为长麦穗鱼保护提供科学依据。以二者为研究对象, 采用递增流速法对其感应流速进行测量。结果表明: 长麦穗鱼[体长(7.7±1.3) cm]的绝对感应流速为(2.88±1.00)—(9.63±2.28) cm/s, 相对感应流速为(0.47±0.11)—(1.09±0.24) BL/s, 不同体长组间绝对感应流速和相对感应流速均存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。麦穗鱼[体长(7.2±0.9) cm]的绝对感应流速为(5.25±0.82)—(7.91±1.03) cm/s, 相对感应流速为(0.83±0.10)—(0.94±0.10) BL/s, 除7.0—7.9与8.0—9.0 cm体长组外, 其余各体长组间绝对感应流速与相对感应流速均存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。两种麦穗鱼的绝对感应流速、相对感应流速与体长间均呈极显著正相关(P<0.001)。长麦穗鱼的绝对感应流速及相对感应流速均显著性低于麦穗鱼(P<0.05), 表明狭域种长麦穗鱼比广布种麦穗鱼对水流有更高的敏感性, 这可能是长麦穗鱼分布区域狭窄的重要原因之一。因此, 在长麦穗鱼栖息地的保护中, 应充分考虑其趋流性特征。在满足安全行洪的条件下, 河道整治应遵循河道的自然宽窄变化和起伏, 避免线型渠化。此外, 在长麦穗鱼分布河段, 尽量降低水坝密度, 增大水坝间隔。

广布种  /  狭域种  /  感应流速  /  长麦穗鱼  /  麦穗鱼

In order to find out the difference of rheotaxis between narrow range species Pseudorasbora elongata and widespread species Pseudorasbora parva, and whether differences in flow sensitivity contribute to their contrasting distribution patterns, with the aim of informing conservation measures for P. elongata. In this study, we examined the induction velocity for P. elongata and P. parva with the increasing velocity protocol. The results showed that absolute induction velocity (AIF) was (2.88±1.00), (6.81±1.20), (9.63±2.28) cm/s, and relative induction velocity (RIF) was (0.47±0.11), (0.83±0.11), (1.09±0.24) BL/s for body length of 5.0—6.9, 7.0—8.4, 8.5—9.0 cm for P. elongate, respectively. Both AIF and RIF differed significantly among length groups (P<0.05). The AIF and RIF for body length of 5.0—6.9, 7.0—7.9, 8.0—9.0 cm was (5.25±0.82), (7.34±0.46), (7.91±1.03) cm/s, and (0.83±0.10), (0.98±0.06), (0.94±0.10) BL/s for P. parva, respectively. Except for the groups between 7.0—7.9 cm and 8.0—9.0 cm, there were significant differences in AIF and RIF between the other body length groups (P<0.05). The AIF and RIF were positively correlated with body length for both two species (P<0.001). Independent-samples t test showed that the AIF and RIF of P. elongata were significantly lower than that of P. parva (P<0.05). The greater sensitivity of the narrow-ranged P. elongata to water flow, compared to the widespread P. parva, is likely a key factor constraining its distribution. Therefore, conservation of P. elongata habitats should fully account for its rheotactic characteristics. River realignment should follow natural variations in channel width and morphology while meeting flood-discharge safety requirements. In addition, in the sections where the P. elongata has been distributed, the density of lower head dams should be reduced to maximize free-flowing intervals, and removal should be considered where feasible.

Narrow ranged species  /  Widespread species  /  Induction velocity  /  Pseudorasbora elongata  /  Pseudorasbora parva
廖梦绮, 连玉喜, 钟志华, 李翊君, 段明, 杨晓鸽. 麦穗鱼属狭域种与广布种的感应流速比较及长麦穗鱼保护启示. 水生生物学报, 2026 , 50 (5) : 052607-58 -052607-64 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0354
Meng-Qi LIAO, Yu-Xi LIAN, Zhi-Hua ZHONG, Yi-Jun LI, Ming DUAN, Xiao-Ge YANG. COMPARSION OF THE INDUCTION VELOCITY BETWEEN NARROW ENDEMIC AND WIDESPREAD FISHES IN THE GENUS PSEUDORASBORA AND ITS CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS FOR PSEUDORASBORA ELONGATE[J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2026 , 50 (5) : 052607-58 -052607-64 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0354
长麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora elongata)为我国特有的小型鱼类, 仅分布于长江中下游水系的建德、石台和祁门, 以及西江水系的阳朔和桂林[1, 2]。长麦穗鱼自然种群较小, 受人为活动的影响, 其种群处于下降趋势, 分布区域也日渐萎缩, 《中国脊椎动物红色名录》将其列为易危种[3]。目前, 在长麦穗鱼原产地之一的皖南山区, 为防洪和水资源调控而实施的河道整治及低头水坝建设, 显著改变了溪流原有的水动力特征[4, 5], 长麦穗鱼栖息地很可能因此遭到破坏, 因而种群衰退。其原产地之一的阊江上游部分河道整治后, 长麦穗鱼从原有河段消失[4]
作为典型的狭域分布物种, 长麦穗鱼在长期的地理隔离过程中, 很可能形成了与其特定生境相适应的生理与行为特征 [6]。狭域物种往往对环境变动更为敏感, 一旦栖息条件发生变化, 其种群易迅速衰退, 灭绝风险显著高于广布种[6, 7]。因此, 揭示长麦穗鱼的关键生境适应机制, 尤其是对水动力环境的响应特性, 是实施有效保护的基础。与其同属的麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)则分布广泛, 除其东亚自然分布区外, 西欧、东欧和北美的诸多地区都是其适宜生存的区域[8]。目前, 麦穗鱼已经入侵到32个国家[9]。二者虽系统发育关系密切, 但生态位与分布格局迥异——长麦穗鱼局限于山间溪流[1], 而麦穗鱼多见于江河湖泊的缓流或静水区域[8, 9]。这种分布差异提示, 二者对水流环境的感知与适应能力可能存在关键分歧。
鱼类在长期的进化过程中, 其索饵、生殖、防御、洄游和形态等方面的许多特性都要与水流相适应。因此发展出各自的水流感知系统, 这种特性使得鱼类能够通过感知水流方向和速度调整自身的游泳速度和方向[10]。由于进化过程中的环境选择压力, 不同生活习性的鱼类对水流的感觉和反应通常存在明显差异[11], 如同属近缘种黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)和瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachellii)[12, 13]。感应流速是鱼类刚刚能够产生趋流反应的流速值[14], 其大小可以反映鱼类对水流感觉的灵敏程度, 是量化鱼类水流敏感性的关键指标, 可直接反映其对水动力环境的适应特征。鉴于此, 本研究拟通过比较长麦穗鱼与其广布近缘种麦穗鱼的感应流速, 定量解析二者对水流敏感性的差异, 进而探讨长麦穗鱼对水动力条件的特殊适应机制。研究结果旨在为阐明长麦穗鱼的生境需求提供生理行为依据, 并为受损溪流生态系统的修复及长麦穗鱼种群保护策略的制定提供理论参考。
实验用长麦穗鱼和麦穗鱼均来自新安江上游地笼网收集样品, 测试前在实验室循环水系统中暂养2周。循环水系统采用曝气自来水, 水温控制在(20±1)℃, 通过气泵增氧, 确保溶解氧不低于7 mg/L。随机各抽取45尾健康正常个体开展研究, 测试前禁食24h。
感应流速测试采用的测试水槽如图 1所示, 测试水槽呈环形, 体积为90 L, 测试区体积为30 L, 规格为75 cm×20 cm×20 cm。整个实验水槽置于一个较大的玻璃缸内, 实验水槽和玻璃缸内充满水, 外部连接电动机, 通过变频器调节电动机转速实现对实验水槽内水流速度的精确控制。测试区前端设有环形蜂窝状稳流装置, 以保证流畅稳定。测试区流速的标定采用墨水示踪法, 用注射器在测试区上游注入一滴红墨水, 用高速相机记录墨水在测试区中的前进过程, 结合测试区长度和墨水的扩散耗时计算水流速度。以1 Hz递进测试, 每种频率测试5次。
用Prism 9.0软件建立实验水槽水流速度(y)与变频器频率(x)之间的线性关系式(图 2): y=0.4796x−3.2088 (R2=0.9476)。根据线性关系式来间接确定实验对象的感应流速。
本研究感应流速的测定采用“递增流速法”。首先将单尾实验鱼置于实验水槽的测试区, 以0.5 BL/s的流速使其适应10min, 然后将流速调至0, 使测试对象的头部朝向与测试区的流向一致, 让测试对象稳定5s, 然后以1 Hz为递增量(递增速度约为0.5 cm/s), 5s为递增时间, 通过变频器调整测试区的水流速度。当实验鱼对水流作出反应并调转方向时(即开始逆流运动时), 记录此时测试区的流速, 该流速即为测试对象的绝对感应流速(Absolutely induction velocity, AIF, cm/s)。相对感应流速(Relatively induction velocity, RIF, BL/s; BL为体长)为绝对感应流速与鱼类自身体长的相对值。实验结束将测试对象移出设备, 测量体长和体重。测试过程中水槽内水温保持(20±1)℃, 测试间隙进行曝气增氧, 使水槽内溶解氧不低于7 mg/L。
采用Z-score标准化方法, 对原始数据进行处理。在正态或近似正态分布的数据中, 偏离均值超过3个标准差的数值, 可被视为小概率的异常值。因此将与平均值偏差超过3倍标准差的数值视为偏差过大数据予以剔除。长麦穗鱼和麦穗鱼不同体长组间感应流速的比较, 首先对数据进行正态性检验和方差齐性检验, 对符合正态分布和具有方差齐性的数据采用One Way ANOVA检验, 如存在差异, 再采用LSD (Least Significant Difference)法进行组间多重比较; 对符合正态分布但不具有方差齐性的数据采用Welch ANOVA Test, 如存在差异, 再采用Games-Howell Test进行组间多重比较。两种麦穗鱼种间和相同体长组感应流速的比较, 对符合正态分布和具有方差齐性的数据采用独立样本t检验, 不符合正态分布或方差不齐的数据采用Mann Whitney检验。采用Pearson相关分析(Pearson correlation)检验2种麦穗鱼绝对感应流速和相对感应流速与各自体长之间的关系。本研究中所有统计分析均在R4.0.2[15]中完成。
剔除偏差过大数据后, 长麦穗鱼有效数据为35组, 体长为5.0—9.0 cm, 均值为(7.7±1.3) cm; 麦穗鱼有效数据为41组, 体长为5.3—8.9 cm, 均值为(7.2±0.9) cm。
两种麦穗鱼不同体长组的感应流速见图 3。体长5.0—6.9、7.0—8.4和8.5—9.0 cm长麦穗鱼的绝对感应流速分别为(2.88±1.00)、(6.81±1.20)和(9.63±2.28) cm/s; 相对感应流速分别为(0.47±0.11)、(0.83±0.11)和(1.09±0.24) BL/s。不同体长组长麦穗鱼的绝对感应流速和相对感应流速均存在显著性差异(图 3)。体长越长, 其绝对感应流速和相对感应流速也越高。体长5.0—6.9、7.0—7.9和8.0—9.0 cm麦穗鱼的绝对感应流速分别为(5.25±0.82)、(7.34±0.46)和(7.91±1.03) cm/s; 相对感应流速分别为(0.83±0.10)、(0.98±0.06)和(0.94±0.10) BL/s。其中5.0—6.9 cm体长组与7.0—7.9 cm体长组、8.0—9.0 cm体长组均存在显著性差异, 但7.0—7.9 cm体长组与8.0—9.0 cm体长组不存在显著性差异(P>0.05)。麦穗鱼的绝对感应流速也呈现出随体长增大而增高的趋势, 但不同体长组相对感应流速趋势不明显。
Pearson相关分析结果显示, 在测试体长范围内, 2种麦穗鱼的绝对感应流速、相对感应流速与体长均呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.001)。与相对感应流速相比, 绝对感应流速与体长间具有更高的相关系数, 即体长对绝对感应流速具有更好的解释能力。此外, 与麦穗鱼相比, 长麦穗鱼的绝对感应流速与体长间的相关系数更高。
基于2种麦穗鱼体长与感应流速的相关关系, 分别对二者的绝对感应流速、相对感应流速与体长开展非线性和线性回归模型拟合。结果表明, 采用非线性模型对长麦穗鱼感应流速与体长关系的拟合具有较好效果, 其绝对感应流速、相对感应流速与体长的非线性回归模型分别为y=0.1131e0.5022x (R2=0.8912)和y=0.0552e0.3353x (R2=0.8119); 采用线形模型对麦穗鱼感应流速与体长关系的拟合具有较好效果, 其绝对感应流速、相对感应流速与体长的线性回归模型分别为y=1.367x–3.266 (R2=0.8037)和y=0.0681x+0.4148 (R2=0.3372; 图 4)。
独立样本t检验结果表明, 总体上, 长麦穗鱼和麦穗鱼的绝对感应流速存在显著性差异(P<0.05), 二者相对感应流速则存在极显著差异(P<0.001)。长麦穗鱼和麦穗鱼的感应流速差异主要体现在小个体(5.0—6.9 cm)与中型个体(7.0—7.9 cm)。大型个体(8.0—9.0 cm)间, 二者的绝对感应流速及相对感应流速均不存在显著性差异(P>0.05; 图 5)。
本研究中, 长麦穗鱼和麦穗鱼的绝对感应流速都随着体长的增加而增大。鱼类对水流速度的感知主要来自侧线系统, 侧线系统以分散在身体不同部位的神经丘为基础, 在鱼类与水流发生相对位移时感觉水流运动[1619]。在鱼类生长过程中, 侧线管神经丘与外界的接触面积随着个体发育的进行逐渐减小[19, 20]。因此, 幼鱼可能比成鱼对水流更加敏感。此外, 从流体力学角度, 在流速相同的情况下, 形状类似的物体, 体积越小, 其单位体积受到的水流推力越大, 因此, 体型较小的鱼类更容易被水流推移[21]。在长期的自然选择和进化适应过程中, 幼鱼为防止被水流从栖息地冲走, 必须具备更低的绝对感应流速。由此呈现出同种鱼类的绝对感应流速随体长的增大而升高的趋势。除本研究外, 白甲鱼(Onychostoma simum)、光倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus hollandi)和红尾副鳅(Paracobitis variegates)等多种鱼类的绝对感应流速均随体长增大而增大[13, 2125]
鱼类相对感应流速随体长变化的趋势并不明确, 大部分研究发现鱼类的相对感应流速都随着体长的增加而减小[12, 2125]。在本研究中, 长麦穗鱼和麦穗鱼的相对感应流速都随着体长的增加而增大, 光泽黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus nitidus)、大眼鳜(Siniperca knerii)和灰裂腹鱼(Schizothorax griseus)的相对感应流速与体长也呈正相关关系[21, 26]。还有部分鱼类的相对感应流速则与体长无显著相关性[12, 22, 24, 27]。尽管大部分鱼类的绝对感应流速都随体长的增加呈升高趋势, 但不同鱼类绝对感应流速增加的速率相对于体长增加的速率却存在差异, 因而导致不同鱼类的相对感应流速与体长间存在不同的相关性。
长麦穗鱼的绝对感应流速要显著低于麦穗鱼。鱼类绝对感应流速的种间差异普遍存在[2126], 如生活于同一生境的短尾高原鳅(Triplophysa brevicauda)与齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)、重口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax davidi)[24]。尽管鱼类对水流速度的感知和趋流反应都主要与侧线系统有关, 但不同鱼类侧线系统的结构与组成既有多样性又有特殊性[18, 28, 29]
鱼类感应流速种间差异的形成源于环境选择的压力。在演化过程中, 其趋流性与环境不断协调和适应, 最终导致不同生活习性的鱼类对水流的感觉和反应产生差异[11, 30]。鱼类对水流的感应与防御、导航、索饵、生殖和洄游等密切相关。溪流性鱼类要防止被水流冲走, 洄游性鱼类需要依靠流速的存在和大小来判断其洄游路线, 因此, 通常来讲, 溪流鱼类的趋流性比栖息在缓流或静水中的鱼类强, 表层洄游性鱼类的趋流性则要强于底层鱼类[14, 31]。栖息于流水或湍流生境的鱼类往往侧线管网更复杂、浅表神经丘更少, 定居性或静态水体生活的鱼类则与之相反[16, 19]。环境选择压力促使鱼类结构发生异化[18, 28], 这种差异不仅体现在种间, 即使种类相同, 生境差异也会导致不同群体的水流感知系统产生变化。例如海洋生活型与淡水生活型三刺棘鱼(Gasterosteus aculeatus)的侧线管道分支和神经丘密度均存在差异[32]。长麦穗鱼和麦穗鱼虽为同属近缘种, 但栖息环境迥异。长麦穗鱼栖息于皖南及西江水系的山间溪流[1]; 麦穗鱼则常栖息于江河湖泊, 偏好缓流或静水区域[8, 9], 因此栖息于溪流的长麦穗鱼对水流速度较麦穗鱼更为敏感。
由于气候变化和人为干扰等因素的影响, 生物多样性正急速降低[33], 其中一个重要体现就是一些分布范围狭窄的珍稀特有物种的快速减少[34, 35]。人类活动干扰对狭域种和广布种有着截然不同的影响, 狭域种的分布范围会被压缩, 而广布种的分布范围则得到扩展[36, 37]。狭域种长期在地理隔离的特定的区域内独立进化, 逐渐形成了独特的生理结构和生态习性[4], 其对人为活动的干扰会更加敏感[4, 5]。在栖息地受到人为扰动之后, 会面临更高的灭绝风险[36, 38]。因此, 狭域种的保护对于生物多样性保护至关重要。长麦穗鱼是我国的珍稀特有物种, 其较同属但广泛分布的麦穗鱼具有更低的感应流速, 说明其在进化过程中对水流产生了更高的敏感性, 这种特性与皖南山区溪流的特定环境相适应。但其栖息地的河道整治和低头水坝工程改变了溪流原有的水动力特征: 河道整治使激流浅滩消失, 低头水坝则使溪流成为静态水体, 其适宜栖息地因此遭到破坏, 进而导致种群衰退。阊江上游部分河道整治后长麦穗鱼从原有河段消失也佐证了这一点[4]。因此, 栖息地水动力特征的维持是长麦穗鱼保护的关键因素之一, 在皖南山区的溪流整治和水资源开发利用的过程中, 应充分考虑长麦穗鱼的趋流性特征。在满足安全行洪的条件下, 河道整治应遵循河道的自然宽窄变化和高低错落起伏, 避免长距离直线型渠化。此外, 在长麦穗鱼分布河段, 尽量降低水坝密度, 增大水坝间隔, 有条件的可对水坝进行拆除。
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2026年第50卷第5期
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doi: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0354
  • 接收时间:2025-10-11
  • 首发时间:2026-05-09
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-11
  • 修回日期:2026-01-05
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    1安庆师范大学生命科学学院, 安庆 246133
    2水生生物保护与水生态修复安徽省高等学校工程技术研究中心, 安庆 246133
    3中国科学院水生生物研究所, 武汉 430072

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杨晓鸽(1987— ), 女, 副教授; 研究方向为鱼类生态学。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/ssswxb/CN/10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0354
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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