Article(id=1259824978413892533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0346, pmid=null, cstr=32229.14.SSSWXB.2025.0346, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1759161600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-30, revisedDate=1767542400000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778295281269, onlineDateStr=2026-05-09, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778295281269, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778295281269, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778295281269, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259824976404800325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, year='2026', volume='50', issue='5', pageStart='052601-1', pageEnd='052618-200', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778295280791, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778295467894, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259825761310073651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259825761310073652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=052611-102, endPage=052611-113, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259824980422964155, articleId=1259824978413892533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, language=EN, title=STRUCTURAL RESPONSES OF THE FOOD WEB UNDER FISHING BAN IN THE TAILRACE OF THE THREE GORGES RESERVOIR, columnId=1259824980112585657, journalTitle=Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, columnName=Ten-year Fishing Ban on the Yangtze River, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The functional restoration of large river ecosystems represents a significant global challenge. The “Ten-Year Fishing Ban” implemented across the Yangtze River Basin, a large-scale ecological intervention, offers an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the recovery processes in a highly regulated aquatic ecosystem. This study aimed to comprehensively explore structural changes in the fish community food web in the tailrace of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) after the fishing ban. We focused on two hydro-morphologically distinct river sections, the downstream Fuling section and the upstream Mudong section, to analyze the spatio-temporal responses of the food web. Our methodology integrated stable isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N), an advanced Bayesian Isotope Mixing Model (BIMM) incorporating trophic-level constraints and prior dietary information, and food web topological analysis. Fish and basal food source samples were collected before (2018—2019) and after (2023) the ban implementation. Our results reveal that although species richness recovered similarly in both sections (increasing to 36 species each), food web restructuring followed two divergent pathways shaped by local habitat. The food web exhibited “vertical deepening”: connectance decreased from 0.085 to 0.070 and generalization index from 2.55 to 2.44, indicating more specialized trophic interactions. Concurrently, an expanded δ15N range (10.94‰ to 11.51‰) reflected food chain elongation, and the proportion of omnivorous species rose from 58.3% to 65.5%. These shifts, together with an increased piscivorous diet in the key predator Siniperca kneri, support a top-down recovery cascade driven by restored predator populations. In contrast, the riverine Mudong section underwent “bottom-up reorganization” toward a flatter structure: connectance increased from 0.070 to 0.077 and the generalization index from 2.21 to 2.69, suggesting more generalized feeding links. However, this was accompanied by a compressed δ15N range (11.77‰ to 10.47‰), indicating a shorter food chain, and a decline in omnivory from 65.4% to 55.2%. Isotopic data revealed greater reliance on terrestrial C3 plant-derived carbon sources. The diet of the key predator, Culter alburnus, shifted from 78.9% to 64.9%, reflecting increased use of lower-trophic-level resources. This pattern suggests that the recovery was primarily driven by enhanced primary production and terrestrial organic matter inputs, facilitated by stronger land-water coupling and Flood Pulse Concept. In conclusion, ecological recovery after a major conservation intervention such as the fishing ban is not uniform; trajectory depends on local environmental conditions such as flow velocity and floodplain connectivity. These findings underscore the critical importance of assessing functional attributes like food web structure alongside biodiversity metrics. This research provides a crucial scientific foundation for developing and implementing spatially differentiated, adaptive management in the Yangtze River Basin to improve the effectiveness of large-scale conservation efforts.

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为探究禁渔后三峡库区库尾食物网结构变化趋势, 本研究围绕三峡库区库尾两个典型江段, 通过整合碳、氮稳定同位素、贝叶斯混合模型与食物网拓扑分析等方法, 系统解析了禁渔前后鱼类群落食物网结构的时空响应。研究发现, 尽管禁渔后两江段的物种丰富度均得到恢复(物种数均增至36种), 但其食物网的结构调整呈现出两种不同模式。下游江段的食物网趋向垂直深化: 其连接度(0.085降至0.070)与泛化指数(2.55降至2.44)下降, 表明营养关系更专化; 而δ15N跨度增加(食物链拉长)且杂食性比例显著上升(58.3%增至65.5%), 指向由顶级捕食者恢复驱动的食物网恢复模式。相反, 上游江段的食物网连接度(0.070增至0.077)与泛化指数(2.21增至2.69)增加, 表明物种间联系更普遍; 但δ15N跨度压缩(食物链缩短)且杂食性比例大幅下降(65.4%降至55.2%), 同时关键捕食者翘嘴鲌的鱼类食源占比下降(78.9%降至64.9%), 共同指向由低营养级资源驱动的结构调整恢复模式。结果表明, 禁渔后河流的生态恢复并非单一模式, 而可能是一个受局部生境影响的异质性过程。这些发现凸显了在生态恢复过程中关注食物网功能的重要性, 可为长江流域实施空间差异化的适应性管理策略提供关键科学依据。

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段辛斌, 研究员; 研究方向为渔业资源。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《水生生物学报》编辑部, copyrightOwner=北京中科期刊出版有限公司, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=KCcymVVhV3Ack2vVB0d4ew==, magXml=JT6DUPfKYrF2MJitCzcF9A==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=tGUxOV6G+c5qwiAzdtNqFQ==, pdfFileSize=4007606, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=UiKOIFy59QcY0ex4iA2fhA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=RU/O2rS6acFq1HvHFdQn/A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

温子杰(2002—), 男, 硕士研究生; 研究方向为水生食物网结构。E-mail:

邓华堂(1985—), 男, 博士; 研究方向为鱼类生态学。E-mail:  *共同第一作者

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Habitat characteristics of the upper Yangtze River reserve and fish diversity based on eDNA metabarcoding [D]. Chongqing: Chongqing Jiaotong University, 2024: 29-34. [, articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259825058495738534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824978413892533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=57, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Thornton K W, Kimmel B L, Payne F E. Reservoir Limnology: Ecological Perspectives [M]. John Wiley & Sons, 1991., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259825058659316392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824978413892533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=58, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Junk W J, Bayley P B, Sparks R E. The flood pulse concept in river-floodplain systems [J]. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 1989, 106(1): 110-127., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259825060618056362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824978413892533, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=59, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cachera M, Ernande B, Villanueva M C, et al. Individual diet variation in a marine fish assemblage: Optimal Foraging Theory, Niche Variation Hypothesis and functional identity [J]. 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Colors represent different river sections, with ellipses indicating 95% confidence regions

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In the upper panel, scatter points represent posterior distribution samples; diamonds and adjacent values indicate posterior means; white horizontal lines denote medians; box shading from dark to light represents 95%, 75%, and 50% credible intervals, respectively (contribution threshold >0.01); In the lower panel, percentages represent the relative contribution of each food category to the total identified diet (normalized to 100%)

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Environmental characteristics of the sampled river sections

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江段
Species
流速Flow
velocity (m/s)
横截面积
Cross-section area (m2)
叶绿素a
Chl. a (μg/L)
溶解氧
DO (mg/L)
透明度
Transparency (m)
总磷TP
(mg/L)
总氮TN
(mg/L)
木洞Mudong0.39±0.1510814±46084.36±1.079.06±0.700.90±0.550.23±0.071.32±0.16
涪陵Fuling0.21±0.0727481±71696.2±2.488.48±0.651.26±0.690.41±0.071.57±0.11
), ArticleFig(id=1259825039743005172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824978413892533, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

采样江段环境特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
江段
Species
流速Flow
velocity (m/s)
横截面积
Cross-section area (m2)
叶绿素a
Chl. a (μg/L)
溶解氧
DO (mg/L)
透明度
Transparency (m)
总磷TP
(mg/L)
总氮TN
(mg/L)
木洞Mudong0.39±0.1510814±46084.36±1.079.06±0.700.90±0.550.23±0.071.32±0.16
涪陵Fuling0.21±0.0727481±71696.2±2.488.48±0.651.26±0.690.41±0.071.57±0.11
), ArticleFig(id=1259825039923360248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824978413892533, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Species code reference table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号Number种类Species拉丁学名Latin name编号Number种类Species拉丁学名Latin name
鲱形目Clupeiformes
鳀科Engraulidae
7短颌鲚Coilia nasus
鲤形目Cypriniformes
鲤科Cyprinidae
1Parabramis pekinensis19翘嘴鲌Culter alburnus
2Hemiculter leucisculus20蛇鮈Saurogobio dabryi
3草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus21似鳊Pseudobrama simoni
4赤眼鳟Squaliobarbus curriculus23铜鱼Coreius heterodon
9黑尾近红鲌Ancherythroculter nigrocauda25银鮈Squalidus argentatus
10厚颌鲂Megalobrama pellegrini26Aristichthys nobilis
11花䱻Hemibarbus maculatus27圆筒吻鮈Rhinogobio cylindricus
12黄尾鲴Xenocypris davidi29中华倒刺鲃Spinibarbus sinensis
13Carassius auratus31吻鮈Rhinogobio typus
14Cyprinus carpio32宜昌鳅鮀Gobiobotia filifer
15Hypophthalmichthys molitrix34圆口铜鱼Coreius guichenoti
16蒙古鲌Culter mongolicus mongolicus37棒花鱼Abbottina rivularis
18飘鱼Pseudolaubuca sinensis38团头鲂Megalobrama amblycephala
鳅科Cobitidae
33长薄鳅Leptobotia elongate36大鳞副泥鳅Paramisgurnus dabryanus
鲇形目Siluriformes
鲿科Bagridae
5大鳍鳠Mystus macropterus24瓦氏黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus vachelli
8光泽黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus nitidus28长吻鮠Leiocassis longirostris
鲇科Siluridae
17Silurus asotus
鮡科Sisoridae
35中华纹胸鮡Glyptothorax sinense
鲈形目Perciformes
鳜科Sinipercidae
6大眼鳜Siniperca kneri39Siniperca chuatsi
河鲈科Percidae
22梭鲈Sander lucioperca
虾虎鱼科Gobiidae
30子陵吻虾虎鱼Rhinogobius giurinus
沙塘鳢科Odontobutidae
40沙塘鳢Odontobutis obscurus
), ArticleFig(id=1259825040158241276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824978413892533, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

鱼种编号对照表

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编号Number种类Species拉丁学名Latin name编号Number种类Species拉丁学名Latin name
鲱形目Clupeiformes
鳀科Engraulidae
7短颌鲚Coilia nasus
鲤形目Cypriniformes
鲤科Cyprinidae
1Parabramis pekinensis19翘嘴鲌Culter alburnus
2Hemiculter leucisculus20蛇鮈Saurogobio dabryi
3草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus21似鳊Pseudobrama simoni
4赤眼鳟Squaliobarbus curriculus23铜鱼Coreius heterodon
9黑尾近红鲌Ancherythroculter nigrocauda25银鮈Squalidus argentatus
10厚颌鲂Megalobrama pellegrini26Aristichthys nobilis
11花䱻Hemibarbus maculatus27圆筒吻鮈Rhinogobio cylindricus
12黄尾鲴Xenocypris davidi29中华倒刺鲃Spinibarbus sinensis
13Carassius auratus31吻鮈Rhinogobio typus
14Cyprinus carpio32宜昌鳅鮀Gobiobotia filifer
15Hypophthalmichthys molitrix34圆口铜鱼Coreius guichenoti
16蒙古鲌Culter mongolicus mongolicus37棒花鱼Abbottina rivularis
18飘鱼Pseudolaubuca sinensis38团头鲂Megalobrama amblycephala
鳅科Cobitidae
33长薄鳅Leptobotia elongate36大鳞副泥鳅Paramisgurnus dabryanus
鲇形目Siluriformes
鲿科Bagridae
5大鳍鳠Mystus macropterus24瓦氏黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus vachelli
8光泽黄颡鱼Pelteobagrus nitidus28长吻鮠Leiocassis longirostris
鲇科Siluridae
17Silurus asotus
鮡科Sisoridae
35中华纹胸鮡Glyptothorax sinense
鲈形目Perciformes
鳜科Sinipercidae
6大眼鳜Siniperca kneri39Siniperca chuatsi
河鲈科Percidae
22梭鲈Sander lucioperca
虾虎鱼科Gobiidae
30子陵吻虾虎鱼Rhinogobius giurinus
沙塘鳢科Odontobutidae
40沙塘鳢Odontobutis obscurus
), ArticleFig(id=1259825040246321666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824978413892533, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Topological metrics of food web

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拓扑指标
Topological metric
涪陵
Fuling
木洞
Mudong
禁渔前
Pre-Ban
禁渔后
Post-Ban
禁渔前
Pre-Ban
禁渔后
Post-Ban
物种数S31363336
连接数L79887397
最大可能连接数LMax930126010561260
连接度D0.0850.0700.0700.077
平均泛化性Gen2.552.442.212.69
杂食性比例Omnivory58.3%65.5%65.4%55.2%
), ArticleFig(id=1259825040393122306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824978413892533, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

食物网拓扑结构指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拓扑指标
Topological metric
涪陵
Fuling
木洞
Mudong
禁渔前
Pre-Ban
禁渔后
Post-Ban
禁渔前
Pre-Ban
禁渔后
Post-Ban
物种数S31363336
连接数L79887397
最大可能连接数LMax930126010561260
连接度D0.0850.0700.0700.077
平均泛化性Gen2.552.442.212.69
杂食性比例Omnivory58.3%65.5%65.4%55.2%
), ArticleFig(id=1259825040573477382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824978413892533, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Identification of key predator species before the fishing ban

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江段 River section物种Species代码Code入度In-degree出度Out-degree总连接度Total degree
涪陵Fuling大眼鳜Siniperca kneri6505
翘嘴鲌Culter alburnus19404
短颌鲚Coilia brachygnathus7303
木洞Mudong翘嘴鲌Culter alburnus19404
短颌鲚Coilia brachygnathus7303
蒙古鲌Culter mongolicus mongolicus16303
), ArticleFig(id=1259825040753832459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824978413892533, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

禁渔前关键捕食种筛选

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
江段 River section物种Species代码Code入度In-degree出度Out-degree总连接度Total degree
涪陵Fuling大眼鳜Siniperca kneri6505
翘嘴鲌Culter alburnus19404
短颌鲚Coilia brachygnathus7303
木洞Mudong翘嘴鲌Culter alburnus19404
短颌鲚Coilia brachygnathus7303
蒙古鲌Culter mongolicus mongolicus16303
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MCMC convergence diagnostics (Gelman-Rubin statistic)

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b11.011.04
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MCMC收敛诊断结果 (Gelman-Rubin统计量)

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禁渔背景下三峡库区库尾食物网结构变化研究
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温子杰 1, 2 , 邓华堂 1 , 倪达富 1 , 谢伟 1 , 田辉伍 1 , 陈大庆 1 , 周春龙 3 , 段辛斌 1
水生生物学报 | 十年禁渔 2026,50(5): 052611-102-052611-113
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水生生物学报 | 十年禁渔 2026, 50(5): 052611-102-052611-113
禁渔背景下三峡库区库尾食物网结构变化研究
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温子杰1, 2 , 邓华堂1 , 倪达富1, 谢伟1, 田辉伍1, 陈大庆1, 周春龙3, 段辛斌1
作者信息
  • 1中国水产科学研究院长江水产研究所, 国家农业科学重庆观测实验站, 武汉 430223
  • 2中国农业科学院研究生院, 北京 100081
  • 3重庆市水产技术推广总站, 重庆 400200
  • 温子杰(2002—), 男, 硕士研究生; 研究方向为水生食物网结构。E-mail:

    邓华堂(1985—), 男, 博士; 研究方向为鱼类生态学。E-mail:  *共同第一作者

通讯作者:

段辛斌, 研究员; 研究方向为渔业资源。E-mail:
STRUCTURAL RESPONSES OF THE FOOD WEB UNDER FISHING BAN IN THE TAILRACE OF THE THREE GORGES RESERVOIR
Zi-Jie WEN1, 2 , Hua-Tang DENG1 , Da-Fu NI1, Wei XIE1, Hui-Wu TIAN1, Da-Qing CHEN1, Chun-Long ZHOU3, Xin-Bin DUAN1
Affiliations
  • 1National Agricultural Science Observing and Experimental Station of Chongqing; Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
  • 2Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
  • 3Chongqing Municipal General Station for Fisheries Technology Extension, Chongqing 400200, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0346
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为探究禁渔后三峡库区库尾食物网结构变化趋势, 本研究围绕三峡库区库尾两个典型江段, 通过整合碳、氮稳定同位素、贝叶斯混合模型与食物网拓扑分析等方法, 系统解析了禁渔前后鱼类群落食物网结构的时空响应。研究发现, 尽管禁渔后两江段的物种丰富度均得到恢复(物种数均增至36种), 但其食物网的结构调整呈现出两种不同模式。下游江段的食物网趋向垂直深化: 其连接度(0.085降至0.070)与泛化指数(2.55降至2.44)下降, 表明营养关系更专化; 而δ15N跨度增加(食物链拉长)且杂食性比例显著上升(58.3%增至65.5%), 指向由顶级捕食者恢复驱动的食物网恢复模式。相反, 上游江段的食物网连接度(0.070增至0.077)与泛化指数(2.21增至2.69)增加, 表明物种间联系更普遍; 但δ15N跨度压缩(食物链缩短)且杂食性比例大幅下降(65.4%降至55.2%), 同时关键捕食者翘嘴鲌的鱼类食源占比下降(78.9%降至64.9%), 共同指向由低营养级资源驱动的结构调整恢复模式。结果表明, 禁渔后河流的生态恢复并非单一模式, 而可能是一个受局部生境影响的异质性过程。这些发现凸显了在生态恢复过程中关注食物网功能的重要性, 可为长江流域实施空间差异化的适应性管理策略提供关键科学依据。

三峡库区  /  十年禁渔  /  稳定同位素  /  食物网  /  生态恢复

The functional restoration of large river ecosystems represents a significant global challenge. The “Ten-Year Fishing Ban” implemented across the Yangtze River Basin, a large-scale ecological intervention, offers an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the recovery processes in a highly regulated aquatic ecosystem. This study aimed to comprehensively explore structural changes in the fish community food web in the tailrace of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) after the fishing ban. We focused on two hydro-morphologically distinct river sections, the downstream Fuling section and the upstream Mudong section, to analyze the spatio-temporal responses of the food web. Our methodology integrated stable isotope analysis (δ13C and δ15N), an advanced Bayesian Isotope Mixing Model (BIMM) incorporating trophic-level constraints and prior dietary information, and food web topological analysis. Fish and basal food source samples were collected before (2018—2019) and after (2023) the ban implementation. Our results reveal that although species richness recovered similarly in both sections (increasing to 36 species each), food web restructuring followed two divergent pathways shaped by local habitat. The food web exhibited “vertical deepening”: connectance decreased from 0.085 to 0.070 and generalization index from 2.55 to 2.44, indicating more specialized trophic interactions. Concurrently, an expanded δ15N range (10.94‰ to 11.51‰) reflected food chain elongation, and the proportion of omnivorous species rose from 58.3% to 65.5%. These shifts, together with an increased piscivorous diet in the key predator Siniperca kneri, support a top-down recovery cascade driven by restored predator populations. In contrast, the riverine Mudong section underwent “bottom-up reorganization” toward a flatter structure: connectance increased from 0.070 to 0.077 and the generalization index from 2.21 to 2.69, suggesting more generalized feeding links. However, this was accompanied by a compressed δ15N range (11.77‰ to 10.47‰), indicating a shorter food chain, and a decline in omnivory from 65.4% to 55.2%. Isotopic data revealed greater reliance on terrestrial C3 plant-derived carbon sources. The diet of the key predator, Culter alburnus, shifted from 78.9% to 64.9%, reflecting increased use of lower-trophic-level resources. This pattern suggests that the recovery was primarily driven by enhanced primary production and terrestrial organic matter inputs, facilitated by stronger land-water coupling and Flood Pulse Concept. In conclusion, ecological recovery after a major conservation intervention such as the fishing ban is not uniform; trajectory depends on local environmental conditions such as flow velocity and floodplain connectivity. These findings underscore the critical importance of assessing functional attributes like food web structure alongside biodiversity metrics. This research provides a crucial scientific foundation for developing and implementing spatially differentiated, adaptive management in the Yangtze River Basin to improve the effectiveness of large-scale conservation efforts.

the Three Gorges Reservoir  /  Ten-Year Fishing Ban  /  Stable Isotopes  /  Food Web  /  Ecological Restoratio
温子杰, 邓华堂, 倪达富, 谢伟, 田辉伍, 陈大庆, 周春龙, 段辛斌. 禁渔背景下三峡库区库尾食物网结构变化研究. 水生生物学报, 2026 , 50 (5) : 052611-102 -052611-113 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0346
Zi-Jie WEN, Hua-Tang DENG, Da-Fu NI, Wei XIE, Hui-Wu TIAN, Da-Qing CHEN, Chun-Long ZHOU, Xin-Bin DUAN. STRUCTURAL RESPONSES OF THE FOOD WEB UNDER FISHING BAN IN THE TAILRACE OF THE THREE GORGES RESERVOIR[J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2026 , 50 (5) : 052611-102 -052611-113 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0346
食物网是生态系统内多种生物及其之间的营养关系所构建的网络, 描述了生态系统中不同个体间的相互作用关系及能量在物种间的流动过程, 是研究能量流动过程与物质循环规律的重要途径[1]。近年来的水生生态系统研究开始强调将食物网作为理解水生生态系统结构与功能的核心问题[2]。以往开展的水生生态系统食物网研究主要围绕胃(肠)含物分析法进行, 该方法的主要优势在于可以直观反映动物的食物组成, 但是该方法只能反映动物短期摄食信息[35]。相较于胃(肠)含物分析法, 稳定同位素分析(Stable Isotope Analysis, SIA)通过测定生物组织中相对恒定的C、N同位素比值, 能够揭示动物长期的营养整合信息, 为评估食物网的整体营养结构提供了更为全面的视角[6, 7]
三峡工程作为世界上最大的水利枢纽工程, 其运行深刻地改变了长江上游的水文与生态环境, 兼具防洪、发电等多种效益[8]。其形成的库区水系发达, 包含了众多重要支流[8]; 其中, 以木洞、涪陵为代表的库尾, 因其优越的自然条件, 是许多长江上游特有鱼类的理想栖息地[9]。在此背景下, 已有学者运用稳定同位素技术对库区食物网开展了研究, 例如, 陈薛伟杰[10]对比了库区干流与支流的食物网结构差异, 揭示了蓄水工程对生态系统的影响; 何春[8]探讨了库区干流不同江段鱼类食物网的时空差异及其环境驱动因素。
然而, 这些已有研究主要聚焦于水库运行这一长期压力下的系统状态。自2021年1月1日长江全流域十年禁渔政策实施以来, 鱼类资源人为捕捞压力减轻, 生态系统发生相应变化, 为探究生态系统在关键扰动解除后的恢复过程提供了重要契机。科学评估禁渔后的生态系统结构与功能变化, 对于推动长江沿岸经济带形成人与自然和谐共生的绿色发展新格局十分必要[11]。目前学术界尚不清楚禁渔这一新的、积极的干预, 将如何重塑一个已经受到大坝长期影响的复杂食物网。
在食物网研究相对薄弱的三峡库区库尾, 研究禁渔前后食物网的结构变化趋势对于量化分析相似生境食物网重塑过程具有重要意义。本研究基于禁渔前后在木洞与涪陵江段采集的鱼类及基础碳源样本, 运用稳定同位素技术、贝叶斯混合模型与食物网拓扑分析方法, 旨在系统探究禁渔前后库尾食物网拓扑结构的时空响应。研究核心在于对比分析关键拓扑指标的差异, 并解析不同江段在恢复路径上可能存在的异质性, 以期为三峡库区库尾食物网研究及禁渔效果的科学评估提供关键依据。
研究分别于2023年低水位时期(5—6月)、高水位时期(10—11月)在三峡库区库尾内涪陵江段与木洞江段(图 1)各进行一次鱼类资源调查, 禁渔前数据引用自何春[8]于2018—2019年在相同江段进行的调查研究。采样江段环境特征引用自何春同时期环境调查数据(表 1)。
为捕获不同种类与规格的鱼类样本, 调查网具使用定制刺网与地笼。两个江段的调查中每次使用的网具类型与数量均保持一致。其中, 定制刺网规格: 网目分为2、6、10和14 cm共4种规格, 网长均为50 m, 网高均为2 m; 地笼规格: 网目为0.80 cm, 网长为18 m, 网宽为0.45 m, 网高0.33 m。每个采样点位放置4种不同规格的定制刺网各2张, 地笼2套, 定置刺网放置于不同水层用于采集不同生活水层鱼类, 地笼补充采集底栖鱼类, 两种网具互相补充尽可能全面地采集各类生境鱼类。放网时间为调查期间每日17:00, 收网时间为次日7:00, 单次时长为14h。禁渔前调查采用了多网目组合网具进行主动捕捞, 其采样频次与时间与本研究基本保持一致。两者均遵循了多网目、多生境覆盖的采样原则, 能够有效捕获不同水层及规格的各类鱼种, 确保数据的代表性与可比性。收网后对采集到的每一尾鱼进行种类鉴定, 同时测量并记录体长、体重, 体长测量精确到1 mm, 体重测量精确到1 g。鱼类种类的鉴定主要参考《四川鱼类志》[12]与《中国动物志》[13, 14]。对于不能及时鉴定的鱼种用10%福尔马林溶液保存后带回实验室鉴定。每种鱼类选择3—5尾成年个体(标准体长以上)以减少因生长发育阶段不同导致的食性偏差, 将其用于稳定性同位素分析, 取其背部白色肌肉2—3 g, 用去离子水冲洗后, 在60℃下连续烘干至恒重, 烘干完成的肌肉样本用研磨成粉末后过100目筛网以保证均匀性并在干燥状态下保存。
本研究采集的虾蟹类及螺类均在地笼中采集, 采集到的虾蟹类及螺类在进行种类鉴定后取去除壳与内脏后的肌肉, 用去离子水冲洗干净后在60℃下连续烘干至恒重后研磨保存。于沿岸带采集上、中、下层水样并混合(混合水样能较好代表该区域水体颗粒有机物的平均同位素基准)并经过13#浮游生物网过滤去除浮游动物及杂质后滤至预烧的GF/C滤膜获取有机颗粒物Particulate organic matter (POM), 使用1 mol/L盐酸酸化去除碳酸盐影响后烘干至恒重研磨保存。使用13#与25#浮游生物网采集浮游动植物, 并过滤至预烧的GF/C滤膜, 使用相同方法酸化, 用去离子水冲洗后烘干研磨保存。附着藻类去除泥沙后烘干研磨保存。陆源植物在沿岸消落带进行采集, 主要选择优势种植物, 鉴定种类并采集新鲜叶片后先使用去离子水冲洗干净, 再烘干至恒重保存。本实验烘干操作均在恒温60℃条件下进行。
样本碳氮稳定同位素值测定过程中, 使用METTLER TOLEDO百万分之一精密天平称取3—5 mg样品粉末装入4 mm×4 mm×11 mm锡杯中进行包埋。碳氮稳定同位素值使用元素分析仪——连续流同位素比质谱联用系统进行测定(农业部西南耕地保育重点实验室, Vario Pyro Cube-IsoPrime 100 system)。所有样品的碳氮稳定同位素比值测定在西南大学资源环境学院进行。碳、氮稳定性同位素分析分别采用国际标准物质PDB (Pee Dee Belnite)和标准大气氮对比。测定精度δ13C±0.1‰, δ15N±0.15‰。
样品碳氮稳定同位素值计算公式:
$ \delta X=\left({R}_{\mathrm{s}}-{R}_{\text{st}}\right)/{R}_{\text{st}}\times 1000 $
式中, Rs表示样品重同位素与轻同位素比值(13C/12C, 15N/14N); Rst为国际标准物质PDB或标准大气氮同位素比值。
营养级(Trophic level, TL)的计算公式:
$ \mathrm{TL}=\left({\delta }^{15}{\mathrm{N}}_{\text{sample}}-{\delta }^{15}{\mathrm{N}}_{\text{baseline}}\right)/\bigtriangleup {\delta }^{15}\mathrm{N}+\lambda $
式中, TL代表消费者所处的营养级, δ15Nsample为消费者氮稳定同位素比值, δ15Nbaseline为系统中基准生物的氮稳定同位素比值, ∆δ15N为相邻营养级之间氮稳定同位素富集度, $ \lambda $为基准生物的营养级, 本研究选择初级消费者浮游动物作为基准生物, δ15Nbaseline取值为8.25‰, $ \lambda $取值为2。本研究中, 相邻营养级之间氮稳定同位素富集度∆δ15N取值为3.4‰[15]
本研究采用贝叶斯同位素混合模型[16](Bayesian Isotope Mixing Model, BIMM)计算结果构建食物网结构, 核心通过消费者稳定同位素(δ15N、δ13C)的观测值, 反演其潜在食源的贡献比例。模型核心逻辑为:
$ \delta {X}_{\text{consumer}}=\sum \limits_{s=1}^{n}{p}_{s}\times (\delta {X}_{\text{source},s}+{\text{TEF}}_{X}) $
式中, δXconsumer为消费者的稳定同位素(δ15N或δ13C)观测值, ps为第s种食源的贡献比例, δXsource,s为第s种食源的稳定同位素值, TEFX为对应的分馏系数。
模型通过基于营养级约束[17]的分层建模框架[18]整合多层级食源, 使用狄利克雷分布(Dirichlet distribution)描述食源比例的先验分布, 结合消费者同位素观测值的似然函数, 实现后验概率的估计:
$ {p}_{i,\;1\colon {{{\mathrm{N}}}_{\mathrm{source}}}}\sim \text{Dirichlet}({\alpha }_{i,\;1\colon {{{\mathrm{N}}}_{\mathrm{source}}}}) $
$ {\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{i}\sim \mathcal{N}\left(\sum \limits_{s=1}^{{N}_{\text{source}}}{p}_{i,s}\times \left({\delta }^{13}{\mathrm{C}}_{\text{source},\;s}+{\text{TEF}}^{13}\mathrm{C}\right),\sigma _{i,\text{obs}}^{13}\mathrm{C}\right) $
$ {\delta }^{15}{\mathrm{N}}_{i}\sim \mathcal{N}\left(\sum \limits_{s=1}^{{N}_{\text{source}}}{p}_{i,s}\times \left({\delta }^{15}{\mathrm{N}}_{\text{source},\;s}+{\text{TEF}}^{15}\mathrm{N}\right),\sigma _{i,\;\text{obs}}^{15}\mathrm{N}\right) $
式中, αi,s为狄利克雷分布的浓度参数, 决定先验的集中度(α越大, 先验约束越强), $ \sigma _{i,{\mathrm{obs}}}^{13}{\mathrm{C}} $$ \sigma _{i,{\mathrm{obs}}}^{15}\mathrm{N} $为消费者稳定同位素观测值标准差(由样本计算), TEF13C取值为1.0‰[15]
传统贝叶斯混合模型对所有消费者采用统一的食源先验, 忽略了营养级差异对食性的影响。本研究在核心框架基础上基于McCann等[19]的营养级生态位理论引入营养级−食源关联的动态约束: 低营养级消费者更多依赖植物源, 高营养级则依赖动物源。模型通过logistic函数量化物种营养级位置(TPi)对植物源食物依赖概率的衰减规律, 计算公式:
$ \text{logit}(p_{\mathrm{plant},i})=a_1+b_1\cdot(\mathrm{T}\mathrm{P}_i-3) $
$ p_{\mathrm{plant},i}=\frac{1}{1+\exp\left[(-\mathrm{logit}(p_{\mathrm{plant},i})\right]} $
式中, TPi为第i种消费者的营养级, a1为营养级约束截距, b1为营养级约束斜率, pplant,i为第i种消费者依赖植物性食物来源的概率。
为解决传统模型实际生态中的捕食特异性矛盾问题, 本模型参照Semmens等[20]与Smith等[21]的研究方法, 通过查阅长江中上游历史食性研究文献[2228]获取鱼类间捕食关系, 将捕食关系输入先验矩阵实现约束。考虑到鱼类本身的机会捕食倾向[29], 本研究基于Vander Zanden等[30]的研究设置机会性取食参数(opportunistic_feeding)以模拟鱼类取食非典型食源的情况, 其原理:
$ {\alpha }_{i,s}=\begin{cases} \left({\mathbf{P}}_{i,s}\cdot \kappa \right)\cdot \left({p}_{\text{plant},i}+\phi \cdot 0.1\right)+\epsilon & \text{if}\;\;{\mathbf{I}}_{s}=1\\ \left({\mathbf{P}}_{i,s}\cdot \kappa \right)+\epsilon & \text{otherwise}\\ \end{cases} $
式中, $\kappa $为先验强度参数[31], ϕ为机会性取食参数, $\epsilon $为正则常数。
模型整体使用rjags程序包通过马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛(MCMC)抽样算法(4链, 30000次迭代)实现后验分布估计, 使用后验分布均值构建拓扑结构图以可视化展现食物网结构。模型的验证通过Gelman-Rubin统计量(Rhat<1.1)证明模型收敛性良好, 后验分布稳定, 通过肉食性鱼类植物性食源贡献率(pplant<15%)证明模型生态学合理性[30]。本研究数据处理, 运算, 图表绘制均使用R 4.4.3完成。
本研究基于贝叶斯混合模型后验样本运算结果, 将食物网整体结构划分为4个层级, 其中生产者与初级消费者为采集获得的碳源样本和底栖生物, 包括C3植物(C3_plants)、C4植物(C4_plants)、颗粒有机物(POM)、底栖藻类(Benthic_Algae)及螺类(Snail)、虾蟹类(Shrimp)和浮游动物(Zooplankton); 鱼类中将营养级>3.0的鱼种划分为肉食性鱼种(以非植物性食源为主要食源), 营养级≤3.0的划分为杂食性鱼种(以非鱼类食源为主要食源)。以连接线的粗细程度代表贡献率的大小, 以颜色区分食物网的不同层级, 不同食物网的差异通过以下指标进行量化[32]: 物种数(S)反映系统的生物多样性水平, 即参与能量流动的物种总数; 连接数(L)表征实际存在的摄食关系数量, 体现了网络的复杂程度; 最大可能连接数(Max.L)通过S (S—1)计算理论最大相互作用数, 揭示网络连接饱和潜力; 连接指数(C)即连接性(Connectance), 计算为L/Max.L, 量化实际连接占最大可能连接的比例(0—1), 评估了网络的复杂性与稳定性; 平均泛化性(Gen)为网络中所有消费者(捕食者)的平均猎物数量, 反映了消费者食性的平均宽度, 其值越高表明消费者平均倾向于利用更多种类的食物资源; 杂食性比例(Omnivory)统计同时利用植物与动物资源的物种占比, 表征营养级混合摄食行为的普遍性。食物网的关键角色识别参考赵永松等[33]的研究, 根据入度Din、出度Dout两种拓扑学指标识别关键捕食者(入度Din远大于出度Dout)。通过对关键捕食者的食源贡献率进行比较及对不同食源类别的比例进行计算以对食物网中的关键节点变化量化表达。
在拓扑结构图中, 为使结构更加简洁, 使用数字指代鱼种, 具体对应关系如表 2
本研究涉及鱼种共40种, 具体种类见表 2。稳定同位素测定结果空间分布如图 2所示, 涪陵江段禁渔后δ13C为–31.98‰— –16.03‰, 跨度为15.95‰, 均值为(–24.87±3.21)‰; δ15N为5.22‰—16.73‰, 跨度为11.51‰, 均值为(10.86±2.52)‰; 涪陵江段禁渔前时期δ13C为–30.24‰— –15.51‰, 跨度为14.73‰, 均值为(–23.65±3.45)‰; δ15N为5.53‰—16.47‰, 跨度为10.94‰, 均值为(10.34±2.78)‰; 木洞江段禁渔后时期δ13C为–30.32‰— –17.98‰, 跨度为12.34‰, 均值为(–24.15±3.78)‰; δ15N为5.30‰—15.77‰, 跨度为10.47‰, 均值为(10.95±2.36)‰; 木洞江段禁渔前时期δ13C为–40.48‰— –18.29‰, 跨度为22.19‰, 均值为(–24.03±3.12)‰; δ15N为4.15‰—15.92‰, 跨度为11.77‰, 均值为(11.28±2.64)‰。整体而言, 木洞禁渔前时期展现出最大的δ13C跨度(22.19‰), 反映该时期碳源利用多样性最高; 同时表现出最大的δ15N跨度(11.77‰), 表明营养级结构最为复杂; 在空间分布上, 木洞江段较涪陵具有更高的δ15N均值(11.28‰对比10.86‰), 暗示其食物链更长; 而时间维度上, 禁渔后两江段δ13C均值均低于禁渔前(涪陵Δ= –1.22‰, 木洞Δ= –0.12‰), 显示C3植物贡献比例增加。
涪陵江段(表 3)物种数量由31增至36, 同时连接数从79升至88, 最大可能连接数相应增至1260, 反映生物多样性恢复态势; 但连接度由0.085降至0.070, 表明食物网相对连接紧密度有所下降。平均泛化性从2.55降至2.44, 揭示摄食策略由泛化向特化转型, 物种间食性宽度差异缩小。同时杂食性比例从58.3%提升至65.5%, 显示食物网营养缓冲能力有一定程度提升(图3图4)。
木洞江段(表 3)物种数量由33增至36, 连接数从73增至97, 最大可能连接数相应有所提升(1056至1260), 连接度由0.070增加至0.077, 反映生物多样性呈现恢复态势(图5图6)。泛化指数显著提升(2.21增至2.69), 说明捕食者的平均猎物种类增多。同时, 杂食性物种比例则呈现相反趋势, 从65.4%下降至55.2%。
表 4所示为涪陵江段食物网拓扑结构入度最高的3种捕食者, 其中关键捕食者为大眼鳜, 其入度Din为5, 高于食物网内其他捕食者, 涪陵江段大眼鳜碳、氮同位素值模型计算获得禁渔前后其食源贡献率分布及不同食源类型占比如图 7
结果显示(图 7), 禁渔前涪陵江段关键捕食者大眼鳜食源中占比最高的物种为鲫, 占比达18%; 禁渔后食源中占比最高的为蛇鮈, 占比为17%。从食源类型来看, 涪陵江段禁渔前与禁渔后大眼鳜的食源中底栖动物食源与浮游动物食源比例均有不同程度下降(分别下降5%与1.7%), 鱼类食源占比相应有一定程度的增长(增加8.1%), 证明大眼鳜在禁渔后仍以鱼类为主要食源, 但在摄食倾向上更倾向于捕食营养级更低的中小型鱼类(如蛇鮈)。
木洞禁渔前食物网筛选出的关键捕食者为翘嘴鲌, 其入度Din为4, 高于网内其他捕食者, 木洞江段翘嘴鲌碳、氮同位素值模型计算获得禁渔前后其食源贡献率分布见图 8
分析结果中(图 8), 禁渔前木洞江段翘嘴鲌食源中占比最高的物种为圆筒吻鮈, 占比达12%; 禁渔后食源中占比最高的转为蛇鮈, 占比达16%。从食源类型来看, 木洞江段禁渔前与禁渔后翘嘴鲌的食源中底栖动物食源占比变化较小(10.5%—8.2%), 主要变化在于基础来源食源占比大幅上升(9.1%—24.7%), 相应的鱼类食源占比由78.9%降至64.9%。结果整体反映出木洞江段关键捕食者翘嘴鲌食源结构存在多样化趋势, 更倾向于捕食小型鱼类及摄取其他类型食源。
以涪陵禁渔前数据作为试验样本对模型中关键参数a1, b1及机会性取食参数ϕ进行Gelman-Rubin统计量检验, Gelman-Rubin统计量检验结果显示, 模型关键参数均达到Rhat<1.1要求, 模型收敛良好。机会性取食概率计算结果显示均值=0.11, 95%置信区间=[0.000, 0.305], 均值在生态合理范围内(<15%), 综合上述结果表明, 模型具备较高的可信度与生态学合理性。
在禁渔后, 涪陵江段的食物网拓扑结构呈现出“物种增多而连接简化”的特征。物种从33增至36的同时其连接度从0.085降至0.070, 平均泛化性也从2.55降至2.44, 这一定程度上表明当地食物网物种间的营养关系趋向专化, 平均摄食谱宽度变窄[32]。这种物种增多而关系简化现象在其他地区的研究中也有发现, 如Wang等[34]围绕三个不同牛轭湖展开的研究发现, 长江十年禁渔政策实施后当地生态结构复杂性出现下降趋势。造成这种现象的可能原因参考Novak等[35]在综述中提出的理论: 恢复过程的早期往往由少数几个“强相互作用”的物种主导, 即便物种名录增加, 但优势营养通路被强化, 网络的整体连接度也可能下降, 并不代表生态系统本身发生退化。稳定同位素数据提供了相关证据: 禁渔后涪陵江段的δ15N跨度从10.94‰扩大至11.51‰, 说明食物链长度有一定增加[15]; 相关现象通常发生在环境相对稳定的生态系统中, 食物网顶端捕食者种群的恢复使得营养级向上延伸[30]δ13C跨度也从14.73‰增加至15.95‰, 说明消费者可利用的碳源基础更加多样化。研究中涪陵江段关键捕食者大眼鳜的摄食策略也印证了这一点: 尽管其食源呈现小型化趋势(鲫变为蛇鮈), 但其食物中鱼类的占比有所增加(81%增至89%), 显示其作为顶级捕食者的营养生态位未被显著改变[36]。木洞江段在禁渔后演化路径与涪陵江段存在差异, 呈现“连接紧密而结构扁平化”特征, 其食物网连接度从0.0691增至0.077, 泛化指数也从2.21升至2.69, 表明物种间的营养联系更紧密, 摄食策略更趋泛化; 但其杂食性物种比例从65.4%降至55.2%, δ15N跨度也从11.77‰收缩至10.47‰, 两者共同指向食物链的缩短和营养结构扁平化的[37]趋势。木洞江段禁渔前δ13C跨度(22.19‰)高于涪陵, 暗示系统内消费者广泛利用多种碳源[38]; 在禁渔后, δ13C跨度降至12.34‰, 可能指向C3植物贡献比例的增加, 这一变化表明, 木洞江段食物网的基础碳源存在由多样化转向以陆源输入为主的趋势, 关键捕食者翘嘴鲌的食性转变同样体现这一过程: 其食物组分中鱼类占比从78.9%降至64.9%, 主要食源也转向更低营养级的蛇鮈。这表明其摄食压力从上层鱼类向下转移, 开始更多地利用恢复过程中数量增加的低营养级生物资源。
造成两地食物网结构变化与关键捕食者摄食倾向差异现象的原因, 很大程度上归因于涪陵与木洞江段显著的生境异质性。如表 1所示, 木洞江段平均流速(0.39 m/s)显著高于涪陵江段(0.21 m/s)。从地貌特征来看, 木洞江段河道形态蜿蜒, 拥有中坝岛、桃花岛等江心洲[39], 形成了复杂的“深槽−浅滩”交替生境和大面积的消落带草场, 水文动力过程较强; 而涪陵江段河道相对顺直深阔, 水流平缓, 呈现出更明显的湖泊型水体特征。涪陵江段作为水文相对稳定、以内源生产为主的系统, 其恢复路径更多地表现为内部营养级结构的垂直延伸和复杂化[30], 驱动食物网向垂直深化(Vertical deepening)的方向恢复, 即通过增加营养级的垂直高度来提升生态系统的复杂性, 表现为食物链的拉长, 这一点表现在禁渔后涪陵江段δ15N跨度变化上。相比于涪陵, 木洞江段更接近于Thornton等[40]提出的水库纵向梯度理论中的过渡区, 更易受陆源输入与外界环境变化影响。根据Junk等[41]提出的“洪水脉冲概念”(Flood Pulse Concept), 即洪水是驱动生态系统物质循环和能量流动的关键力量, 木洞地区相比涪陵拥有中坝岛、桃花岛等多个草场, 大量陆源有机碎屑可以借助季节性洪水进入水体, 木洞江段较快的水流和频繁的水体交换, 促进了这种陆−水耦合效应。这一与陆地生态系统紧密耦合的系统在捕捞压力释放后低营养级物种利用丰富的资源(草本碎屑、浮游生物)增长, 可能自下而上推动营养级重构。这种机制导致了食物网呈现扁平化重组(Flattened reorganization), 即通过水平扩展营养联系而非垂直增加营养级来响应变化。相关重构过程比流速较慢的涪陵江段更加迅速, 关键捕食者翘嘴鲌的食性转变可能也是对于该江段低营养级生物资源恢复更为敏感的直接体现[42]。这一差异表明, 长江生态系统的恢复并非均质化的过程, 不同江段的恢复过程受到其自身的物理生境影响。
鉴于库尾不同江段的生态系统恢复过程的特殊性, 在库尾内实施基于生态系统功能与主导恢复机制的空间差异化管理更有助于帮助禁渔后渔业资源恢复与生态系统重建。本研究针对库尾保护措施提出以下建议: (1)对于流速较快的区域, 将该江段消落带草场划定为关键生境进行严格保护, 减少人为活动对陆源有机碎屑输入功能的干扰。保护陆源输入是维系江段“洪水脉冲”驱动型食物网重构模式的关键。(2)在禁渔管理的基础上, 与水利部门联合, 通过模拟天然的水位波动节律, 维持消落带植被的生长与分解过程, 从而最大化对水生食物网的有效能量供给; 对于流速缓慢的区域, (3)通过增殖放流、修复关键产卵场及栖息地等手段, 保障关键捕食者种群的稳定增长, 从而巩固并强化新建立的营养级联关系。(4)建立基于稳定同位素分析的长期监测网络, 将食物链长度(δ15N范围)和营养结构完整性作为重要考核指标, 以确保该生态系统的功能性恢复处于正常状态。
本研究发现禁渔政策实施后, 三峡库区库尾段鱼类物种丰富度普遍提升, 但并未导向食物网结构的同步恢复, 而是在不同水文地貌单元下呈现出显著的空间差异。在水文动态性强、具有广阔消落带的木洞江段, 生态恢复由“自下而上”的能量输入所主导, 食物网围绕爆发性增长的初级生产者与陆源碎屑资源进行重组, 一定程度上导致了整体营养层级的暂时压缩。相反, 在水体交换缓慢、更接近湖泊形态的涪陵江段, 恢复路径则遵循经典的“自上而下”的营养级联模式, 包括禁渔在内的多种因素解放了顶级捕食者的捕食压力, 间接驱动了食物链的垂直延伸。这一发现有助于为长江流域内因地制宜实施针对性管理策略, 进一步促进生态恢复提供一定的科学依据。
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doi: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0346
  • 接收时间:2025-09-30
  • 首发时间:2026-05-09
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-30
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    1中国水产科学研究院长江水产研究所, 国家农业科学重庆观测实验站, 武汉 430223
    2中国农业科学院研究生院, 北京 100081
    3重庆市水产技术推广总站, 重庆 400200

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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