Article(id=1259824984499863760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0296, pmid=null, cstr=32229.14.SSSWXB.2025.0296, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756828800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-03, revisedDate=1765296000000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1778295282721, onlineDateStr=2026-05-09, pubDate=1778774400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778295282721, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778295282721, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778295282721, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259824976404800325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, year='2026', volume='50', issue='5', pageStart='052601-1', pageEnd='052618-200', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778295280791, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778295467894, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259825761310073651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259825761310073652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, issueId=1259824976404800325, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=052616-166, endPage=052616-176, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259824984973820120, articleId=1259824984499863760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, language=EN, title=SIMULATION OF THE SPATIOTEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF BUTACHLOR IN THE CAIZI LAKE BASIN USING THE SWAT MODEL, columnId=1259824977629537099, journalTitle=Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, columnName=Water Ecology and Environment, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to simulate the transport and export of butachlor, a typical herbicide, under agricultural non-point source pollution conditions in the Caizi Lake basin. Model calibration and validation indicated satisfactory simulation performance. The results revealed pronounced spatiotemporal variation in butachlor export. Temporally, 79.32% of the annual butachlor load occurred between June and July, closely associated with intensive rainfall and increased runoff following herbicide application in May–June. Daily butachlor export was significantly and positively correlated with daily runoff (P<0.01, r=0.632). Interannual differences were also evident, with export loads in wet years (e.g., 2016) substantially exceeding those in dry years (e.g., 2018). Spatially, the lower sub-watersheds (sub-basins 13, 17, and 19) were identified as primary export zones, with markedly higher outputs than upstream areas. Among land use types, water bodies had a significant effect on butachlor export, whereas cropland and forestland showed relatively weak impacts, highlighting the retention and transmission function of pond networks in multi-pond systems. These findings provide a scientific basis for managing agricultural non-point source pollution and pesticide use in the Caizi Lake basin, with important implications for safeguarding watershed water quality and optimizing regional agrochemical strategies.

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本研究以菜子湖流域为研究区, 应用SWAT模型对农业非点源污染中丁草胺的迁移与输出过程进行模拟。通过模型参数率定与验证, 获得了较为可靠的模拟结果。结果表明, 丁草胺输出在时间和空间尺度上均表现出显著差异。时间上, 6—7月丁草胺输出量占全年总量的79.32%, 与5—6月施药期后夏季强降水及径流增加密切相关; 日输出量与日径流量呈显著正相关(P<0.01, r=0.632)。丰水年(如2016年)丁草胺输出量显著高于枯水年(如2018年)。空间上, 下游子流域(如13、17、19号)为主要输出区, 输出强度明显高于上游地区。在土地利用类型方面, 由于多塘系统中水体对污染物具有显著的传输和滞留作用, 子流域内水体覆盖面积对丁草胺输出具有显著影响, 而农田和林地的影响相对较小。研究结果可为菜子湖流域农业非点源污染防控及农药管理提供科学依据, 对保障流域水质安全、优化区域农药管理策略具有重要意义。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
徐德兰, E-mail:
孙君瑶, E-mail:  *共同通信作者
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026《水生生物学报》编辑部, copyrightOwner=北京中科期刊出版有限公司, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=5SX3M2pb9cvSDYD008eUOA==, magXml=qMKJP0IcL7Q1NpYOzV1GWw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=S23Pob0/Ml2LMytHNpw6Lg==, pdfFileSize=3676964, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=LS4UQPZvg0ClZU50Ty4bIg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=1W2V/23CECIaFnn4fo991Q==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

户立业(2000—), 男, 硕士研究生; 主要研究方向为多塘系统景观格局研究。E-mail:

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LPk-黑色石灰薄层土LPk-Rendzic Leptosols; CMd-不饱和雏形土CMd-Dystric Cambisols; LPd-不饱和薄层土LPd-Dystric Leptosols; RGd-不饱和疏松岩性土RGd-Dystric Regosols; RGe-饱和疏松岩性土RGe-Eutric Regosols; GLk-钙积潜育土GLk-Calcic Gleysols; ATc-人为堆积土ATc-Cumulic Anthrosols; GLe-饱和潜育土GLe-Eutric Gleysols; ACu-腐殖质低活性强酸土ACu-Humic Acrisols; ALf-铁质高活性强酸土ALf-Ferric Alisols; CMo-铁铝性雏形土CMo-Ferralic Cambisols; LVh-简育高活性淋溶土LVh-Haplic Luvisols; PLe-饱和黏磐土PLe-Eutric Planosols; WR-水体WR-Water bodies

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Data source

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据Data数据说明Data statement
数字高程数据(DEM)国家地理空间数据云的ASTER GDEM 30 M分辨率原始高程数据
土地利用数据全球地表覆盖网站的30 m空间分辨率全球地表覆盖数据
土壤数据联合国粮农组织(FAO)和维也纳国际应用系统研究所(IIASA)共同构建的世界和谐土壤数据库(Harmonized World Soil Database,HWSD),数据分辨率为1 km
气象数据国家气象科学数据中心,气象站点包括桐城站、怀宁站、枞阳站,提供2012—2021年期间的日降水量、日最高和最低气温、日相对湿度、日太阳辐射、日平均风速等实测数据
径流实测数据安庆市水文局(枞阳水文站)
农业相关数据研究区50%以上的农用地种植水稻,主要施用丁草胺除草剂,施用时间为每年的5月中下旬,每亩土地的有效成分施用量为60 g
), ArticleFig(id=1259825030192612038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984499863760, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数据来源

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据Data数据说明Data statement
数字高程数据(DEM)国家地理空间数据云的ASTER GDEM 30 M分辨率原始高程数据
土地利用数据全球地表覆盖网站的30 m空间分辨率全球地表覆盖数据
土壤数据联合国粮农组织(FAO)和维也纳国际应用系统研究所(IIASA)共同构建的世界和谐土壤数据库(Harmonized World Soil Database,HWSD),数据分辨率为1 km
气象数据国家气象科学数据中心,气象站点包括桐城站、怀宁站、枞阳站,提供2012—2021年期间的日降水量、日最高和最低气温、日相对湿度、日太阳辐射、日平均风速等实测数据
径流实测数据安庆市水文局(枞阳水文站)
农业相关数据研究区50%以上的农用地种植水稻,主要施用丁草胺除草剂,施用时间为每年的5月中下旬,每亩土地的有效成分施用量为60 g
), ArticleFig(id=1259825030477824718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984499863760, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Runoff simulation parameters in the Caizi Lake basin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
Parameter
参数说明
Parameter description
初始范围
Initial range
最终范围
Final range
最终取值
Final value
敏感性排序
Sensitivity ranking
CN2SCS径流曲线数–0.50—0.50–0.86— –0.57–0.6712
ALPHA_BF基流α因子0—10.02—0.360.3614
GW_DELAY地下水迟滞时间(d)30—450205.68—365.1429117
GWQMN浅层地下水径流系数(mm)0—1000895.64—1166.22948.408
SOL_AWC土壤有效含水率–0.50—0.500.04—0.440.143
SOL_K土壤饱和渗透系数(mm/h)–0.50—0.500.85—1.201.0313
SOL_BD土壤饱和容重(g/cm3)–0.50—0.500.17—0.270.231
GW_REVAP地下水再蒸发系数0—10.90—1.251.2319
REVAPMN浅层地下水再蒸发系数(mm)0—500516.43—647.71584.0416
ESCO土壤蒸发补偿因子0.10—10.54—0.720.639
HRU_SLP平均坡度–0.50—0.50–0.32— –0.10–0.112
OV_N坡面漫流的曼宁系数–0.50—0.500.30—0.530.376
SLSUBBSN平均坡长–0.50—0.50–0.19—0.15–0.1010
CH_K2河道有效渗透系数(m/d)0—5037.28—41.8840.857
CH_N2主河道曼宁系数0—0.300.21—0.270.2318
ALPHA_BNK河岸调蓄基流α因子0—10.94—1.091.0515
EPCO植物蒸腾补偿系数0—10.76—1.0614
RCHRG_DP深层含水层渗透系数0—10.59—0.680.6211
SURLAG地表径流滞后时间(d)0.05—240.15—9.577.925
), ArticleFig(id=1259825030796591823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1259198853740773394, articleId=1259824984499863760, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

菜子湖流域径流模拟参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
Parameter
参数说明
Parameter description
初始范围
Initial range
最终范围
Final range
最终取值
Final value
敏感性排序
Sensitivity ranking
CN2SCS径流曲线数–0.50—0.50–0.86— –0.57–0.6712
ALPHA_BF基流α因子0—10.02—0.360.3614
GW_DELAY地下水迟滞时间(d)30—450205.68—365.1429117
GWQMN浅层地下水径流系数(mm)0—1000895.64—1166.22948.408
SOL_AWC土壤有效含水率–0.50—0.500.04—0.440.143
SOL_K土壤饱和渗透系数(mm/h)–0.50—0.500.85—1.201.0313
SOL_BD土壤饱和容重(g/cm3)–0.50—0.500.17—0.270.231
GW_REVAP地下水再蒸发系数0—10.90—1.251.2319
REVAPMN浅层地下水再蒸发系数(mm)0—500516.43—647.71584.0416
ESCO土壤蒸发补偿因子0.10—10.54—0.720.639
HRU_SLP平均坡度–0.50—0.50–0.32— –0.10–0.112
OV_N坡面漫流的曼宁系数–0.50—0.500.30—0.530.376
SLSUBBSN平均坡长–0.50—0.50–0.19—0.15–0.1010
CH_K2河道有效渗透系数(m/d)0—5037.28—41.8840.857
CH_N2主河道曼宁系数0—0.300.21—0.270.2318
ALPHA_BNK河岸调蓄基流α因子0—10.94—1.091.0515
EPCO植物蒸腾补偿系数0—10.76—1.0614
RCHRG_DP深层含水层渗透系数0—10.59—0.680.6211
SURLAG地表径流滞后时间(d)0.05—240.15—9.577.925
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基于SWAT模型的菜子湖流域丁草胺时空分布模拟研究
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户立业 1 , 李伟 2 , 朱学莲 3 , 徐德兰 4 , 孙君瑶 2
水生生物学报 | 水生态与环境 2026,50(5): 052616-166-052616-176
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水生生物学报 | 水生态与环境 2026, 50(5): 052616-166-052616-176
基于SWAT模型的菜子湖流域丁草胺时空分布模拟研究
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户立业1 , 李伟2, 朱学莲3, 徐德兰4 , 孙君瑶2
作者信息
  • 1长江大学园艺园林学院, 荆州 434023
  • 2中国科学院武汉植物园, 湿地演化与生态恢复湖北省重点实验室, 武汉 430074
  • 3桂林理工大学旅游与风景园林学院, 桂林 541004
  • 4宿迁学院应急管理教研室, 宿迁 223800
  • 户立业(2000—), 男, 硕士研究生; 主要研究方向为多塘系统景观格局研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

徐德兰, E-mail:
孙君瑶, E-mail:  *共同通信作者
SIMULATION OF THE SPATIOTEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF BUTACHLOR IN THE CAIZI LAKE BASIN USING THE SWAT MODEL
Li-Ye HU1 , Wei LI2, Xue-Lian ZHU3, De-Lan XU4 , Jun-Yao SUN2
Affiliations
  • 1College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
  • 2Hubei Key Laboratory of Wetland Evolution and Ecological Restoration, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 3College of Tourism and Landscape Architecture, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
  • 4Emergency Management Teaching and Research Section, Suqian College, Suqian 223800, China
出版时间: 2026-05-15 doi: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0296
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本研究以菜子湖流域为研究区, 应用SWAT模型对农业非点源污染中丁草胺的迁移与输出过程进行模拟。通过模型参数率定与验证, 获得了较为可靠的模拟结果。结果表明, 丁草胺输出在时间和空间尺度上均表现出显著差异。时间上, 6—7月丁草胺输出量占全年总量的79.32%, 与5—6月施药期后夏季强降水及径流增加密切相关; 日输出量与日径流量呈显著正相关(P<0.01, r=0.632)。丰水年(如2016年)丁草胺输出量显著高于枯水年(如2018年)。空间上, 下游子流域(如13、17、19号)为主要输出区, 输出强度明显高于上游地区。在土地利用类型方面, 由于多塘系统中水体对污染物具有显著的传输和滞留作用, 子流域内水体覆盖面积对丁草胺输出具有显著影响, 而农田和林地的影响相对较小。研究结果可为菜子湖流域农业非点源污染防控及农药管理提供科学依据, 对保障流域水质安全、优化区域农药管理策略具有重要意义。

SWAT模型  /  农业非点源污染  /  丁草胺  /  径流量  /  菜子湖流域

This study used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to simulate the transport and export of butachlor, a typical herbicide, under agricultural non-point source pollution conditions in the Caizi Lake basin. Model calibration and validation indicated satisfactory simulation performance. The results revealed pronounced spatiotemporal variation in butachlor export. Temporally, 79.32% of the annual butachlor load occurred between June and July, closely associated with intensive rainfall and increased runoff following herbicide application in May–June. Daily butachlor export was significantly and positively correlated with daily runoff (P<0.01, r=0.632). Interannual differences were also evident, with export loads in wet years (e.g., 2016) substantially exceeding those in dry years (e.g., 2018). Spatially, the lower sub-watersheds (sub-basins 13, 17, and 19) were identified as primary export zones, with markedly higher outputs than upstream areas. Among land use types, water bodies had a significant effect on butachlor export, whereas cropland and forestland showed relatively weak impacts, highlighting the retention and transmission function of pond networks in multi-pond systems. These findings provide a scientific basis for managing agricultural non-point source pollution and pesticide use in the Caizi Lake basin, with important implications for safeguarding watershed water quality and optimizing regional agrochemical strategies.

SWAT model  /  Agricultural non-point source pollution  /  Butachlor  /  Runoff  /  Caizi Lake basin
户立业, 李伟, 朱学莲, 徐德兰, 孙君瑶. 基于SWAT模型的菜子湖流域丁草胺时空分布模拟研究. 水生生物学报, 2026 , 50 (5) : 052616-166 -052616-176 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0296
Li-Ye HU, Wei LI, Xue-Lian ZHU, De-Lan XU, Jun-Yao SUN. SIMULATION OF THE SPATIOTEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION OF BUTACHLOR IN THE CAIZI LAKE BASIN USING THE SWAT MODEL[J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2026 , 50 (5) : 052616-166 -052616-176 . DOI: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0296
除草剂在世界各地农业系统中的广泛使用对淡水环境产生诸多不利影响[14]。在田间施用过程中, 除草剂通过漂移、地表径流、地下渗透等途径进入水体, 以溶解或吸附在颗粒上的形式进行转移[5], 已有研究表明在我国不同淡水生态系统中的底泥、地表水、地下水和水域岸边土壤均可检测到除草剂的存在[68]。Zheng等[7]对九龙江及其河口的不同季节进行了农药残留分析, 共检测到82种农药, 浓度在14—6524 ng/L。高浓度的除草剂、其残留物及代谢产物可以改变淡水水体的化学性质[9], 同时对水体中非靶标物种如鱼类、两栖动物、昆虫和微生物等具有毒性。有研究表明除草剂的使用会干扰水生生物的生长、繁殖和发育过程, 对水生生物产生毒害作用[10, 11]。水生生物(包括底栖动物等)摄食受除草剂污染的生物, 导致污染物质在食物链中的转移和累积[12], 从而对生态系统稳定性产生不利影响。除草剂对淡水水体的不利影响取决于多个因素, 包括剂量、使用方式、环境条件和物种的敏感性等[13]。水塘作为湿地重要类型之一, 水塘与水塘之间通过水沟相连形成多水塘系统, 具有滞留径流、净化污染物和维持区域小气候的功能[14]。为了平衡农业生产者的经济需求和环境问题, 实现对农田多塘系统流域除草剂实际迁移的模拟和预测至关重要。
目前, 国内外广泛采用模型模拟的方法来进行流域农药污染的研究, 流域污染物分布的模拟模型根据不同的需求和数据可用性分为水动力模型, 如SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型集成水文过程并综合考虑土壤特性、降水、径流和土壤侵蚀等因素, 模拟并预测污染物在流域的水文循环中的迁移与分布[15]; 农田模型如Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM)模型可模拟农药在土壤剖面中的垂直和水平运移, 以及植物根部的吸收和转化过程, 评估农田中农药的迁移和转化过程[16]; Pesticide and Nutrient Model (PnET)模型可模拟农田中农药和营养物质的迁移和循环, 预测农药在土壤−植被系统中的转化和迁移过程[17]。这些模型能够通过大量数据的计算, 模拟出污染物的迁移转化过程, 预测并计算流域污染物负荷, 为农药的污染控制和管理提供有效的技术手段, 在评估流域农药污染风险、制定管理策略和保护水资源方面发挥重要作用。
SWAT模型集成GRASS、ArcView、ArcGIS、MapWindows 等地理信息系统平台, 相比于其他模型, 该模型不仅能够较好地考虑水文循环,而且能体现流域的空间异质性[18, 19]。被广泛用于模拟农业聚集区污染物迁移动态[2024], 菜子湖流域属于南方丘陵湖区, 具有“田塘渠河”多塘系统, 农田占比大, 农药施用量大且集中, 污染物迁移过程复杂, 面临严重的面源污染[25]。SWAT模型可灵活划分子流域和水文响应单元, 可以通过模拟污染物的输入过程如施用量、时间等因素估算污染物在流域中的初始分布, 并通过考虑污染物吸附、降解及径流等因素预测污染物在流域中的浓度分布。Larose等[26]应用SWAT模型估算了印第安纳州东北部圣约瑟夫河流域雪松溪流域的河流流量和莠去津(2-氯-4 (乙氨基)-6-(异丙基氨基)-s-三嗪)向地表水的损失。Ramanarayanan等[27]利用分布式流域尺度模型和观测水质数据, 综合评估了异噁氟唑的迁移及其在半静态水体中的累积潜力, 并开发了一个概念模型来模拟异噁氟唑在地表水中的残留和迁移。
丁草胺属于苯氧羧酸类除草剂, 主要用于水稻、玉米和油菜等作物播前杂草的防除[28], 是我国使用量最大的三种除草剂之一[29], 年产量超过1×104 t, 且呈持续增长趋势[30]。安徽省作为农业生产大省, 农药使用强度较高。2009—2017年, 丁草胺年均使用量稳定在244 t以上, 2015年达到306.12 t[31]。研究表明, 部分地区土壤中丁草胺的检出浓度最高可达563 mg/kg[32]。丁草胺能有效控制多种杂草, 对苗期杂草有较好的控制效果。丁草胺被植物叶片吸收后, 在植物体内干扰杂草的酶系统, 抑制脯氨酸合成, 阻碍植物细胞分裂, 最终导致杂草死亡[33]。丁草胺对某些作物及非靶标植物具有一定毒性。研究表明, 该化合物挥发性和淋溶性较弱, 丁草胺的降解速率因环境条件而异, 丁草胺在水稻田中的降解半衰期为2.67—5.33d, 在旱地土壤中的降解半衰期为13.36—13.92d[25]。虽然其主体部分降解较快, 但少量成分可能因吸附作用长期存留于土壤中[34, 35], 长期连续施用易引发农田除草剂残留污染风险。有研究在稻田施用丁草胺5个月后仍能检测到其残留[36, 37], 土壤中最高检出浓度达30.87 mg/kg; 在常年施药农田的表层土壤中, 其检出量最高可达206.06 μg/kg, 表明其在环境中具有较强的累积性与持久性。此外, 丁草胺不仅对鱼类和藻类的生长产生不利影响[38, 39], 也对其他水生动物的发育和繁殖表现出一定毒性[40]。本研究以菜子湖流域为研究对象, 收集和整理流域内土壤、土地利用及气象等基础资料, 应用SWAT模型模拟丁草胺在菜子湖流域地表水中的分布和迁移特征。本研究对于理解丁草胺施用对多塘系统的环境影响, 对指导农田管理和保护农田水资源具有重要意义。
菜子湖流域位于中国安徽省西南部, 长江北岸的大别山东南侧(图 1a), 地处东经116°25′—117°13′, 北纬30°35′—31°16′。流域总面积为3249.8 km2, 以集约化农业区为主, 农业用地占总面积的45%, 森林覆盖面积占41%, 水域面积占5%, 流域的海拔–37—996 m。该地区属于亚热带湿润季风气候, 年平均气温为16℃, 年平均降雨量为1306.6 mm。菜子湖流域的主要通江河流有孔城河、大沙河、挂车河及龙眠河, 流域出口的年平均流量为76.85 m3/s。菜子湖流域是一个由多个相互连接的小湖泊、池塘和水道构成的农田多塘系统[41]。多塘系统为野生动植物提供了栖息地, 是候鸟、水鸟及其他珍稀濒危物种的栖息地与迁徙站点。多塘系统起着重要的水资源调节功能, 缓冲雨水以减少洪水的发生, 并在干旱时期为周边地区提供水源。多塘系统的池塘有助于过滤和吸收来自农业和城市排放的污染物, 净化水体。然而, 近年来菜子湖流域的多塘系统面临一系列威胁, 农业生产中使用的除草剂, 如丁草胺、草甘膦、丙草胺、二甲四氯钠等, 广泛分布于多塘系统。
菜子湖流域的数字高程数据(DEM)来自国家地理空间数据云的ASTER GDEM 30 m分辨率原始高程数据; 土地利用数据来自全球地表覆盖网站的30 m空间分辨率数据; 土壤数据来源于联合国粮农组织(FAO)和维也纳国际应用系统研究所(IIASA)共同构建的世界和谐土壤数据库(Harmonized World Soil Database; HWSD), 空间分辨率为1 km, 具体空间数据见图 1。菜子湖流域的气象数据来自国家气象科学数据中心, 使用的气象站点包括桐城站、怀宁站、枞阳站, 这些站点提供了2012—2021年的实测数据, 包括日降水量、日最高和最低气温、日相对湿度、日太阳辐射、日平均风速等。本研究所涉及的枞阳闸水文站的径流实测数据来自安庆市水文局。调查表明, 研究区50%以上的农用地种植水稻, 主要施用丁草胺除草剂, 施用时间为每年的5月中下旬, 经过调研, 统计每亩土地的有效成分施用量为60 g。
本研究于2022年5月21—23日及6月10—12日在研究区共设置15个水样采集点。采样点位于多塘系统串联后的河道关键节点, 涵盖流域的上游与下游位置。上游河道节点直接接收农田−多塘复合景观单元的最终排出水, 可表征多塘系统对农田源丁草胺的近源截留与削减效应; 下游节点则整合了多个上游多塘单元的累积输出, 用于评估流域尺度多塘系统群对丁草胺迁移的整体调控作用。采样点的具体空间分布见图 1e。采样期间天气条件以晴朗为主, 旨在避免降雨径流对水体中丁草胺浓度的扰动, 以确保所获数据能更准确地反映多塘系统在自然基流条件下的生态调控过程。采样时尽可能保证各采样点的采样时间一致, 以减少时间差异对结果的干扰。为增强采样的代表性与科学性, 采样点布设充分考虑了菜子湖流域的土地利用现状与农田分布格局, 重点选取典型农田集聚区上下游的河道节点, 涵盖从田块边缘至出水口不同距离的代表性区域, 以反映丁草胺在流域内的空间迁移特征。布点原则: (1)靠近主要农田区的入湖口或支流河段; (2)涵盖农田密集区与非农区的对比点位; (3)覆盖可能的污染物汇聚区, 如出水口、沟渠汇入区等。在采样时段的选择上, 考虑到丁草胺主要在水稻出苗前(4—5月)施用, 且为尽量避开降雨干扰, 本次采样特意安排在非降雨天进行, 以更准确地反映丁草胺的典型残留通量。现场采用连续取样法采样, 在每个采样点采集水样3瓶(150 mL/瓶), 共采集水样45瓶, 放入棕色瓶中冷冻保存带至实验室分析, 经0.22 μm 滤膜过滤、Waters Oasis HLB 固相萃取小柱(6 cc)萃取、氮吹浓缩、气相色谱分析等步骤得到研究区菜子湖流域各采样点的丁草胺浓度实测数据。具体实验方法参考彭中校等[42]的研究。
SWAT模型  SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool)模型是一种广泛应用于水资源管理和环境保护领域的水文模型, 主要用于模拟流域尺度上的水循环、土壤侵蚀、河流水质及生态系统过程。SWAT模型能够预测流域内水文过程, 包括降雨产流、地表径流、地下径流、蒸散发、土壤侵蚀及养分流失等, 并能模拟流域内不同土地利用类型(例如农田、林地、城市)及管理实践(如灌溉、养殖、土壤保持措施)对水资源和环境的影响。本研究利用ArcSWAT2012与ArcGIS 10.2模拟菜子湖流域的丁草胺含量的时空分布, 在利用SWAT模型对典型研究区除草剂丁草胺及代谢产物的迁移模拟时, 可将其与水样中丁草胺及其代谢产物的实际残留值进行比较, 评价模型对菜子湖流域除草剂模拟的适用性。本研究首先进行数据准备, 涵盖数字高程模型(DEM)、土壤类型图、土地利用图、气象站点分布图等空间数据, 以及土壤理化性质、气温、降水、风速等属性数据; 接着利用ArcGIS 10.2对空间数据开展处理; 然后结合菜子湖流域实际情况, 设置水文响应单元(HRUs)等关键参数, 通过DEM数据提取河网并确定流域出口; 最后运行模型。所需参数涉及水文过程(降雨、径流等)、土壤侵蚀(土壤可蚀性等)及丁草胺迁移相关的污染物传输参数等。
数据库构建  在进行农业非点源污染模拟时, SWAT模型的运行需要输入大量精确的空间数据和属性数据。空间数据涵盖数字高程模型(DEM)、土壤类型图、土地利用图和气象站点分布图等; 属性数据包含土壤的理化性质、实测的气温、降水、风速等气象资料(表 1)。属性数据主要通过.dbf格式输入, 空间数据的准备、修改和存储主要通过ArcGIS 10.2软件完成。模型将这些输入数据与流域特征结合起来, 通过模拟水文循环和土壤侵蚀过程来产生输出结果。这些输出结果可以包括流域内径流量、土壤流失率、氮磷养分流失量、水体中的污染物质浓度等。
流域水文响应单元(HRUs)  通过研究区DEM数据进行河网的定义和提取, 在河网生成的基础上, 设置流域的出口, 并利用Delineate Watershed功能划分子流域。关键是选择集水面积阈值, 即形成河流“源头”所需的最小排水面积[43]。集水面积的阈值直接影响子流域的大小和数量, 较大的阈值会导致划分的子流域数量减少。本研究设定集水面积阈值为6000 ha, 以菜子湖出水口作为流域的总出水口, 将流域划分为33个子流域(图 2)。对土地利用、土壤类型和坡度进行重分类, 并设定土地利用类型、土壤类型、坡度类型的面积比阈值为10%, 最终将研究区划分为247个水文响应单元。
径流参数率定  模型参数率定是通过调整参数, 使模拟结果与实测数据相吻合的关键步骤。通过调整模型参数来提高模型的准确度, 使其更好地反映研究区域的实际情况。其中, 径流参数的率定是提高模型准确性的基础。本研究采用2012—2013年为模型预热期, 2021年为径流率定期, 并使用2022年的丁草胺实测值进行模型验证; 最终模拟区间为2014—2021年。率定所用的2021年枞阳闸实测日径流数据来源于安庆市水文局, 同时输入桐城、怀宁及枞阳站 2021年实测日气象数据(国家气象科学数据中心), 确保水文循环过程驱动数据的完整性。模型采用SWAT-CUP软件中的SUFI-2方法对模型进行率定, 可高效搜索参数空间, 获得最优参数组合, 从而使模拟结果与实测数据达到较高的一致性。表 2列出了主要径流相关参数的变化范围、最优取值及其敏感性排序。其中, 参数取值中的负数仅表示相对于默认基准值的下调比例, 实际应用中通过与基准值叠加转换为具有物理意义的正值, 以确保模型参数的合理性。所得到的参数范围、最优值及其敏感性排序可为后续模拟研究提供重要参考, 有助于深入理解流域水文过程及其变化机制。
丁草胺模拟  将率定后的最优径流参数值代回SWAT模型, 并在“Edit SWAT Input”模块中添加农业管理信息数据, 包括施用日期和施用量等, 据调查, 研究区丁草胺施用量为0.90 kg/ha, 每年5月下旬开始施用。为了消除初始状态干扰, 设定2012—2013年为预热期, 再次运行模型, 输出2014—2021年模拟结果。输出文件(Output.rch)中 SOLPST.OUT字段即表示河道中丁草胺的输出量。
选取R2NS作为评估指标, 其中R2表示实测值和模拟值之间的拟合程度, 当R2值接近1时, 说明模拟值与实测值之间的拟合程度较高, 表示模拟结果与实际观测值较为接近; Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数(NS)代表模型的整体效率, 当NS值接近1时, 说明模型的适应性较强, 模拟结果与实际观测值较一致。当R2≥0.60和NS≥0.50时, 认为模拟结果是可行的[21], 图 3展示了2021年径流实测值与模拟值之间的对比情况, 本研究径流率定结果为R2=0.63, NS=0.62。图 4展示了2022年采样点丁草胺实测值与模拟值的对比情况。在本研究中, 模拟值为全年平均浓度, 旨在反映流域在全年水文气象条件下丁草胺的输出特征, 以验证模型在长期尺度下的适用性; 实测值则取自5—6月两次监测的平均浓度, 代表丁草胺施用后关键时期的典型水平。两者对比可兼顾模拟结果的长期稳定性与短期敏感期的代表性。经率定后, 模拟值与实测值拟合较好, 决定系数为R2=0.87, 表明模型具有较高的模拟精度。
本研究以子流域的河道中丁草胺输出量作为子流域除草剂污染的指标。2021年菜子湖流域河道中丁草胺月尺度输出总量的结果(图 5)表明丁草胺输出存在明显的时间差异, 6和7月输出量较大, 占全年输出量的79.32%。这是由于丁草胺在5—6月施用, 随后通过夏季强降水和径流等的影响, 各子流域的河流中除草剂含量增加, 导致河流中6—7月的丁草胺输出量达到峰值。而4月前和10月后输出量基本为0。2021年菜子湖流域河道中丁草胺日尺度输出总量的结果(图 5)和月尺度结果类似, 输出量在5—7月呈不规则变化。将日输出量与日径流量进行相关性分析, 结果表明丁草胺日输出量与日径流量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01), 相关系数为0.63, 该结果表明夏季较强降水量、径流量增加了河道中丁草胺的输出量。
2014—2021年菜子湖流域河道中丁草胺月尺度的输出总量的模拟结果如图 6所示, 输出量在各年呈不规则变化。2016年输出量较大, 2018年输出量较少。这是由于2016年属于丰水年, 降水量较其他年份增多, 各子流域的河流径流量较大, 河道中除草剂含量增加, 导致2016年丁草胺输出量达到峰值。
2021年流域河道的丁草胺输出总量分布如图 7所示, 结果显示菜子湖流域丁草胺输出量存在较大空间差异性。丁草胺输出量较高的为13、17、19、28、31号子流域, 6、32号子流域丁草胺的输出量极低。结合子流域位置情况发现, 流域上游丁草胺输出较低, 下游输出量较高。施用在田地里的除草剂随降水、径流事件从上游向下游河湖积累, 造成流域出水口丁草胺输出量大。需要说明的是, 受SWAT模型空间分辨率的限制, 当前研究仅基于子流域尺度提取丁草胺输出总量, 尚无法在单位面积(如kg/km2)尺度上进行标准化表达。因此, 图 7所示为各子流域的丁草胺的总输出量空间分布, 其空间差异不仅反映了污染负荷本身, 也受集水面积大小和污染物累积效应的共同影响。为进一步提高模拟精度和空间表达能力, 后续研究将考虑引入更高分辨率的模拟方案和参数配置。
菜子湖流域的丁草胺输出量的影响因素较多, 图 8展示了丁草胺输出量与不同土地利用类型面积比例之间的皮尔逊相关系数。结果表明, 丁草胺输出量与农田面积呈显著正相关(r=0.81), 说明农田是丁草胺输出的主要来源区域; 与水体面积也表现出中等程度的正相关关系(r=0.60), 可能与水体在污染物迁移过程中的汇聚与传输作用有关。相比之下, 丁草胺与草地和林地面积之间呈负相关关系(r= –0.29), 表明这些覆盖类型具有一定的削弱污染输出的生态缓冲功能。丁草胺与城镇建设用地面积相关性较弱(r=0.12), 说明其对丁草胺输出影响有限。 综上, 丁草胺输出在不同土地利用类型下表现出明显的差异性, 农田和水体是影响其输出的关键因子, 在面源污染防控中需重点关注。
本研究基于SWAT模型模拟了菜子湖流域丁草胺的迁移特征, 结果表明其在时间和空间尺度上具有显著差异性, 这一特征与流域水文过程、土地利用格局以及丁草胺本身的理化性质密切相关。丁草胺在多塘系统河道中的分布受到多种因素的影响, 丁草胺的使用量和施用方式影响了其在土壤和水体中的浓度。丁草胺在土壤和水中会发生降解和分解, 直接影响了其在多塘系统河道中的存在时间和浓度[44]。土壤pH、温度、湿度等环境条件以及微生物的活性都会影响丁草胺的降解速率[45]。不同类型的土壤和河道地质对丁草胺的吸附和保持能力不同。例如, 黏土质地的土壤和沉积物通常会更容易捕获丁草胺分子, 从而减少其进入水体的量[46]。降水和径流对多塘系统河道中丁草胺的输送和扩散起着至关重要的作用。降水将丁草胺带入水体中, 而径流可以将其从施用地带走, 并将其输送到下游水体中[47]。水体流动和水文条件也会影响丁草胺在多塘系统河道中的分布[48]。快速流动的水体可能会将丁草胺迅速带走, 而缓慢流动的池塘更容易积累丁草胺。这也解释了在本研究中水体面积与丁草胺含量的相关性更显著。而水体的pH和溶解氧含量可以对丁草胺的溶解和存在形式产生影响。不同的pH和溶解氧条件可能会影响丁草胺在水体中的稳定性和生物有效性[49]。水中的 OH会对丁草胺的降解有催化作用,丁草胺在碱性水体中的降解速率会高于在中性水体中的降解速率。丁草胺在温度较高条件下降解的速率较快。已有研究表明, 解淀粉芽孢杆菌对丁草胺具有显著降解作用, 且该菌群为喜氧菌群, 溶解氧可通过调控喜氧型解淀粉芽孢杆菌的活性, 进而间接影响丁草胺的降解速率。可通过调控水体溶解氧水平, 促进喜氧的解淀粉芽孢杆菌繁殖, 增强其对丁草胺的降解作用[45, 50]
研究结果表明, 夏季降水与径流增加显著促进了丁草胺在菜子湖流域的迁移与输出, 河道中丁草胺浓度在时间和空间上均表现出显著差异性。该发现对于菜子湖流域水资源管理与环境污染防控具有重要实践意义。本研究建议加强对夏季降水期丁草胺迁移风险的关注, 尤其在下游流域出水口区域, 应构建更为精细化的监测体系, 实现丁草胺输出动态的实时追踪, 以便及时应对突发性污染事件。在管理策略方面, 应强化对丁草胺非点源污染的管控, 推进农业生产与环境保护的协调发展。针对上游区域农药施用强度较大的现状, 建议优化施药时间与方式, 例如将丁草胺的农田施用期调整至6月上旬(雨季前), 以降低强降雨引发的迁移风险。同时, 应鼓励农民采用生态友好型农业技术, 如有机种植与绿色防控措施, 从源头上减少农药进入水体的风险。此外, 可在上游黏土质区域与水体之间设置10—15 m宽的植被缓冲带, 利用芦苇Phragmites australis等植物的吸附作用拦截污染物; 在下游丁草胺高输出子流域内的池塘中, 适量投放高效降解菌剂以加速其分解过程, 从而降低生态风险。
本研究的模拟结论在一定程度上与Larose等[22]关于莠去津(Atrazine)迁移的研究结果一致, 均揭示了径流过程在农药非点源污染输移中所起的核心驱动作用。这一结论进一步证实了农田施药后降水径流事件对农药在流域内空间扩散及下游汇聚的关键影响机制。然而, 与Larose等[22]研究对象所处的单一河道型流域不同, 菜子湖流域具有典型的“多塘系统”地貌格局, 即在支流与干流之间分布有大量相互连通或半连通的池塘与沟渠。这种独特的地貌结构不仅为农药在迁移过程中提供了多级“汇聚−滞留−再释放”的动态环境, 也可能导致污染物在局部区域的持续富集和输出延迟, 从而增强了农药的环境残留性与生态风险, 从而对流域下游水体安全构成潜在威胁。因此, 相较于仅基于单一河网结构的污染控制策略, 多塘系统所代表的复合小尺度水文单元更应引起管理部门的重视。研究成果为南方丘陵湖区等具有类似地貌与土地利用背景的地区提供了具有针对性的农药污染防控管理思路。
尽管本研究取得了较为系统的认识, 仍存在两方面的局限性。其一, 受天气、人力与区域可达性等因素限制, 实地采样仅覆盖丁草胺影响较为显著的5—6月, 实测数据基于两次采样的平均值, 未能全面反映丁草胺在不同季节的动态变化。未来研究可进一步优化采样方案, 开展季度或全年尺度的连续监测, 以提升模型验证的时效性与代表性。其二, 本研究的水文率定仅基于1年(2021年)的实测径流数据。尽管在率定期内模型表现较好(R2=0.63; NS=0.62), 说明模型能够较好重现研究区当年的水文过程, 但单一年份的数据确实难以涵盖流域在特枯、特丰等极端年份下的年际波动, 从而可能限制模型在其他年份的泛化能力。其三, SWAT模型在模拟过程中未能区分丁草胺的溶解态与颗粒吸附态迁移路径, 可能限制了对其迁移机制的深入刻画。上述不足可为后续研究提供改进方向, 进一步提升模拟精度与应用价值。
本研究基于SWAT模型模拟了菜子湖流域丁草胺的迁移特征, 结果显示其在时间与空间上均存在显著差异, 且受水文过程、土地利用结构及丁草胺理化性质的共同影响。主要结论: (1)丁草胺在6—7月的输出量占全年总量的79.32%, 与施药时段和夏季降雨密切相关; (2)输出量与日径流显著正相关(r=0.63), 表明径流是其主要驱动因子; (3)下游子流域为主要输出区, 上游相对较低; (4)农田与水体面积对丁草胺输出具有显著影响, 其中农田面积相关性最强(r=0.81), 反映其为主要污染来源。本研究为多塘系统中农药迁移机制的理解及非点源污染防控提供了科学依据, 有助于优化施药策略, 降低水体污染风险, 推动农业与环境的协调发展。
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doi: 10.3724/1000-3207.2025.2025.0296
  • 接收时间:2025-09-03
  • 首发时间:2026-05-09
  • 出版时间:2026-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-03
  • 修回日期:2025-12-10
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    1长江大学园艺园林学院, 荆州 434023
    2中国科学院武汉植物园, 湿地演化与生态恢复湖北省重点实验室, 武汉 430074
    3桂林理工大学旅游与风景园林学院, 桂林 541004
    4宿迁学院应急管理教研室, 宿迁 223800

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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