Article(id=1153991069067895450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240930012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727625600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753062510982, onlineDateStr=2025-07-21, pubDate=1736870400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1753062510982, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753062510982, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1753062510982, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1153986777279877909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, year='2025', volume='16', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='320', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1753061487741, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757901302572, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1174286432060453412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1174286432060453413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, issueId=1153986777279877909, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=187, endPage=194, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1153991069487325851, articleId=1153991069067895450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=EN, title=Phenotypic and molecular characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food and clinical samples, columnId=1153986783114154916, journalTitle=Journal of Food Safety & Quality, columnName=Special Topic: Detection and Prevention of Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the drug resistance, biofilm formation ability, and molecular characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from food and clinical samples. Methods A total of 21 MRSA strains isolated from commercial food and 30 MRSA strains isolated from clinical cases in a Class 3 Grade A hospital in Shaanxi from 2019 to 2020 were tested for drug susceptibility, MLST, spa, SCCmec typing, and biofilm formation ability. The phylogenetic analysis of strains from different sources was performed based on SNP by whole genome sequencing. Results The resistance rates of 51 MRSA strains to penicillin, oxacillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, and other antibiotics exceeded 50%. Penicillin and oxacillin exhibited the highest resistance rates (100%), followed by erythromycin, clindamycin, and tetracycline with resistance rates of 98.04%, 96.08%, and 52.94% respectively. The ST59-t437-IVa(2B) molecular type was predominant among 21 food MRSA strains and 30 clinical MRSA strains, accounting for 52.38% (11/21) and 36.67% (11/30), respectively. Among the 21 food-borne MRSA strains, 38.09% (8/21) exhibited the capacity for biofilm formation, while all 30 clinical MRSA strains demonstrated biofilm-forming ability. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that ST59-t437-IVa(2B) constituted the primary evolutionary lineage of MRSA strains isolated from both food and clinical samples, with some strains from these two sources falling within the same evolutionary branch. Conclusion The drug-resistant types and rates of drug resistance in MRSA strains isolated from both food and clinical sources exhibited a high degree of consistency in this study. Moreover, the biofilm formation ability was found to be stronger in clinical MRSA isolates compared to those derived from food-borne sources. Additionally, close genetic relationships were observed between certain MRSA strains obtained from both food and clinical samples, highlighting the significance of further research and attention towards the risk posed by food-borne MRSA.

, correspAuthors=Bei HAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jun WANG, Xin-Xin MA, Xiao-Cao CHEN, Yu-Jie HU, Ya-Li CHEN, Jian-Jun JI, Jin-Ming HE, Xin-Li LIU, Bei HAN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1153991072691774111, articleId=1153991069067895450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, language=CN, title=食品和临床来源耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌分离株表型及分子特征研究, columnId=1153986783244178342, journalTitle=食品安全质量检测学报, columnName=专题:食源性病原微生物检测与防控, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 研究耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA)食品和临床样本分离株的耐药性、菌膜形成能力及分子特征。方法 对2019—2020年陕西地区市售食品中分离的21株MRSA和某三甲医院临床感染病例中分离的30株MRSA进行药物药敏性试验, 多位点序列分型(multilocus sequence typing, MLST)、葡萄球菌蛋白A (Staphylococcal protein A, spa)分型、葡萄球菌染色体盒mec (Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec, SCCmec)分型, 生物膜形成能力测定; 通过全基因组测序基于单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide-polymorphism, SNP)对不同来源菌株进行系统进化分析。结果 51株食品和临床分离的MRSA菌株对青霉素、苯唑西林、红霉素、克林霉素、四环素等抗菌药物耐药率均超过50%, 其中青霉素、苯唑西林的耐药率最高, 为100%, 其余依次为红霉素、克林霉素、四环素, 耐药率分别为98.04%、96.08%、52.94%。21株食品和30株临床分离MRSA菌株分子型别均以ST59-t437-IVa(2B)型为主, 分别占比为52.38% (11/21)和36.67% (11/30)。21株食品分离MRSA菌株中38.09% (8/21)具有生物膜形成能力, 30株临床分离MRSA菌株100.00%具有生物膜形成能力。种系进化树分析结果显示ST59-t437-IVa(2B)型为食品和临床分离MRSA主要进化分支, 且两种来源菌株部分位于同一进化分支。结论 本研究中食品和临床分离MRSA菌株耐药种类及其耐药率呈现高度一致; 临床较食品分离MRSA菌株生物膜形成能力强; 食品和临床分离的MRSA中一部分菌株具有较近的亲缘关系, 提示食源性MRSA风险不容忽视, 值得进一步研究与关注。

, correspAuthors=韩蓓, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*韩蓓(1980—), 女, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为细菌代谢与食品安全。E-mail:
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王君(1987—), 女, 硕士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为细菌耐药与食源性疾病。E-mail:

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Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2022, 13(14): 4463-4471., articleTitle=Research progress on the contamination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in retail foods in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1174369392289788379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153991069067895450, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=23, issue=7, pageStart=353, pageEnd=362, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=54, authorNames=韩国全, 吴任之, 张翼, journalName=中国食品学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=韩国全, 吴任之, 张翼, 等. 猪肉源金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜能力与MLST分型检测[J]. 中国食品学报, 2023, 23(7): 353-362., articleTitle=猪肉源金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜能力与MLST分型检测, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1174369392361091550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153991069067895450, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=23, issue=7, pageStart=353, pageEnd=362, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=55, authorNames=HAN GQ, WU RZ, ZHANG Y, journalName=Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HAN GQ, WU RZ, ZHANG Y, et al. Detection of biofilm capacity and MLST typing of Staphylococcus aureus from pork[J]. Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology, 2023, 23(7): 353-362., articleTitle=Detection of biofilm capacity and MLST typing of Staphylococcus aureus from pork, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1174369386317099325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153991069067895450, awardId=2018E007, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省卫生科研基金项目(2018E007), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1174369381795639466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153991069067895450, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1174369381804028075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153991069067895450, companyId=1174369381795639466, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1174369381942440114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153991069067895450, companyId=1174369381929857200, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.国家食品安全风险评估中心国家卫生健康委员会食品安全风险评估重点实验室, 北京 100021)]), AuthorCompany(id=1174369382034714803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153991069067895450, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1174369382055686324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153991069067895450, companyId=1174369382034714803, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4. 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Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Yan’an, Yan’an 716000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1174369382143766712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153991069067895450, companyId=1174369382131183798, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=5.延安市疾病预防控制中心, 延安 716000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1174369385566318884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153991069067895450, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Phylogenetic tree of 21 food and 30 clinical isolates of MRSA strains constructed based on SNP, figureFileSmall=UJXwEuavXv68zsI+ubcUfQ==, figureFileBig=hmRGba+PSUoGzwZVTseCIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174369385662787879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153991069067895450, language=CN, label=图1, caption=21株食品和30株临床分离MRSA菌株基于SNP构建的进化树

注: 方框标注内菌株位于同一进化分支。

, figureFileSmall=UJXwEuavXv68zsI+ubcUfQ==, figureFileBig=hmRGba+PSUoGzwZVTseCIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1174369385729896746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153991069067895450, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Antimicrobial resistance profiles and molecular characteristics of 21 food and 30 clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株编号 菌株来源 样本名称 耐药谱 MLST型 spa SCCmec 生物膜形成能力
MRSA01 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST59 t437 V(5C2) -
MRSA02 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-TET ST59 t437 IVa(2B) -
MRSA03 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI* ST5 t13845 IVa(2B) -
MRSA04 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-TET-RIF ST398 t11729 IVa(2B) ++
MRSA05 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-TET ST59 t437 IVa(2B) -
MRSA06 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-TET ST59 t437 IVa(2B) +
MRSA07 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-GEN-CIP-LEV*-ERY-CLI-TET-SXT ST9 t1939 XII(9C2) -
MRSA08 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-CIP*-ERY-CLI ST4513 t437 IVa(2B) ++
MRSA09 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-TET ST1232 t034 V(5C2) -
MRSA10 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-TET ST59 t437 IVa(2B) +
MRSA11 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-CIP*-ERY-CLI ST4513 t437 IVa(2B) ++
MRSA12 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-GEN-CIP-LEV*-ERY-CLI-TET-SXT ST9 t899 XII(9C2) -
MRSA13 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST59 t437 IVa(2B) -
MRSA14 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-GEN-CIP-LEV-ERY-CLI-TET-SXT ST9 t899 XII(9C2) +
MRSA15 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST59 t437 IVa(2B) +
MRSA16 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST59 t437 IVa(2B) -
MRSA17 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-GEN-CIP-LEV-ERY-CLI-TET-SXT ST9 t899 XII(9C2) -
MRSA18 食品 餐饮食品 PEN-OXC-TET ST59 t437 IVa(2B) -
MRSA19 食品 餐饮食品 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST59 t437 IVa(2B) +
MRSA20 食品 现制饮品 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST59 t437 IVa(2B) -
MRSA21 食品 餐饮食品 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST59 t437 IVa(2B) -
S7 临床 痰液 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST398 t034 V(5C2) ++
S8 临床 引流液 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-CIP-LEV* ST59 t172 IVa(2B) ++
S12 临床 引流液 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST1 t114 IVg(2B) ++
S15 临床 痰液 PEN-OXC-GEN-CIP-LEV-ERY-CLI-TET-RIF-MXF* ST239 t030 III(3A) +++
S16 临床 血液 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-TET ST59 t437 IVa(2B) ++
S17 临床 痰液 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-CIP-TET-LEV-MXF* ST5 t301 II(2A) ++
S18 临床 分泌物 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-CIP-SXT-LEV* ST1409 t301 II(2A) ++
S21 临床 尿液 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-TET ST59 t437 IVa(2B) +++
S22 临床 脓汁 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST1 t114 IVg(2B) ++
S24 临床 分泌物 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-SXT ST59 t437 IVa(2B) ++
S25 临床 痰液 PEN-OXC-GEN-CIP-LEV-ERY-CLI-TET-RIF-MXF ST239 t030 III(3A) ++
S26 临床 分泌物 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST59 t437 IVa(2B) ++
S28 临床 痰液 PEN-OXC-CIP-LEV-ERY-CLI-TET-MXF* ST950 t2460 II(2A) ++
S47 临床 血液 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST59 t437 IVa(2B) ++
S48 临床 导管 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST59 t437 IVa(2B) ++
S60 临床 分泌物 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-GEN*-TET-SXT ST398 t3275 IVc(2B) ++
S61 临床 分泌物 PEN-OXC-GEN-CIP-LEV*-ERY-CLI-TET-RIF-SXT ST239 t037 III(3A) ++
S63 临床 皮疹 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST59 t441 V(5C2) ++
S66 临床 痰液 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST338 t437 V(5C2&5) ++
S69 临床 分泌物 PEN-OXC-GEN-CIP-LEV-ERY-CLI-TET-RIF ST239 t030 III(3A) ++
S72 临床 分泌物 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST59 t437 IVa(2B) ++
S78 临床 分泌物 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-TET ST3091 t437 Vb(5C2&5) +
S82 临床 分泌物 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-TET ST59 t437 IVa(2B) ++
S84 临床 分泌物 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST72 t2461 IVa(2B) ++
S88 临床 脓汁 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST59 t437 IVa(2B) ++
S90 临床 分泌物 PEN-OXC-GEN-CIP-LEV-ERY-CLI-TET-RIF ST239 t030 III(3A) ++
S91 临床 分泌物 PEN-OXC-GEN-CIP-LEV-ERY-CLI-TET-MXF ST5 t2460 II(2A) +++
S94 临床 尿液 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-TET ST59 t437 IVa(2B) ++
S95 临床 分泌物 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-TET ST59 t437 IVa(2B) ++
S100 临床 胸水 PEN-OXC-GEN-CIP-LEV-ERY-CLI-TET-RIF-MXF ST239 t030 III(3A) +
), ArticleFig(id=1174369385859920175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153991069067895450, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

21株食品和30株临床分离耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌耐药谱及分子特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
菌株编号 菌株来源 样本名称 耐药谱 MLST型 spa SCCmec 生物膜形成能力
MRSA01 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST59 t437 V(5C2) -
MRSA02 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-TET ST59 t437 IVa(2B) -
MRSA03 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI* ST5 t13845 IVa(2B) -
MRSA04 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-TET-RIF ST398 t11729 IVa(2B) ++
MRSA05 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-TET ST59 t437 IVa(2B) -
MRSA06 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-TET ST59 t437 IVa(2B) +
MRSA07 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-GEN-CIP-LEV*-ERY-CLI-TET-SXT ST9 t1939 XII(9C2) -
MRSA08 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-CIP*-ERY-CLI ST4513 t437 IVa(2B) ++
MRSA09 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-TET ST1232 t034 V(5C2) -
MRSA10 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-TET ST59 t437 IVa(2B) +
MRSA11 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-CIP*-ERY-CLI ST4513 t437 IVa(2B) ++
MRSA12 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-GEN-CIP-LEV*-ERY-CLI-TET-SXT ST9 t899 XII(9C2) -
MRSA13 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST59 t437 IVa(2B) -
MRSA14 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-GEN-CIP-LEV-ERY-CLI-TET-SXT ST9 t899 XII(9C2) +
MRSA15 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST59 t437 IVa(2B) +
MRSA16 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST59 t437 IVa(2B) -
MRSA17 食品 生肉及其制品 PEN-OXC-GEN-CIP-LEV-ERY-CLI-TET-SXT ST9 t899 XII(9C2) -
MRSA18 食品 餐饮食品 PEN-OXC-TET ST59 t437 IVa(2B) -
MRSA19 食品 餐饮食品 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST59 t437 IVa(2B) +
MRSA20 食品 现制饮品 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST59 t437 IVa(2B) -
MRSA21 食品 餐饮食品 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST59 t437 IVa(2B) -
S7 临床 痰液 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST398 t034 V(5C2) ++
S8 临床 引流液 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-CIP-LEV* ST59 t172 IVa(2B) ++
S12 临床 引流液 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST1 t114 IVg(2B) ++
S15 临床 痰液 PEN-OXC-GEN-CIP-LEV-ERY-CLI-TET-RIF-MXF* ST239 t030 III(3A) +++
S16 临床 血液 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-TET ST59 t437 IVa(2B) ++
S17 临床 痰液 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-CIP-TET-LEV-MXF* ST5 t301 II(2A) ++
S18 临床 分泌物 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-CIP-SXT-LEV* ST1409 t301 II(2A) ++
S21 临床 尿液 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-TET ST59 t437 IVa(2B) +++
S22 临床 脓汁 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST1 t114 IVg(2B) ++
S24 临床 分泌物 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-SXT ST59 t437 IVa(2B) ++
S25 临床 痰液 PEN-OXC-GEN-CIP-LEV-ERY-CLI-TET-RIF-MXF ST239 t030 III(3A) ++
S26 临床 分泌物 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST59 t437 IVa(2B) ++
S28 临床 痰液 PEN-OXC-CIP-LEV-ERY-CLI-TET-MXF* ST950 t2460 II(2A) ++
S47 临床 血液 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST59 t437 IVa(2B) ++
S48 临床 导管 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST59 t437 IVa(2B) ++
S60 临床 分泌物 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-GEN*-TET-SXT ST398 t3275 IVc(2B) ++
S61 临床 分泌物 PEN-OXC-GEN-CIP-LEV*-ERY-CLI-TET-RIF-SXT ST239 t037 III(3A) ++
S63 临床 皮疹 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST59 t441 V(5C2) ++
S66 临床 痰液 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST338 t437 V(5C2&5) ++
S69 临床 分泌物 PEN-OXC-GEN-CIP-LEV-ERY-CLI-TET-RIF ST239 t030 III(3A) ++
S72 临床 分泌物 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST59 t437 IVa(2B) ++
S78 临床 分泌物 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-TET ST3091 t437 Vb(5C2&5) +
S82 临床 分泌物 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-TET ST59 t437 IVa(2B) ++
S84 临床 分泌物 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST72 t2461 IVa(2B) ++
S88 临床 脓汁 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI ST59 t437 IVa(2B) ++
S90 临床 分泌物 PEN-OXC-GEN-CIP-LEV-ERY-CLI-TET-RIF ST239 t030 III(3A) ++
S91 临床 分泌物 PEN-OXC-GEN-CIP-LEV-ERY-CLI-TET-MXF ST5 t2460 II(2A) +++
S94 临床 尿液 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-TET ST59 t437 IVa(2B) ++
S95 临床 分泌物 PEN-OXC-ERY-CLI-TET ST59 t437 IVa(2B) ++
S100 临床 胸水 PEN-OXC-GEN-CIP-LEV-ERY-CLI-TET-RIF-MXF ST239 t030 III(3A) +
), ArticleFig(id=1174369385956389169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153991069067895450, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from different sources to 14 kinds of antimicrobial agents

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗菌药物类别 抗菌药物名称 耐药率/%(耐药菌株数/菌株总数)
食品样本(n=21) 临床样本(n=30) 合计(n=51)
青霉素类 PEN 100.00 (21/21) 100.00 (30/30) 100.00 (51/51)
OXC 100.00 (21/21) 100.00 (30/30) 100.00 (51/51)
大环内酯类 ERY 95.23 (20/21) 100.00 (30/30) 98.04 (50/51)
CLI 90.48 (19/21) 100.00 (30/30) 96.08 (49/51)
四环素类 TET 52.38 (11/21) 53.33 (16/30) 52.94 (27/51)
TGC 0.00 (0/21) 0.00 (0/21) 0.00 (0/51)
喹诺酮类 CIP 19.04 (4/21) 36.67 (11/30) 29.41 (15/51)
LEV 4.76 (1/21) 26.67 (8/30) 17.65 (9/51)
MXF 0.00 (0/21) 10.00 (3/30) 5.88 (3/51)
氨基糖苷类 GEN 19.04 (4/21) 23.33 (7/30) 21.57 (11/51)
磺胺类 SXT 19.04 (4/21) 13.33 (4/30) 15.69 (8/51)
其他抗菌类 RIF 4.76 (1/21) 20.00 (6/30) 13.73 (7/51)
噁唑烷酮类 LZD 0.00 (0/21) 0.00 (0/30) 0.00 (0/51)
糖肽类 VAN 0.00 (0/21) 0.00 (0/30) 0.00 (0/51)
), ArticleFig(id=1174369386065441080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149652044408987649, articleId=1153991069067895450, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同来源耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌对14种抗菌药物的耐药情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
抗菌药物类别 抗菌药物名称 耐药率/%(耐药菌株数/菌株总数)
食品样本(n=21) 临床样本(n=30) 合计(n=51)
青霉素类 PEN 100.00 (21/21) 100.00 (30/30) 100.00 (51/51)
OXC 100.00 (21/21) 100.00 (30/30) 100.00 (51/51)
大环内酯类 ERY 95.23 (20/21) 100.00 (30/30) 98.04 (50/51)
CLI 90.48 (19/21) 100.00 (30/30) 96.08 (49/51)
四环素类 TET 52.38 (11/21) 53.33 (16/30) 52.94 (27/51)
TGC 0.00 (0/21) 0.00 (0/21) 0.00 (0/51)
喹诺酮类 CIP 19.04 (4/21) 36.67 (11/30) 29.41 (15/51)
LEV 4.76 (1/21) 26.67 (8/30) 17.65 (9/51)
MXF 0.00 (0/21) 10.00 (3/30) 5.88 (3/51)
氨基糖苷类 GEN 19.04 (4/21) 23.33 (7/30) 21.57 (11/51)
磺胺类 SXT 19.04 (4/21) 13.33 (4/30) 15.69 (8/51)
其他抗菌类 RIF 4.76 (1/21) 20.00 (6/30) 13.73 (7/51)
噁唑烷酮类 LZD 0.00 (0/21) 0.00 (0/30) 0.00 (0/51)
糖肽类 VAN 0.00 (0/21) 0.00 (0/30) 0.00 (0/51)
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食品和临床来源耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌分离株表型及分子特征研究
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王君 1, 2 , 马鑫鑫 1 , 陈晓草 2 , 胡豫杰 3 , 陈雅丽 4 , 纪建军 5 , 贺金明 2 , 刘新利 2 , 韩蓓 1, *
食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食源性病原微生物检测与防控 2025,16(1): 187-194
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食品安全质量检测学报 | 专题:食源性病原微生物检测与防控 2025, 16(1): 187-194
食品和临床来源耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌分离株表型及分子特征研究
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王君1, 2 , 马鑫鑫1, 陈晓草2, 胡豫杰3, 陈雅丽4, 纪建军5, 贺金明2, 刘新利2, 韩蓓1, *
作者信息
  • 1.西安交通大学医学部公共卫生学院, 西安 710061
  • 2.铜川市疾病预防控制中心, 铜川 727030
  • 3.国家食品安全风险评估中心国家卫生健康委员会食品安全风险评估重点实验室, 北京 100021
  • 4.汉中市疾病预防控制中心, 汉中 723000
  • 5.延安市疾病预防控制中心, 延安 716000
  • 王君(1987—), 女, 硕士, 副主任技师, 主要研究方向为细菌耐药与食源性疾病。E-mail:

通讯作者:

*韩蓓(1980—), 女, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为细菌代谢与食品安全。E-mail:
Phenotypic and molecular characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food and clinical samples
Jun WANG1, 2 , Xin-Xin MA1, Xiao-Cao CHEN2, Yu-Jie HU3, Ya-Li CHEN4, Jian-Jun JI5, Jin-Ming HE2, Xin-Li LIU2, Bei HAN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
  • 2. Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Tongchuan, Tongchuan 727030, China
  • 3. National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment of Health, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China
  • 4. Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Hanzhong, Hanzhong 723000, China
  • 5. Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Yan’an, Yan’an 716000, China
出版时间: 2025-01-15 doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240930012
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目的 研究耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA)食品和临床样本分离株的耐药性、菌膜形成能力及分子特征。方法 对2019—2020年陕西地区市售食品中分离的21株MRSA和某三甲医院临床感染病例中分离的30株MRSA进行药物药敏性试验, 多位点序列分型(multilocus sequence typing, MLST)、葡萄球菌蛋白A (Staphylococcal protein A, spa)分型、葡萄球菌染色体盒mec (Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec, SCCmec)分型, 生物膜形成能力测定; 通过全基因组测序基于单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide-polymorphism, SNP)对不同来源菌株进行系统进化分析。结果 51株食品和临床分离的MRSA菌株对青霉素、苯唑西林、红霉素、克林霉素、四环素等抗菌药物耐药率均超过50%, 其中青霉素、苯唑西林的耐药率最高, 为100%, 其余依次为红霉素、克林霉素、四环素, 耐药率分别为98.04%、96.08%、52.94%。21株食品和30株临床分离MRSA菌株分子型别均以ST59-t437-IVa(2B)型为主, 分别占比为52.38% (11/21)和36.67% (11/30)。21株食品分离MRSA菌株中38.09% (8/21)具有生物膜形成能力, 30株临床分离MRSA菌株100.00%具有生物膜形成能力。种系进化树分析结果显示ST59-t437-IVa(2B)型为食品和临床分离MRSA主要进化分支, 且两种来源菌株部分位于同一进化分支。结论 本研究中食品和临床分离MRSA菌株耐药种类及其耐药率呈现高度一致; 临床较食品分离MRSA菌株生物膜形成能力强; 食品和临床分离的MRSA中一部分菌株具有较近的亲缘关系, 提示食源性MRSA风险不容忽视, 值得进一步研究与关注。

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌  /  耐药性  /  生物膜  /  分子特征  /  进化分析

Objective To investigate the drug resistance, biofilm formation ability, and molecular characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from food and clinical samples. Methods A total of 21 MRSA strains isolated from commercial food and 30 MRSA strains isolated from clinical cases in a Class 3 Grade A hospital in Shaanxi from 2019 to 2020 were tested for drug susceptibility, MLST, spa, SCCmec typing, and biofilm formation ability. The phylogenetic analysis of strains from different sources was performed based on SNP by whole genome sequencing. Results The resistance rates of 51 MRSA strains to penicillin, oxacillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, and other antibiotics exceeded 50%. Penicillin and oxacillin exhibited the highest resistance rates (100%), followed by erythromycin, clindamycin, and tetracycline with resistance rates of 98.04%, 96.08%, and 52.94% respectively. The ST59-t437-IVa(2B) molecular type was predominant among 21 food MRSA strains and 30 clinical MRSA strains, accounting for 52.38% (11/21) and 36.67% (11/30), respectively. Among the 21 food-borne MRSA strains, 38.09% (8/21) exhibited the capacity for biofilm formation, while all 30 clinical MRSA strains demonstrated biofilm-forming ability. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that ST59-t437-IVa(2B) constituted the primary evolutionary lineage of MRSA strains isolated from both food and clinical samples, with some strains from these two sources falling within the same evolutionary branch. Conclusion The drug-resistant types and rates of drug resistance in MRSA strains isolated from both food and clinical sources exhibited a high degree of consistency in this study. Moreover, the biofilm formation ability was found to be stronger in clinical MRSA isolates compared to those derived from food-borne sources. Additionally, close genetic relationships were observed between certain MRSA strains obtained from both food and clinical samples, highlighting the significance of further research and attention towards the risk posed by food-borne MRSA.

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus  /  drug resistance  /  biofilm  /  molecular characteristics  /  evolutionary analysis
王君, 马鑫鑫, 陈晓草, 胡豫杰, 陈雅丽, 纪建军, 贺金明, 刘新利, 韩蓓. 食品和临床来源耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌分离株表型及分子特征研究. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2025 , 16 (1) : 187 -194 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240930012
Jun WANG, Xin-Xin MA, Xiao-Cao CHEN, Yu-Jie HU, Ya-Li CHEN, Jian-Jun JI, Jin-Ming HE, Xin-Li LIU, Bei HAN. Phenotypic and molecular characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from food and clinical samples[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2025 , 16 (1) : 187 -194 . DOI: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240930012
金黄色葡萄球菌是我国常见的食源性致病菌[1], 也是社区和医院获得性感染的重要病原菌[2], 该菌可产肠毒素和血浆凝固酶, 是引起食物中毒和化脓性炎症的主要病原[3-4]。作为条件致病菌, 可通过与动物、食物或环境等密切接触引起人类感染, 引起皮肤及软组织感染、菌血症、心内膜炎等[5-7]。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA)是金黄色葡萄球菌获得外源性甲氧西林耐药决定子A (mecA)基因而对甲氧西林产生耐药, 该基因编码青霉素结合蛋白(penicillin-binding proteins, PBPs) PBP2a, 可竞争性抑制β-内酰胺类抗菌药物与细菌本身固有的亲和力, 从而降低其敏感性表现出耐药。MRSA的耐药性并不局限于甲氧西林, 而是针对所有的β-内酰胺类抗菌药物均有耐药性, 是一类能够引起动物、人类感染性疾病的“超级细菌”[8], 对免疫功能低下的患者可导致死亡[9], 被世界卫生组织列为高优先级多重耐药性病原体, 其显著的多重耐药性、高感染率和高致死率等特点为临床治疗带来极大的困难[10]。MRSA对外界环境具有较强的适应能力, 其宿主特异性低, 极易在食用动物体内定殖, 导致其在食品中具有较高的污染率, 从而对食品安全及公众卫生造成严重的威胁[11]。随着抗生素在临床治疗和养殖产业中的广泛使用, 耐药细菌通过基因水平转移等方式完成在动物、环境和人中的传播, 进一步增加人类感染耐药细菌的风险, 从而导致更加严重的临床感染后果以及死亡率的上升[12], MRSA通过食物链的传播成为备受关注的世界性公共卫生问题[13]
本研究以2019—2020年间陕西地区市售食品中分离的21株MRSA和本地区某三甲医院临床感染病例中分离的30株MRSA为研究对象, 探究食品和临床两种来源MRSA菌株耐药性及分子特征, 以期为食源性疾病溯源和防控提供数据支持和参考依据。
本研究所涉及的21株食品来源MRSA分离自2019—2020年陕西地区市售生肉及其制品、熟肉制品、速冻食品、餐饮食品、现制饮品及乳制品样品; 30株临床来源MRSA分离自陕西地区某三甲医院临床感染病例样本。所有菌株均通过VITEK2 Compact全自动微生物分析仪配套的AST-GP67药敏卡上的苯唑西林的最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)和头孢西丁筛选结果判定为MRSA。判定标准为: 苯唑西林的MIC≥4或头孢西丁筛选结果阳性的金黄色葡萄球菌判断为MRSA, 否则判断为甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, MSSA)。药敏试验质控菌株为金黄色葡萄球菌标准菌株ATCC25923, 购自广东环凯微生物科技有限公司。
VITEK2 Compact全自动微生物鉴别及药敏分析系统(法国梅里埃公司); ABI 7500实时荧光定量PCR仪(美国ABI公司)。
7.5%氯化钠肉汤、磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffer saline, PBS)、Baird-Parker琼脂平板、胰酪大豆胨液体培养基(trypticase soy broth, TSB)、血琼脂平板、营养琼脂平板、冻干血浆、革兰染色液(广东环凯微生物科技有限公司); 金黄色葡萄球菌显色培养基(法国科玛嘉公司); GP鉴定卡、AST-GP67药敏卡(法国生物梅里埃公司)。
通过全自动微生物分析仪AST-GP67药敏卡, 共检测菌株对14种抗菌药物的耐药性。抗菌药物包括: 对青霉素(penicillin, PEN)、苯唑西林(oxacillin, OXC)、庆大霉素(gentamicin, GEN)、环丙沙星(ciprofloxacin, CIP)、左氧氟沙星(levofloxacin, LEV)、莫西沙星(moxifloxacin, MXF)、红霉素(erythromycin, ERY)、克林霉素(clindamycin, CLI)、利奈唑胺(linezolid, LZD)、万古霉素(vancomycin, VAN)、四环素(tetracycline, TET)、替加环素(tigecycline, TGC)、利福平(rifampicin, RIF)、复方新诺明(cotrimoxazole, SXT)。药敏试验结果参照美国临床实验室标准化委员会(Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, CLSI) M100 34nd Edition进行判定。
多位点序列分型(multilocus sequence typing, MLST)是将金黄色葡萄球菌7个管家基因(arcC, aroE, glpF, gmk, pta, tpi, yqiL)引物序列进行聚合酶链反应(polymerase chain reaction, PCR), PCR产物进行琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测片段后进行测序, 测序结果提交数据库(http://www.mlst.net/)获得对应ST型别。
葡萄球菌蛋白A (staphylococcal protein a, spa)分型是基于spa基因X区重复序列的多态性[14], PCR扩增spa目标序列, 将测序序列截取基因24 bp重复区域, 登录官方网站(http://www.ridom.de/spaserver/), 获得菌株的spa型别。
使用结晶紫半定量法测定生物膜[15]。设置实验组和空白对照组, 菌株活化后使用TSB液体培养基调整OD600=1.0, 以200 μL/孔在96孔板上加样, 空白对照组为200 μL TSB液体培养基, 加样后置入37 ℃恒温培养箱24 h后取出96孔板, 小心移去上层菌液, 用无菌PBS轻柔洗涤3次, 室温晾干并加入甲醇固定15 min, 弃甲醇后再次晾干并加入1%结晶紫, 静置15 min, 用灭菌纯水洗涤3次至空白对照孔无色, 晾干, 最后加入无水乙醇溶解, 使用酶标仪在595 nm处测定吸光度。依据OD值测定结果的临界点(OD)对菌株生物膜形成能力进行分类, OD样品≤OD, 认为不产生生物膜, 表示为(-); OD<OD样品≤2OD, 认为生物膜形成能力弱, 表示为(+); 2OD<OD样品≤4OD, 认为生物膜形成能力中等, 表示为(++); OD样品>4OD, 认为生物膜形成能力强, 表示为(+++)。OD值测定结果的临界点(OD)计算为公式(1):
$\mathrm{OD}_{\text {临 }}=\mathrm{OD}_{\overline{\mathrm{A}}}+\mathrm{OD}_{\overline{\mathrm{Y}}} \times 3$
式中, ODĀ: BC组3个重复孔OD595的测定值均值; ODȲ: BC组3个重复孔OD595的测定值标准差。
菌株提取DNA后送生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司进行全基因组序列测定; 利用基因组流行病学中心(Center for Genomic Epidemiology, http://www.genomicepidemiology.org/) 的SCCmecFinder 1.2工具, 取Identity≥90%、minimum length≥60%, 获得菌株的葡萄球菌染色体盒mec (Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec, SCCmec)型别; 通过网络数据库(http://bacdb.cn/BacWGSTdb/Tools.php), 以菌株SA268_CP006630_ST59为参考序列, 基于单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide-polymorphism, SNP)构建种系进化树。
21株食品分离MRSA样本来源依次为生肉及其制品(80.95%, 17/21), 餐饮食品(14.29%, 3/21), 现制饮品及乳制品(4.76%, 1/21); 30株临床分离MRSA样本来源依次为分泌物(43.33, 13/30), 痰液(20.00%, 6/30), 尿液(6.67%, 2/30), 脓汁(6.67%, 2/30), 引流液(6.67%, 2/30), 血液(6.67%, 2/30), 皮疹(3.33%, 1/30), 胸水(3.33%, 1/30), 导管(3.33%, 1/30), 详见表1
药敏结果显示, 51株MRSA耐药率超过50%的药物为PEN、OXC、ERY、CLI和TET, 其中PEN、OXC的耐药率最高, 为100%, 其余依次为ERY、CLI、TET, 耐药率分别为98.04%、96.08%、52.94%; 耐药率小于30.00%的药物依次为TGC、CIP、GEN、LEV、SXT、RIF、MXF, 其中MXF仅临床分离MRSA菌株呈现耐药性(10.00%, 3/30), 食源性MRSA均对其敏感; 食品和临床分离的51株MRSA菌株均对TGC、LZD、VAN 3种药物敏感, 详见表2。药敏结果显示食品和临床分离的MRSA为多耐药菌株, 耐药数量4~10种不等, 多为青霉素类、大环内酯类及四环素类, 耐药种类及耐药率呈现较高的一致性, 详见表1
对21株食品分离MRSA进行MLST分型, 结果显示共有6个ST型, 其中ST59型为主要型别, 占57.14% (12/21); spa分型结果显示共有6种型别, 其中t437为主要型别, 占66.67% (14/21); SCCmec型别预测结果显示共有3种型别, 其中IVa(2B)为主要型别, 占71.43% (15/21)。21株食品分离MRSA共呈现7种型别模式, 其中以ST59-t437-IVa(2B)型为主, 占52.38% (11/21), 其次为ST9-t899-XII(9C2), 占14.29% (3/21)。对30株医院分离MRSA进行MLST分型, 结果显示共有10个ST型, 其中ST59型为主要型别, 占43.33% (13/30); spa分型结果显示共有12种型别, 其中t437为主要型别, 占43.33% (13/30); SCCmec型别预测结果显示共有8种型别, 其中IVa(2B)为主要型别, 占43.33% (13/30)。30株临床分离MRSA共呈现15种型别模式, 其中以ST59-t437-IVa(2B)型为主, 占36.67% (11/30), 其次为ST239-t037-III(3A), 占16.67% (5/30)。见表2
21株食品分离MRSA菌株中, 具有生物膜形成能力菌株8株, 占比为38.09%, 其中中等成膜能力菌株3株(14.29%, 3/21), 低等成膜能力菌株5株(23.81%, 5/21); 具有成膜能力的菌株以ST59-t437-IVa(2B)型别为主(50.00%, 4/8); 30株临床分离MRSA菌株均具有生物膜形成能力(100.00%, 30/30), 其中高成膜能力菌株3株(10.00%, 3/30), 中等成膜能力菌株25株(83.33%, 25/30), 低成膜能力菌株2株(6.67%, 2/30); 具有成膜能力菌株分子型别以ST59-t437-IVa(2B)为主, 占比(36.67%, 11/30)。食品和临床分离MRSA具有成膜能力菌株分子型别均以ST59-t437- IVa(2B)为主, 但临床较食品分离的MRSA菌株生物膜形成能力强且菌株占比大, 见表2
基于SNP构建的种系进化树结果显示, 51株食品和临床分离MRSA分属于9个进化分支, 主要进化分支A中共有菌株26株, 其中14株来源于食品样本, 12株来源于临床样本, 同一进化分支MRSA菌株具有较近的亲缘关系, 见图1
位于MRSA主要进化分支A的26株菌株型别以ST59-t437-IVa(2B)型为主, 占比为76.92% (20/26), 其中食品来源11株, 临床来源9株; 其余6株菌株型别为: 2株ST4513-t437-IVa(2B)型(菌株编号为MRSA08、MRSA11), 1株ST59-t473-V(5C2)型(菌株编号为MRSA01), 均来源于食品; 1株ST338-t437-V(5C2&5)型(菌株编号为S66)、1株ST3091-t437-Vb(5C2&5)型(菌株编号为S78)、1株ST59-t441-V(5C2)型(菌株编号为S63), 均来源于临床。
对比位于主要进化分支A的11株食品来源MRSA和9株临床来源MRSA菌株发现, 两种来源的MRSA菌株分子型别、耐药表型及生物膜形成能力高度一致; 与临床分离MRSA菌株位于同一进化分支(即主要进化分支A)的食源性MRSA菌株中具有成膜能力菌株6株, 占本研究中具有成膜能力的食源性菌株的75% (6/8)。综上, 需高度关注食品来源的具有生物膜形成能力、分子型别为ST59-t437-IVa(2B)的MRSA菌株, 进一步研究其与临床同型别菌株的潜在遗传进化关系。详见表2图1
MRSA被世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)列为对人类健康构成最大威胁的12种致病菌之一[16], 是引起院内感染的多重耐药菌, 几乎对所有β-内酰胺类抗生素耐药, 以及其他非β-内酰胺类抗生素如红霉素、环丙沙星和庆大霉素等。近年来食品中MRSA的日益增多, 随着抗生素在养殖业中的广泛使用, 食源性MRSA在食品、环境及人类之间的传播的公共卫生安全问题引起人们的广泛关注[17]。作为一种人兽共患的食源性致病菌, 金黄色葡萄球菌在不同的宿主间具有较为广泛的遗传适应性, 能够在不同的宿主范围内进行传播[18-20]。食品可能是导致金黄色葡萄球菌在医院、社区与动物中传播的潜在重要载体[13], 大量研究通过耐药元件的同源性分析推测mec基因在同环境中具有明显的水平转移和传播特性, 表明细菌间的基因交流特别是携带耐药基因和毒力基因的移动元件对MRSA和高毒力克隆的形成具有重要作用[21-22]。本研究中, 食品和临床分离MRSA均为多重耐药(multi drug resisitance, MDR)菌株, 对4~10种抗菌药物存在耐药, 耐药程度较为严重, 耐药种类及耐药率呈现高度一致性, 耐药结果与赵英芳等[23]及殷国民等[24]研究结果基本一致。环丙沙星是临床人类细菌性感染经验用药, 因此一旦人类感染这类耐药菌株, 很可能造临床成治疗失败。本研究中食源性MRSA对环丙沙星的耐药率达到19.04%, 远高于李孟寒等[25]研究报道的我国食源性金黄色葡萄球对环丙沙星8.1%的耐药率, 食源性MRSA对环丙沙星这类抗生素耐受趋势有所增加, 基于本人之前相关研究, 食源性MRSA携带的耐药基因大多位于可移动遗传元件或质粒上, 提示食源性MRSA耐药潜在传播风险值得进一步关注。
生物膜又名生物被膜, 是细菌黏附在介质, 比如固体管道、医疗器械、人和动物的皮肤表面等, 通过增殖分泌胞外蛋白形成的单一或者混合多种的微生物群体。在食品加工过程和加工设备中滋生或残存的金黄色葡萄球菌常形成生物膜, 难以清除, 甚至产生生物毒素, 易造成食品污染[26]。临床中金黄色葡萄球菌极易黏附在导管(如静脉导管、导尿管、透析导管等)和植入式医疗设备(如人工关节和起搏器等)表面形成生物膜, 对抗生素具有高度耐药性并能抵御宿主防御机制的攻击, 其附着在异物或者坏死的组织表面难以清除, 导致感染的疾病久治不愈反复发作, 极大地增加了临床治疗难度[27]。金黄色葡萄球菌的生物膜混合含有很多外毒素, 胞外蛋白和多细胞组织复合物, 被认为是金黄色葡萄球菌巨大的毒理因子[28]。本研究中食品分离MRSA菌株具有生物膜形成能力菌株占比38.10% (8/21), 低于张鹏飞等[29]研究的食源性耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜能力菌株占比95.45%, 高于唐子云等[30]研究的动物源金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜形成能力的23.47%。本研究中食源性MRSA菌株生物膜形成能力虽较临床分离菌株占比小且程度弱, 但食源性MRSA菌株中具有成膜能力菌株来源包括即食餐饮食品及现制饮品, 具有较高的食品安全风险, 同时具有成膜能力的食源性MRSA菌株中75% (6/8)菌株与部分高致病性临床菌株位于同一进化分支, 具有一定的相关性, 加大了病原菌的潜在感染风险。
随着全基因组测序技术(whole genome sequencing, WGS)的不断发展, WGS对于菌株间的亲缘关系相较于MLST等分型具有更高的分辨率, 且能够获取更为详细的遗传信息, 基于SNP构建的系统进化树能够准确反映群体内不同个体之间的遗传关系, 为进一步深入了解其流行情况和发展变化提供相对可靠的标准[31]。本研究中, 食品和临床分离的MRSA主要进化分支均为ST59-t437-IVa(2B)型, 此结果与李辉等[13]研究的我国食品中金黄色葡萄球菌以及何倩等[32]研究的金黄色葡萄球菌临床分离株分子流行病学特征基本一致。近几年, ST59型MRSA成为引起MRSA社区感染的主要致病型别[33-34], 而ST59- t437-IVa(2B)型MRSA在我国市售食品中广泛分布[35], 该型MRSA除了携带可引起食源性疾病的毒力基因, 还会携带pvlhldpsm-αagrA等与菌血症和皮肤黏膜感染相关的毒力基因, 具有较强的毒性[36]。据研究表明, 金黄色葡萄球菌通过水平基因转移方式获得耐药、定植和感染相关因子, 可能是某一克隆株能成功流行的重要原因, 细菌遗传背景、外部条件等都会影响克隆群流行传播[37]。本研究在系统发育树分析中, 部分致病性强的临床分离株与食品分离MRSA菌株位于同一主要进化分支, 菌株间具有一定的亲缘关系, 食品和临床分离MRSA菌株间是否存在水平传播及其机制还需进一步深入研究, 同时, 食品中ST59-t437-IVa(2B)型MRSA污染应被高度重视, 在警惕其造成临床感染的同时, 也应防范菌株随着食品贸易及人员流动造成的进一步扩大传播。
  • 陕西省卫生科研基金项目(2018E007)
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doi: 10.19812/j.cnki.jfsq11-5956/ts.20240930012
  • 接收时间:2024-09-30
  • 首发时间:2025-07-21
  • 出版时间:2025-01-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-30
基金
陕西省卫生科研基金项目(2018E007)
作者信息
    1.西安交通大学医学部公共卫生学院, 西安 710061
    2.铜川市疾病预防控制中心, 铜川 727030
    3.国家食品安全风险评估中心国家卫生健康委员会食品安全风险评估重点实验室, 北京 100021
    4.汉中市疾病预防控制中心, 汉中 723000
    5.延安市疾病预防控制中心, 延安 716000

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*韩蓓(1980—), 女, 博士, 教授, 主要研究方向为细菌代谢与食品安全。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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