Article(id=1266801733377344313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, issueId=1266801713492153305, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13324/j.cnki.jfcf.202504024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1745164800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-21, revisedDate=1753372800000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1779958669274, onlineDateStr=2026-05-28, pubDate=1763136000000, pubDateStr=2025-11-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779958669274, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779958669274, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779958669274, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266801713492153305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, year='2025', volume='45', issue='6', pageStart='570', pageEnd='672', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779958664534, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779959653473, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266805862552199994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, issueId=1266801713492153305, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266805862552199995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, issueId=1266801713492153305, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=629, endPage=640, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266801733624808251, articleId=1266801733377344313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, language=EN, title=Spatial structure analysis of mixed forests based on close-range photogrammetry, columnId=1266801732626571427, journalTitle=Journal of Forest and Environment, columnName=Forest management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study aimed to explore the feasibility of applying close-range photogrammetry in the quantitative analysis of spatial structure of mixed forests. A smartphone imagery-based method was developed to analyze the spatial structure of a coniferous-broadleaved mixed plantation in Jiufeng Experimental Forest Farm. A multi-path and multi-angle image acquisition strategy was employed to construct a three-dimensional (3D) point cloud model of the stand below the canopy. The optimal circle algorithm was utilized to identify and estimate the positions and diameter at breast height (DBH) of individual trees. The measured data of DBH, tree height, and crown width, along with DBH estimates derived from the 3D model, were used as weighting factors, and weighted Voronoi diagrams were constructed based on measured DBH, estimated DBH, and an equally weighted combination of measured DBH, tree height, and crown width. The effects of different weighting factors on key spatial structure parameters—mingling degree (M), neighborhood comparison (U), and uniform angle index (W)—were systematically analyzed. The results showed a strong correlation (R2=0. 977 2) between estimated DBH and measured DBH. For the estimated DBH of entire stand, the root mean square error (RMSE) of 1. 427 5 cm, the relative RMSE of 8. 224 1%, the deviation of 0. 503 8 cm, and the relative deviation of 2. 902 4%, which indicate the estimated DBH of the entire stand was underestimated. In addition, the results revealed similarities in the stand spatial structure units derived from different weighting factors. Although significant differences existed among some key spatial structure parameters, these did not affect the overall consistency in characterizing the stand's spatial structure. All the approaches consistently indicated that the stand exhibited moderate competition intensity, a moderate mixing degree, and a random distribution pattern.

, correspAuthors=Wenjie HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright ©2025 Journal of Forest and Environment. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi WANG, Wenjie HU, Yongkang SUN, Chuanwu YUAN, Wenfeng WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1266801736934114127, articleId=1266801733377344313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, language=CN, title=基于近景摄影测量技术的混交林空间结构分析, columnId=1266801732769177765, journalTitle=森林与环境学报, columnName=森林经营学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探索近景摄影测量技术在混交林空间结构量化分析中的可行性, 以九峰实验林场的针阔混交人工林为研究对象, 提出一种基于智能手机影像的林分空间结构分析方法。通过采用多路径和多角度影像采集策略构建了样地林分冠层以下的三维点云模型, 采用最优圆算法识别并估测单木的位置和胸径。以样地调查获取的胸径、树高、冠幅实测数据和基于样地三维模型提取的胸径估测数据为权重因子, 分别构建基于实测胸径、估测胸径和实测胸径、树高、冠幅平权综合后的加权Voronoi图, 系统分析不同权重因子对混交度、大小比数和角尺度等关键空间结构参数的影响。结果显示, 估测胸径与实测胸径具有较高的相关性(R2=0. 977 2)。全林分估测胸径的均方根误差为1. 427 5 cm, 相对均方根误差为8. 224 1%, 偏差为0. 503 8 cm, 相对偏差为2. 902 4%, 全林分估测胸径表现为被低估的状态。结果还显示, 不同权重因子的林分空间结构单元具有相似性, 部分关键空间结构参数之间虽然存在显著差异, 但并不影响林分空间结构在表达上的一致性, 均能反映出研究区林分整体上处于中等竞争状态和中度混交程度, 以及随机分布格局。

, correspAuthors=胡文杰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
胡文杰(1989-), 男, 副研究员, 硕士, 从事森林经理学研究。Email:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有©《森林与环境学报》编辑部2025, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=L5fS1SOxgOVGGjPlAsVyQA==, magXml=vQ7x1SKnBS3b/15O6yLOXw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=LC7Lb0T0IEORMqa8ahbStA==, pdfFileSize=3897862, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=btml9QK485/+e7wq2De33A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Cek4k/Nqw0We4+tyGUi0aA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王怡(1984-), 男, 助理研究员, 硕士, 从事森林培育学研究。Email:

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王怡(1984-), 男, 助理研究员, 硕士, 从事森林培育学研究。Email:

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figureFileSmall=OmgWCTjdmWhGb6kp0skW9Q==, figureFileBig=h2HHByAwgtRAsuukqH9GCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266801745536631683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, articleId=1266801733377344313, language=CN, label=图6, caption=圆拟合效果, figureFileSmall=OmgWCTjdmWhGb6kp0skW9Q==, figureFileBig=h2HHByAwgtRAsuukqH9GCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266801745595351940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, articleId=1266801733377344313, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Linear regression analysis of DBH, figureFileSmall=4KjfUiQhWViIFowuJmJyEg==, figureFileBig=i/D0tQ71HLK4XfIanBVppg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266801745654072197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, articleId=1266801733377344313, language=CN, label=图7, caption=胸径线性回归分析, figureFileSmall=4KjfUiQhWViIFowuJmJyEg==, figureFileBig=i/D0tQ71HLK4XfIanBVppg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266801745721181062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, articleId=1266801733377344313, language=EN, label=null, caption=Weighted Voronoi diagrams based on different weighting factors, figureFileSmall=G9HdRs6eBYHiZE949xU63A==, figureFileBig=vbPpu0z9KEHVj5bxA1p5gw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266801745784095623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, articleId=1266801733377344313, language=CN, label=图8, caption=基于不同权重因子的加权Voronoi图, figureFileSmall=G9HdRs6eBYHiZE949xU63A==, figureFileBig=vbPpu0z9KEHVj5bxA1p5gw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266801745867981704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, articleId=1266801733377344313, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Distribution frequency of neighborhood trees, figureFileSmall=jGeFiO2lcQphyUNXhT9n1g==, figureFileBig=LFCRLxjQR3OL4wfKHGxIUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266801745939284873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, articleId=1266801733377344313, language=CN, label=图9, caption=邻近木分布频率, figureFileSmall=jGeFiO2lcQphyUNXhT9n1g==, figureFileBig=LFCRLxjQR3OL4wfKHGxIUQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266801746023170954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, articleId=1266801733377344313, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Measurement data per tree of sample plot

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树种
Species
株数
Number
胸径DBH/cm树高Tree height/m冠幅Crown width/m
最大值
Max.
最小值
Min.
标准差
SD
平均值
Mean
最大值
Max.
最小值
Min.
标准差
SD
平均值
Mean
最大值
Max.
最小值
Min.
标准差
SD
平均值
Mean
苦槠Castanopsis sclerophylla8128.55.16.014.715.05.02.710.78.01.31.54.8
湿地松Pinus elliottii2939.021.14.628.117.014.01.015.38.03.50.96.4
青冈Quercus glauca 1011.15.51.87.59.06.50.97.65.53.30.84.2
全林分Whole stand12039.05.18.417.417.05.03.311.58.01.31.55.1
), ArticleFig(id=1266801746115445643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, articleId=1266801733377344313, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

样地每木检尺数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树种
Species
株数
Number
胸径DBH/cm树高Tree height/m冠幅Crown width/m
最大值
Max.
最小值
Min.
标准差
SD
平均值
Mean
最大值
Max.
最小值
Min.
标准差
SD
平均值
Mean
最大值
Max.
最小值
Min.
标准差
SD
平均值
Mean
苦槠Castanopsis sclerophylla8128.55.16.014.715.05.02.710.78.01.31.54.8
湿地松Pinus elliottii2939.021.14.628.117.014.01.015.38.03.50.96.4
青冈Quercus glauca 1011.15.51.87.59.06.50.97.65.53.30.84.2
全林分Whole stand12039.05.18.417.417.05.03.311.58.01.31.55.1
), ArticleFig(id=1266801746174165900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, articleId=1266801733377344313, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Estimated DBH accuracy of each diameter class

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
径阶
Diameter class
株数
Number of trees
相关系数
R2
均方根误差
Root mean square
error/cm
相对均方根误差
Relative root mean
square error/%
偏差
Deviation/cm
相对偏差
Relative
deviation/%
520.796 31.314 210.772 5-0.020 8-0.170 5
430.873 71.187 85.950 60.504 42.527 2
250.905 71.939 66.572 31.593 85.400 6
全林分Whole stand1200.977 21.427 58.224 10.503 82.902 4
), ArticleFig(id=1266801746245469069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, articleId=1266801733377344313, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各径阶估测胸径精度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
径阶
Diameter class
株数
Number of trees
相关系数
R2
均方根误差
Root mean square
error/cm
相对均方根误差
Relative root mean
square error/%
偏差
Deviation/cm
相对偏差
Relative
deviation/%
520.796 31.314 210.772 5-0.020 8-0.170 5
430.873 71.187 85.950 60.504 42.527 2
250.905 71.939 66.572 31.593 85.400 6
全林分Whole stand1200.977 21.427 58.224 10.503 82.902 4
), ArticleFig(id=1266801746316772238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, articleId=1266801733377344313, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

ANOVA of the number of neighborhood trees in 3 weighted Voronoi diagrams

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
差异源
Difference source
平方和
Sum of squares
自由度
Degree of freedom
均方
Mean squared
F
F value
P
P value
组间Inter-class0.45620.2280.0300.971
组内Intra-class2 100.3022747.665
总计Total2 100.758276
), ArticleFig(id=1266801746383881103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, articleId=1266801733377344313, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

3种加权Voronoi图中邻近木株数方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
差异源
Difference source
平方和
Sum of squares
自由度
Degree of freedom
均方
Mean squared
F
F value
P
P value
组间Inter-class0.45620.2280.0300.971
组内Intra-class2 100.3022747.665
总计Total2 100.758276
), ArticleFig(id=1266801746467767184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, articleId=1266801733377344313, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Paired sample test of mingling degree

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
权重因子两两配对
Weighting factor pairing
配对差值Pairing differencet
t value
自由度
Degree of
freedom
P
P value
平均值
Mean
标准偏差
Standard deviation
标准误差
平均值
Standard error of the mean
差值95%置信区间
Difference 95% confidence interval
下限
Lower limit
上限
Upper limit
实测胸径-实测综合
MD-MS
0.028 130.113 110.011 730.004 840.051 432.399920.018
实测胸径-估测胸径
MD-ED
-0.019 220.111 670.011 71-0.042 480.004 04-1.642900.104
实测综合-估测胸径
MS-ED
-0.047 970.159 640.016 73-0.081 22-0.014 72-2.867900.005
), ArticleFig(id=1266801746543264657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, articleId=1266801733377344313, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

混交度配对样本检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
权重因子两两配对
Weighting factor pairing
配对差值Pairing differencet
t value
自由度
Degree of
freedom
P
P value
平均值
Mean
标准偏差
Standard deviation
标准误差
平均值
Standard error of the mean
差值95%置信区间
Difference 95% confidence interval
下限
Lower limit
上限
Upper limit
实测胸径-实测综合
MD-MS
0.028 130.113 110.011 730.004 840.051 432.399920.018
实测胸径-估测胸径
MD-ED
-0.019 220.111 670.011 71-0.042 480.004 04-1.642900.104
实测综合-估测胸径
MS-ED
-0.047 970.159 640.016 73-0.081 22-0.014 72-2.867900.005
), ArticleFig(id=1266801746643927955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, articleId=1266801733377344313, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Frequency distribution of and $ {\bar{M}}$ of different weighting factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
权重因子
Weighting factor
树种
Species
混交度分布频率Distribution frequency of Mi平均混交度
$ \bar{M}$
0(0.00, 0.25](0.25, 0.50](0.50, 0.75](0.75, 1.00]
估测胸径
ED
苦槠C.sclerophylla0.050.080.610.200.060.45
湿地松P.elliottii0.000.000.090.500.410.72
青冈Q.glauca0.000.000.290.140.570.79
全林分Whole forest0.030.050.470.270.180.54
实测胸径
MD
苦槠C.sclerophylla0.050.190.510.220.030.42
湿地松P.elliottii0.000.000.090.550.360.73
青冈Q.glauca0.000.000.290.140.570.79
全林分Whole forest0.030.130.400.290.150.52
实测综合
MS
苦槠C.sclerophylla0.080.250.480.160.030.38
湿地松P.elliottii0.000.050.050.400.500.74
青冈Q.glauca0.000.000.290.140.570.79
全林分Whole stand0.050.180.370.220.180.49
), ArticleFig(id=1266801746723619732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, articleId=1266801733377344313, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同权重因子的林分混交度分布频率及均值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
权重因子
Weighting factor
树种
Species
混交度分布频率Distribution frequency of Mi平均混交度
$ \bar{M}$
0(0.00, 0.25](0.25, 0.50](0.50, 0.75](0.75, 1.00]
估测胸径
ED
苦槠C.sclerophylla0.050.080.610.200.060.45
湿地松P.elliottii0.000.000.090.500.410.72
青冈Q.glauca0.000.000.290.140.570.79
全林分Whole forest0.030.050.470.270.180.54
实测胸径
MD
苦槠C.sclerophylla0.050.190.510.220.030.42
湿地松P.elliottii0.000.000.090.550.360.73
青冈Q.glauca0.000.000.290.140.570.79
全林分Whole forest0.030.130.400.290.150.52
实测综合
MS
苦槠C.sclerophylla0.080.250.480.160.030.38
湿地松P.elliottii0.000.050.050.400.500.74
青冈Q.glauca0.000.000.290.140.570.79
全林分Whole stand0.050.180.370.220.180.49
), ArticleFig(id=1266801746803311509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, articleId=1266801733377344313, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Paired sample test of neighborhood comparison

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
权重因子两两配对
Weighting factor pairing
配对差值Pairing differencet
t value
自由度
Degree of freedom
P
P value
平均值
Mean
标准偏差
Standard deviation
标准误差
平均值
Standard error of the mean
差值95%置信区间
Difference 95% confidence interval
下限
Lower limit
上限
Upper limit
实测胸径-实测综合
MD-MS
0.012 090.092 600.009 60-0.006 980.031 161.259920.211
实测胸径-估测胸径
MD-ED
-0.016 440.110 510.011 58-0.039 450.006 58-1.419900.159
实测综合-估测胸径
MS-ED
-0.028 790.103 360.010 84-0.050 32-0.007 26-2.657900.009
), ArticleFig(id=1266801746878808982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, articleId=1266801733377344313, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

大小比数配对样本检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
权重因子两两配对
Weighting factor pairing
配对差值Pairing differencet
t value
自由度
Degree of freedom
P
P value
平均值
Mean
标准偏差
Standard deviation
标准误差
平均值
Standard error of the mean
差值95%置信区间
Difference 95% confidence interval
下限
Lower limit
上限
Upper limit
实测胸径-实测综合
MD-MS
0.012 090.092 600.009 60-0.006 980.031 161.259920.211
实测胸径-估测胸径
MD-ED
-0.016 440.110 510.011 58-0.039 450.006 58-1.419900.159
实测综合-估测胸径
MS-ED
-0.028 790.103 360.010 84-0.050 32-0.007 26-2.657900.009
), ArticleFig(id=1266801746950112151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, articleId=1266801733377344313, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Frequency distribution of Ui and ${\bar{U}} $ of different weight factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
权重因子
Weighting factor
树种
Species
大小比数分布频率Distribution frequency of Ui平均大小比数
${\bar{U}} $
0(0.00, 0.25](0.25, 0.50](0.50, 0.75](0.75, 1.00]
估测胸径
ED
苦槠C.sclerophylla0.020.030.160.280.510.75
湿地松P.elliottii0.320.400.230.050.000.18
青冈Q.glauca0.000.000.140.140.720.87
全林分Whole forest0.090.120.170.220.400.63
实测胸径
MD
苦槠C.sclerophylla0.000.050.170.340.440.73
湿地松P.elliottii0.320.400.230.050.000.17
青冈Q.glauca0.000.000.140.000.860.90
全林分Whole forest0.080.130.180.250.360.61
实测综合
MS
苦槠C.sclerophylla0.000.050.230.250.470.72
湿地松P.elliottii0.360.410.180.050.000.15
青冈Q.glauca0.000.000.140.000.860.88
全林分Whole stand0.090.130.220.180.380.60
), ArticleFig(id=1266801747017221016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, articleId=1266801733377344313, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同权重因子的林分大小比数分布频率及均值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
权重因子
Weighting factor
树种
Species
大小比数分布频率Distribution frequency of Ui平均大小比数
${\bar{U}} $
0(0.00, 0.25](0.25, 0.50](0.50, 0.75](0.75, 1.00]
估测胸径
ED
苦槠C.sclerophylla0.020.030.160.280.510.75
湿地松P.elliottii0.320.400.230.050.000.18
青冈Q.glauca0.000.000.140.140.720.87
全林分Whole forest0.090.120.170.220.400.63
实测胸径
MD
苦槠C.sclerophylla0.000.050.170.340.440.73
湿地松P.elliottii0.320.400.230.050.000.17
青冈Q.glauca0.000.000.140.000.860.90
全林分Whole forest0.080.130.180.250.360.61
实测综合
MS
苦槠C.sclerophylla0.000.050.230.250.470.72
湿地松P.elliottii0.360.410.180.050.000.15
青冈Q.glauca0.000.000.140.000.860.88
全林分Whole stand0.090.130.220.180.380.60
), ArticleFig(id=1266801747080135577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, articleId=1266801733377344313, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=

Paired sample test of uniform angle index

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
权重因子两两配对
Weighting factor pairing
配对差值Pairing differencet
t value
自由度
Degree of
freedom
P
P value
平均值
Mean
标准偏差
Standard deviation
标准误差
平均值
Standard error of the mean
差值95%置信区间
Difference 95% confidence interval
下限
Lower limit
上限
Upper limit
实测胸径-实测综合
MD-MS
-0.005 500.106 680.011 06-0.027 470.016 47-0.497920.621
实测胸径-估测胸径
MD-ED
0.015 110.148 960.015 62-0.015 910.046 140.968900.336
实测综合-估测胸径
MS-ED
0.020 730.172 130.018 04-0.015 120.056 581.149900.254
), ArticleFig(id=1266801747143050138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, articleId=1266801733377344313, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

角尺度配对样本检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
权重因子两两配对
Weighting factor pairing
配对差值Pairing differencet
t value
自由度
Degree of
freedom
P
P value
平均值
Mean
标准偏差
Standard deviation
标准误差
平均值
Standard error of the mean
差值95%置信区间
Difference 95% confidence interval
下限
Lower limit
上限
Upper limit
实测胸径-实测综合
MD-MS
-0.005 500.106 680.011 06-0.027 470.016 47-0.497920.621
实测胸径-估测胸径
MD-ED
0.015 110.148 960.015 62-0.015 910.046 140.968900.336
实测综合-估测胸径
MS-ED
0.020 730.172 130.018 04-0.015 120.056 581.149900.254
), ArticleFig(id=1266801747214353307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, articleId=1266801733377344313, language=EN, label=Tab.9, caption=

Frequency distribution of Wi and ${\bar{W}} $ of different weighting factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
权重因子
Weighting factor
树种
Species
角尺度分布频率Distribution frequency of Wt平均角尺度
${\bar{W}} $
0(0.00, 0.25](0.25, 0.50](0.50, 0.75](0.75, 1.00]
估测胸径
ED
苦槠C.sclerophylla0.170.130.560.140.000.34
湿地松P.elliottii0.000.000.730.270.000.46
青冈Q.glauca0.430.140.290.140.000.24
全林分Whole forest0.150.100.580.170.000.36
实测胸径
MD
苦槠C.sclerophylla0.130.190.530.130.020.36
湿地松P.elliottii0.000.050.630.320.000.48
青冈Q.glauca0.430.140.430.000.000.18
全林分Whole forest0.120.150.560.160.010.38
实测综合
MS
苦槠C.sclerophylla0.130.230.460.160.020.36
湿地松P.elliottii0.000.050.730.230.000.46
青冈Q.glauca0.140.290.430.140.000.30
全林分Whole stand0.100.190.530.170.010.38
), ArticleFig(id=1266801747289850780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358746360856629, articleId=1266801733377344313, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

不同权重因子的林分角尺度分布频率及均值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
权重因子
Weighting factor
树种
Species
角尺度分布频率Distribution frequency of Wt平均角尺度
${\bar{W}} $
0(0.00, 0.25](0.25, 0.50](0.50, 0.75](0.75, 1.00]
估测胸径
ED
苦槠C.sclerophylla0.170.130.560.140.000.34
湿地松P.elliottii0.000.000.730.270.000.46
青冈Q.glauca0.430.140.290.140.000.24
全林分Whole forest0.150.100.580.170.000.36
实测胸径
MD
苦槠C.sclerophylla0.130.190.530.130.020.36
湿地松P.elliottii0.000.050.630.320.000.48
青冈Q.glauca0.430.140.430.000.000.18
全林分Whole forest0.120.150.560.160.010.38
实测综合
MS
苦槠C.sclerophylla0.130.230.460.160.020.36
湿地松P.elliottii0.000.050.730.230.000.46
青冈Q.glauca0.140.290.430.140.000.30
全林分Whole stand0.100.190.530.170.010.38
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基于近景摄影测量技术的混交林空间结构分析
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王怡 , 胡文杰 * , 孙拥康 , 袁传武 , 吴文丰
森林与环境学报 | 森林经营学 2025,45(6): 629-640
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森林与环境学报 | 森林经营学 2025, 45(6): 629-640
基于近景摄影测量技术的混交林空间结构分析
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王怡 , 胡文杰* , 孙拥康, 袁传武, 吴文丰
作者信息
  • 湖北省林业科学研究院, 湖北 武汉 430075
  • 王怡(1984-), 男, 助理研究员, 硕士, 从事森林培育学研究。Email:

通讯作者:

胡文杰(1989-), 男, 副研究员, 硕士, 从事森林经理学研究。Email:
Spatial structure analysis of mixed forests based on close-range photogrammetry
Yi WANG , Wenjie HU* , Yongkang SUN, Chuanwu YUAN, Wenfeng WU
Affiliations
  • Hubei Academy of Forestry, Wuhan, Hubei 430075, China
出版时间: 2025-11-15 doi: 10.13324/j.cnki.jfcf.202504024
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为探索近景摄影测量技术在混交林空间结构量化分析中的可行性, 以九峰实验林场的针阔混交人工林为研究对象, 提出一种基于智能手机影像的林分空间结构分析方法。通过采用多路径和多角度影像采集策略构建了样地林分冠层以下的三维点云模型, 采用最优圆算法识别并估测单木的位置和胸径。以样地调查获取的胸径、树高、冠幅实测数据和基于样地三维模型提取的胸径估测数据为权重因子, 分别构建基于实测胸径、估测胸径和实测胸径、树高、冠幅平权综合后的加权Voronoi图, 系统分析不同权重因子对混交度、大小比数和角尺度等关键空间结构参数的影响。结果显示, 估测胸径与实测胸径具有较高的相关性(R2=0. 977 2)。全林分估测胸径的均方根误差为1. 427 5 cm, 相对均方根误差为8. 224 1%, 偏差为0. 503 8 cm, 相对偏差为2. 902 4%, 全林分估测胸径表现为被低估的状态。结果还显示, 不同权重因子的林分空间结构单元具有相似性, 部分关键空间结构参数之间虽然存在显著差异, 但并不影响林分空间结构在表达上的一致性, 均能反映出研究区林分整体上处于中等竞争状态和中度混交程度, 以及随机分布格局。

近景摄影测量  /  混交林  /  三维点云重建  /  加权Voronoi图  /  空间结构

This study aimed to explore the feasibility of applying close-range photogrammetry in the quantitative analysis of spatial structure of mixed forests. A smartphone imagery-based method was developed to analyze the spatial structure of a coniferous-broadleaved mixed plantation in Jiufeng Experimental Forest Farm. A multi-path and multi-angle image acquisition strategy was employed to construct a three-dimensional (3D) point cloud model of the stand below the canopy. The optimal circle algorithm was utilized to identify and estimate the positions and diameter at breast height (DBH) of individual trees. The measured data of DBH, tree height, and crown width, along with DBH estimates derived from the 3D model, were used as weighting factors, and weighted Voronoi diagrams were constructed based on measured DBH, estimated DBH, and an equally weighted combination of measured DBH, tree height, and crown width. The effects of different weighting factors on key spatial structure parameters—mingling degree (M), neighborhood comparison (U), and uniform angle index (W)—were systematically analyzed. The results showed a strong correlation (R2=0. 977 2) between estimated DBH and measured DBH. For the estimated DBH of entire stand, the root mean square error (RMSE) of 1. 427 5 cm, the relative RMSE of 8. 224 1%, the deviation of 0. 503 8 cm, and the relative deviation of 2. 902 4%, which indicate the estimated DBH of the entire stand was underestimated. In addition, the results revealed similarities in the stand spatial structure units derived from different weighting factors. Although significant differences existed among some key spatial structure parameters, these did not affect the overall consistency in characterizing the stand's spatial structure. All the approaches consistently indicated that the stand exhibited moderate competition intensity, a moderate mixing degree, and a random distribution pattern.

close-range photogrammetry  /  mixed forest  /  3D point cloud reconstruction  /  weighted Voronoi diagram  /  spatial structure
王怡, 胡文杰, 孙拥康, 袁传武, 吴文丰. 基于近景摄影测量技术的混交林空间结构分析. 森林与环境学报, 2025 , 45 (6) : 629 -640 . DOI: 10.13324/j.cnki.jfcf.202504024
Yi WANG, Wenjie HU, Yongkang SUN, Chuanwu YUAN, Wenfeng WU. Spatial structure analysis of mixed forests based on close-range photogrammetry[J]. Journal of Forest and Environment, 2025 , 45 (6) : 629 -640 . DOI: 10.13324/j.cnki.jfcf.202504024
通过森林空间结构可以揭示林木之间的竞争关系及其空间生态位,它在很大程度上决定了林分的稳定性、发展的可能性和经营的空间大小[1]。惠刚盈等[2]提出了参照树与其4株最近相邻木为最佳林分空间结构单元,并以林分空间结构单元为基础,构建了包含角尺度、混交度、大小比数等表现相邻木空间关系的林分空间结构参数体系,实现了对林分空间结构的量化表达[3]。汤孟平等[4]基于地理信息系统软件的空间分析功能,利用Voronoi图使得空间结构单元大小的确定更加灵活,克服了最近邻木株数过多或过少导致混交度有偏估计的不足。但常规Voronoi图将所有林木同等看待,仅根据林木的空间离散位置关系划定空间结构单元,而忽视了单木间的生长差异对其竞争范围的影响。有研究将胸径、树高、冠幅等林分参数作为权重因子生成加权Voronoi图,据此确定的林分结构单元和算出的结构参数可以反映出更加真实的林分空间结构特征[5]
在传统的样地调查中,单木定位和每木检尺是两个相对独立的作业过程,且需要耗费大量的人力和时间成本,加之人工测量具有随机性,容易产生多种测量误差[6-7]。近年来,将近景摄影测量(close-range photogrammetry, CRP) 技术应用于森林资源调查逐渐成为热点。近景摄影测量技术基于运动恢复结构(structure-from-motion, SfM) 算法通过高重叠率的影像数据构建目标林分的三维点云模型,再从点云模型中获取林分结构参数[8]。近景摄影测量技术相较于激光雷达扫描技术在设备操作便捷性和使用成本上更具有优势,并且也能获取到满足森林资源调查精度要求的单木参数[9-10]。LIANG et al[11]使用消费级数码相机采用一步一拍的方法围绕样地得到了一个闭环影像数据,据此数据构建的三维点云模型在单木胸径测量和相对位置标定上可获得与激光雷达扫描相似的结果,并认为单木距离拍摄路径越近,其被识别和准确建模的可能性就越大。顾雯钧等[12]使用智能手机围绕样地拍摄一段视频,利用从视频中提取的关键帧图像构建了立木的三维点云模型,并从中提取了具有较高精度的树高和胸径数据。HUNČAGA et al[13]利用近景摄影测量技术在干曲线估测上进行了应用。近年来,将近景摄影测量技术运用于林业调查方面的研究主要集中在提高单木参数的测量精度上,而在林分空间结构量化分析方面的研究较少。因此,本研究以九峰实验林场的松阔混交人工林为研究对象,应用近景摄影测量技术对样地冠层以下的林分结构进行三维重建,利用样地三维模型获取的单木估测数据和样地调查获取的单木实测数据分别进行林分空间结构量化分析,并对分析结果进行比较,以期为近景摄影测量技术在林分空间结构分析上的运用提供理论基础。
研究区位于湖北省林业科学研究院九峰实验林场,地处武汉市东郊,地理中心位置为东经114°29′50",北纬30°31′04",处于亚热带季风性湿润气候区,林场占地面积约330 hm2,境内山峦蜿蜒,山间盆地地势平坦, 属湖北省内典型的丘陵地势地貌景观。研究区内大多数为人工林,主要树种有马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、湿地松(Pinus elliottii)、杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、苦槠(Castanopsis sclerophylla)、青冈(Quercus glauca)、枫香(Liquidambar formosana) 和栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis) 等。
选取松阔混交人工林作为研究对象,设置1块30 m×30 m的样地,郁闭度为0.85,坡度约为15°。
2022年10月,对样地内胸径≥5 cm的活立木进行每木检尺,调查每木的胸径、树高和冠幅数据(表 1)。运用GPS-RTK在同一方向上记录每木基部的位置坐标和树种信息,同时对样地内的枯立木和胸径 < 5 cm的幼树进行定位,目的是便于后期在样地三维模型中对目标树进行辨别和筛选。
使用具后置摄像头的智能手机作为影像数据采集设备,该设备具有1 200万像素,26 mm广角镜头和F/1.6光圈,可输出分辨率为3 024×4 032的.JPG格式照片。近景摄影测量数据采集时间为2022年10月,拍摄路径如图 1所示。将垂直于坡度方向的样地划分为3块10 m×30 m的小样地,手持相机置于胸高处正对样地方向,分别围绕小样地一圈作为数据获取路径。
近景摄影方法如图 2所示,采取一步一停一拍的方式,每走一步停下来拍摄一组照片,每组3张照片,依次朝左、中、右3个角度各拍1张照片,以取景屏上的九宫格网格线为标准,确保每张相邻照片的重叠率不低于30%,共拍摄照片1 782张。
样地三维模型构建使用的Agisoft Metashape 1.7.1,Metashape (Agisoft LLC,俄罗斯) 是一款基于运动恢复结构算法的摄影测量软件。将照片导入软件,选择对齐照片功能模块,设置精度为高,关键点限制设置为80 000,连接点限制设置为8 000,可以得到稀疏点云的三维模型。通过调整区域大小的功能框选出样地范围和冠层下的树干部分,然后选择建立密集点云功能模块,设置质量为中,生成样地的密集点云模型(图 3),最后清除密集点云模型中的明显噪点,以降低其对后续胸径估测的影响。将样地密集点云模型以.las格式导入CloudCompare v2.12.4三维点云处理软件,将具有高程的样地三维模型进行高程归一化处理(图 4),以减少地形对单木胸径高度估测的影响。
单木主干点云的水平横截面呈现类圆形,在主干的胸高处截取一定厚度的点云,再利用圆拟合算法即可获得胸径的估测值[14]。将归一化的样地三维模型以.txt格式导入开源林业点云处理软件DendroCloud 1.52 (兹沃伦技术大学,斯洛伐克),采用垂直投影法创建光栅分辨率为0.5 m的样地数字地面模型(digital terrain model,DTM),在三维模型Z值方向1.28~1.32 m的高度提取类圆点云水平横截面,随后设置点之间的最大距离为4 cm,每组最少包含100个点,对点云数据集进行分组,即对每株单木进行识别(图 5)。运用最优圆算法对单木的类圆点云水平截面进行圆拟合[15],圆的直径即为单木的估测胸径(De),圆心(O) 的坐标即为单木所在样地的相对位置坐标(图 6)。
将样地内单木的实测胸径(DBH) 划分为3个径阶:径阶Ⅰ (5 cm<DBH≤15 cm)、径阶Ⅱ (15 cm<DBH≤25 cm) 和径阶Ⅲ (DBH>25 cm),以实测胸径为自变量,估测胸径为因变量,通过线性回归模型判断两者在全林分和各径阶上的相关性。利用均方根误差、相对均方根误差、偏差和相对偏差表示估测胸径的准确性[16]
利用ArcGIS 10.7软件生成加权Voronoi图。加权Voronoi图的定义是设二维欧式平面内点的集合为PP={P1P2,…,PiPj,…,Pn},3≤n<+∞ (ijijIn={1,2,…,n}),Pi (i=1,2,…,n) 为平面内的n个点,λin个正实数相对应的Pi点上的权重。
$V_n\left(P_i, \lambda_i\right)=\bigcap\limits_{j \neq i}\left\{P \left\lvert\, \frac{d\left(P, P_i\right)}{\lambda_i} <\frac{d\left(P, P_j\right)}{\lambda_j}\right.\right\} \quad(i=1,2,3, \cdots, n)$
式中:Vn (Pi, λi) 为某一加权Voronoi多边形中的所有点到该多边形中心点的距离与该点到相邻多边形中心点的距离之比小于两多边形中心点的权重之比;d (PPi) 为平面内任意一点PPi的距离;d (PPj) 为平面内任意一点PPj的距离。
基于实地测量的单木坐标信息生成实测样地加权Voronoi图,当以实测胸径(D) 作为权重因子时,即λi=D;当以实测的胸径、树高(h) 和冠幅(Cw) 作为综合权重因子时,则视它们对林木空间范围具有平等的权重影响,即λi= (D+h+Cw) /3。基于样地三维模型获取的单木位置信息生成的加权Voronoi图,则将估测胸径(De) 作为权重因子,即λi=De
采用距离缓冲区法进行边缘矫正处理[17],将样地4条边均向内水平延伸2 m的区域视为缓冲区,把样地中除去缓冲区的部分作为矫正样地,其大小为28 m×28 m,缓冲区内的林木只能作为邻近木,以矫正样地内的林木作为中心木计算各空间结构参数。
加权Voronoi图考虑到了林木之间的实际生长情况,能够更真实地反映出林木的空间邻近信息[18]。在加权Voronoi图中,Voronoi多边形的边数即为邻近木株数(n),n的取值根据实际林分环境不同而异[19]
混交度的定义为中心木的邻近木与中心木不属于同种个体所占的比例[20]。公式为:
$M_i=\frac{1}{n} \sum\limits_{j=1}^n v_{i j}$
$\bar{M}=\frac{1}{N_c} \sum\limits_{i=1}^{N_c} M_i$
式中:Mi为第i株中心木的混交度,可将Mi的取值划分为5个区间,分别是0.00、(0.00, 0.25]、(0.25, 0.50]、(0.50, 0.75]、(0.75, 1.00],表示林分中树种间的空间隔离程度依次为零度混交、弱度混交、中度混交、强度混交和极强度混交;vij为离散性变量,当中心木i与第j株邻近木属不同树种时,vij=1,否则vij=0;$\bar{M} $为平均混交度;Nc为矫正样地内的单木株数。
大小比数的定义是大于中心木的邻近木占该中心木所有邻近木的比例[21]。公式为:
$U_i =\frac{1}{n} \sum\limits_{j=1}^n k_{i j} \\$
$\bar{U} =\frac{1}{N_c} \sum\limits_{i=1}^{N_c} U_i$
式中:Ui为第i株中心木的大小比数,可将Ui的取值划分为5个区间,分别是0.00、(0.00, 0.25]、(0.25, 0.50]、(0.50, 0.75]、(0.75, 1.00],表示中心木相对于邻近木所处的生长状态依次为优势、亚优势、中庸、劣势、绝对劣势;kij为离散性变量,当第j株邻近木大于中心木i时,kij=1,否则kij =0;$ \bar{U}$为平均大小比数。
角尺度被定义为邻近木的较小夹角(α) 小于标准角(α0) 的个数占所考察的邻近木的比例[22]。公式为:
$W_i =\frac{1}{n} \sum\limits_{j=1}^n z_{i j} $
$\bar{W} =\frac{1}{N_c} \sum\limits_{i=1}^{N_c} W_i$
式中:Wi为第i株中心木的角尺度,可将Wi的取值划分为5个区间,分别是0.00、(0.00, 0.25]、(0.25, 0.50]、(0.50, 0.75]、(0.75, 1.00],表示林木的水平分布格局依次为绝对均匀、均匀、随机、不均匀、聚集;zij为离散性变量,当第jα小于α0时,zij=1,否则zij =0,α0随邻近木株数(n) 的变化而变化,取值为360°/(n+1);$\bar{W} $为平均角尺度。
利用DendroCloud软件,在样地DTM的Z值方向1.28~1.32 m处识别到128个类圆点云横截面,即识别出128株单木的胸径截面,其中包含4株枯立木和4株胸径 < 5 cm的幼株,除去这8株单木,剩余120株单木胸径点云的相对位置均可以和样地调查的单木位置对应。
图 7所示,由全林分的线性回归结果可见,相关系数R2=0.977 2,表明两者具有较高的相关性,根据不同径阶的线性回归结果可见,胸径越大,相关性越高。从估测胸径和实测胸径的比较结果可知(表 2),全林分估测胸径的均方根误差为1.427 5 cm,相对均方根误差为8.224 1%,表明三维模型达到了厘米级重建精度,与以往类似研究的结果[23-25]比较,本研究的估测胸径具有较高的精度。全林分胸径的偏差为0.503 8 cm,相对偏差为2.902 4%,估测胸径相较于实测胸径呈现出被低估的状态,而径阶Ⅰ的偏差和相对偏差分别为-0.020 8 cm和-0.170 5%,表明低径阶单木的胸径估测结果偏高。
将GPS-RTK实测的单木坐标数据和三维模型估测的单木位置数据分别导入ArcGIS软件,便可获得样地实测和模型估测的单木位置图层。利用加权泰森多边形插件,根据实测单木位置图层,将实测胸径(measured DBH,MD) 作为权重因子,生成实测胸径加权Voronoi图[图 8(a)];将实测胸径、树高和冠幅作为实测综合(measured synthetic,MS) 权重因子,生成实测综合加权Voronoi图[图 8(b)];根据估测单木位置图层,将估测胸径(estimated DBH, ED) 作为权重因子,生成估测胸径加权Voronoi图[图 8(c)]。基于样地实测单木位置进行边缘矫正处理,矫正区内共有单木93株,其中苦槠64株,湿地松22株,青冈7株;根据三维模型估测单木位置进行边缘矫正处理,矫正区内共有单木91株,其中苦槠62株,湿地松22株,青冈7株。
图 9所示,在基于不同权重因子所生成的加权Voronoi图中,林分空间结构单元的邻近木株数最少的是2株,对应的是权重较小的林木,邻近木株数最多的是15株,对应的则是权重最大的林木。如表 3所示,分别基于3种权重因子所确定的林分空间结构单元中的中心木对应的邻近木株数不存在差异。基于估测胸径的加权Voronoi图有14种邻近木株数取值,1株中心木与3株邻近木组成的空间结构单元最为常见,平均邻近木株数为5.6株;基于实测胸径加权Voronoi图有12种邻近木株数取值,1株中心木与3株邻近木组成的空间结构单元最常见,平均邻近木株数为5.7株;基于实测综合的加权Voronoi图有11种邻近木株数取值,1株中心木与4株邻近木组成的空间结构单元最常见,平均邻近木株数为5.7株。3种加权Voronoi图所确定的各结构单元中心木的邻近木株数主要集中在3~7株,占比分别为70.97%、74.19%、76.34%。由此可见,3种加权Voronoi图确定的林分空间结构单元具有相似性。
表 4可知,基于实测胸径和估测胸径加权的混交度没有显著差异(P>0.05),而基于实测综合加权的混交度则与基于实测胸径和估测胸径加权的混交度均表现出显著差异(P < 0.05)。
表 5所示,基于估测胸径、实测胸径和实测综合加权的全林分平均混交度分别为0.54、0.52、0.49,可见基于3种加权方法的研究区林分整体空间隔离程度接近中等水平,均表明研究区内各树种分布比较均匀。从树种上看,3个树种的混交度分布趋势在3种加权方法中基本一致,苦槠的混交度分布频率都以中度混交为主,其次为强度混交或弱度混交,零度混交和极强度混交则只有极少分布,表明大多数苦槠的邻近木中都含有其他树种。湿地松的强度混交和极强度混交的分布频率之和在3种加权方法中都超过了90%,且都不存在零度混交的情况,说明湿地松在林分中处于被其他树种包围的情况下,同树种相邻的情况极少出现。青冈的混交度在3种加权方法下呈现出相同的分布频率,以极强度混交为主,占比为57%,然后依次是中度混交和强度混交,占比分别为29%和14%,零度混交和弱度混交则都是0%,表明青冈在林分中以零星分布为主,由于青冈作为伴生树种在数量上处于劣势,所以对林分整体混交度的影响不大。
表 6可知,基于实测胸径加权的大小比数分别与基于实测综合和估测胸径的大小比数之间没有显著差异(P>0.05),而基于实测综合与估测胸径加权的大小比数则表现出显著差异(P < 0.05)。
表 7所示,基于估测胸径、实测胸径和实测综合加权的全林分平均大小比数分别为0.63、0.61、0.60。从全林分大小比数分布频率上看,从优势到绝对劣势呈上升的趋势,且均有分布,表明基于3种加权方法对研究区中林木大小分化程度的描述是一致的,即在林分结构单元中处于竞争劣势的中心木数量多于处于竞争优势的中心木,林木在大小分化程度上表现出较明显的差异,研究区林分整体上处于中等竞争状态。从树种上看,湿地松的大小比数分布频率从优势到绝对劣势都呈下降的趋势,处于亚优势状态的分布频率最高,且优势和亚优势状态的占比之和都超过70%,而在绝对劣势状态均没有分布,可见湿地松在与其他树种的竞争中处于绝对优势的地位。苦槠的平均大小比数分别为0.75、0.73和0.72,处于绝对劣势状态的大小比数分布频率也都显著高于其他状态,表明苦槠在大小分化程度上具有较明显的差异,作为数量上的优势树种,在种内和种间都存在一定的竞争压力。青冈的大小比数在优势和亚优势状态均没有分布,且大部分处于绝对劣势状态,意味着青冈在与其他树种的竞争中处于被压制的状态。
表 8可知,基于不同权重因子之间的角尺度均表现为无显著性差异(P>0.05)。
表 9所示,分别以估测胸径、实测胸径和实测综合作为权重因子获取的全林分平均角尺度分别为0.36、0.38和0.38,林分的分布格局均为随机分布。基于3种加权方法的全林分角尺度取值在(0.25, 0.50]的分布频率最高,角尺度取值在0和(0.00, 0.25] 的分布频率也都高于(0.50, 0.75] 和(0.75, 1.00],由此可见,样地林分的大部分结构单元均表现为随机分布,均匀分布的结构单元多于不均匀分布。苦槠作为单株数量上占据优势的主要树种,其空间分布格局与全林分相似。湿地松的角尺度分布主要集中在(0.25, 0.50] 取值范围内,其次是分布在(0.50, 0.75] 取值范围内,由此可见,以湿地松为中心木的结构单元主要处于随机分布状态,但依然存在部分不均匀分布的结构单元。青冈在3种加权方法中的平均角尺度分别为0.24、0.18、0.30,由于其胸径、树高和冠幅以及数量在全林分中处于被主要树种压制的状态,所以以青冈为中心木的结构单元的稳定性更容易受到邻近木的影响,且青冈对于全林分的空间分布格局难以产生影响。
普遍认为,拍摄对象距离拍摄路径越近,则三维点云的精度越高[26]。另外,照片的数量也与点云模型的质量密切相关,照片越多,则影像的重叠率就越高,进而提高了三维模型的重建精度。本研究的数据采集路径是先将1块大样地划分为3块小样地,围绕小样地形成了3个独立且又有交集的闭环,进而实现了大样地的影像数据形成一个完整闭环。不同于其他研究中每走一步只正对样地拍摄1张照片,本研究每走一步拍摄3张不同角度的照片,既可以提高每一步之间所拍摄照片的重叠率,也可以从更多的角度获取样地的点云信息。这样虽然在一定程度上增加了拍摄时的工作强度,但是采集冗余的影像数据也可视为一种为提高模型重建精度而采取的妥协策略。
在本研究的实际调查过程中,近景摄影测量技术在获取影像数据的过程中所消耗的时间与传统林业调查手段相比并没有表现出明显的优势,这主要与冗余的影像数据采集策略有关。有研究使用全景相机作为影像数据采集设备,这种设备以其能够捕获超广角图像的特征,可以用更少的照片完成三维模型的重建,但超广角影像边缘畸变产生的图像失真现象和全景相机分辨率不高的限制因素,都对基于全景相机影像的后期三维模型重建提出了更高的技术要求,且应对复杂场景的适用性还有待进一步验证[27]。另外,为了提高数据采集的效率和精度,有研究将带有激光雷达传感器的消费级智能设备用于森林调查[28-29]。这种智能设备虽然可以应对比较简单和小规模的林业测量,但惯性测量单元和位置精度误差在一定程度上限制了该设备在林业调查中应用的可行性[30-32]。由此可见,如何权衡影像数据采集策略和三维模型重建质量之间的关系,对提升近景摄影测量技术的适用性具有重要意义。
从Voronoi图的生成结果上来看,使用GPS-RTK和基于样地三维模型的每木定位存在一定的差异,造成这种差异的原因:一方面是GPS-RTK的定位点在树干根部的外皮,而近景摄影测量技术是基于胸径处点云截面的拟合圆心坐标进行单木定位,单木的胸径越大,位置差异越明显;另一方面,三维模型中的噪点也可能会影响单木定位的准确性[33]
本研究使用最优圆算法对单木胸径处点云水平横截面进行圆拟合,最优圆算法采用最小二乘算法对近似圆的位置和直径进行优化,通过最小化数据点到拟合圆之间的距离的平方和来找最佳的圆心和半径[15],而实测胸径是以胸径尺围绕树干最外围表皮获取的数据为准,所以,估测胸径表现出被低估的状态与圆拟合算法的系统特性有关[34]。在本研究中,径阶Ⅲ的树种绝大多数是表皮蓬松的湿地松,径阶Ⅰ和Ⅱ则以表皮平整的苦槠和青冈为主。由此可见,径阶Ⅲ的偏差大于其他径阶的原因是湿地松因树种特性而产生的系统性误差最大。径阶Ⅰ的估测胸径呈现被高估的状态,且相对均方根误差最大,说明径阶Ⅰ出现了最大的估测误差极值,这与KUKENBRINK et al[38]的研究结果一致,其原因主要是部分低径阶单木在影像的可识别度上不及高径阶单木,因未获取足够多的重叠影像数据而造成单木点云模型不完整或重建精度不高,所以在对低径阶单木模型的胸径横截点云进行圆拟合时容易出现估测值偏倚过大的情况[11]
在加权Voronoi图确定的林木空间结构单元中,中心木的权重越大,表明其影响范围就越大,其邻近木株数也就越多[35]。邻近木株数的确定对于林分空间结构的准确表达具有重要作用[4]。本研究中,基于估测胸径确定的林分空间结构单元相较于实测胸径,表现出更多的邻近木株数取值范围和更少的平均邻近木株数,表明估测胸径加权Voronoi图中林分空间结构单元的平均影响范围小于实测胸径加权Voronoi图,这与估测胸径整体上小于实测胸径的结论是相符的。胸径的离散程度大于树高和冠幅,那么将胸径、树高和冠幅进行综合加权后,每株中心木的综合权重值则更接近均值。这意味着综合加权后每株中心木的影响范围和空间结构单元相较于胸径加权表现出更加均匀和简单的趋势,处于绝对优势和绝对劣势的单木株数有所减少。所以在实测综合加权Voronoi图中的最常见空间结构单元组成株数和拥有3~7株邻近木的中心木株数占比多于估测和实测胸径加权,进而造成了综合加权后的全林分大小分化程度有所收敛,平均大小比数更趋近于中庸的结果。实测综合加权的平均混交度最小的结果符合娄明华等[36]关于混交度随空间结构单元的复杂化而增加的研究结论。基于不同权重因子获取的角尺度没有表现出显著性差异,这可能与林分的密度并没有随权重因子的不同而发生变化有关[37]。基于不同权重因子得到的林分空间结构参数虽然不尽相同,但林分空间结构特征的表达并没有因权重因子的不同而不同。因此,根据3种加权Voronoi图各自所表达的林分空间结构特征,可采取相同的林分空间优化和调整措施。
本研究基于近景摄影测量技术,使用智能手机采用多路径、多角度的影像数据采集策略构建了具有厘米级精度的三维点云模型,将模型中获取的估测胸径应用于林分空间结构分析具有可行性。研究结果表明,全林分估测胸径与实测胸径具有较高的拟合精度(R2=0.977 2),但相关系数也会随径阶的减小呈现出下降的趋势,依次为0.905 7、0.873 7、0.796 3。全林分胸径的估测值相较于实测值偏低,但在低径阶却表现出相反的状态,这一方面和圆拟合算法因树种特性而产生的系统性误差有关,另一方面则与单木胸径大小差异或距离数据采集路径远近不同而对模型重建精度的影响有关。此外,基于不同权重因子获取的林分空间结构参数在混交度和大小比数上存在显著差异,这种差异主要存在于实测综合权重和实测胸径及估测胸径权重之间。综上所述,单木胸径的估测精度会受到数据采集策略、采集设备参数、树种等多重因素影响;在林分空间结构分析方面,尽管不同的权重因子会导致空间结构参数表现出不同程度的差异,但在林分空间结构特征总体判断上依然表现出一致性,均能反映出研究区林分整体上处于中等的竞争状态和混交程度以及随机的分布格局,需要对分布不均匀的马尾松以及不具备培养价值的苦槠和青冈进行择伐,以达到降低林木间的竞争强度,优化林木分布格局的目的,同时适当补植其他乡土阔叶树种,提高林分混交度,促进林分结构的稳定性。未来,有待于对影像数据采集策略进行优化以提升采集效率,同时还需要在其他类型的林分中继续开展研究,为近景摄影测量技术在森林结构分析及质量评价研究中应用提供理论基础。
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doi: 10.13324/j.cnki.jfcf.202504024
  • 接收时间:2025-04-21
  • 首发时间:2026-05-28
  • 出版时间:2025-11-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-21
  • 修回日期:2025-07-25
基金
作者信息
    湖北省林业科学研究院, 湖北 武汉 430075

通讯作者:

胡文杰(1989-), 男, 副研究员, 硕士, 从事森林经理学研究。Email:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/slyhjxb/CN/10.13324/j.cnki.jfcf.202504024
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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