Article(id=1276897105931276986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, issueId=1276896975568109838, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/j.slxb.20250651, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760889600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782365593655, onlineDateStr=2026-06-25, pubDate=1779206400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782365593655, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782365593655, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782365593655, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276896975568109838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, year='2026', volume='57', issue='5', pageStart='651', pageEnd='808', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779206400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782365562574, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782367019422, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276903086153142605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, issueId=1276896975568109838, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276903086153142606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, issueId=1276896975568109838, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=755, endPage=766, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276897106174546620, articleId=1276897105931276986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, language=EN, title=Sediment source and transport mechanisms, patterns, and impacts in the Yarlung Tsangpo River under the influence of changing cryosphere, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In response to climate change, the glacier retreat, snow cover reduction, and permafrost degradation in the Yarlung Tsangpo (YTR) basin have altered hydrological processes, sediment sources, and river sediment flux. This paper systematically reviews sediment data collected since the 1980s, combining data on meteorology, cryosphere (glaciers, snow, and permafrost), and vegetation, to comprehensively assess the sediment source and transport mechanisms, spatiotemporal variations, and engineering and ecological impacts in the basin. Sediment in the YTR basin mainly originates from rainfall erosion, glacier erosion, snowmelt erosion, freeze-thaw erosion, and geological disasters. In the upper reaches (above Lazi), sediment flux is relatively low due to low temperatures and limited precipitation; in the middle reach (Lazi to Nuxia), sediment flux increases initially due to the tributary inputs but then decreases due to channel widening and long-term sediment accumulation; in the lower reach (Nuxia to Baxika), glacier erosion and frequent geological disasters produce high sediment supplies, dominating the sediment dynamics of the entire basin. Climate warming has accelerated glacier melt and permafrost degradation, enhancing sediment availability, connectivity, and transport capacity. The observed sediment flux at Nuxia generally showed an increase trend from 1981 to 2009. Increasing river sediment flux can lead to issues such as reservoir sedimentation and turbine abrasion, while suspended sediments alter water turbidity and carbon flux, affecting water quality and the carbon cycle. It is necessary to strengthen an integrated “space-air-ground” based monitoring framework, cryosphere-oriented sediment-water models, and muti-spere interaction research to support sustainable river management under climate change.

, authors=null, authorsList=Dongfeng LI, Yiyi LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276897109701956296, articleId=1276897105931276986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, language=CN, title=冰冻圈影响下的雅鲁藏布江产输沙机制、规律及影响, columnId=1276897011681067524, journalTitle=水利学报, columnName=第二十八届中国科协年会学术论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

气候变化背景下,雅鲁藏布江(雅江)流域的冰川退缩、积雪减少、冻土退化改变了水文过程、泥沙来源和河流泥沙通量。本文系统梳理1980年代以来流域实测水沙资料,并结合气象、冰冻圈(冰川、积雪与冻土等)、植被等多源数据,综合分析流域产输沙机制、时空演变规律及工程生态影响。雅江流域泥沙主要来源于降雨侵蚀、冰川侵蚀、融雪侵蚀、冻融侵蚀及突发地质灾害。雅江上游(拉孜以上)温度低、降水少,泥沙通量较低;中游(拉孜—奴下)受年楚河和拉萨河等支流补给及河道展宽影响,沿程泥沙通量先升高后降低;下游(奴下—巴昔卡)受冰川侵蚀和突发地质灾害影响,产沙能力强,对河流泥沙通量贡献大并呈明显年际波动。气候变暖加剧冰川消融和冻土退化,增加了泥沙来源、泥沙连通性和输沙能力,奴下水文站的实测泥沙通量整体呈增加趋势(1981—2009年)。河流泥沙通量增加会带来水库淤积和水轮机磨损等问题,同时悬浮泥沙改变了水体浊度与碳通量,影响水质和碳循环。未来需强化基于水文观测-示踪-遥感-AI的“天-空-地”一体化泥沙监测体系,研发面向冰冻圈流域的分布式水沙模型,加强以泥沙为纽带的多圈层交互作用机理研究,推动雅江流域系统科学研究新范式。

, authors=

李东锋(1991—),研究员,主要从事河流水沙物质通量研究。E-mail:

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李东锋(1991—),研究员,主要从事河流水沙物质通量研究。E-mail:

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李东锋(1991—),研究员,主要从事河流水沙物质通量研究。E-mail:

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注:图中虚线表示趋势线,阴影部分为95%的置信区间。

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冰冻圈影响下的雅鲁藏布江产输沙机制、规律及影响
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李东锋 , 李一一
水利学报 | 第二十八届中国科协年会学术论文 2026,57(5): 755-766
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水利学报 |第二十八届中国科协年会学术论文 2026 , 57 (5) : 755 -766
冰冻圈影响下的雅鲁藏布江产输沙机制、规律及影响
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李东锋(1991—),研究员,主要从事河流水沙物质通量研究。E-mail:

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李东锋 , 李一一
作者信息
  • 北京大学 环境科学与工程学院 水沙科学教育部重点实验室北京100871
Sediment source and transport mechanisms, patterns, and impacts in the Yarlung Tsangpo River under the influence of changing cryosphere
Dongfeng LI , Yiyi LI
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory for Water and Sediment SciencesMinistry of EducationMinistry of EducationPeking UniversityBeijing100871China
出版时间: 2026-05-20 doi: 10.3724/j.slxb.20250651
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气候变化背景下,雅鲁藏布江(雅江)流域的冰川退缩、积雪减少、冻土退化改变了水文过程、泥沙来源和河流泥沙通量。本文系统梳理1980年代以来流域实测水沙资料,并结合气象、冰冻圈(冰川、积雪与冻土等)、植被等多源数据,综合分析流域产输沙机制、时空演变规律及工程生态影响。雅江流域泥沙主要来源于降雨侵蚀、冰川侵蚀、融雪侵蚀、冻融侵蚀及突发地质灾害。雅江上游(拉孜以上)温度低、降水少,泥沙通量较低;中游(拉孜—奴下)受年楚河和拉萨河等支流补给及河道展宽影响,沿程泥沙通量先升高后降低;下游(奴下—巴昔卡)受冰川侵蚀和突发地质灾害影响,产沙能力强,对河流泥沙通量贡献大并呈明显年际波动。气候变暖加剧冰川消融和冻土退化,增加了泥沙来源、泥沙连通性和输沙能力,奴下水文站的实测泥沙通量整体呈增加趋势(1981—2009年)。河流泥沙通量增加会带来水库淤积和水轮机磨损等问题,同时悬浮泥沙改变了水体浊度与碳通量,影响水质和碳循环。未来需强化基于水文观测-示踪-遥感-AI的“天-空-地”一体化泥沙监测体系,研发面向冰冻圈流域的分布式水沙模型,加强以泥沙为纽带的多圈层交互作用机理研究,推动雅江流域系统科学研究新范式。

雅鲁藏布江  /  泥沙  /  气候变化  /  演变规律  /  流域生态

In response to climate change, the glacier retreat, snow cover reduction, and permafrost degradation in the Yarlung Tsangpo (YTR) basin have altered hydrological processes, sediment sources, and river sediment flux. This paper systematically reviews sediment data collected since the 1980s, combining data on meteorology, cryosphere (glaciers, snow, and permafrost), and vegetation, to comprehensively assess the sediment source and transport mechanisms, spatiotemporal variations, and engineering and ecological impacts in the basin. Sediment in the YTR basin mainly originates from rainfall erosion, glacier erosion, snowmelt erosion, freeze-thaw erosion, and geological disasters. In the upper reaches (above Lazi), sediment flux is relatively low due to low temperatures and limited precipitation; in the middle reach (Lazi to Nuxia), sediment flux increases initially due to the tributary inputs but then decreases due to channel widening and long-term sediment accumulation; in the lower reach (Nuxia to Baxika), glacier erosion and frequent geological disasters produce high sediment supplies, dominating the sediment dynamics of the entire basin. Climate warming has accelerated glacier melt and permafrost degradation, enhancing sediment availability, connectivity, and transport capacity. The observed sediment flux at Nuxia generally showed an increase trend from 1981 to 2009. Increasing river sediment flux can lead to issues such as reservoir sedimentation and turbine abrasion, while suspended sediments alter water turbidity and carbon flux, affecting water quality and the carbon cycle. It is necessary to strengthen an integrated “space-air-ground” based monitoring framework, cryosphere-oriented sediment-water models, and muti-spere interaction research to support sustainable river management under climate change.

Yarlung Tsangpo River  /  sediment  /  climate change  /  evolution patterns  /  basin ecology
李东锋, 李一一. 冰冻圈影响下的雅鲁藏布江产输沙机制、规律及影响. 水利学报, 2026 , 57 (5) : 755 -766 . DOI: 10.3724/j.slxb.20250651
Dongfeng LI, Yiyi LI. Sediment source and transport mechanisms, patterns, and impacts in the Yarlung Tsangpo River under the influence of changing cryosphere[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2026 , 57 (5) : 755 -766 . DOI: 10.3724/j.slxb.20250651
在全球气候变暖背景下,青藏高原冰川快速退缩、积雪面积减少、冻土显著退化,叠加降水时空分布的变化,使高寒高海拔地区冰冻圈的河流水文过程发生改变,进而影响到流域泥沙的来源和输移规律1-4。雅鲁藏布江(简称雅江)作为青藏高原南缘最具代表性的冰冻圈主导型河流,在区域水资源调控、生态安全维护和清洁能源供给中发挥着关键作用,其泥沙输移变化正日益受到气候变化与冰冻圈退化的双重影响5-7。雅江发源于喜马拉雅山北侧的杰马央宗冰川,流域平均海拔约4600 m,是全球海拔最高的河流之一,同时也是青藏高原重要的水汽通道1。雅江干流全长约2230 km,拥有年楚河、拉萨河、尼洋河和帕隆藏布江等主要支流,流域总面积达24.2万 km2。雅江水资源丰富,上游拉孜水文站的年均径流量为50 亿m3,中游奴各沙、羊村水文站年均径流量分别为154 亿和294 亿m3,经奴下水文站入下游年均径流量为587 亿m3[8-9
河流泥沙的产输机制、演变规律及其影响是雅江水利工程安全和生态环境保护面临的关键问题10-11。据西藏水文站观测资料统计,雅江上游拉孜水文站年均输沙量约为130 万t,中游奴各沙水文站和羊村水文站约为 1400 万和2000 万t,经奴下水文站入下游约为1600 万t(图1)。河流泥沙变化对水库库容、河流水质以及水资源-能源-粮食-生态系统安全具有显著影响11-12。例如,河流泥沙通量的增加会加速水库淤积、磨损水轮机、缩短水电设施的生命周期;泥沙携带的生物化学物质能够影响河流生态系统的稳定性1013;此外,泥沙输移还将大量的有机碳输入河流系统,增加水体二氧化碳等温室气体排放,影响区域碳循环14。因此,厘清雅江泥沙通量的时空变化机制、规律及影响,对于流域内水利工程的规划设计、生态环境保护和适应性调控策略制定具有重要意义。
与黄河、长江等典型水蚀主导型流域相比,雅江流域泥沙来源更加多元,除降雨侵蚀外,还受冰川侵蚀、融雪侵蚀、冻融侵蚀及突发地质灾害等共同控制,具有典型的高寒高海拔山区侵蚀产沙特征915。当前,雅江面临快速升温和降水模式的转变,冰冻圈加速退化,导致河流泥沙的来源及输移过程发生显著变化16-17图2)。流域内的降水分布具有显著的空间异质性,西部源头地区年均降水量约 200 mm,而东部下游地区年均降水量则超过2000 mm9。雅江流域冰川和多年冻土广布,分别占流域总面积的 4% 和 30% ,随着气候变暖,冰川侵蚀和融水携沙效应为流域带来大量泥沙18。冻土冻融侵蚀和热融灾害能够提供额外的泥沙来源2。此外,冰岩崩、滑坡、泥石流等突发地质灾害进一步增加了泥沙来源1019
本文聚焦于气候变化和冰冻圈退化背景下雅江泥沙来源、演变规律及其影响,分析气温、降水、冰川、积雪、冻土、植被以及突发地质灾害对流域产沙和输沙过程的影响机制,揭示过去几十年雅江流域泥沙通量的时空演变规律,探讨泥沙通量变化对水电工程和生态环境的潜在影响。在此基础上,提出构建以泥沙为纽带的多圈层交互作用和“水-沙-能-粮-生”系统耦合为核心的流域系统科学研究新范式。相关分析基于西藏水文站实测水沙数据、ERA5再分析气象数据及近年公开发表的冰川、积雪、植被等遥感反演产品。
在雅江流域,降雨侵蚀是重要泥沙来源之一115,表现为降雨引发的坡面径流对地表土壤、岩屑和植被覆盖层产生的强烈冲刷(图2)。在高寒高海拔流域,地表土、岩石长期受冻融作用影响,岩体破碎、松散堆积广泛分布,为降雨侵蚀过程提供了丰富的物源条件21115。流域分布有大面积多年冻土,冻土活动层较浅,降雨难以渗入深层土壤中,地表径流在强降雨作用下迅速形成,易引发坡面滑塌、沟道冲刷等侵蚀过程20。此外,在地形陡峭、植被稀疏的区域,降雨驱动的坡面侵蚀和沟蚀的叠加效应尤为显著21。强降雨将坡面松散泥沙输入河流,增加河流流量和水位波动,加剧河岸侵蚀,引发崩岸和滑塌等极端输沙过程,进一步增加河流泥沙通量1922
雅江泥沙输移受季节性降雨强度变化影响,降雨侵蚀力在空间上呈现出显著“东高西低、大峡谷区高于源区”的变化趋势20。流域强降雨主要集中在夏季(6—9月),引发大量泥沙输移和泥沙通量峰值,且年际间泥沙通量峰值变异性大。冬季降雨量少时,泥沙通量也较低,且波动较小。
此外,雅江中游河段具备一定的风蚀环境(如河谷沙丘地貌)23,风力作用下的地表沙粒搬运亦为流域泥沙输移提供补给,尤其在裸露地表和河岸风积沙地带,风蚀与水蚀共同作用,加剧了河流含沙量的波动。
冰川侵蚀与融雪侵蚀是高寒区特有的产沙过程11。冰川侵蚀受冰川运动和冰川消融影响,是雅江流域泥沙的重要来源之一。流域内冰川主要分布于上游高寒源区及大拐弯(米林县的派镇—墨脱县的巴昔卡)附近支流山系,整体覆盖约占流域面积的4%24,统计数量逾一万条,为青藏高原东南部冰川高密度区,且海洋性冰川占比较高(图1(a)24。研究表明,冰川占比大于20%的河流产沙模数是非冰川河流的10倍22。尽管冰川占比与流域泥沙通量之间存在正相关关系,但未来气候暖湿化和冰川退缩也可能会加剧近冰川区的侵蚀,导致山地地貌的不稳定性增加,从而进一步增加泥沙来源22。季节性融水进入冰川底部后会升高孔隙内水压力并润滑基底,从而在短时间内加速冰川底部滑动,进而增强磨蚀与拔蚀作用。随着冰川退缩,冰川侧碛与终碛、冰缘沉积物逐步暴露于地表成为新的物源,而冰川、冰下水系则显著增强冰川系统内的泥沙连通性,增加冰川泥沙的输移强度和效率11
流域受气候变暖的影响显著,尤其是气温上升引发的冰川消融使极端事件(如冰崩、冰湖溃决洪水等)增多,导致河流泥沙通量在极端年份骤增25-27;冰崩的发生促使大量松散泥沙和碎屑短时间内涌入河道,形成突发性的泥沙高峰(图2),冰崩也可能改变河道形态,加剧局部河段的河岸侵蚀过程。冰湖溃决洪水是指由于冰湖中的水体快速、大量溢出或排泄而引发的洪水灾害27。冰前湖通常作为冰川区重要的“泥库”,截留并沉积大量上游泥沙。然而气温升高加速冰川融水汇入湖体,提高了水位与堤坝失稳风险18。冰湖溃决形成的高能洪水在短时段内将大量水沙排放至下游河道中,造成河流泥沙通量大幅上升,导致下游河床与岸坡剧烈冲刷和重塑28。例如,2020年6月26日西藏嘉黎县吉翁错冰湖溃决,溃口深约20 m、最宽约 80 m,瞬时释水量约1.0×107 m3[29,冰湖溃决洪水还对河岸产生强烈的冲刷作用,甚至引发次生地质灾害,威胁沿岸生态和工程设施10
融雪侵蚀是指由于雪融水导致的土壤侵蚀现象30,是融水水力侵蚀与热融侵蚀的协同作用。春季解冻早期,冻土活动层尚未完全解冻,渗透率低、产流系数大,融雪易在陡坡与疏松覆盖物上形成表层径流从而增强坡面剥蚀11。观测与试验结果显示,早春冻土活动层的解冻不完全,土壤渗透率低、产流系数大;积雪融化易形成地表径流并增强坡面剥蚀,使同等水量条件下,早春融雪期的侵蚀效率普遍高于夏季降雨期31。与冰川融水不同,积雪融水通常不含有像冰川底部的较大碎屑岩石,但其冲刷与热融过程同样能引起明显的水土流失。气候变暖导致融雪期提前32,进一步改变了流域内泥沙通量的季节性分配。
多年冻土区的产沙主要来源于两类过程。其一为活动层的季节性冻融侵蚀:冻结期孔隙水结冰产生胀裂,岩土体发生解体33;解冻期土体强度与黏聚力下降,浅表径流在陡坡与疏松覆盖物上迅速形成,易诱发坡面剥蚀、沟蚀与岸坡崩解,使悬移质含沙量升高34。其二为富冰冻土解冻引发的热融灾害:地下冰消融后地表沉降,常伴随热融滑塌、热侵蚀沟、融冻泥流、热崩岸与热融沉陷等现象11;当地下冰融水与降雨在短时间内汇聚,沟槽迅速侵蚀扩展,坡面物源被集中向下输送,导致短时间内输沙量增加(图2)。
雅江流域约30%是多年冻土(多年冻土是地表下温度低于0 ℃、含有冰、并存在2年以上的岩、土层)1,主要分布在高寒谷坡、阶地边缘与河岸带,活动层浅、含冰量高,对温度与水分变化敏感35。从空间格局看,冻融侵蚀易发区主要位于流域北部的高海拔带(约4500 ~ 6000 m),南部湖盆与谷地相对较弱36。在这些地质地形条件下,春末至夏初的解冻期往往与融雪和早汛降雨同时出现,加速了近地表冻土的消融过程。此时,短历时的强径流易在支沟源区与阶地边缘诱发热侵蚀沟和热融滑塌,使大量细粒物源迅速汇入河道2。在暖湿降雨时段,多年冻土的融化深度和活动层厚度会明显增加,且增幅为每10年0.1 m28,同时年均融冰量约为2.97 kg/m2[37。这些变化导致热融灾害的扩张,岸线后退、坡脚失稳,沿河阶地及工程走廊常出现季节性冻胀融沉、多年期沉降、以及突发热融灾害3338。这些过程一方面增加了松散物质的供给,另一方面也加强了坡面与河道的水力联系,使泥沙更容易进入河流并被输送至下游39。同时,局部人类活动如道路切坡、场地开挖与过度放牧减少了植被覆盖,增加了地表吸热与产流系数,会进一步增加解冻期的河流输沙量40
雅江下游的大拐弯地区地质灾害频发,地震、强降雨和冰川消融等因素常引发冰崩、滑坡、泥石流等突发地质灾害,大量松散岩屑和泥沙被迅速输入到河道系统,成为流域主要的泥沙来源。已有研究基于元素示踪结果41表明,该区域贡献了雅江流域总泥沙通量的约90%,是全流域最重要的产沙区。这些地质灾害使河流泥沙通量在短时间内激增数个数量级,引发下游泥沙淤积、河流改道等次生灾害,对工程安全构成严重威胁542-44
泥石流,特别是冰川泥石流,是雅江下游最具代表性的地质灾害类型之一。融水、暴雨或持续降水使地表土壤饱和,引发泥石流,将大量泥沙、砾石甚至巨石携带入河,短时间内显著增加泥沙通量并冲击下游河段与沿岸地区。与普通泥石流相比,冰川泥石流具有更强的突发性和破坏性,其能量来源不仅包括降雨径流,还包括冰川融水和冰湖溃决洪水的集中释放,这显著增强了侵蚀与搬运能力,导致河道形态在极短时间内发生剧烈调整45。2009年,边坝县错嘎湖发生溃决,洪水引发泥石流,导致下游沟谷强烈下切与岸坡坍塌,并改变了局地河道形态46。天摩沟冰川(西藏波密县)在过去二十年多次发生泥石流,其中2018年7月11日,由冰川前缘崩滑、冰碛物与降雨共同作用触发,冰川运动流速高达0.80±0.02 m·d-1,加剧了物源不稳定与灾害风险47。这些典型事件表明,在气候变暖和极端天气频发背景下,冰川消融与暴雨的共同作用增加了下游地质灾害风险,对流域防灾减灾和工程安全提出更高要求。
此外,雅江流域毗邻喜马拉雅造山带,受冰川消融、强降雨及地震等作用影响,极易发生高位远程地质灾害48。此类灾害会将大量土体和岩石高速输送入河,显著增加泥沙通量,并可能造成短时堵江、形成堰塞湖及溃决洪水等次生灾害,对流域工程安全构成严重威胁49-50。这类灾害多发生于高山峡谷地段,具高速、远程输移和高含沙特征,可在短时间内将大量固体物质输送至下游,对河道稳定性、水库运行及沿岸居民区造成严重威胁48。例如,2000年波密县易贡滑坡体积约2.8亿 ~ 3.0亿m3,滑程约8 km,形成库容约2.88亿m3的堰塞湖,是典型的高位滑坡—堵江—溃决灾害51;2018年林芝市色东普沟连续发生冰崩—堵江—溃决事件,运动距离超过8 km,堰塞湖在堵江56 h后漫顶溃决,对下游居民区与基础设施造成严重威胁52;2020年米林直白沟在强降雨条件下发生大型滑坡,崩滑物经后续降雨多次冲刷与再搬运,短期内诱发了主槽形态的反复调整46。这些高位远程地质灾害通过瞬时释放巨量物源,显著增加了雅江下游的产沙强度与泥沙通量波动,是流域极端泥沙事件的重要驱动机制。
在1981—2009年期间,雅江流域水沙通量变化显著,且各区域变化趋势存在差异(图3(a)—(d))。上游拉孜水文站多年平均径流量为50 亿m3,多年平均输沙量为131 万t,径流和悬移质泥沙通量呈稳定的上升趋势。中游奴各沙水文站和羊村水文站的多年平均径流量分别为154 亿和 294 亿m3,多年平均输沙量分别为1429万和1960 万t。下游奴下水文站多年平均径流量为587 亿m3,多年平均输沙量为 1623 万t,径流和悬移质泥沙通量表现出显著上升趋势。
同期,雅江流域的水文气候条件也发生着显著变化(图3(e)(f))。气温呈现明显的上升趋势,年均增幅为0.05 ℃,而降水量的变化趋势不显著。积雪覆盖率从2000年的13%下降至2009年的11%,变化较为平缓。相比之下,融雪量则发生了显著变化,从1981年的202 mm w.e.(millimeter water equivalent,毫米水当量)逐步减少至2009年的171 mm w.e.,呈现持续下降的趋势。此外,冰川质量负增长,年均减少0.5 亿t,而冻结指数(即每年冻土层的冻结周期,反映冻土层的稳定性)也呈下降趋势。
气温升高加速冰川和积雪消融,增加春夏融水季的悬移质泥沙通量。降水增加增强降雨侵蚀作用,尤其突发性的强降水往往导致泥沙的剧烈波动15。冻结指数下降表明雅江流域冻土发生了显著退化,可能导致冻土解冻时期局部侵蚀加剧35。雅江流域气温升高、降水增加、冰雪和冻土的变化共同驱动了悬移质泥沙通量的显著增加1922。但是,雅江中游在2010年之后陆续建坝(如藏木、加查等),导致奴下水文站2010年之后的悬移质泥沙通量呈下降趋势53
雅江流域的含沙量在干流上的分布呈现显著的空间异质性53。随着流域内各主要支流的汇入,干流含沙量和通量整体累积增加,这一过程受到冰冻圈退化、地形、降水量、植被覆盖率、连通性和人类活动的多重影响,在上游、中游及下游区域表现出不同的泥沙源汇模式9图4)。
流域含沙量的空间异质性受自然因素与人为活动的综合作用12。具体而言,拉孜水文站(上游)由于降水量较少,温度较低,侵蚀作用相对较弱,因此悬移质泥沙通量仅为130 万t (1981—2009年);至奴各沙水文站(中游)显著上升至1400 万t,增长率高达约980%,表明流域中部受冰雪融水与降水共同驱动的产沙强度显著增加;羊村水文站进一步上升至2000 万t,增长率约为43%,悬移质泥沙通量在此达到(大拐弯以上)流域峰值;至奴下水文站,通量下降至1600 万t,下降幅度约17%,与河道展宽、水流减缓、水库拦沙效应及泥沙沉积过程共同作用有关(图4(c))。其中,中游的深厚覆盖层为长期泥沙淤积与多次堰塞湖沉积的结果54。下游巴昔卡附近的年均悬移质泥沙通量约为2亿t,而奴下水文站至巴昔卡的大峡谷地区贡献了雅江流域总泥沙通量的约90%41
此外,人类活动如农业耕作、土地开垦和放牧活动等,加剧了局部地区的土壤侵蚀,导致植被稀疏区域的含沙量波动更大55。总体来看,雅江流域含沙量呈现上游较低(拉孜以上河段)、中游先升高后降低(拉孜-奴下河段)、下游逐渐升高的变化趋势(奴下-巴昔卡河段),这一空间分布受气候植被、冰冻圈、地形特征、地质灾害和人类活动等多重因素的共同影响224355图4)。
作为青藏高原典型的冰冻圈主导型流域,雅江不仅是青藏高原“生态安全屏障”和“亚洲水塔”的核心区,也承担着区域水资源配置、水电能源开发、生态稳定维系与社会经济繁荣的重要功能44256。在气候变暖与人类活动双重驱动下,流域冰雪消融加剧、冻土退化加快,极端地质灾害发生频率上升,叠加基础设施建设加速推进,共同导致流域泥沙通量及其时空分布格局发生显著变化,水沙过程呈现出更强的非线性、突发性与区域异质性111
流域泥沙变化作为多圈层相互作用的结果,是影响工程安全、水生态系统稳定性及碳循环的重要因子之一10。泥沙问题的复杂性,不仅体现为其来源和输移过程的多元性与不确定性,更在于其与气候、冰冻圈、生态系统及社会经济系统之间的深层耦合机制。因此,亟需在系统识别泥沙通量变化影响机制的基础上,构建全过程、多要素的泥沙观测-模拟-调控体系,推动形成以“多圈层耦合-多目标权衡-多系统协同”为核心的冰冻圈流域系统科学研究范式。
雅江流域泥沙通量的动态变化,在短期内可能通过极端泥沙事件、水体浑浊度升高等过程,对小型水利设施和道路桥梁等基础设施安全、水质和水生态系统安全构成一定风险;从长期看,其对河流洪水、水库库容及水体碳循环产生影响102757。突发地质灾害和极端泥沙事件能够破坏小型水电站和道路桥梁等涉水工程。近年来,冰湖溃决洪水引发的泥石流已经导致多个小型水电站被冲毁10。此外,融水变化导致的泥沙季节性波动加大,使得河道的形态发生变化,进而影响水生生物栖息地和生态系统的结构与功能31。泥沙的增加可能导致水体浑浊,阳光被阻挡,进而影响水中光合作用和溶解氧,改变水质以及底栖动物和鱼类的生存条件31。特别是在高山河流,细颗粒泥沙沉积可能掩埋鱼卵,降低部分鱼类的繁殖数量31
然而,泥沙变化的影响也并非全然负面。在部分高寒流域,泥沙输入可维持河道自然演化与下游湿地补给;粗颗粒沙源的累积也能缓解局地建筑材料和砂石资源紧张58。此外,泥沙所携带的有机碳是陆地-河流连续体碳循环的重要组成部分,对流域碳收支及区域碳汇功能具有潜在贡献1459。因此,亟需厘清泥沙对工程系统、河湖水质、生态系统和碳循环的综合影响机制,在此基础上,强化利弊权衡与系统调控能力,支撑流域多功能协调发展和水沙资源的高效利用。
雅江流域土壤侵蚀模数高、泥沙来源复杂、河流泥沙通量变化快,并对下游水电开发和生态环境保护有较大影响,但仍面临着泥沙监测数据时间短、范围小,推移质泥沙监测能力不足等问题,亟需构建基于水文观测-示踪-遥感-AI技术的“天--地”一体化的泥沙来源-输移-沉积全过程综合监测体系。建议通过野外资料观测、元素示踪、无人机、遥感GIS技术和AI等手段,构建从冰川到冻土坡面到河道的水沙要素、冰冻圈要素(冰川-冻土-积雪)和气候植被要素等多要素连续观测网络,同步监测流量、含沙量、推移质输沙率、泥沙粒径、气象、植被、冰川运动、冻土活动层厚度及土壤水热等环境要素,量化不同产沙区对泥沙通量的相对贡献,系统揭示气候、冰冻圈、植被和地质灾害协同变化对流域泥沙过程影响的机制。
作者团队提出了针对冰冻圈流域能同时考虑动态泥沙来源和河流输沙能力变化的泥沙通量模拟理论框架,开发了适合冰冻圈流域河流输沙的SAT模型(Sediment-Availability-Transport Model),模拟结果较经典水沙关系曲线方法有明显提升,并能有效模拟事件尺度中泥沙输移的复杂动态过程3160。未来建议构建冰川区和多年冻土区流域侵蚀输沙模型,通过耦合分布式流域水循环模型和河流输沙模型,研发适合冰冻圈流域的多过程耦合分布式水沙产输动力学模型。
在气候变化、冰冻圈退化和人类活动的共同驱动下,雅江流域泥沙演变呈现出高度非线性、突发性、区域异质性以及多因子耦合驱动与多尺度响应的特征,传统以单要素、单目标为导向的研究范式难以适应水电开发背景下的水沙适配性调控需求10。借鉴流域系统科学理论45761-62,本研究提出构建面向多圈层交互作用和“水----生”多维功能协同的雅江流域系统科学研究新范式(图5)。将流域泥沙产输过程视为由冰冻圈、水圈、大气圈、生物圈、岩石圈与人类圈交互作用的纽带,重点识别冰川消融、冻土退化、径流变化、坡面侵蚀、泥沙输移及生态响应等关键过程的耦合机制。在此基础上,构建“天--地”一体化协同观测体系,推进“水---储”一体化发展,融合人工智能、遥感、无人机平台、自动站与原位采样等技术手段,提升对圈层界面与多过程交互的智慧感知能力;同时,研发集成冰冻圈产流产沙模型、能源粮食系统模型、生态系统响应模型与人类活动干扰模型的“雅江系统模拟器”,实现多圈层、多过程、多目标协同下的复杂系统建模与情景推演。新范式着力建立面向系统整体性、功能耦合性与调控适配性的研究框架,为提升流域协同保护能力与气候变化适应水平提供理论基础与技术支撑。
本研究系统论述了雅江流域泥沙的主要产沙机制、输沙量演变规律及其对工程系统和生态环境的影响。主要结论如下:(1)雅江流域泥沙来源多元、产沙机制复杂,受降雨、冰川、融雪、冻融侵蚀及突发地质灾害等多过程共同控制。气候变化和冰冻圈退化背景下,边坡失稳-溃决洪水-极端泥沙事件的交互作用与级联关系显著增强。 (2)流域内含沙量和输沙量在上游、中游和下游地区呈现显著空间异质性。上游(拉孜以上)温度较低、降水较少,含沙量和输沙量整体较小;中游(拉孜-奴下)长期泥沙淤积与多次堰塞湖沉积导致形成深厚覆盖层;下游(奴下-巴昔卡)受冰川侵蚀与突发地质灾害影响,产沙强度最高。观测表明,拉孜至羊村段泥沙通量增加约15倍,而奴下至巴昔卡河段贡献了全流域约90%的年均泥沙通量,是雅江最主要的产沙区。 (3)雅江泥沙演变在一定程度上影响涉水工程安全、水库库容、水轮机磨损、洪水、水质、生态系统稳定性和水体碳循环。 (4)未来建议构建泥沙来源-输移-沉积全过程监测体系,研发冰冻圈流域分布式水沙模型,加强以泥沙为纽带的多圈层交互作用机理、水-沙-能-粮-生系统耦合模拟与适应性调控研究,推动雅江流域系统科学研究新范式,研发“雅江系统模拟器”,优化水电开发与生态保护协同策略,应对气候变化和人类活动带来的新挑战。

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2026年第57卷第5期
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doi: 10.3724/j.slxb.20250651
  • 接收时间:2025-10-20
  • 首发时间:2026-06-25
  • 出版时间:2026-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-20
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    北京大学 环境科学与工程学院 水沙科学教育部重点实验室北京100871
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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