Article(id=1276897033072018070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, issueId=1276896975568109838, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/j.slxb.20250284, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1747670400000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782365576284, onlineDateStr=2026-06-25, pubDate=1779206400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782365576284, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782365576284, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782365576284, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276896975568109838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, year='2026', volume='57', issue='5', pageStart='651', pageEnd='808', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779206400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782365562574, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782367019422, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276903086153142605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, issueId=1276896975568109838, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276903086153142606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, issueId=1276896975568109838, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=651, endPage=662, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276897033239790232, articleId=1276897033072018070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, language=EN, title=A method for establishing hydraulic concrete crack criteria based on anti-seepage function, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cracking in concrete structures has always been a concern for researchers, designers and constructors. In hydraulic and hydropower engineering, structures such as concrete dams and the linings of water conveyance tunnels often operate under water pressure, and cracking is to some extent inevitable. However, most cracked concrete structures are still able to function safely. This raises questions about whether cracks can be permitted in concrete structures, what size cracks will not cause failure, and what reasonable criteria should be used to describe and evaluate the extent of concrete cracking. In this paper a method is proposed for establishing the cracking criteria of hydraulic concrete based on the anti-seepage function, which can be used for the cracking analysis of hydraulic concrete structures with water-retaining faces. First, the anti-seepage requirements of hydraulic concrete are determined in accordance with relevant codes and actual engineering practices. Then, experimental studies are conducted to establish the relationship between the uniaxial tensile strain and both the permeability coefficient and crack width of concrete. Subsequently, numerical simulations are employed to derive the correlation between the uniaxial tensile strain and the equivalent plastic strain, which is further validated for its applicability under complex stress states in hydraulic structures. Accordingly, thresholds for equivalent plastic strain and crack width, based on the anti-seepage function, are then proposed as the cracking criteria for hydraulic concrete structures. The research of this paper provides new criteria for the cracking analysis of hydraulic concrete which promise good practical application value.

, authors=null, authorsList=Qingwen REN, Jiafeng GU, Yajuan YIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276897034808459946, articleId=1276897033072018070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, language=CN, title=基于防渗功能建立水工混凝土开裂准则的方法, columnId=0, journalTitle=水利学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

混凝土的开裂问题,一直受到广大科研工作者和设计施工人员的关注。水利水电工程中,混凝土坝、输水隧洞混凝土衬砌等多处于水压环境中,混凝土或多或少存在着裂缝。然而,大部分开裂的混凝土结构仍能够安全运行,从而引申出是否可以允许混凝土结构出现裂缝,多大的裂缝不会引起破坏,以及用怎样一个合理的指标来对混凝土开裂程度进行描述评判的问题。本文提出一种基于防渗功能建立水工混凝土开裂准则的方法,可用于具有挡水面水工混凝土结构的开裂分析。首先根据相关规范和实际工程,确定水工混凝土的防渗要求;然后通过试验建立混凝土单轴拉应变与渗透系数和裂纹宽度之间的关系;再采用数值模拟的方法获得混凝土单轴拉应变与等效塑性应变的关系,并验证其可用于复杂应力状态的水工结构;最后据此提出基于防渗功能的等效塑性应变和裂缝宽度阈值,作为水工混凝土结构的开裂判据。本文研究可为水工混凝土的开裂分析提供一种新准则,具有较好的实际应用价值。

, authors=

任青文(1943—),教授,博士生导师,主要从事复杂力学系统的破坏与安全研究。E-mail:

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任青文(1943—),教授,博士生导师,主要从事复杂力学系统的破坏与安全研究。E-mail:

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Parameters used in Ottosen Model of concrete

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σts/σcs a b k1 k2
0.08
0.10
0.12
1.8076
1.2759
0.9218
4.0962
3.1962
2.5969
14.4863
11.7365
9.9110
0.9914
0.9801
0.9647
), ArticleFig(id=1277261239239705280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897033072018070, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

混凝土Ottosen模型参数值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
σts/σcs a b k1 k2
0.08
0.10
0.12
1.8076
1.2759
0.9218
4.0962
3.1962
2.5969
14.4863
11.7365
9.9110
0.9914
0.9801
0.9647
), ArticleFig(id=1277261239311008449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897033072018070, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Values of computational parameters in the concrete numerical model

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弹性模量/MPa泊松比容重/(kN/m3 σts/MPa σcs/MPa
3.00×1040.167242.0120.1
), ArticleFig(id=1277261239378117314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897033072018070, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

混凝土数值模型计算参数取值

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弹性模量/MPa泊松比容重/(kN/m3 σts/MPa σcs/MPa
3.00×1040.167242.0120.1
), ArticleFig(id=1277261239441031875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897033072018070, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Equivalent plastic strain corresponding to uniaxial tensile strain

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混凝土强度等级拉应变
150200250300
C20
C30
C40
91
76
66
131
115
103
183
163
146
238
223
207
), ArticleFig(id=1277261239508140740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897033072018070, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

与单轴拉应变对应的等效塑性应变值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
混凝土强度等级拉应变
150200250300
C20
C30
C40
91
76
66
131
115
103
183
163
146
238
223
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基于防渗功能建立水工混凝土开裂准则的方法
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任青文 1 , 顾嘉丰 1, 2 , 殷亚娟 1
水利学报 | 2026,57(5): 651-662
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水利学报 | 2026 , 57 (5) : 651 -662
基于防渗功能建立水工混凝土开裂准则的方法
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任青文1 , 顾嘉丰1, 2, 殷亚娟1
作者信息
  • 1.河海大学,江苏 南京 210098
  • 2.浙江数智交院科技股份有限公司(浙江省交通规划设计研究院),浙江 杭州 310030
A method for establishing hydraulic concrete crack criteria based on anti-seepage function
Qingwen REN1 , Jiafeng GU1, 2, Yajuan YIN1
Affiliations
  • 1.Hohai University,Nanjing 210098,China
  • 2.Zhejiang Institute of Communications Co.,LTD.,Hangzhou 310030,China
出版时间: 2026-05-20 doi: 10.3724/j.slxb.20250284
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混凝土的开裂问题,一直受到广大科研工作者和设计施工人员的关注。水利水电工程中,混凝土坝、输水隧洞混凝土衬砌等多处于水压环境中,混凝土或多或少存在着裂缝。然而,大部分开裂的混凝土结构仍能够安全运行,从而引申出是否可以允许混凝土结构出现裂缝,多大的裂缝不会引起破坏,以及用怎样一个合理的指标来对混凝土开裂程度进行描述评判的问题。本文提出一种基于防渗功能建立水工混凝土开裂准则的方法,可用于具有挡水面水工混凝土结构的开裂分析。首先根据相关规范和实际工程,确定水工混凝土的防渗要求;然后通过试验建立混凝土单轴拉应变与渗透系数和裂纹宽度之间的关系;再采用数值模拟的方法获得混凝土单轴拉应变与等效塑性应变的关系,并验证其可用于复杂应力状态的水工结构;最后据此提出基于防渗功能的等效塑性应变和裂缝宽度阈值,作为水工混凝土结构的开裂判据。本文研究可为水工混凝土的开裂分析提供一种新准则,具有较好的实际应用价值。

水工混凝土开裂准则  /  渗透系数  /  单轴拉应变  /  等效塑性应变  /  裂缝宽度

Cracking in concrete structures has always been a concern for researchers, designers and constructors. In hydraulic and hydropower engineering, structures such as concrete dams and the linings of water conveyance tunnels often operate under water pressure, and cracking is to some extent inevitable. However, most cracked concrete structures are still able to function safely. This raises questions about whether cracks can be permitted in concrete structures, what size cracks will not cause failure, and what reasonable criteria should be used to describe and evaluate the extent of concrete cracking. In this paper a method is proposed for establishing the cracking criteria of hydraulic concrete based on the anti-seepage function, which can be used for the cracking analysis of hydraulic concrete structures with water-retaining faces. First, the anti-seepage requirements of hydraulic concrete are determined in accordance with relevant codes and actual engineering practices. Then, experimental studies are conducted to establish the relationship between the uniaxial tensile strain and both the permeability coefficient and crack width of concrete. Subsequently, numerical simulations are employed to derive the correlation between the uniaxial tensile strain and the equivalent plastic strain, which is further validated for its applicability under complex stress states in hydraulic structures. Accordingly, thresholds for equivalent plastic strain and crack width, based on the anti-seepage function, are then proposed as the cracking criteria for hydraulic concrete structures. The research of this paper provides new criteria for the cracking analysis of hydraulic concrete which promise good practical application value.

hydraulic concrete cracking criterion  /  permeability coefficient  /  uniaxial tensile strain  /  equivalent plastic strain  /  crack width
任青文, 顾嘉丰, 殷亚娟. 基于防渗功能建立水工混凝土开裂准则的方法. 水利学报, 2026 , 57 (5) : 651 -662 . DOI: 10.3724/j.slxb.20250284
Qingwen REN, Jiafeng GU, Yajuan YIN. A method for establishing hydraulic concrete crack criteria based on anti-seepage function[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2026 , 57 (5) : 651 -662 . DOI: 10.3724/j.slxb.20250284
开裂是混凝土破坏的一种主要形式。开裂导致水工混凝土结构刚度减小、渗透性增加、耐久性降低,严重威胁其安全运行。因此,有关水工混凝土开裂准则的研究具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。已有研究从材料劣化机制1、环境作用耦合2以及结构损伤演化3等方面,探讨了坝工结构渗透特性的影响规律。研究4-5表明,当应力超过混凝土的弹性极限而未到达峰值强度时,即有微裂纹产生。Evans等6通过显微镜对单轴拉伸混凝土试件进行观测,指出此时的拉应变约为(90 ~ 140) με,微裂纹宽度约3 μm,相应的应力为峰值应力的68% ~ 89%。关于混凝土开裂准则的研究,已有不少成果,然而现有成果存在一些值得深入研究的问题。首先,混凝土开裂的准则与水工结构的功能缺乏联系。目前,无论是混凝土开裂数值模拟中常用的应力开裂准则,还是应变准则7,或是断裂准则8,均为材料层次的准则,即根据混凝土材料力学特性确定的开裂准则,并未涉及结构的功能。对于实际工程结构,裂缝将影响混凝土结构的工作性能,不同功能的混凝土结构对裂缝的“容忍”程度不同。因此,开裂准则需要考虑结构的功能,基于结构功能的开裂准则更为科学合理,更符合工程实际。其次,如何科学定义开裂。开裂的定义不明确,就难以建立正确的开裂判据。现有的混凝土裂缝模型主要有弥散型和离散型两种。前者根据等效塑性应变判断是否开裂,通常认为等效塑性应变大于零即是开裂。后者由结点位移直接计算裂缝宽度,但并没有定义多大的裂缝宽度才算开裂。相关规范仅从耐久性的角度给出钢筋混凝土结构的最大裂缝宽度限值9-10。例如,对于水工钢筋混凝土结构,根据环境类别,最大裂缝宽度的限值为0.15 ~ 0.4 mm。对于大体积水工混凝土结构,如混凝土大坝,现行的坝工规范11-14仅对拉应力和开裂范围作了限制,并没有对开裂进行定义。
混凝土结构在荷载作用下,弹性应变场是连续的,但随着荷载的增大,连续的应变场内出现非连续区。按照损伤力学和断裂力学的观点,这一演变过程就是从连续的损伤发展为非连续的断裂,裂缝也是从肉眼难以观察的微裂纹扩展为宏观的可见裂缝,很难界定何时为开裂。但对具有挡水面的水工混凝土结构来说,随着作用荷载的逐渐增大,混凝土将经历微裂纹萌生、扩展、汇集贯通而形成宏观裂缝的过程,当裂缝宽度达到一定值时,挡水面的外水就会克服毛细管作用进入裂缝尖端。若尖端处有钢筋,将加速钢筋的锈蚀。若水压较高,则可能出现水力劈裂的风险。裂缝在水压作用下进一步扩展,形成裂隙网络,混凝土的渗透系数变大。因此,鉴于具有挡水面的水工混凝土的主要功能之一是防渗,只要将裂纹限制在一定宽度内,外水不会进入,渗流难以形成,就可保证结构正常的防渗功能,那么,这样的裂纹可以认为是“容许”的。
据此,本文针对具有挡水面的水工混凝土,如混凝土坝和输水隧洞的混凝土衬砌,提出一种基于防渗功能建立混凝土开裂准则的方法。首先,根据水工混凝土结构的防渗要求确定容许的渗透系数数值。然后,以等效塑性应变和裂缝宽度作为水工混凝土“开裂”的指标,通过试验建立混凝土渗透系数与单轴拉应变、裂缝宽度三者之间的关系,由容许渗透系数获得容许的单轴拉应变。再采用数值模拟的方法得到单轴拉应变-等效塑性应变曲线,验证它与复杂应力状态下主拉应变-等效塑性应变曲线的一致性,并验证单轴拉应变-裂缝宽度关系的计算曲线与实测曲线的一致性。最后,根据容许的单轴拉应变确定容许的等效塑性应变和容许的裂缝宽度,分别作为弥散型裂缝模型和离散型裂缝模型的开裂准则。本文以大坝混凝土为对象说明方法的实施过程。
本节将根据相关规范和工程实测数据确定大坝混凝土的防渗要求。中国规范10要求大体积混凝土结构的挡水面根据承受的水头采用W4—W10的抗渗等级,相应的渗透系数为(7.83 ~ 1.77)×10-11 m/s15。我国的坝工规范13-14要求坝高超过150 m的重力坝和高度超过200 m的拱坝,其防渗帷幕的透水率小于1 Lu,现假定开裂后坝体混凝土的防渗性能不应低于其防渗帷幕,与1 Lu相当的渗透系数为(8.71 ~ 13.4)×10-8 m/s16。再者,我国现今使用的相关水工规范中,对防渗墙混凝土渗透系数也有相应的表述。已建防渗墙工程混凝土的抗渗等级多为W6—W8,考虑到防渗墙在墙段接缝等多处存在薄弱部位,会增加防渗墙的整体平均渗透系数,故实际的渗透系数多为n×10-9 m/s(n为1 ~ 9)15。《水电水利工程混凝土防渗墙施工规范》(DL/T 5199—2019)17中提到,国外学者通过对塑性混凝土的大量试验,确定其渗透系数变化范围为n×10-10 ~ n×10-8 m/s(n为1 ~ 9)。
美国和日本的坝工规范,以及欧盟的相关规范虽然都强调了混凝土结构渗透性评估的重要性,但均未明确关于渗透系数的具体要求。不过在美国规范《Seepage Analysis and Control for Dams》18中,给出了有关混凝土隔离墙渗透系数为10-8 m/s的上限要求;日本国土交通省2021年10月颁布的规范《ダムの設計》(大坝设计)19要求,填筑坝遮水区域的渗透系数控制在1×10-7 ~ 1×10-8 m/s以下;欧盟规范《Design of Concrete Structures》20中提出:“在不受显著载荷或温度变化影响的情况下,如构件已满足相应的防渗等级,在没有其他更可靠的信息数据的情况下,如果应变范围小于150 με,则可以认为裂缝会自愈”,即要求裂缝处的拉应变小于150 με,以满足裂缝自愈防渗的要求。
除了国内外相关规范外,还可以根据工程现场和室内试验得到的实测数据了解水工混凝土的防渗功能。文献[21]列举了国内外相关工程砂砾石地基经帷幕灌浆后取得良好防渗效果时的平均渗透系数值,其量级约为10-8 ~ 10-6 m/s之间。
综上所述,混凝土坝防渗帷幕的渗透系数在10-8 ~ 10-7 m/s之间,混凝土防渗墙的渗透系数多为n×10-9 m/s(n为1 ~ 9)。如果取高混凝土坝的透水率为0.1 Lu,换算成渗透系数约为1.05×10-8 m/s。可见,坝体混凝土的渗透系数如能达到1.0×10-9 m/s量级,大坝的防渗功能可以得到保证。为此,本文根据高混凝土坝的防渗要求,取其容许的渗透系数值为1.0×10-9 m/s。注意,这一渗透系数的容许值,是针对混凝土坝给出的,且偏于安全。对于实际的混凝土坝,以及其他水工混凝土结构,也可以另取他值,不影响本文方法的实施。
混凝土的裂缝将显著增大其渗透性,而开裂与应变密切相关,因此,根据水工混凝土的防渗要求可以确定容许的应变阈值。鉴于单轴试验的可行性和实际工程结构的复杂应力状态,以下分别介绍单轴拉应变和等效塑性应变容许值的确定方法。
通过试验可以建立水工混凝土单轴拉应变与渗透系数之间的关系。影响混凝土渗透系数的因素较多,包括骨料含量和级配、水灰比、养护条件、矿物掺合料等,但对于相同强度等级的混凝土,在材料自身条件相近的情况下,其渗透系数与应变状态相关。本文利用Gérard的混凝土圆环形试件在单轴拉伸下的渗透试验成果22-23,给出C30和C50两个不同强度等级混凝土的渗透系数与拉应变之间的关系。图1左上角为渗透系数与单轴拉应变试验结果的测点图,图中纵坐标为对数坐标。对离散测点进行回归,并用等距笛卡尔坐标绘出,得到图1的渗透系数-拉应变曲线,由图可知:(1)不同强度等级混凝土的渗透系数-拉应变测点分布趋势一致;(2)拉应变小于200 με时,混凝土渗透系数很小,在1.0×10-9 m/s以下,表明此时的混凝土出现了外水不易进入的微裂纹;(3)当拉应变超过200 με后,混凝土渗透系数开始缓慢增长,表明微裂纹开始扩展;(4)当拉应变大于600 με时,渗透系数快速增长,说明混凝土微裂纹继续扩展并逐渐开始贯通,形成初期宏观裂缝。此时的混凝土渗透系数超过1.0×10-8 m/s,与防渗帷幕的渗透系数相近;(5)当拉应变超过1000 με时,渗透系数逐渐趋于稳定,约为(5.0 ~ 6.0)×10-7 m/s之间。周志芳等24对岩体结构面开展现场透水性试验,得到裂隙型结构面的渗透系数为(4.23 ~ 8.76)×10-7 m/s,可见拉应变为1000 με时的渗透系数相当于岩体结构面的渗透系数。
随着单轴拉应变的增加,由于混凝土试件内裂隙网络的发展,导致渗透系数先快速增大,后增速变缓趋于稳定。实测的渗透系数应是考虑了裂隙网络和裂隙之间混凝土块体渗流后的综合渗透系数。由图1可知,若容许渗透系数为1.0×10-9 m/s,则对应的单轴拉应变约为(200 ~ 300) με。因此,从结构防渗的角度,若取(200 ~ 300) με为水工混凝土开裂破坏的拉应变准则,即当拉应变小于此值时,不会形成比较明显的渗流通道,对结构工作性态的影响很小。
对于实际工程,由于结构、荷载与边界条件的复杂性,结构一般处于多轴应力状态,所以,在结构破坏分析的数值模拟中,通常以等效塑性应变反映混凝土的损伤破坏程度。为此,需要建立单轴拉应变与等效塑性应变之间的关系,本文采用数值方法建立这一联系。
图2(a)为混凝土单轴拉伸的数值模型,模型为300 mm×300 mm×1000 mm的长方体,布置有11 250个六面体单元,单元尺寸为20 mm×20 mm×20 mm。模型下端固定,上端施加拉伸位移荷载,为保证计算收敛,经试算,拉伸的最大值取0.6 mm。
混凝土的开裂破坏主要发生在应力-应变曲线峰值点后的下降段,现以Ottosen模型25描述下降段的混凝土力学行为。该模型能够体现混凝土破坏曲面的主要特点,得到的静态强度准则与混凝土多轴试验结果的吻合度较好,因而得到了较为广泛的应用。此外,该模型属各向同性模型,可适用于描述混凝土在受到复杂荷载和环境条件下变形的全过程,包括硬化和软化阶段,模型的参数可根据具体情况进行调整,使其更加符合实际情况。Ottosen模型的屈服面方程为
F=aσcsJ2+λ(θ)J2+bI1-σcs
式中:J2为应力偏张量的第二不变量;I1为应力张量的第一不变量;σcs为混凝土单轴抗压强度;ab为两个无量纲参数,其值均大于0;θ为偏平面罗德角;λ(θ)由下式确定
λ(θ)=k1cos13arccosk2cos(3θ)J30k1cosπ3-13arccos-k2cos(3θ)J3<0
式中:k1为大小参数,k1>0k2为形状参数,0<k21J3为应力偏张量的第三不变量,若σ1σ2σ3分别表示最大主应力、中间主应力和最小主应力,则J2I1J3值分别为
J2=16σ1-σ22+σ2-σ32+σ3-σ12
I1=σ1+σ2+σ3
J3=127τ13+τ12τ21+τ23τ31+τ32
式中τij=(σi-σj)/2,(i,j=1,2,3ij)。
Ottosen模型常被称为“四参数模型”,其屈服面方程由参数abk1k2控制,这些参数可由试验曲线拟合得到。Ottosen在借鉴和总结Kupfer等26、Balmer27和Richart等28试验的基础上,确定了混凝土双轴和三轴抗压强度与单轴抗压强度σcs的倍数关系,并基于混凝土单轴抗拉强度σts和单轴抗压强度σcs的比值,得到了表1所示的各参数取值。
以C30混凝土为例,根据《水工混凝土结构设计规范》(NB/T 11011—2022、SL 191—2008)1029,其轴心抗拉强度σts=2.01 MPa,轴心抗压强度σcs=20.1 MPa,比值σts/σcs=0.1,因而Ottosen模型参数取表1中第二行数据。C30混凝土的其他参数见表2
采用多物理场仿真软件Comsol完成上述分析,根据分析得到的塑性应变张量εp,按下式计算等效塑性应变ε¯p
ε¯p=23i,jεijp2
图2(b)给出等效塑性应变的分布。由于计算模型不同位置的等效塑性应变和拉应变不一,因而在模型中心位置选取10个不同的单元节点作为测点,将10个测点的等效塑性应变与拉应变数值进行平均化处理,得到等效塑性应变-单轴拉应变曲线,如图3所示。
对于C20和C40混凝土,其弹性模量分别为2.55×104和3.25×104 MPa。单轴抗拉强度σts和抗压强度σcs分别为1.54和13.4 MPa、2.39和26.8 MPa。据此,比值σts/σcs分别为0.115和0.089,相应的abk1k2,可由表1所给的数值通过线性插值得到。由此得到的等效塑性应变-单轴拉应变曲线如图3,可见不同强度等级混凝土的曲线形状和趋势基本一致。
前文已假定容许渗透系数取值为1×10-9 m/s,相应的单轴拉应变为(200 ~ 300) με。此外,考虑到欧盟规范中要求拉应变控制在150 με以内,以满足裂纹自愈防渗的要求,因而图3将拉应变(150 ~ 300) με作为重点关注区域。对于不同强度等级的混凝土,单轴拉应变(150 ~ 300) με对应的等效塑性应变如表3所示。
图3表3可知,对于同一强度等级的混凝土,随着单轴拉应变的增加,其容许的等效塑性应变值也增加;而在相同拉应变条件下,随着混凝土强度等级的提高,其容许的等效塑性应变值减小,换言之,强度等级高的混凝土的防渗要求更高。
需要进一步考虑的问题是,图3表3单轴拉应变与等效塑性应变之间的关系是通过单轴拉伸试件数值模拟得到的,对于复杂应力状态,是否具有与图3曲线的一致性。为此,可以通过对实际应用对象的数值模拟来验证。图4所示的混凝土重力坝和拱坝(可研阶段的西藏怒江松塔高拱坝),坝体为C30混凝土,采用表2的参数进行非线性有限元分析。图5显示了重力坝在1.6倍上游水压力作用下,坝踵出现的塑性区,以及拱坝在4倍上游水压力作用下的塑性区。根据塑性区内各单元的主拉应变和等效塑性应变数值绘制了图5所示的关系曲线(分别为红线和绿线),图5还同时给出图3所示的混凝土单轴拉伸工况下拉应变与等效塑性应变的关系曲线(蓝线),以及以此曲线为中心上下浮动10%的数值范围。由图5可以看出,无论是二维的混凝土重力坝还是三维的拱坝,它们的等效塑性应变-拉应变关系曲线,与通过混凝土单轴拉伸获得的曲线之间具有较好的一致性,两者的差异范围在10%之内。这就验证了,由混凝土单轴拉伸数值模拟得到的结论能够用于图4所示复杂应力状态下的混凝土结构。
为了确定基于防渗要求的容许裂缝宽度,须建立应变与裂缝宽度之间的关系,为此,从试验和数值模拟两条途径建立这一关系,并进行对比验证。
对于离散型裂缝模型,直接根据裂缝面结点的位移确定裂缝宽度。对于弥散型裂缝模型,需要建立裂缝宽度与拉应变之间的关系30-31。通过单元积分点的某条裂缝的开裂应变εck
εck=εnst-σ/E
式中:εnst为垂直裂缝方向的总应变;σ为垂直裂缝方向的应力值;E可取混凝土初始弹性模量E0
裂缝应变总和εcksum为单元中所有裂缝的开裂应变总和,可采用以下方法获得:首先将积分点上由每条裂缝引起的开裂应变εck转换为裂缝方向的局部坐标系nst下的数值,然后再对该积分点上所有转换后的裂缝开裂应变求和。此时,裂缝宽度wck由下式确定
wck=εcksumhck
式中hck为裂缝带宽,其值取决于单元的尺寸、形状及插值函数。对于线性二维单元,hck=2A,对于高阶二维单元,hck=AA为二维单元面积;对于三维实体单元,hck=V3V为三维单元体积;对于梁单元或桁架单元,hck为单元的长度,hck=V/A¯A¯为单元平均横截面积。
式(7)(8)建立了裂缝宽度与应变的关系,这个关系的正确性需要验证。已有学者研究了混凝土裂缝与拉应变之间的关系4632-33,但少有采用试验方法直接在拉伸过程中通过量测裂缝宽度建立其间关系。Evans等6利用改良的试验机对不同强度等级的混凝土进行了裂缝宽度与拉应变关系的单轴拉伸试验,其拉伸装置和C30混凝土试件如图6所示。通过拉伸试验获得9个试件的起裂应变,以及位于混凝土应力-应变曲线下降段3个不同拉应变时,采用高倍的双目显微镜量测微裂纹宽度。图7(a)为26个测点的分布。通过拟合得到图7(b)所示的曲线为
ω=4×10-12εt4-2×10-8εt3+2×10-5εt2+0.0139εt+0.1901
式中:ω为裂缝宽度,μm;εt为拉应变值,με;曲线拟合度R2为0.8067。
有关混凝土裂缝与渗透系数的关系,已有一些研究成果。Aldea等34的试验显示,与混凝土渗透系数1×10-9 m/s相应的裂缝宽度约为50 ~ 100 μm。Li等35采用数值模拟的方法研究了混凝土裂缝与渗透性的关系,当裂缝宽度接近20 μm时,渗透系数在5×10-9 m/s左右。本节进一步建立混凝土渗透系数与裂缝宽度的关系。
若4.1节计算的裂缝宽度与4.2节实测的裂缝宽度一致,即验证了裂缝计算公式(7)(8)的正确性,则可通过数值模拟建立裂缝宽度与拉应变之间的关系,再根据容许拉应变阈值确定容许的裂缝宽度。现针对图6的试验进行有限元数值模拟。试件一端固定,另一端施加位移荷载,如图8(a)所示。位移荷载的最大值为0.9 mm,相应的拉应变为600 με,超过该值,计算无法收敛。数值模拟中混凝土的本构关系采用《水工混凝土结构设计规范》(NB/T 11011—2022)10附录E给出的混凝土受拉应力-应变曲线
σ=Ecεεεt01-ε-εt0εtu-εt0σt0εt0<εεtu0ε>εtu
式中:σt0为混凝土的最大拉应力;εt0为与σt0相对应的混凝土峰值拉应变,εt0=σt0/EcEc为混凝土弹性模量;εtu为混凝土极限拉应变,εtu=410εt0。对于C30混凝土,Ec=3.00×104 MPaσt0=2.01 MPa,此时,εt0=67 με,现取εtu=7εt0=469 με
根据数值模拟得到的应变,按式(7)(8)依次计算开裂应变和裂缝宽度,裂缝宽度的分布如图8(b)所示,并由此绘出图7(b)中的数值模拟曲线。可以看出,在(150 ~ 300) με区间内,数值模拟与试验量测的裂缝宽度具有较好的一致性,表明式(8)能够较好地估算混凝土裂缝宽度。据此可以确定,对于C30混凝土,当容许拉应变为(150 ~ 300) με时,容许裂缝宽度为2.2 ~ 5.9 μm,这是当大坝混凝土容许渗透系数取1×10-9 m/s时,防止外水渗入的容许裂缝宽度。无论是初始裂缝,还是荷载作用下产生的裂缝,宽度超过这个数值,外水就会进入裂缝。由文献[6]的试验可知,该值与混凝土应力-应变曲线峰值点时的裂缝宽度相近,表明混凝土裂缝宽度达到这一容许值的同时,强度破坏也即将开始。对于水工混凝土而言,处于个位数微米级的裂缝宽度,肉眼难以发现,通常称为微裂纹。虽然微裂纹不会立即导致混凝土的强度破坏,但它标志了混凝土内部损伤的出现,是进一步劣化的前兆;同时,这些微裂纹会导致混凝土弹性模量的降低,使应力-应变曲线出现非线性拐点,为后续裂纹扩展和宏观裂缝的产生提供通道。如果荷载继续增加,损伤积累将导致混凝土强度急剧减小。此外,随着裂缝宽度的增加和群裂缝的形成,会进一步降低混凝土材料的抗渗、抗冻和抗侵蚀能力,对长期服役性能存在潜在影响。因此,可认为,基于防渗功能的容许裂缝宽度反映了混凝土由弹性阶段向裂缝扩展阶段的过渡,对于水工混凝土结构的安全具有重要意义。
(1)本文提出一种基于防渗功能的水工混凝土开裂准则分析方法,以解决数值模拟中水工混凝土结构的开裂破坏问题。并以大坝混凝土为例,说明了方法的实施过程:首先,基于大坝混凝土的“防渗功能”要求,通过对相关规范和文献中试验资料的分析,确定大坝混凝土的容许渗透系数,本文取1×10-9 m/s。其次,通过试验建立水工混凝土单轴拉应变与渗透系数之间的关系,若容许渗透系数为1.0×10-9 m/s,则相应的单轴拉应变为(200 ~ 300) με,即当拉应变小于此值时,不会形成比较明显的渗流通道,对结构工作性态的影响很小。然后,通过对不同强度等级混凝土试件单轴拉伸的数值模拟,建立等效塑性应变与主拉应变之间的关系,据此确定容许的等效塑性应变,如表3所示。对于具有复杂应力状态的水工结构还需要通过数值模拟,验证复杂应力状态下主拉应变-等效塑性应变关系曲线,与单轴拉应变-等效塑性应变关系曲线的一致性。之后验证数值模拟得到的裂缝宽度与主拉应变之间的关系曲线,与实测曲线之间的一致性,如果两者接近,就可以由容许拉应变确定容许的裂缝宽度。本文研究显示,对于C30混凝土,当容许拉应变为(150 ~ 300) με时,容许裂缝宽度为2.2 ~ 5.9 μm。
(2)本文方法适用于具有挡水面的水工混凝土结构,根据实际水工混凝土结构的具体情况和规范要求,容许渗透系数可以另取他值,不影响本文方法的实施过程。
(3)通过以上方法获得的容许等效塑性应变可用于水工混凝土弥散型裂缝模型的开裂分析,容许的裂缝宽度则可用于离散型裂缝模型的开裂分析。

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doi: 10.3724/j.slxb.20250284
  • 接收时间:2025-05-20
  • 首发时间:2026-06-25
  • 出版时间:2026-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-20
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    1.河海大学,江苏 南京 210098
    2.浙江数智交院科技股份有限公司(浙江省交通规划设计研究院),浙江 杭州 310030
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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