Article(id=1276896976218226958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, issueId=1276896975568109838, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/j.slxb.20250412, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753632000000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782365562729, onlineDateStr=2026-06-25, pubDate=1779206400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782365562729, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782365562729, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782365562729, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276896975568109838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, year='2026', volume='57', issue='5', pageStart='651', pageEnd='808', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779206400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782365562574, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782367019422, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276903086153142605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, issueId=1276896975568109838, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276903086153142606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, issueId=1276896975568109838, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=675, endPage=690, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276896976599908624, articleId=1276896976218226958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, language=EN, title=Exploring the application of large AI models in flash flood risk identification and early warning, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Flash flood disasters are the main cause of fatalities among flood-related hazards in China. Risk identification and early warning represent crucial technologies for the proactive defense against flash floods. This paper systematically reviews conventional techniques for flash flood risk identification and early warning both within China and abroad, providing a detailed analysis of the advantages, limitations and bottlenecks of various methods. By tracing the development of artificial intelligence (AI) and its role in transforming research paradigms in hydrological science, the study highlights the significant potential of AI in flash flood disaster prevention. It identifies six major challenges confronting large AI models in the context of flash flood risk identification and early warning: data acquisition and quality, generalization and interpretability, balancing complexity with emergent capabilities, computational efficiency and parallel acceleration, and intelligent decision-making. Targeted solutions and future trends are discussed in response to these challenges. The paper proposes that future research should focus on big data governance, and the integration technology of AI and physical models. Additionally, efforts should focus on continuously improving heterogeneous hybrid parallel computing framework and training strategies, advancing automated optimization of large model parameters and intelligent prediction, and enhancing learning capacity, generalization ability and risk prediction ability. The aim of these efforts is to provide both theoretical insights and practical guidance for the application of large AI models in flash flood risk identification and early warning.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jiyang TIAN, Yuefen ZHANG, Denghua YAN, Shenghao XU, Jiacheng DUAN, Jianzhu LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276896979762413854, articleId=1276896976218226958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, language=CN, title=AI大模型在山洪灾害风险辨识与预警中的应用探讨, columnId=0, journalTitle=水利学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

山洪灾害是我国洪涝灾害中致人死亡的主要灾种,风险辨识与预警是主动防御山洪灾害的关键技术手段。本文系统梳理了国内外既有山洪风险辨识与预警技术,详细分析了不同方法的优缺点和遇到的瓶颈;通过回顾人工智能发展历程及其对水文科学研究范式演变的推动作用,阐明了人工智能在山洪灾害防御中应用的巨大潜力,指出了大模型在山洪风险辨识与预警中面临的数据获取与质量、泛化能力、可解释性、复杂性与涌现能力平衡、算力与并行加速、智能判断等六个方面的挑战。此外,针对性探讨了解决方案和发展趋势,提出未来应重点关注大数据治理,探究人工智能与物理模型的融合技术,不断改进异构混合并行计算框架和训练策略,推动AI大模型参数自动优化和智能预测,提升学习能力、泛化能力、风险预测能力,旨在为AI大模型在山洪灾害风险辨识与预警中的应用提供理论与实践指导。

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田济扬(1989—),博士,正高级工程师,主要从事山洪灾害防治与水文监测预报研究。E-mail:

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田济扬(1989—),博士,正高级工程师,主要从事山洪灾害防治与水文监测预报研究。E-mail:

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Flash flood disaster risk zoning and identification methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法原理优缺点
多指标综合评价821-22基于AHP等方法确定的权重综合评估危险性与易损性等指标,对山洪灾害风险进行定量区划计算简单,方法成熟,应用广泛,但主观性强,对大样本的挖掘能力不足
模糊综合评价23设置吸引域和排斥域,计算各指标的隶属度函数,并根据可变模糊集评价模型计算出不同风险等级的评价值指标系统全面,可推广性强,但吸引域、排斥域及评价模型的选用具有主观性
水文水动力模拟24借助分布式水文水动力模型模拟不同重现期降雨下的淹没水深,按淹没水深划定风险等级并将其纳入区划体系结果直观,可反映真实物理过程,但计算过程复杂,且对算力要求很高
), ArticleFig(id=1277261303450301078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276896976218226958, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

山洪灾害风险区划与辨识方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法原理优缺点
多指标综合评价821-22基于AHP等方法确定的权重综合评估危险性与易损性等指标,对山洪灾害风险进行定量区划计算简单,方法成熟,应用广泛,但主观性强,对大样本的挖掘能力不足
模糊综合评价23设置吸引域和排斥域,计算各指标的隶属度函数,并根据可变模糊集评价模型计算出不同风险等级的评价值指标系统全面,可推广性强,但吸引域、排斥域及评价模型的选用具有主观性
水文水动力模拟24借助分布式水文水动力模型模拟不同重现期降雨下的淹没水深,按淹没水深划定风险等级并将其纳入区划体系结果直观,可反映真实物理过程,但计算过程复杂,且对算力要求很高
), ArticleFig(id=1277261303529992855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276896976218226958, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Common critical precipitation amount methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法原理优势不足数据需求
实测雨量统计法统计历史山洪灾害对应雨量站各时段雨量的最小值,作为临界雨量方法简单易用,适用范围广受历史山洪灾害样本限制,缺乏物理依据流域内及周边雨量站的监测雨量、历史山洪灾害
复合雨量预警指标法分析历史山洪灾害降雨过程,综合考虑雨强、前期雨量,确定临界雨量考虑了前期影响雨量未考虑下垫面空间异质性,历史样本受限长系列降雨监测资料、山洪灾害事件过程详细记录
水位流量反推法结合降雨-径流关系,利用成灾水位/流量反推临界雨量易于理解和计算,是我国现阶段应用最广的分析方法未考虑前期影响雨量和降雨时空异质性暴雨图集/水文手册、防灾对象处的河道断面与糙率
水动力学反推法基于成灾水位/流量,采用二维浅水方程模拟,试算反推临界雨量方法先进,对山洪的形成与演化过程进行更细致的描述计算成本高、模型参数较难获取流域精细地形地貌数据、防灾对象处的河道断面、模型参数
比拟法将某一小流域的临界雨量直接移用到相似小流域无需雨水情监测资料,适用于无资料地区流域相似性判定标准主观性强小流域基本属性及特征
动态临界雨量法在水位流量反推法基础上,通过实时计算土湿,动态调整临界雨量考虑了下垫面和土壤含水量等动态变化,具有较明确的物理机制,是主要研究方向对数据要求高、计算成本高精细地形地貌数据、小流域基本属性特征、河道断面、水文手册、土壤含水量模拟模型参数
), ArticleFig(id=1277261303613878936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276896976218226958, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

常用临界雨量分析方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法原理优势不足数据需求
实测雨量统计法统计历史山洪灾害对应雨量站各时段雨量的最小值,作为临界雨量方法简单易用,适用范围广受历史山洪灾害样本限制,缺乏物理依据流域内及周边雨量站的监测雨量、历史山洪灾害
复合雨量预警指标法分析历史山洪灾害降雨过程,综合考虑雨强、前期雨量,确定临界雨量考虑了前期影响雨量未考虑下垫面空间异质性,历史样本受限长系列降雨监测资料、山洪灾害事件过程详细记录
水位流量反推法结合降雨-径流关系,利用成灾水位/流量反推临界雨量易于理解和计算,是我国现阶段应用最广的分析方法未考虑前期影响雨量和降雨时空异质性暴雨图集/水文手册、防灾对象处的河道断面与糙率
水动力学反推法基于成灾水位/流量,采用二维浅水方程模拟,试算反推临界雨量方法先进,对山洪的形成与演化过程进行更细致的描述计算成本高、模型参数较难获取流域精细地形地貌数据、防灾对象处的河道断面、模型参数
比拟法将某一小流域的临界雨量直接移用到相似小流域无需雨水情监测资料,适用于无资料地区流域相似性判定标准主观性强小流域基本属性及特征
动态临界雨量法在水位流量反推法基础上,通过实时计算土湿,动态调整临界雨量考虑了下垫面和土壤含水量等动态变化,具有较明确的物理机制,是主要研究方向对数据要求高、计算成本高精细地形地貌数据、小流域基本属性特征、河道断面、水文手册、土壤含水量模拟模型参数
), ArticleFig(id=1277261303701959321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276896976218226958, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Hydrological model for flash flood simulation

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模型特点
新安江模型适用于蓄满产流,采用蓄水容量曲线描绘下垫面不均匀性
陕北模型适用于超渗产流,采用下渗能力分配曲线描绘下垫面不均匀性
Tank模型基于多水箱的空间组合模拟完整产汇流过程,缺乏物理意义
时空变源混合产流模型划分水文响应单元,将蓄满和超渗两种产流模式进行平面混合、垂向混合与时段混合
HEC-HMS适用范围广,支持多种产流计算方法
TOPMODEL基于地形指数描绘产流区域的空间变化,适用于地形起伏较大的山区
中国山洪水文模型CNFF采用分布式单位线进行坡面汇流计算,考虑了雨强和蓄满区域变化对汇流速度的影响
MIKE SHE采用物理方程描绘了完整的水循环过程,精度较高但计算复杂
), ArticleFig(id=1277261303790039706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276896976218226958, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

适用于山洪模拟的水文模型及特点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型特点
新安江模型适用于蓄满产流,采用蓄水容量曲线描绘下垫面不均匀性
陕北模型适用于超渗产流,采用下渗能力分配曲线描绘下垫面不均匀性
Tank模型基于多水箱的空间组合模拟完整产汇流过程,缺乏物理意义
时空变源混合产流模型划分水文响应单元,将蓄满和超渗两种产流模式进行平面混合、垂向混合与时段混合
HEC-HMS适用范围广,支持多种产流计算方法
TOPMODEL基于地形指数描绘产流区域的空间变化,适用于地形起伏较大的山区
中国山洪水文模型CNFF采用分布式单位线进行坡面汇流计算,考虑了雨强和蓄满区域变化对汇流速度的影响
MIKE SHE采用物理方程描绘了完整的水循环过程,精度较高但计算复杂
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AI大模型在山洪灾害风险辨识与预警中的应用探讨
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田济扬 1, 2 , 章跃芬 1, 2 , 严登华 1, 2 , 徐晟昊 2, 3 , 段嘉程 2, 3 , 李建柱 3
水利学报 | 2026,57(5): 675-690
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水利学报 | 2026 , 57 (5) : 675 -690
AI大模型在山洪灾害风险辨识与预警中的应用探讨
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2.水利部防洪抗旱减灾工程 技术研究中心,北京 100038, bio={"content":"

田济扬(1989—),博士,正高级工程师,主要从事山洪灾害防治与水文监测预报研究。E-mail:

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田济扬(1989—),博士,正高级工程师,主要从事山洪灾害防治与水文监测预报研究。E-mail:

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田济扬1, 2 , 章跃芬1, 2, 严登华1, 2, 徐晟昊2, 3, 段嘉程2, 3, 李建柱3
作者信息
  • 1.中国水利水电科学研究院,流域水循环与水安全全国重点实验室,北京 100038
  • 2.水利部防洪抗旱减灾工程 技术研究中心,北京 100038
  • 3.天津大学 水利工程智能建设与运维全国重点实验室,天津 300350
Exploring the application of large AI models in flash flood risk identification and early warning
Jiyang TIAN1, 2 , Yuefen ZHANG1, 2, Denghua YAN1, 2, Shenghao XU2, 3, Jiacheng DUAN2, 3, Jianzhu LI3
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Water Security,China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research,Beijing 100038,China
  • 2.Research Center on Flood and Drought Disaster Reduction,MWR,Beijing 100038,China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Intelligent Construction and Operation,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300350,China
出版时间: 2026-05-20 doi: 10.3724/j.slxb.20250412
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山洪灾害是我国洪涝灾害中致人死亡的主要灾种,风险辨识与预警是主动防御山洪灾害的关键技术手段。本文系统梳理了国内外既有山洪风险辨识与预警技术,详细分析了不同方法的优缺点和遇到的瓶颈;通过回顾人工智能发展历程及其对水文科学研究范式演变的推动作用,阐明了人工智能在山洪灾害防御中应用的巨大潜力,指出了大模型在山洪风险辨识与预警中面临的数据获取与质量、泛化能力、可解释性、复杂性与涌现能力平衡、算力与并行加速、智能判断等六个方面的挑战。此外,针对性探讨了解决方案和发展趋势,提出未来应重点关注大数据治理,探究人工智能与物理模型的融合技术,不断改进异构混合并行计算框架和训练策略,推动AI大模型参数自动优化和智能预测,提升学习能力、泛化能力、风险预测能力,旨在为AI大模型在山洪灾害风险辨识与预警中的应用提供理论与实践指导。

山洪灾害  /  AI大模型  /  物理模型融合  /  智能预测  /  风险辨识与预警

Flash flood disasters are the main cause of fatalities among flood-related hazards in China. Risk identification and early warning represent crucial technologies for the proactive defense against flash floods. This paper systematically reviews conventional techniques for flash flood risk identification and early warning both within China and abroad, providing a detailed analysis of the advantages, limitations and bottlenecks of various methods. By tracing the development of artificial intelligence (AI) and its role in transforming research paradigms in hydrological science, the study highlights the significant potential of AI in flash flood disaster prevention. It identifies six major challenges confronting large AI models in the context of flash flood risk identification and early warning: data acquisition and quality, generalization and interpretability, balancing complexity with emergent capabilities, computational efficiency and parallel acceleration, and intelligent decision-making. Targeted solutions and future trends are discussed in response to these challenges. The paper proposes that future research should focus on big data governance, and the integration technology of AI and physical models. Additionally, efforts should focus on continuously improving heterogeneous hybrid parallel computing framework and training strategies, advancing automated optimization of large model parameters and intelligent prediction, and enhancing learning capacity, generalization ability and risk prediction ability. The aim of these efforts is to provide both theoretical insights and practical guidance for the application of large AI models in flash flood risk identification and early warning.

flash flood disaster  /  large AI models  /  integration with physical models  /  intelligent prediction  /  risk identification and early warning
田济扬, 章跃芬, 严登华, 徐晟昊, 段嘉程, 李建柱. AI大模型在山洪灾害风险辨识与预警中的应用探讨. 水利学报, 2026 , 57 (5) : 675 -690 . DOI: 10.3724/j.slxb.20250412
Jiyang TIAN, Yuefen ZHANG, Denghua YAN, Shenghao XU, Jiacheng DUAN, Jianzhu LI. Exploring the application of large AI models in flash flood risk identification and early warning[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2026 , 57 (5) : 675 -690 . DOI: 10.3724/j.slxb.20250412
山洪灾害是我国致人死亡失踪的主要灾种,每年因山洪灾害死亡失踪人数约占洪涝灾害的70%,对重要基础设施和社会经济发展造成严重威胁1。因其点多面广、机理复杂、突发性与不确定性显著,风险辨识与预警难度大,是我国防汛工作的难点和薄弱环节2。2010年以来,全国29个省(自治区、直辖市)和新疆生产建设兵团持续开展了山洪灾害防治项目建设,初步建成适合我国国情、专群结合的山洪灾害防御体系,因山洪灾害年均死亡人数较项目实施前大幅降低七成3-4。然而,受气候变化和山丘区人类活动加剧的影响,极端暴雨诱发的山洪灾害呈现趋多、趋强、趋广的态势5-6
山洪风险辨识与预警是主动防御山洪灾害的关键技术手段,已围绕致灾机理、模型模拟、山洪预警开展了大量研究7。致灾机理研究普遍采用观测试验和数值模拟相结合的方式,从暴雨特征、下垫面条件及变化、承灾体分布及属性等方面,针对特定区域历史山洪灾害全过程进行复盘分析,揭示山洪孕灾环境、致灾因子与承灾体间作用机制,辨识山洪风险,为预警指标分析奠定基础8。模型模拟则通过构建或改进分布式水文模型、一二维水动力学模型、水文水动力耦合模型、水沙耦合模型等,开展小流域沟道断面水位、流量、流速等过程的模拟推演,少数研究通过机器学习求解水动力学模型中的偏微分方程组,以提高计算速度,也有少量研究利用深度学习开展洪水模拟预报9。山洪预警预先将易受山洪影响的区域划定为山洪灾害危险区,充分运用卫星、雷达、地面站的降雨监测和不同预见期的降雨预报,驱动各类山洪模型滚动计算,同时动态分析考虑土壤含水量变化的山洪灾害预警指标,分析受山洪威胁的对象、可能的风险等级和发生时间。具有代表性的成果集成应用平台包括中国国家山洪灾害监测预报预警系统、美国国家水模型系统和山洪预警指南系统、欧洲洪水预警系统,均可提供大范围山洪灾害监测预报预警。但近年来的实践应用表明,物理机制模型在刻画山洪过程和分析预警指标时具有较大不确定性,对不同灾害过程预警准确性差异大,漏报、误报现象普遍存在,其关键在于具有确定性物理机理的模型面对山洪形成与致灾过程中的突发性与变异性,无法快速建立表征山洪灾害现象数据间的内在联系,难以提高风险辨识与预警准确性。
AI大模型学习能力强,能够快速建立输入大数据和目标输出之间的相关关系,针对不同应用场景依然能够有效把握核心要素和关键特征,一定程度上降低了不确定性,已被尝试应用于气象、海洋、地质、地震等多个领域10-11。盘古天气大模型、伏羲气象大模型以及“风清”“风雷”和“风顺”大模型已在气候、气象预测预报中得到应用12-14,“瀚海星云”海洋环境预报大模型可进行未来15天的全球三维温盐流场预报,多模态地理科学大模型“坤元”实现了地理专业问题解答、地理学文献智能分析、地理数据挖掘分析、专题地图绘制等功能,“谛听”地震波大模型已应用于地震信号识别、地震活动监测、大地震快速响应等方面,显著提升了地震信号的识别准确率和速度15。AI也被尝试应用于洪水预报,Google Research洪水预测团队利用AI技术提前7天成功预测了洪水过程16。中国水利水电科学研究院于2024年发布全国首个水利水电行业大模型,具有多模态大参数算子、大规模高性能算力、大场景全过程模拟特征。考虑到AI大模型的优势恰好能够弥补物理机理模型的不足,预期其在山洪风险辨识和预警中也将发挥更重要的作用,而随着监测感知技术的快速发展,数据要素将更加全面、精细,为AI大模型的应用提供条件。如何构建适应性强的山洪风险辨识和预警模型,揭示山洪致灾机理一般规律,提高山洪风险预测能力,延长预见期,增强时效性,成为目前山洪灾害防御能力提升的难点问题。本文系统梳理了既有山洪风险辨识和预警技术方法,分析其优势、特点和存在的问题,论述了人工智能在山洪风险辨识和预警中的探索应用、面临挑战及发展趋势,为山洪灾害防御提供新思路。
国外围绕山洪灾害风险辨识与预警已开展大量的研究,以美国、日本、欧洲最具代表性。美国山洪预警指南(Flash Flood Guidance,FFG)采用不同土湿状态下诱发山洪所需的最小雨量,与实测或预报雨量对比,判断是否生成山洪预警17;日本通过绘制流域雨量指数(流域出口流量的平方根)和雨强的散点图,划分出成灾与未成灾事件的分界线,以此确定是否产生预警18;欧洲则通过耦合数值大气模式与水文水动力学模型建立了EFAS-FF(European Flood Awareness System-Flash Flood)山洪预警系统,该系统采用衡量降雨极端性的EPIC(Enhanced Peak over Climatology)与衡量产流极端性的ERIC(Enhanced Runoff Index based on Climatology)作为预警指标19。国内相关研究始于2002年,至今已形成了一系列适应我国国情的山洪风险辨识与预警方法。山洪灾害风险辨识主要采用统计学的方法挖掘危险性、承灾体、易损性三方面的风险因子,构建风险辨识模型,划分不同区域的山洪灾害风险等级;山洪预警已建成融合预报预警、监测预警与现地预警的多阶段递进式预警体系。
山洪灾害风险区划与辨识是开展山洪灾害风险管理的基础。日本在1970年代便对有可能发生山洪灾害的区域绘制风险图;欧洲、美国等也绘制了覆盖全域的山洪灾害风险图集;我国则是在1984年生成了中国第一张洪水风险图,但并未对山洪灾害进行细致的研究。2015年,第一次全国山洪灾害调查评价工作完成后,以全国范围调查评价成果大数据为基础,全国山洪灾害防治项目组提出了考虑暴雨特征、产汇流特征、房屋易损性等3类风险主导因子的山洪灾害三级风险等级划分方法,绘制了全国山洪灾害风险分布图,成为指导山洪灾害防治项目建设和开展山洪灾害防御工作的重要依据20。总体上,既有山洪灾害风险区划与辨识方法大致分为三类(见表1)。
通过对比监测预报雨量与雨量预警阈值,分析确定预警对象、等级和时间,预警阈值的设定至关重要25
基于数值降雨预报的气象风险预警通常作为提示性预警。综合暴雨集中度、单位洪峰模数、汇流时间、承灾体易损性、前期影响雨量等风险因子确定预警指标,并与数值降雨预报进行对比,可判断未来24、12、6 h的山洪灾害风险落区及风险等级。国外部分地区因降雨预报精度相对可靠,已开展了更长预见期的洪水预报,并以此作为山洪预警的依据19
临近预报预警和实时监测预警通常作为指令性预警,其预警指标主要采用临界雨量。临界雨量常见的计算方法见表226,其中,实测雨量统计法、水位流量反推法、水动力学反推法、比拟法等为静态预警指标分析方法,由历史资料、降雨记录等长期稳定特征计算;复合预警指标法与动态临界雨量法则根据土壤含水量和下垫面变化而动态调整预警指标。近年也有研究把山洪中沙石的影响做了简化考虑,指导临界雨量动态调整27
以前期影响雨量和预报降雨为输入,采用水文水动力学模型模拟沟道流量、淹没范围和水深,通过与设计洪水或成灾水位对比,确定山洪预警的对象、时间和等级。
由于山洪多发生在200 km2以下空间尺度较小的流域,洪水过程陡涨陡落且历时短,常见的可应用于山洪模拟预报的水文模型包括中国山洪水文模型CNFF、新安江模型、HEC-HMS、TOPMODEL等,各模型的特点如表3所示28。考虑到山洪暴发时蒸散发量远小于降雨量,山洪实时模拟计算可忽略蒸散发;产流模块应判断产流模式,重点关注下渗和壤中流计算;由于山丘区水文资料普遍匮乏,汇流模块优先选择基于精细下垫面资料分析的单位线。水文模型应用于山洪模拟尚有两个难点29:(1)山洪多发于无资料地区,水文模型参数难以率定;(2)降雨径流关系高度非线性和洪水过程的不确定性导致山洪模拟精度较低。一是坡面汇流时间因山区坡陡、植被覆盖变化大难以准确衡量;二是山区陡坡存在特殊的壤中暴流,但相关机理和模拟方法的研究不足;三是山洪沟道形态上下游变化剧烈,加之行洪过程中沟道形态也会因冲刷淤堵而改变,沟道洪水演进的计算充满挑战。
当山丘区小流域地形起伏大、桥涵闸坝等影响沟道行洪构筑物数量多时,仅依靠水文模型无法直观反映山洪对沿河村落等防御对象的影响程度,需联合水动力模型开展山洪模拟。在串联式、动态单向结合与动态双向耦合等三种联合方式中 30,动态单向结合是每一时间步长都有从水文模型向水动力模型的信息传送,而无从水动力模型向水文模型的信息反馈,时效性好,适用于山洪过程连续模拟,也是小流域山洪“四预”能力提升业务化应用最多的方法。
西南强震损区、黄土高原地区的山洪往往裹挟泥沙,导致剧烈的冲刷、淤积,影响洪水传播过程,有必要构建水沙耦合模型。一方面建立坡面产流产沙模型,明确产沙量;另一方面建立输沙过程模型,明确淤积量和含沙量,从而反映沟床响应和水位抬升31。但山区强动力作用下的产沙量、输沙量和淤积量计算仍然是难点。
从萌芽期的机器学习到探索期的深度学习,再到迅猛发展期的大模型,人工智能经过70余年的发展,实现了三个转变:一是机器学习算法向深度学习算法转变;二是模型参数从少量向亿级转变;三是从不具备自主决策意识向自主意识转变。人工智能大模型的出现与快速发展更是引发科学研究范式的变革,基于海量数据和超级计算机驱动的科学研究模式正在推动科技创新进入第五范式“智能科学”。利用人工智能大模型不仅能够处理多维、多模态的海量数据,解决复杂场景下的技术难题,而且能够透过大数据揭示其背后的科学规律。山洪灾害风险辨识与预警所依赖的水文学及相关领域同样经历了研究范式变革(见图1)。2025年,国家自然科学基金委员会发布了重点项目指南“人工智能与水利学科相关领域交叉融合基础理论”,有望取得更大突破。
山洪灾害风险辨识的关键,在于利用表征自然和社会两类属性的多源异构数据,挖掘提取致灾关键要素,分析不同空间点位的山洪风险等级。人工智能技术凭借高效的数据处理能力和复杂非线性关系建模能力,已初步在山洪灾害风险辨识中得到应用。
提取致灾关键要素是山洪灾害精准预测和风险辨识的前提。在山洪风险分析中,主成分分析32、系统聚类33-34、神经网络35-36、支持向量回归37、随机森林38-39等人工智能方法均有应用。一方面,人工智能可用于单一致灾要素多源数据的融合处理,提高表征该要素的数据准确性,具有代表性的是神经网络、贝叶斯模型等应用于山洪灾害诱发因素降雨的插值融合,以提高面雨量观测能力40-41。另一方面,人工智能通过对历史山洪灾害样本资料和致灾因子数据进行训练学习,建立各致灾因子之间、致灾因子和山洪灾害样本之间的复杂相关关系,用于关键致灾要素提取及其对山洪灾害潜在风险的贡献度分析42-43。基于致灾要素提取及其贡献度,利用K-means聚类法、随机森林、K邻近等人工智能方法建立山洪灾害风险评估模型,计算不同空间点位的山洪风险并赋值,按照相应阈值绘制山洪灾害风险区划图44
人工智能在洪水预报中的探索主要包括两个方面:一是基于人工智能的水文模型参数优化;二是基于人工智能算法直接构建洪水预报模型。
基于洪水预报的山洪预警准确性主要受水文模型影响,而水文模型预报精度高度依赖参数45。基于经验和专家知识的水文模型参数优化方法,耗时长、主观性强、稳定性差46。遗传算法47、粒子群算法48、洗牌复形演化算法49、模拟退火算法50、差分进化算法51等可以更全面地搜索参数空间,能够处理非线性和高维度问题,通过迭代优化寻求最佳参数组合,提供更准确的参数优化结果,在噪声干扰、数据缺失或异常值存在的情况下,仍能保持较好的优化结果。
基于人工智能构建洪水预报模型,本质是建立降水、土湿、下垫面特征等输入与断面洪水过程输出之间的复杂映射关系52,分为纯数据驱动和物理机制融合数据驱动的人工智能洪水预报模型。纯数据驱动的洪水预报模型从丰富的水文观测数据中挖掘潜在的规律和隐藏信息,适用于水文资料系列长且完整的流域,BP、LSTM、卷积等神经网络模型已被应用于水库入库洪水和流域洪水预报53-55(见图2)。为拓展人工智能应用范围,学习不同流域水文资料,将训练后的人工智能模型应用于无资料地区,成为重要研究内容。如刘媛媛等56基于机器学习方法,通过对12.1万处水文测站的海量历史水文资料进行挖掘,在人为影响小的山丘区中小流域进行洪水预报,结果达到了预报精度要求。
与纯数据驱动的洪水预报模型相比,物理机制融合数据驱动的洪水预报模型具有更强的泛化能力和可解释性,适用于数据条件不均衡的流域,但模型复杂度更高,构建和训练难度更大,目前尚处于探索应用阶段57。冯钧等58结合理论引导数据科学,在数据驱动模型中引入洪水预报领域的物理知识,使模型能更准确地拟合洪水过程。崔虎虎59提出了基于新安江模型的机理-数据融合洪水预报模型,洪峰流量预报效果优于纯数据驱动模型。此外,将人工智能洪水预报模型预报的流量或水位,与设定的流量或水位预警指标对比,可进一步实现洪水预警60
人工智能在山洪风险辨识、水文模型参数优化、洪水预报和预警中已得到初步应用,但受限于数据共享难度,尚未形成规模,与真正意义上的大模型还有一定差距,特别是基于人工智能的洪水预报技术尚未在山洪灾害预警中得到应用,需借鉴其他领域大模型的构建理念和思路,研发山洪灾害风险预测大模型,从全国视角挖掘大数据背后的因果关系和相关关系,应对山洪灾害的不确定性。
人工智能大模型的构建与训练,需要一定规模的高质量数据支持。从山洪灾害防御底数看,57万个防治村、368万条山洪沟道信息完整,数据量已成规模,但随着山丘区人类活动加剧和城镇化进程加快,防灾对象变化大,防治村涉及的危险区和预警指标需动态调整;从小流域雨水情监测预报看,部分高山区降雨监测存在盲区,大多数小流域未建设水位或水文站,有观测站的小流域数据序列也不长,数据条件极不均衡,尽管基于高分辨率的地形地貌数据提取了小流域基础属性和部分产汇流参数,构建分布式水文模型实现了53万个小流域洪水实时模拟,但缺乏实测资料验证;从历史山洪灾害数据看,近6万场灾害事件中有灾害过程记录的占60%,有详细灾害调查资料的仅占6%。当前山洪灾害风险辨识与预警所需的各类数据异构性突出61-64,气象、水文、地形以及社会经济数据等多源数据存在时空分辨率差异,山洪灾害样本大数据构建充满挑战。
不同区域、不同类型的山洪灾害特点不同,其致灾要素与灾害结果间的相关性亦存在差异。由于样本数量不足和数据条件不均衡,由纯数据驱动的源任务学习所得山洪灾害特征难以直接用于新目标任务。模型复杂度和训练方法也会影响泛化能力,人工智能大模型结构简单容易欠拟合,结构复杂则会过拟合,两种情况均会导致泛化能力变差,但目前更多依赖于建模者的经验,尚缺乏针对山洪灾害风险辨识与预警方面的理论依据65-66
纯数据驱动的人工智能大模型对山洪灾害的物理过程认知不足,影响结果信任度67-68。使人工智能大模型具备可解释性的挑战在于解释模型、解释方法和检验验证等方面。解释模型在处理图像数据时可能不适用,而山洪风险辨识与预警的应用场景从根本上依然是雨量、下垫面、淹没等不同图像的综合识别;解释方法的难点在于如何将不同解释策略进行融合并形成揭示能力更为强大的分析框架;山洪有关专业知识能够强化数据间的因果逻辑,但解释方法缺乏大量数据测试检验。
随着样本数据增多,人工智能大模型参数规模扩大、模型复杂度增加成为趋势,直至出现涌现能力,表明其具备了准确刻画山洪过程和致灾要素特征的能力。但过于复杂的模型不仅带来巨大的算力资源消耗,也可能导致过拟合和过度记忆噪声而丧失泛化能力,更为复杂的人工智能大模型并不一定能够应对山洪灾害存在不确定性的特点。如何基于训练数据样本大小,在模型复杂性与涌现能力之间寻求合理的平衡点,是亟需解决的问题。
与气象等领域已建人工智能大模型相比,山洪过程因复杂的下垫面条件和物理机制,完全依赖数据驱动的人工智能难以获得可信的风险辨识与预警结果。因此,用于山洪风险辨识与预警的人工智能大模型需将物理模型与人工智能模型耦合,计算更为复杂,对超级算力与智能算力均提出更高要求。如何高效利用计算资源,通过异构并行加速技术训练和推理,并降低参数通信对系统吞吐率和可扩展性的影响,是人工智能大模型训练和推理面临的重要问题。
实现山洪灾害风险辨识与预警结果的智能判断,对于快速优化模型、提高工作效率非常必要。但在应对拥有海量样本的语言、图像等应用场景时,人工智能大模型尚需人工干预方可达到使用者预期,而在特定领域微调后,也难免出现模型“撒谎”的问题,凸显出人工智能大模型的独立思考与判断能力不足。山洪灾害过程存在不确定性,更需要人工智能大模型从具有“自我识别”向“自主意识”的能力转变,如何实现风险辨识与预警结果的智能判断成为技术难题。
山洪灾害防御大数据治理应贯穿大模型构建、训练和优化的全过程:一是利用先进的数据汇聚存储技术69-71,将调查分析、地理空间、监测预报等多模态数据进行统一汇聚、高效存储,其中防灾对象的特征信息应通过调查逐年更新(或灾后及时更新);二是利用各类异常数据处理方法对原始数据进行清洗、标注;三是按照人工智能大模型对输入数据格式的需求,将不同模态数据对齐插值到同一时空域并统一分辨率,提高数据的完整性和一致性。针对水位、流量等观测数据匮乏的问题,选择有观测资料或山洪灾害调查资料的小流域,对水文水动力等物理模型参数进行率定,利用参数区域化等技术74-76,将参数移植到无资料地区,构建全国物理模型参数库,进而采用历史降雨观测资料,以及基于暴雨图集(或水文手册)中设计暴雨量级、时程分配和空间分布特征而设定的不同情景的暴雨过程,同时设定不同时空特征的土壤湿度值,驱动物理模型计算不同情景下的山洪过程,并以小流域布设的视频站、图像站监控作为辅助信息对计算结果进行判断,一并纳入样本库,充实山洪灾害样本大数据(见图3)。此外,采用知识向量化方法,将各类监测感知、预测预报、调查分析等多元异构信息进行同化与融合,为综合研判山洪风险和预警提供新思路。
除了利用物理模型模拟的方式扩大样本外,把从数据丰富流域学习到的“知识”迁移至缺资料流域,能够减少人工智能对训练样本的依赖。当源流域和目标流域的数据分布相似时,宜采用基于实例的迁移方法,当共享特征空间可以捕捉跨流域的普适特征时,宜采用基于特征的迁移方法,而基于模型的迁移是通过微调源流域的预训练模型来适应目标流域,具有较好的通用性和泛化能力,应用更广77。但开展迁移学习的前置条件是源流域与目标流域的特征相似,且山洪过程中风险隐患点壅堵溃决及地质灾害伴生等的不确定性小,否则迁移效果将无法达到预期。
优秀的训练策略可以减少大模型参数和复杂度,并提升大模型的泛化能力。结合我国不同地区山洪灾害特点,采取分区分类的策略对人工智能大模型进行训练,是有效的技术路径(见图4)。其中,中国山洪分区已有大量研究,总体上考虑了地形区划、地貌区划、流域区划、水文区划、气候区划、土壤区划等,也对致灾因子、孕灾环境等进行了评估,并利用不同地区历史山洪灾害事件的特点对分区结果进行了检验;山洪灾害可按致灾要素分为山洪洪水灾害、山洪水沙耦合灾害、山洪泥石流灾害类型78,也可按山洪成因分为暴雨洪水型、水沙泥石型、阻水溃决型、融雪洪水型等。
人工智能大模型学习能力强,强调输入输出的相关关系,但缺乏物理意义和可解释性,易产生要素伪相关。水文水动力等物理模型突出因果关系,可解释性强,但因山洪的非线性和不确定性而适应能力偏低。从优势互补、系统协作的角度,通过明晰人工智能大模型和物理模型的耦合机制,让物理模型扮演山洪过程模拟校正的角色,构建深度融合物理模型的人工智能大模型,是推动其应用于山洪这一场景的重要前提79(见图5)。近年来,利用大模型文本学习的能力,通过“读书”的方式,学习水量平衡等物理知识,提高了人工智能对洪水过程的计算精度。前沿的研究主要集中在将水文水动力等物理模型中的水量平衡方程、二维浅水方程嵌入人工智能大模型的损失函数,作为物理约束影响人工智能大模型参数80。山洪灾害风险辨识与预警也可采用上述方法,在大模型中引入物理机制进行部分修正与约束,实现对数据驱动部分过程的实时校正,确保风险辨识与预警结果符合基本物理规律,从而提升大模型计算结果的准确性和稳定性。
模型复杂度主要受其架构深度、物理约束嵌入强度、输入数据维度以及不确定性量化需求等影响81-82。高复杂度的人工智能大模型具有更强的非线性拟合能力和特征提取能力,可有效捕捉山洪要素之间细微的相关关系,从而提升山洪灾害风险辨识与预警的准确性。但实际应用中往往需要考虑算力情况与实时性要求。基于训练数据样本量的约束,应在模型容量与应用效率之间寻求动态平衡,采用多尺度建模、帕累托前沿优化及混合代理框架,实现大模型参数与架构的优化,在保障物理可解释性前提下提升计算可行性83。Zhu等84提出了基于搜索的参数优化系统BestConfig,使用网格抽样的方式将连续的参数范围离散化,以表现好的样本为中心重新开始迭代搜索,可在有限的资源下找到表现更好的配置。Luo等85设计了一种基于连续优化的自动神经结构设计方法,简单有效地实现了在离散空间中提升神经架构的搜索效率。
量子计算是提高人工智能大模型计算效率的新技术,适合处理高维非线性问题,非常适合大数据处理与人工智能大模型的训练优化,计算效率可达到指数级的加速效果86-87。在量子计算尚未全面推广时,人工智能大模型更多依赖并行加速技术,相比模型并行和混合并行,数据并行应用最广泛。为提升训练效率和大模型收敛性能,混合精度训练和梯度累积等技术也常被引入并行训练框架中。通过分布式文件系统和高效的通信协议,如Parameter Server架构、Ring-AllReduce算法等,可降低通信开销并提高资源利用率。未来,融合量子计算的超高效率与并行计算的高扩展性,形成适应不同硬件生态的异构混合并行计算框架,针对山洪灾害需分区分类的特点,开发适用于山洪风险辨识与预警的大规模并行训练技术是重要的研究方向之一。
“智能”取决于大模型预测结果的自主判断和参数自动优化。针对大模型预测结果的判断,可引入贝叶斯神经网络等不确定性量化技术,对降雨监测预报的不确定性88、水文水动力模型及参数的不确定性89、山洪风险预测结果的不确定性90等进行概率分布估计,输出置信区间,实现智能判断;针对大模型参数自动优化,可通过设置合理的损失函数,在模型训练过程中不断优化网络权值。当损失函数中考虑物理约束,则可利用参数交互来耦合物理模型与人工智能大模型,即令人工智能大模型输出水文水动力等物理模型的参数,作为嵌入损失函数的物理模型输入,再由损失函数中的物理约束反作用于人工智能大模型,通过最小化损失函数实现水文水动力学等物理模型参数与大模型参数交互自动优化,但其应用前提是已建有相当规模的物理模型参数库。大模型超参数优化可利用网格搜索或贝叶斯优化等方法,自动探索不同结构参数组合的最优解,系统性地调整模型结构相关参数(如网络层数、神经元数量、激活函数类型等),达到提升模型的性能和泛化能力的目标,并利用交叉验证技术有效评估参数调整对模型稳定性的影响(见图6)。尽管大模型在推理阶段开展风险辨识与预警所需时间远小于训练阶段,但参数自动优化带来的计算成本还需进一步考虑,业务化应用时可根据意图感知,采取算力一体化调度加速计算进程,以保障大模型时效性和响应时间。
此外,充分运用山洪灾害风险预测信号在大模型中反向传播的特性,研究考虑物理约束条件下的大模型反向传播分析技术,挖掘山洪风险与致灾要素间的相关关系和因果关系,提出基于大数据和大模型的山洪灾害致灾机理研究范式,是基于人工智能大模型开展山洪灾害风险预测的重要研究内容。依据致灾机理分析成果,预期可筛选出与山洪风险具有强关系的致灾要素,进一步支持大模型输入策略调整。
人工智能已初步应用于山洪灾害风险辨识与模拟,大模型的构建将显著提升山洪模拟与风险预测的效率和准确性,推进山洪灾害防御向数智化发展,并为揭示大数据背后的山洪致灾机理提供新思路,预期技术成熟后,精度和效率兼备,有望替代业务化应用最为广泛的雨量预警方法,成为山洪灾害防御的新选择,在构筑山洪灾害防御体系中发挥重要作用。展望未来,人工智能大模型在山洪风险辨识与预警中的应用需重点开展三方面研究工作:
(1)山洪风险预测大模型构建。筛选适宜的人工智能模型架构,以充分发挥水文水动力等物理模型与人工智能优势为目标,通过明晰物理模型和人工智能的耦合机理与相互作用机制,以水量平衡方程、二维浅水方程等作为物理约束,以桥梁路涵等风险隐患点的堵溃为随机扰动,嵌入人工智能模型的损失函数,构建融合物理约束的山洪风险预测大模型。
(2)山洪风险预测大模型训练。通过数据标准化治理,构建集成调查、观测及水文水动力等物理模型模拟复盘的山洪灾害样本大数据,并按照山洪灾害特点和成因对样本大数据进行分区分类,研究提取不同分区山洪致灾关键要素,制定符合物理模型与人工智能耦合状态下的输入和输出策略,确定数据量与模型复杂度对不同类型算力资源的需求,并研发有限算力支持下的分区分类并行训练技术。
(3)山洪风险预测大模型优化。研发考虑物理约束条件下的人工智能反向传播分析技术,挖掘山洪风险与致灾要素间的相关关系和因果关系,提出基于大数据和大模型的致灾机理研究方法;依据致灾机理分析成果,筛选与山洪风险具有强烈相关关系和因果关系的致灾要素,开展输入要素类别及其属性的策略调整;研制水文水动力等物理模型参数与大模型参数交互自动优化技术,不断升级山洪风险预测大模型。

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2026年第57卷第5期
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doi: 10.3724/j.slxb.20250412
  • 接收时间:2025-07-28
  • 首发时间:2026-06-25
  • 出版时间:2026-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-28
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    1.中国水利水电科学研究院,流域水循环与水安全全国重点实验室,北京 100038
    2.水利部防洪抗旱减灾工程 技术研究中心,北京 100038
    3.天津大学 水利工程智能建设与运维全国重点实验室,天津 300350
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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