Article(id=1276897174982094882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, issueId=1276896975568109838, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/j.slxb.20250474, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755273600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782365610118, onlineDateStr=2026-06-25, pubDate=1779206400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782365610118, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782365610118, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782365610118, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276896975568109838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, year='2026', volume='57', issue='5', pageStart='651', pageEnd='808', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779206400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782365562574, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782367019422, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276903086153142605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, issueId=1276896975568109838, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276903086153142606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, issueId=1276896975568109838, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=704, endPage=715, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276897175183421476, articleId=1276897174982094882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, language=EN, title=Efficient and intelligent forecasting of urban waterlogging based on UNet-KAN-SR modeling, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
With global climate change and accelerating urbanization, urban waterlogging disasters have become increasingly frequent and severe, making rapid waterlogging forecasting a key research focus. Compared with traditional numerical simulation methods, deep-learning-based artificial intelligence (AI) models can significantly improve computational efficiency. However, they often encounter training bottlenecks due to limited GPU memory. To address this, this study proposes an efficient AI urban waterlogging forecasting model named as UNet-KAN-SR. This model first employs the UNet-KAN module to efficiently simulate the spatio-temporal evolution of waterlogging over low-resolution grids, and then leverages the SR (super-resolution) module, along with high-resolution surface information, to progressively map the low-resolution waterlogging distribution to high-resolution distribution. This spatiotemporal decoupling strategy can ensure simulation accuracy while substantially reducing the computational resources required for training AI models. Experimental results demonstrate that the UNet-KAN-SR model can simulate a 3-hour waterlogging distribution within 3 minutes, achieving a root mean square error (RMSE) of 9 cm and a probability of detection (POD) of 0.84, demonstrating high accuracy and computational efficiency. Further analysis reveals that the integration of the KAN module can significantly enhance the model’s capability to capture nonlinear flood dynamics when compared with common CNN modules, reducing RMSE by 10%. Furthermore, this study finds that incorporating high-resolution features, such as surface topography, building coverage ratio, and land use, can significantly improve the simulation performance but performance improvement is similar under different feature combinations. This indicates that by optimizing the combination of input features during AI model construction, training speed can be enhanced, modeling costs controlled, and efficient intelligent forecasting achieved.
, authors=null, authorsList=Yaoming CHEN, Ruidong LI, Ji CHEN, Guangheng NI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276897177817444402, articleId=1276897174982094882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, language=CN, title=基于UNet-KAN-SR模型的城市积涝高效智能预报, columnId=0, journalTitle=水利学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
伴随着全球气候变化,在经历高速城镇化进程之后,城市积涝灾害趋多趋强,使得快速积涝预测成为研究热点问题。相较于传统数值模拟,基于深度学习的人工智能模拟方法能有效提升计算效率,但因GPU计算显存有限而易遭遇模型训练瓶颈。鉴于此,本研究提出了一种基于UNet-KAN-SR模型的城市积涝高效智能预报方法,先利用UNet-KAN模块学习低分辨率积涝分布的时空演变规律,再利用超分辨率SR模块与高分辨率下垫面信息,逐步将低分辨率积涝分布映射为高分辨率积涝分布,从而利用时空解耦在保障时空模拟精度的同时有效降低智能模型训练的计算资源需求。测试降雨情景的验证结果表明,UNet-KAN-SR模型能在3 min内完成未来3 h积涝分布预报,均方根误差为9 cm、命中率达0.86,具备较高的计算精度与效率。相较于已有智能模型常用的卷积层,UNet-KAN-SR模型引入的KAN层可显著提升模型对积涝时空演变过程的非线性建模能力,使均方根误差降低10%。此外,本研究发现高分辨率下垫面信息能显著提升智能模型对积涝分布的预测能力且不同类型的下垫面信息所能取得的提升幅度相近,由此说明在构建智能模型时,可通过优选输入下垫面特征组合,有效提升模型训练速度并控制建模成本,实现高效智能预报。
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1.State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China
2.Department of Civil Engineering,The University of Hong Kong,Hong Kong 999077,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1277261251503850261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897174982094882, authorId=1277261249536721680, language=CN, stringName=陈耀明, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, address=
1.清华大学 水圈科学与水利工程全国重点实验室,北京 100084
2.香港大学 土木工程系,香港 999077, bio={"content":"
陈耀明(2003—),博士生,主要从事水文水资源研究。E-mail: chenyaom@outlook.com
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陈耀明(2003—),博士生,主要从事水文水资源研究。E-mail: chenyaom@outlook.com
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1, address=
1.State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineering,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1277261251885531930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897174982094882, authorId=1277261251591930647, language=CN, stringName=李瑞栋, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1.清华大学 水圈科学与水利工程全国重点实验室,北京 100084)]), AuthorCompany(id=1277261249440252683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897174982094882, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277261249448641292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897174982094882, companyId=1277261249440252683, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2.Department of Civil Engineering,The University of Hong Kong,Hong Kong 999077,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277261249457029901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897174982094882, companyId=1277261249440252683, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2.香港大学 土木工程系,香港 999077)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1277261258613195567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897174982094882, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Surface data and example rainfall-inundation distribution in the beijing municipal administrative center, figureFileSmall=FI4lCQz/AK0lvD5Y2XBTCA==, figureFileBig=uGZR2XluBHcbd4/8H8OPJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277261258671915824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897174982094882, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
北京城市副中心下垫面数据与降雨积涝分布示例, figureFileSmall=FI4lCQz/AK0lvD5Y2XBTCA==, figureFileBig=uGZR2XluBHcbd4/8H8OPJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277261258751607601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897174982094882, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Total rainfall and hourly rainfall peak values for 32 rainfall events, figureFileSmall=1KQrJVzsZd9O7llRLvqxXg==, figureFileBig=nJMxbKdMjmS0fH3854ooeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277261260320277298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897174982094882, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
32场降雨过程的总雨量和小时降雨量峰值, figureFileSmall=1KQrJVzsZd9O7llRLvqxXg==, figureFileBig=nJMxbKdMjmS0fH3854ooeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277261260404163379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897174982094882, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Overview of UNet-KAN-SR, figureFileSmall=UhJxdbymWkVn+Nnj55UaIg==, figureFileBig=H+VilQkwK+Nmckm9/6vSAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277261260475466548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897174982094882, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
UNet-KAN-SR模型图注:KAN/CNN/ResUnit(Cin,Cout,H,W),Cin表示输入通道数,Cout表示输出通道数,H和W分别表示输入淹没分布图的长宽尺寸(按格点数计);NSR表示SR模块的输入通道数;UNet-KAN模块以替换3层KAN为例。
, figureFileSmall=UhJxdbymWkVn+Nnj55UaIg==, figureFileBig=H+VilQkwK+Nmckm9/6vSAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277261260697764661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897174982094882, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Predicted 3-hour regional inundation distribution based on the UNet-KAN-SR model(Areas with water depth less than 1 cm are not shown), figureFileSmall=Q2LL0uq1OaLCoxXFB9uviw==, figureFileBig=mysJ/XGXMqS5moHPe/DhFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277261260781650742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897174982094882, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
基于UNet-KAN-SR模型的3小时区域积涝分布预测(水深小于1 cm的区域未绘出), figureFileSmall=Q2LL0uq1OaLCoxXFB9uviw==, figureFileBig=mysJ/XGXMqS5moHPe/DhFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277261260886508343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897174982094882, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Predicted 1-24 hour inundation process at historical flood-prone locations based on the UNet-KAN-SR model, figureFileSmall=Ew8ePu9w6DfzjSpVfX3deQ==, figureFileBig=ruyCl4VJdsyBuSX1+7znYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277261260966200120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897174982094882, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
基于UNet-KAN-SR模型的历史易涝点处1~24 h积涝过程预测, figureFileSmall=Ew8ePu9w6DfzjSpVfX3deQ==, figureFileBig=ruyCl4VJdsyBuSX1+7znYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277261261037503289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897174982094882, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Root mean square error distribution of the UNet-KAN-SR model based on different combinations of surface characteristics, figureFileSmall=gFQwQun9NcAlh45kayyGeQ==, figureFileBig=2nkHK95C5Z5JayfCJVgz/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277261261125583674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897174982094882, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
基于不同下垫面信息组合的UNet-KAN-SR模型均方根误差分布, figureFileSmall=gFQwQun9NcAlh45kayyGeQ==, figureFileBig=2nkHK95C5Z5JayfCJVgz/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277261261205275451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897174982094882, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
The influence of replaced KAN layer numbers on the UNet-KAN prediction performance
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| KAN替换层数 | RMSE/cm | MAE/cm | POD | FAR | CSI |
| 0 | 1.45 | 0.22 | 0.79 | 0.05 | 0.76 |
| 1 | 1.30 | 0.17 | 0.81 | 0.03 | 0.79 |
| 2 | 1.32 | 0.18 | 0.82 | 0.03 | 0.79 |
| 3 | 1.30 | 0.18 | 0.82 | 0.03 | 0.79 |
| 4 | 1.30 | 0.13 | 0.83 | 0.03 | 0.80 |
), ArticleFig(id=1277261261263995708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897174982094882, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
不同KAN替换层数对UNet-KAN预报性能的影响
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| KAN替换层数 | RMSE/cm | MAE/cm | POD | FAR | CSI |
| 0 | 1.45 | 0.22 | 0.79 | 0.05 | 0.76 |
| 1 | 1.30 | 0.17 | 0.81 | 0.03 | 0.79 |
| 2 | 1.32 | 0.18 | 0.82 | 0.03 | 0.79 |
| 3 | 1.30 | 0.18 | 0.82 | 0.03 | 0.79 |
| 4 | 1.30 | 0.13 | 0.83 | 0.03 | 0.80 |
), ArticleFig(id=1277261261352076093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897174982094882, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Performance comparison of UNet-KAN-SR models based on different combinations of surface characteristics
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 下垫面组合形式 | 初始 | Z | L | B | ZB | BL | ZL | ZBL |
| RMSE/cm | 34.8 | 9.2 | 9.5 | 12.5 | 9.3 | 9.5 | 17.2 | 9.5 |
| 训练时间/h | | 66 | 53 | 59 | 85 | 60 | 69 | 88 |
), ArticleFig(id=1277261261419184958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897174982094882, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
基于不同下垫面输入信息组合的UNet-KAN-SR模型性能比较
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 下垫面组合形式 | 初始 | Z | L | B | ZB | BL | ZL | ZBL |
| RMSE/cm | 34.8 | 9.2 | 9.5 | 12.5 | 9.3 | 9.5 | 17.2 | 9.5 |
| 训练时间/h | | 66 | 53 | 59 | 85 | 60 | 69 | 88 |
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