Article(id=1276897011395854849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, issueId=1276896975568109838, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/j.slxb.20250304, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748275200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782365571115, onlineDateStr=2026-06-25, pubDate=1779206400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782365571115, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782365571115, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782365571115, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1276896975568109838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, year='2026', volume='57', issue='5', pageStart='651', pageEnd='808', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779206400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782365562574, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782367019422, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1276903086153142605, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, issueId=1276896975568109838, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1276903086153142606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, issueId=1276896975568109838, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=782, endPage=795, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1276897011605570051, articleId=1276897011395854849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, language=EN, title=Regional non-stationary frequency analysis based on extreme hydrological regionalization and hierarchical Bayesian framework, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Non-stationary hydrological frequency analysis is a critical scientific research issue for engineering hydrologic design under changing environments. Existing methods exhibit high uncertainty and often fail to account for the spatial dependences among data series of different stations. This paper proposes a regional non-stationary hydrological frequency analysis methodology based on hierarchical Bayesian framework and extreme hydrological regionalization. Firstly, the partitioning around medoids (PAM) clustering algorithm based on the F-madogram variogram is utilized to partition the basin into hydrologically homogeneous regions. And then regional non-stationary hydrological frequency analysis models based on hierarchical Bayesian are constructed. They can be classified into no pooling, partial pooling and full pooling models. Finally, a case study is conducted using the annual maximum 24 hour extreme rainfall data from the Xiangjiang River Basin. Results indicate that based on the spatial clustering algorithm adapting with extreme value theory, the Xiangjiang River Basin with 36 rainfall gauges is divided into three hydrological regions. For Region I, FMA Nino12 is identified as a climatic driver significantly positively correlated with most stations. Compared with the at-site non-stationary model, the partial pooling model exhibits superior performance, effectively capturing the regionally homogeneous response to climatic drivers while preserving individual site characteristics. Simultaneously, the regional models exhibit a great benefit with the uncertainty for regional parameters at each station reduced by about 10% to 35%. Moreover, as the return period increases, the non-stationary return periods consistently decrease, compared with the stationary conditions. For instance, at the 50-year return period, the reduction rate approaches 60% for some stations, indicating an increased probability of extreme rainfall events within the region driven by climatic factors. This methodology enriches the methodological framework of non-stationary hydrological frequency analysis and can provide a scientific basis for determining the design rainstorms in basins and formulating disaster prevention strategies.

, authors=null, authorsList=Hang ZENG, Yang ZHOU, Lingjie LI, Guoqing WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1276897014906487318, articleId=1276897011395854849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, language=CN, title=基于极值水文分区和层次贝叶斯的区域非一致性频率分析, columnId=1276897011681067524, journalTitle=水利学报, columnName=第二十八届中国科协年会学术论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

非一致性水文频率分析是变化环境下工程水文设计研究的关键科学问题,而现有方法的不确定性较高且未考虑站点序列间的空间相关性。因此本文提出基于极值水文分区和层次贝叶斯的区域非一致性水文频率分析方法,首先采用变差函数F-madogram的围绕中心点划分(PAM)聚类算法对流域划分水文分区,其次针对同一分区构建基于层次贝叶斯的区域非一致性频率分析模型,具体包括无池化、部分池化和全池化3种模型。最后,以湘江流域年最大24 h极值降雨为例开展实例研究。结果表明:通过遵循极值理论的空间聚类算法,将湘江流域36个雨量站划分为3个水文分区;以第I水文分区为例,与大部分站点呈显著正相关的气候驱动因子为FMA Nino12。相较单站非一致性模型,部分池化模型模拟表现最优,能较好地体现了气候驱动因子的区域同质响应特征并保留了站点个体差异,各站区域参数的不确定性区间显著降低了10% ~ 35%。随着重现期的不断增大,各站非一致性重现期相较一致性情况不断减小,如50年一遇的重现期,部分站点减小比例接近60%,表明在气候因子驱动下分区内极值降雨事件发生概率增大。本文方法丰富了非一致性水文频率分析的方法体系,为科学确定流域设计暴雨并制订防灾策略提供依据。

, authors=

曾杭(1989—),博士,副教授,主要从事水文学及水资源研究。E-mail:

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王国庆(1971—),正高级工程师,主要从事流域水文及生态水文过程模拟研究。E-mail:
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曾杭(1989—),博士,副教授,主要从事水文学及水资源研究。E-mail:

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曾杭(1989—),博士,副教授,主要从事水文学及水资源研究。E-mail:

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journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897011395854849, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277261338380472977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897011395854849, companyId=1277261338372084368, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Key Laboratory of Dongting Lake Aquatic Eco-Environmental Control and Restoration of Hunan Province,Changsha 410114,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277261338393055890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897011395854849, companyId=1277261338372084368, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.长沙理工大学 洞庭湖水环境治理与生态修复 湖南省重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410114)]), AuthorCompany(id=1277261338485330580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897011395854849, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277261338493719189, 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caption=湘江流域雨量站的空间分布, figureFileSmall=PVfgXTf+u+byVGwGR7pG1A==, figureFileBig=G+Ln4uLbtcw/6xm9/WWiyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277261351458312899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897011395854849, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Hydrologic regionalization of PAM algorithm with F-madogram, figureFileSmall=bX6eKWxWUMTJGpIMuPotvg==, figureFileBig=k0Ve7XFWYLeeP8IDVYUphg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277261351613502148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897011395854849, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于F-madogram的PAM算法水文分区结果, figureFileSmall=bX6eKWxWUMTJGpIMuPotvg==, figureFileBig=k0Ve7XFWYLeeP8IDVYUphg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277261351932269253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897011395854849, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Numbers of stations in different hydrologic regions of Xiangjiang River Basin whose precipitation are significantly correlated with climate indices, figureFileSmall=1tQKTLsdWuDLZCCPnK5HWg==, figureFileBig=CE9vkL9oc1iQqgSDwE/d0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277261352083264198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897011395854849, language=CN, label=图3, caption=湘江流域各水文分区与气候指数显著相关的站点个数

注:JFM、FMA、MAM、AMJ、MJJ和JJA分别表示连续三个月份的平均值,如FMA(February March April)表示2、3和4月的平均值。

, figureFileSmall=1tQKTLsdWuDLZCCPnK5HWg==, figureFileBig=CE9vkL9oc1iQqgSDwE/d0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277261352158761671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897011395854849, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Boxplots of the posterior distribution of coefficients μ1 for all stations in the no pooling model (local model), figureFileSmall=mtEONFlg5Wgrti8Pc7S9KA==, figureFileBig=a5cF1E5hPZ24EpOK+GqMXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277261352309756616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897011395854849, language=CN, label=图4, caption=无池化模型(单站NLFA模型)各站参数μ1 后验分布的箱型图

注:红色框的站点表示其极值降雨序列与气候驱动因子呈显著正相关关系。

, figureFileSmall=mtEONFlg5Wgrti8Pc7S9KA==, figureFileBig=a5cF1E5hPZ24EpOK+GqMXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277261352406225609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897011395854849, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Boxplots of the posterior distribution of coefficients μ1 for all stations in the partial pooling model, figureFileSmall=AaW9eolhzOmTTRZWfj1pHA==, figureFileBig=AC4iprqEjLf/0i0Y+VdRYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277261352498500298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897011395854849, language=CN, label=图5, caption=部分池化模型各站参数μ1 后验分布的箱型图

注:红色框的站点表示其极值降雨序列与气候因子呈显著正相关关系。

, figureFileSmall=AaW9eolhzOmTTRZWfj1pHA==, figureFileBig=AC4iprqEjLf/0i0Y+VdRYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277261352582386379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897011395854849, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Boxplots of the posterior distribution of coefficients μ1 for all stations in no pooling, partial pooling and full pooling models, figureFileSmall=CY2fKYz/cz2Lyzy/0RySag==, figureFileBig=ArGbBOqv5qM90d7BSvhBKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277261352678855372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897011395854849, language=CN, label=图6, caption=无池化、部分池化和全池化模型各站参数μ1 后验分布的箱型图

注:每个箱型表示了后验分布25%、50%和75%的分位数值。

, figureFileSmall=CY2fKYz/cz2Lyzy/0RySag==, figureFileBig=ArGbBOqv5qM90d7BSvhBKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277261352750158541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897011395854849, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Extreme precipitation with 0.99 quantiles and uncertainties with respect to the year and climate drivers in no pooling,partial pooling and full pooling models, figureFileSmall=3AlA+XG5R+e0gcII2Z364Q==, figureFileBig=3oBwJ8JHSW6NMJNUGYbGSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277261352829850318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897011395854849, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同模型下0.99极值降雨分位数值随时间和气候驱动因子的变化及不确定性区间, figureFileSmall=3AlA+XG5R+e0gcII2Z364Q==, figureFileBig=3oBwJ8JHSW6NMJNUGYbGSw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277261353165394639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897011395854849, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Extreme precipitation return periods comparison between stationary and nonstationary models including no pooling, partial pooling and full pooling models, figureFileSmall=dKghCDVB5bojXWRc06vA8Q==, figureFileBig=MCbHhVQpAFD0C2pUDmgA+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277261353236697808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897011395854849, language=CN, label=图8, caption=非一致性模型与一致性模型极值降雨重现期比较, figureFileSmall=dKghCDVB5bojXWRc06vA8Q==, figureFileBig=MCbHhVQpAFD0C2pUDmgA+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277261355002499793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897011395854849, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Silhouette coefficients and numbers of weak correlated stations with different K

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
K取值最大轮廓系数最小轮廓系数平均轮廓系数弱相关站点数
20.2730.0590.1475
30.2910.0350.1530
40.2910.0450.1443
50.2910.0170.1282
60.2910.0170.1282
), ArticleFig(id=1277261355090580178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897011395854849, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同分区个数K的轮廓系数及弱相关站点数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
K取值最大轮廓系数最小轮廓系数平均轮廓系数弱相关站点数
20.2730.0590.1475
30.2910.0350.1530
40.2910.0450.1443
50.2910.0170.1282
60.2910.0170.1282
), ArticleFig(id=1277261355191243475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897011395854849, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Constructions of HBM-NRFA models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型模型结构形式和参数先验分布
NLFA (无池化) ln(Xts)~N(μ0s+μ1s×Z,σs)μ0s~U(0,  10000)μ1s~U(0,  10000)
HBM-NRFAP(部分池化) ln(Xts)~N(μ0s+μ1s×Z,  Σ)μ0s~U(0,  10000)μ1s~N(μμ1,  σμ1)μμ1~U(0,  10000)Σμ1~IW(v0,  Λ0)Σ~IW(v1,  Λ1)
HBM-NRFAF(全池化) ln(Xts)~N(μ0s+μ1×Z,  Σ)μ0s~U(0,  10000)μ1~U(0,  10000)Σ~IW(v1,  Λ1)
), ArticleFig(id=1277261355270935252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897011395854849, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

HBM-NRFA模型构建

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型模型结构形式和参数先验分布
NLFA (无池化) ln(Xts)~N(μ0s+μ1s×Z,σs)μ0s~U(0,  10000)μ1s~U(0,  10000)
HBM-NRFAP(部分池化) ln(Xts)~N(μ0s+μ1s×Z,  Σ)μ0s~U(0,  10000)μ1s~N(μμ1,  σμ1)μμ1~U(0,  10000)Σμ1~IW(v0,  Λ0)Σ~IW(v1,  Λ1)
HBM-NRFAF(全池化) ln(Xts)~N(μ0s+μ1×Z,  Σ)μ0s~U(0,  10000)μ1~U(0,  10000)Σ~IW(v1,  Λ1)
), ArticleFig(id=1277261355346432725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897011395854849, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Model performance comparison with different HBM-NRFA models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

NLFA(无池化)HBM-NRFAP(部分池化)HBM-NRFAF(全池化)
DIC373.7118.5119.4
AIC578.2300.1305.1
), ArticleFig(id=1277261355409347286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1276576982599962646, articleId=1276897011395854849, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各HBM-NRFA模型的模拟效果比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

NLFA(无池化)HBM-NRFAP(部分池化)HBM-NRFAF(全池化)
DIC373.7118.5119.4
AIC578.2300.1305.1
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基于极值水文分区和层次贝叶斯的区域非一致性频率分析
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曾杭 1, 2 , 周洋 1, 2 , 李伶杰 3 , 王国庆 3, 4
水利学报 | 第二十八届中国科协年会学术论文 2026,57(5): 782-795
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水利学报 |第二十八届中国科协年会学术论文 2026 , 57 (5) : 782 -795
基于极值水文分区和层次贝叶斯的区域非一致性频率分析
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曾杭1, 2 , 周洋1, 2, 李伶杰3, 王国庆3, 4
作者信息
  • 1.长沙理工大学 水利与海洋工程学院,湖南 长沙 410114
  • 2.长沙理工大学 洞庭湖水环境治理与生态修复 湖南省重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410114
  • 3.南京水利科学研究院 水灾害防御全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 210029
  • 4.水利部应对气候变化研究中心,江苏 南京 210029
通讯作者:
王国庆(1971—),正高级工程师,主要从事流域水文及生态水文过程模拟研究。E-mail:
Regional non-stationary frequency analysis based on extreme hydrological regionalization and hierarchical Bayesian framework
Hang ZENG1, 2 , Yang ZHOU1, 2, Lingjie LI3, Guoqing WANG3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Hydraulic and Ocean Engineering,Changsha University of Science & Technology,Changsha 410114,China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Dongting Lake Aquatic Eco-Environmental Control and Restoration of Hunan Province,Changsha 410114,China
  • 3.The National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention,Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute,Nanjing 210029,China
  • 4.Research Center for Climate Change,Ministry of Water Resources,Nanjing 210029,China
出版时间: 2026-05-20 doi: 10.3724/j.slxb.20250304
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非一致性水文频率分析是变化环境下工程水文设计研究的关键科学问题,而现有方法的不确定性较高且未考虑站点序列间的空间相关性。因此本文提出基于极值水文分区和层次贝叶斯的区域非一致性水文频率分析方法,首先采用变差函数F-madogram的围绕中心点划分(PAM)聚类算法对流域划分水文分区,其次针对同一分区构建基于层次贝叶斯的区域非一致性频率分析模型,具体包括无池化、部分池化和全池化3种模型。最后,以湘江流域年最大24 h极值降雨为例开展实例研究。结果表明:通过遵循极值理论的空间聚类算法,将湘江流域36个雨量站划分为3个水文分区;以第I水文分区为例,与大部分站点呈显著正相关的气候驱动因子为FMA Nino12。相较单站非一致性模型,部分池化模型模拟表现最优,能较好地体现了气候驱动因子的区域同质响应特征并保留了站点个体差异,各站区域参数的不确定性区间显著降低了10% ~ 35%。随着重现期的不断增大,各站非一致性重现期相较一致性情况不断减小,如50年一遇的重现期,部分站点减小比例接近60%,表明在气候因子驱动下分区内极值降雨事件发生概率增大。本文方法丰富了非一致性水文频率分析的方法体系,为科学确定流域设计暴雨并制订防灾策略提供依据。

区域非一致性  /  水文频率分析  /  极值水文分区  /  层次贝叶斯  /  湘江流域

Non-stationary hydrological frequency analysis is a critical scientific research issue for engineering hydrologic design under changing environments. Existing methods exhibit high uncertainty and often fail to account for the spatial dependences among data series of different stations. This paper proposes a regional non-stationary hydrological frequency analysis methodology based on hierarchical Bayesian framework and extreme hydrological regionalization. Firstly, the partitioning around medoids (PAM) clustering algorithm based on the F-madogram variogram is utilized to partition the basin into hydrologically homogeneous regions. And then regional non-stationary hydrological frequency analysis models based on hierarchical Bayesian are constructed. They can be classified into no pooling, partial pooling and full pooling models. Finally, a case study is conducted using the annual maximum 24 hour extreme rainfall data from the Xiangjiang River Basin. Results indicate that based on the spatial clustering algorithm adapting with extreme value theory, the Xiangjiang River Basin with 36 rainfall gauges is divided into three hydrological regions. For Region I, FMA Nino12 is identified as a climatic driver significantly positively correlated with most stations. Compared with the at-site non-stationary model, the partial pooling model exhibits superior performance, effectively capturing the regionally homogeneous response to climatic drivers while preserving individual site characteristics. Simultaneously, the regional models exhibit a great benefit with the uncertainty for regional parameters at each station reduced by about 10% to 35%. Moreover, as the return period increases, the non-stationary return periods consistently decrease, compared with the stationary conditions. For instance, at the 50-year return period, the reduction rate approaches 60% for some stations, indicating an increased probability of extreme rainfall events within the region driven by climatic factors. This methodology enriches the methodological framework of non-stationary hydrological frequency analysis and can provide a scientific basis for determining the design rainstorms in basins and formulating disaster prevention strategies.

regional non-stationarity  /  hydrological frequency analysis  /  extreme hydrological regionalization  /  hierarchical Bayesian framework  /  Xiangjiang River Basin
曾杭, 周洋, 李伶杰, 王国庆. 基于极值水文分区和层次贝叶斯的区域非一致性频率分析. 水利学报, 2026 , 57 (5) : 782 -795 . DOI: 10.3724/j.slxb.20250304
Hang ZENG, Yang ZHOU, Lingjie LI, Guoqing WANG. Regional non-stationary frequency analysis based on extreme hydrological regionalization and hierarchical Bayesian framework[J]. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 2026 , 57 (5) : 782 -795 . DOI: 10.3724/j.slxb.20250304
水文频率分析在水利工程规划设计、运行管理及市政工程设计中具有重要作用。目前,国内外研究学者主要是基于物理成因一致的长期观测资料认识水文规律,然而,随着全球气候变化和人类活动加剧的影响,流域的降雨特性、下垫面的产汇流过程、极值降雨/洪水序列等已发生变化,引发了水文特征的时空不对应及水文序列的非一致性1-3,进而导致基于一致性假设的水文频率计算方法的适用性受到严峻挑战。因此,研究变化环境下的水文频率分析方法是进行流域水利工程设计与暴雨洪涝防治的迫切需要,对水文学科的发展具有重要意义4
目前,国内外水文学者已经普遍接受水文特征已发生变化的观点,在非一致性水文频率分析方法上取得一系列代表性研究成果5-6。关于单站单变量非一致性水文频率分析研究,主要有3种计算途径:(1)基于还原/还现的方法7-8,未考虑未来环境变化,因此存在较大的外延风险;(2)条件概率分布和混合分布9-12,有其特定物理意义的应用情景;(3)时变矩13-15,此方法目前研究最多。对于单站多变量非一致性水文频率分析方法的研究也取得一定的进展,主要是通过Copula函数构建两变量或三变量的联合分布,考虑边缘分布或变量间相关结构的非一致性进行研究。在气候或下垫面因子驱动下,基于时变矩的单站单变量非一致性水文频率分析,所需估计的参数较多,而我国水文测站实测水文系列样本长度有限,单站水文序列样本代表性不足,导致设计水文成果的不确定性显著提高,严重影响了水文设计值估计精度。因此,如何提高单站非一致性水文频率计算模型的计算精度,是亟待解决的科学问题。
区域水文频率分析是一种有效提高水文设计值估算精度的计算方法16-18。国外在区域水文频率分析方面的研究相对较成熟,并得到广泛应用,此方法主要是通过有效利用水文分区内相似站点的水文信息,以弥补单站样本长度有限的不足,提高估计精度和降低成果不确定性。其中应用到工程实践最广泛的方法是标度洪水法(Index-Flood Method),此方法需满足的假定包括:同站点水文序列满足一致性假定;同一水文分区内,除不同站点间的洪水尺度系数不同外,所有站点水文序列的概率分布和参数完全一致;各站点的水文序列相互独立。其不足体现在16-18:(1)对标度洪水的取值,一般采用站点水文序列的均值或中位数来估计,选取的物理意义不明确;(2)各站点水文序列之间不可能相互独立,即未考虑站点间空间相关性,且互相相关的站点所包含的相同水文信息被频率计算模型重复利用,会低估设计水文成果的不确定性19;(3)同一水文分区内各站点分布和参数一致的假定,实际中很难满足。随着全球气候变化的影响,同站点水文序列一致性假定遭到质疑,区域非一致性水文频率分析的研究逐渐受到关注,主要体现在:一方面,基于IFM原理,指定各站标度洪水值的同时,通过分析区域频率曲线的非一致性来研究18;另一方面,直接对同一水文分区内各站水文序列,建立区域非一致性频率模型20,如Wu等21建立了基于层次贝叶斯的区域径流频率分析模型,但未考虑水文序列的非一致性和空间相关性;Sun等19构建了区域非一致性频率分析模型,提出的两类模型参数分别反映区域信息和站点特性,但对两类模型参数没有清晰的定位;Renard等17构建了区域非一致性模型,提出站点参数、区域参数和随机参数,由于模型结构非常复杂,导致难以应用;Chen等22利用层次贝叶斯模型对淮河流域的径流和降雨进行了区域非一致性频率计算,但未进行水文分区,且未区分径流和降雨。
本文在湘江流域开展实例研究,以流域各站年最大24 h极值降雨序列为研究对象,主要开展了如下研究工作:(1)采用遵循极值理论的空间聚类方法,对极值水文序列进行水文分区;(2)同一水文分区内,在气候预测因子驱动下,对极值降雨构建清晰明确的区域非一致性频率分析模型,采用的层次贝叶斯框架结构,既充分利用分区内各站极值降雨信息,又考虑站点间序列相关性;(3)明确提出代表区域同质特征和站点特性的模型参数,以降低非一致性水文频率计算结果的不确定性。本文模型可进一步完善非一致性水文分析计算的方法体系,为流域防灾减灾和工程水文设计提供重要的科学理论依据。
在区域水文频率研究中,常将极值降雨/洪水频率分布曲线参数相同的区域称为同一水文分区,以表明该分区的降雨/洪水特性相同。常用的同一水文分区方法有等值线图、水文地理因子空间分布、聚类方法等23,其中聚类方法应用最广泛,如K均值聚类、模糊聚类、主成分聚类、高斯混合模型聚类等。以上聚类方法主要是以区域站点水文要素均值或标准差为标准来进行分类,而序列均值呈现高斯特征且以站点间欧氏距离量化空间相关性,对呈现高偏特征的水文极值序列并不适用24
为克服以上两点不足,本文采用基于变差函数F-madogram的围绕中心点划分(Partitioning Around Medoids,PAM)聚类算法24对流域内各站点极值水文序列进行同一水文分区,其中变差函数F-madogram25可以量化站点间极值序列的空间相关性,这种量化方法遵循极值理论体系。PAM算法26可将站点序列划分到空间相关性最近的同一水文分区里,并且分区结果保留了极值高偏统计特征。假设两个水文站ij的极值水文序列分别为MiMj,则两个极值序列空间相关性的变差函数F-madogram非参数估计量计算公式为
d^ij=12Tt=1TF^iMi(t)-F^jMjt
式中:d^ij为站点i和站点j极值序列空间相关性的估计量;MitMjt分别为水文站编号为ij的极值水文序列;T为极值序列长度(t = 1,2,…,T);F^iF^j均为经验分布函数,分别代表序列MitMjt的边际分布,其计算公式为
F^iu=1Tt=1TIMi(t)u
式中:IMi(t)u为事件Mi(t)u的指示函数;u为任一极值水文值。
基于变差函数F-madogram得到两个水文站极值序列之间的空间相关性,再采用PAM算法将流域内各站极值序列划分成多个水文分区。计算得到的同一水文分区,在算法中每一步不仅保留极大值序列高偏特征,而且保证分区里极值序列之间的总空间相关性最小。
为确定最优水文分区个数K,并判断流域内极值序列水文分区是否最优,Rousseeuw27提出采用“轮廓系数”来比较水文分区的紧密和分离程度。假设基于变差函数F-madogram的PAM聚类算法得到了K个分区,每个水文站点i有其分区聚类中心站点k,则水文站点i的轮廓系数计算公式为
siK=1-dik/δi,-k
式中:流域被分为K个水文分区后,siK为水文站点i的轮廓系数;dik为站点i到所属分区聚类中心站点k的空间相关性;δi,-k为站点i与除k外的其他分区聚类中心站点的最近空间相关性。
为确定最优水文分区个数K,通过计算轮廓系数的均值来判断,计算公式为
s¯K=1Ni=1NsiK
式中:s¯K为流域被分成K个水文分区后的平均轮廓系数;N为流域内水文站点总数。其中,K个水文分区平均轮廓系数取值越接近于1,表明此分区聚类的总空间相关性越近,水文分区效果越优;反之,取值越接近于0,水文分区效果越不好。
针对标度洪水法和单站非一致性模型的不足,本文对同一水文分区内各站极值水文序列,构建基于层次贝叶斯模型的区域非一致性水文频率分析模型(Hierarchical Bayesian Model-Nonstationary Regional Frequency Analysis,HBM-NRFA),建立分区极值序列的多变量联合分布。此模型不仅能充分利用同一水文分区内各站数据信息,降低水文样本长度限制的影响,从而降低计算成果的不确定性28;而且其基于多层次结构的模拟,既能体现区域化同质特征,又能保持各站点的个体特点。
在层次贝叶斯框架结构中,多变量联合分布的函数形式需直接显式给出,因此不能通过Copula函数来构建。比如,若各序列的边缘分布假定为广义极值分布,且各站点的相关关系未知,则采用Copula函数建立的多变量联合分布形式无法显式应用1729。而多变量正态分布,是一个直接显式给出的函数形式19,可直接用于层次贝叶斯结构,得到显式的多变量联合分布贝叶斯后验分布。Serago等30曾总结所有适合洪水频率分析的概率分布,表明两变量对数正态分布(LN2分布)和皮尔逊Ⅲ型分布,是两个无显著偏差的分布线型;LN2分布参数较少,所构建的非一致性模型更简化。
基于以上原因,本文采用两变量对数正态分布(LN2分布),作为同一水文分区中各站极值水文序列所服从的边缘分布,即各极值序列取自然对数之后的新序列服从正态分布,则各站点新序列的联合分布为多变量正态分布,正适合应用于层次贝叶斯框架中。HBM-NRFA模型的具体方法介绍如下。
同一水文分区内各站点原始极值水文变量为X,假设服从LN2分布,其概率密度函数为
f(x| μ,σ)=1xσ2πexp-(lnx-μ)22σ2          x>0,  σ>0
式中μσ分别为位置和尺度参数。其中,取自然对数后的lnx服从正态分布,同一水文分区内各站点lnx新序列的联合分布为多变量正态分布。
各站点极值序列为Xts,服从LN2分布,其中S为同一水文分区内站点总数(s = 1,2,…,S),T为样本长度(t = 1,2,…,T),则HBM-NRFA模型结构表示为
第一层:ln(Xts)~N(βts,Σ)
βts=μ0s+i=1nμiszti
第二层:μis~MVN(μμi,Σμi)
式中各待估参数的贝叶斯先验分布分别为
μ0s~U(0,10000),μμi~U(0,10000)Σμi~IW(v0,Λ0),Σ~IW(v1,Λ1)
以上HBM-NRFA模型结构中,第一层为每个站点s的极值序列ln(Xts)服从正态分布,正态分布的位置参数为βts,是各协变量zti(i=1,2,,nn为协变量总数)的线性函数;各协变量线性回归系数μisn×S的矩阵,被定义为区域参数,其取值代表各协变量(即影响因子)对各站极值序列的区域化同质响应程度;ΣS × S的多变量正态分布协变量矩阵,描述和代表各站点极值序列的相关关系。第二层参数μis代表极值序列被各协变量影响的响应程度,服从超参数为μμiΣμi的多变量正态分布。在各待估参数的先验分布中,μ0sμμi是服从均匀分布的无上限正数;协方差矩阵ΣμiΣ的共轭先验分布,服从对称正定矩阵分别为Λ0Λ1、自由度分别为v0v1的逆威沙特分布(Inverse-Wishart distribution),即IW(v0,Λ0)IW(v1,Λ1)分布2231
同一水文分区内,各站极值序列信息的整合程度代表区域同质的响应特征,在HBM-NRFA模型中通过区域参数μis的取值来体现。基于区域参数μis取值的不同,构建的HBM-NRFA模型可分为3种情景28:无池化、部分池化和全池化模型。
无池化模型:本质为单站非一致性频率计算模型,不考虑各站极值序列间的相关关系。各站点之间相互独立,没有相关性,各站极值序列各自独立进行单站非一致性频率计算。则HBM-NRFA模型中站点间的协方差矩阵Σ变为各站点的尺度参数σs,各站的区域参数μis各自单独进行参数估计,其HBM-NRFA模型如下
ln(Xts)~N(μ0s+i=1nμiszti, σs)
全池化模型:只考虑同一水文分区各站极值序列受协变量影响的区域同质响应特征,不考虑各站极值序列的个体差异。则各站点区域参数μis均相等,其HBM-NRFA模型如下
ln(Xts)~N(μ0s+i=1nμizti,Σ)
部分池化模型:既考虑各站极值序列间的相关关系,以体现同一水文分区受协变量影响的区域同质响应特征,又保留站点各自的个体差异特征。式(6)—(9)描述的HBM-NRFA模型即为部分池化模型,各站点的协变量线性回归系数即各站区域参数μis取值均不同,但服从超参数为μμiΣμi的同一正态分布,表明受协变量影响的线性回归系数趋向区域同质平均水平;模型里的多变量正态分布协方差矩阵即代表考虑各站极值序列间的相关关系。其中,无池化模型和全池化模型是部分池化模型的两种极端情景。
总体来说,HBM-NRFA模型有四大核心优势:(1)各站点的参数取值不同,代表各站点极值序列的个体差异特征;(2)表征区域同质特征的区域参数μis,用取值相同(全池化)或在模型第二层中来自同一个正态分布(部分池化)来体现;(3)呈显式函数的多变量正态分布,其协方差矩阵代表各站极值序列之间的相关关系;(4)模型构建的多变量联合分布,整合了同一水文分区内全部的极值样本信息,能有效降低设计水文成果的不确定性。
HBM-NRFA模型所有参数包括超参数,均采用贝叶斯推断理论进行估计。3种情景下的模型参数先验分布如式(9)所示,所有待估参数的后验分布均采用基于不回头NUTS采样器(No-U-Turn Sampler)的哈密顿蒙特卡洛算法进行估计32。假设模型所有待估参数由θ表示,其基于贝叶斯理论的联合后验分布为
f(θlnX)f(lnXθ)f(θ)s=1St=1TN(xtsμ0s+μiszti,Σ)IW(Σv1,Λ1)N(μ0s0,10000)×
N(μisμμi,Σμi)N(μμi0,10000)IW(Σμiv0,Λ0)
基于贝叶斯理论进行参数及不确定性区间的估计,不同于赤池信息准则AIC(Akaike Information Criterion)和贝叶斯信息准则BIC(Bayesian Information Criterion),本文采用离差信息准则DIC(Deviation Information Criterion)33,即充分考虑和利用贝叶斯推断的全部后验分布信息,对模型进行拟合优度估计和比较,模型的DIC值越小,其模拟性能越优。DIC计算公式详见文献[33]。
对3种情景下的HBM-NRFA模型,本文采用期望超过次数法计算非一致性重现期,分别与一致性重现期进行比较。Parey等34提出期望发生次数法(Expected Number of Exceedances,ENE)的思想,Salas等35将ENE思想扩展到非一致性情况,方法介绍详见文献[35]。
本文在长江中游地区的湘江流域开展实例研究。湘江流域面积为9.46万km2,干流河长856 km,平均坡降1.34‰。全流域属亚热带季风湿润气候,雨量充沛,洪涝灾害频发。
本文采用湘江流域1959—2017年36个雨量站的实测年最大24 h降雨序列为研究数据,雨量站分布如图1所示,降雨实测数据由湖南省水文水资源勘测中心提供。
湘江流域洪涝灾害频发的主要因素是极易形成的极端降雨,且流域面积较大,影响流域内各区域极端降雨形成的气候因素存在差异。为研究气候因素对同一水文分区内极值降雨的影响并开展预测,本文采用常用的大气环流大尺度气候指数,如厄尔尼诺-南方涛动指数(ENSO,包括Nino3.4、Nino12、Nino3、Nino4和南方涛动指数SOI)、太平洋十年涛动(PDO)、北大西洋涛动(NAO)和北极涛动(AO)36,数据来源于荷兰皇家气象研究所网站(https://climexp.knmi.nl/start.cgi37。湘江流域每年7、8月份的降雨量最多,年最大24 h降雨常出现在4—8月,故本文考虑与极值降雨同一年8月(含)之前的气候预测因子,同年8月之后的气候数据不考虑。所采用的气候预测因子时间范围为1959—2017年。
基于变差函数F-madogram的PAM聚类算法,对湘江流域36个雨量站的年最大24 h极值降雨序列进行水文分区。为防止出现小分区(如同一水文分区只有2个站点)的情况,将水文分区个数K的最大值取6。当K分别取2、3、4时,湘江流域极值降雨序列的水文分区结果如图2所示。流域各站极值降雨水文分区的空间分布,除个别弱相关站点之外,不同水文分区的区分较显著。
不同水文分区个数K对应的轮廓系数值和弱相关站点数如表1所示。综合水文分区空间分布和轮廓系数结果:当水文分区数为K=4及以上时,其平均轮廓系数减小且出现弱相关站点,弱相关站点离水文分区中心距离远,相关性较弱;当水文分区数K=3,平均轮廓系数减小,水文分区效果不好;当分区数K=2时,轮廓系数稍小且弱相关站点数较多。因此综合而言,水文分区数K=3时,湘江流域极值降雨水文分区空间分布最优,轮廓系数较大且无弱相关站点,各自水文分区内的极值降雨序列归属同一分区。
因此,将湘江流域极值降雨序列最终分成3个水文分区,其空间分布如图2(b)所示,定为第I、Ⅱ和Ⅲ分区,分别包含的站点数为10、8和18个,各水文分区中心代表站为罗汉庄站、株洲站和炎陵站。
为了更好应用HBM-NRFA模型来预测和量化气候驱动因子对湘江流域同一水文分区极值降雨频率的影响,本文研究了大气环流气候指数与湘江流域极值降雨之间的遥相关关系。采用Spearman秩相关检验法,分析和总结了与各水文分区内大部分站点极值降雨相关性显著的气候指数,结果如图3所示。
图3(a)可得,第I分区的10个雨量站中,FMA Nino12、MAM Nino12和AMJ Nino12与分区内7个站点极值降雨呈显著正相关关系,而与其他气候指数相关性显著的站点数较少;其中FMA Nino12与第I分区中心代表站极值降雨序列相关性最显著,因此选取FMA Nino12为第I分区的气候驱动因子。同时这也说明第I分区大部分站点的极值降雨主要受FMA Nino12的影响,当太平洋东部赤道附近的海面温度距平指数升高,东太平洋大范围偏暖,西南湿暖气流与北方冷空气在长江中下游地区湘江流域交汇时,会产生持续性强降水。由图3(b)(c)可得,第Ⅱ、Ⅲ分区内与气候指数相关性显著的站点数不到1/2。因此,为较好地应用HBM-NRFA模型,以湘江流域第I水文分区为例进行验证。
基于湘江流域第I水文分区内10个雨量站年最大24 h极值降雨序列,谢平等38认为因年最大24 h极值降雨序列是水文年极值序列,已消除年际周期对序列的影响。因此,本文采用Mann-Kendall秩相关检验法和非参数Pettitt检验法39,分别检验极值序列的趋势性和突变点,结果表明除㮾梨站、道林站、宁乡站和罗汉庄站呈不显著的上升趋势外,其余6个站点极值降雨序列均呈现显著的上升趋势(α = 0.05);除㮾梨站、道林站和宁乡站无突变点外,其他7个站点极值降雨序列最显著突变年份均集中在1990年左右(α = 0.05)。
应用HBM-NRFA模型来预测和量化气候驱动因子FMA Nino12对湘江流域第I分区内极值降雨频率的影响,并与单站非一致性频率模型(Nonstationary Local Frequency Analysis,NLFA)即无池化模型的计算成果比较,以验证考虑各站极值降雨间相关性的区域非一致性模型能否提高计算精度。
将无池化、部分池化和全池化3种情景的区域非一致性频率分析模型,分别用NLFA、HBM-NRFAP和HBM-NRFAF表示。与分区内大部分站点极值降雨显著相关的气候驱动因子为FMA Nino12,假设ln(Xts)为站点s的第t年取对数后的极值降雨,则HBM-NRFA模型中无池化、部分池化和全池化3种情景的构建,如表2所示。
无池化模型不考虑站点间相关性,采用NLFA模型进行计算。图4为无池化情景模型各站点区域参数μ1s后验分布的箱型图,本文采用箱型图中90%的后验分布值是否大于0,来表征气候驱动因子对极值降雨的影响是否显著。本文取参数μ1s箱型图中90%的后验分布值大于0表示影响显著,由图4可见8个站点的参数μ1s后验分布均显著大于0,另两个站点约70%后验分布值显著大于0,与图3(a)中与气候驱动因子FMA Nino12呈显著正相关的7个站点结果基本一致,且此7个站点参数μ1s的取值(箱型图中黑色横线)相对其他站点来说也较大,表明基于层次贝叶斯的NLFA模型,能较好地模拟气候因子驱动下的极值降雨频率。
对于所有HBM-NRFA模型(包括无池化模型),本文采用PP图(Probability-Probability Plot)评估模型拟合是否合理可靠39,即模型的理论频率和经验频率是否接近。依据宋松柏等11提出的计算原理,对存在突变点的极值序列,基于突变年份,将原序列分为两个子序列,假设mi为第i个序列Xi中大于等于x出现的项数,采用期望公式,其经验频率计算公式为:F(x)=m1/(n+1)+m2/(n+1);对无突变点,假设m为序列X中大于等于x出现的项数,经验频率计算公式为:F(x)=m/(n+1)。第I分区内10个站点无池化、部分池化和全池化3种模型的PP图结果表明,各模型的理论频率接近于经验频率,散点图均接近于对角线(即1∶1线),即各模型拟合气候因子驱动下的实测极值降雨序列合理可靠40-41
本文采用DIC值和AIC值来比较各模型拟合极值降雨的效果优劣,结果如表3所示。无池化模型(即单站非一致性模型)的DICAIC值最大,因待估参数最多,在模型复杂度上有较大的惩罚项。部分池化和全池化模型的DICAIC值显著降低,且部分池化模型的DIC值最小,表明既考虑气候因子驱动区域同质特征,又保留各站极值降雨个体差异特征的部分池化模型最优。
基于HBM-NRFA模型,得到无池化(单站)、部分池化和全池化等3种情景下表征气候因子FMA Nino12影响程度的区域参数μ1s,分别如图45所示。无池化模型(如图4箱型图中位线)各站区域参数取值范围从最低0.054到最高0.221,而部分池化模型(如图5)区域参数取值范围缩窄至0.12到0.16,且接近于全池化模型参数取值0.138。图5为部分池化与全池化模型区域参数的后验分布比较,部分池化模型各站区域参数的取值,更直观地表现出各站极值降雨对气候驱动因子响应的区域一致性特点;此模型因整合了所有站点的极值降雨信息,将相关性显著和不显著站点对气候因子的响应,趋向于来自同一正态分布的平均气候响应水平且还保持着各站差异。部分池化模型区域参数的取值范围变窄,间接地强化了与气候因子相关性不显著站点的极值降雨也受到同一气候因子的显著影响。
比较单站非一致性和区域非一致性模型,区域参数μ1s后验分布的箱型图如图6所示,对于参数不确定性区间,相较无池化(单站非一致)模型,部分池化和全池化模型区域参数90%的贝叶斯不确定性区间显著降低。因单站极值降雨的低信噪比及样本长度有限,单站非一致性存在最大的不确定性;相反,区域非一致性模型整合了同一水文分区的降雨信息,并考虑各站极值降雨间的相关关系,在空间上加强信噪比获得更精确的设计成果;相较部分池化,全池化模型区域参数的不确定性区间有轻微的降低,这是因为综合了各站信息,且各站区域参数取值一样导致参数较少,进而降低不确定性。
总体而言,区域非一致性部分池化模型区域参数不确定性(后验分布箱型图宽度)的降低,表明基于多层次结构的区域非一致性模型比单站非一致性模型模拟的各站极值降雨频率更优;既考虑各站极值降雨的相关关系进而优化站点重合信息,又保留各站极值降雨响应气候的个体特点,显著提高非一致性极值降雨频率计算精度,因此能更好地描述气候驱动因子对湘江流域下游极值降雨频率的影响。
基于HBM-NRFA模型构建的无池化(单站非一致性)、部分池化和全池化模型,分析3种情景下各站极值降雨分位数随时间和气候驱动因子的变化,以湘江流域第I水文分区中心代表站罗汉庄站和宁乡站为例,计算结果如图7所示。
图7(a)可知,因两个站点部分池化和全池化模型区域参数μ1s不确定性区间的降低,进而得到极值降雨分位数值不确定性区间的降低;所有的非一致性模型,均能很好地描述和模拟受气候因子驱动下0.99极值降雨分位数(即100年一遇设计暴雨)随年份的变化趋势;从各模型90%的不确定性区间比较,对较大的极值降雨事件,区域非一致性模型(即部分池化和全池化模型)的不确定性区间相较单站非一致性模型要低;对较小的极值降雨,单站非一致性模型的不确定性区间相对要小一些。
图7(b)可知,随着气候驱动因子FMA Nino12每增加一个单位,两个站点0.99极值降雨分位数会增加近50 mm,且不确定性区间增加速率会更大,尤其是单站非一致性模型,随着气候因子的增加,设计暴雨的不确定区间在不断增大,不利于得到精确的设计成果。区域非一致性模型则不同,随着气候因子的增长,设计暴雨成果也不断增大,但不确定性区间有所降低。总体而言,相较单站非一致性模型,区域非一致性模型模拟气候驱动因子对极值降雨频率影响的表现更优,设计成果的计算精度显著提高。进一步分析表明,随着同年2—4月FMA Nino12事件的发生,海温升高,热带地区蒸发量增加,大气中水汽含量增多,同时可能引发大气环流调整冷空气南下,与西太平洋副高西伸的暖湿气流交汇,以致湘江流域下游区域对流活动增强,导致极值降雨事件频发。
从工程水文实践角度分析,受气候因子驱动的非一致性模型计算得到的重现期,会随着时间变化,很难或不便为工程师们直接利用。因此,本文采用ENE计算单站和区域非一致性模型的重现期,并以一致性重现期作为基准比较。同样以罗汉庄站和宁乡站为例,单站非一致性(无池化)、区域非一致性(部分池化和全池化)模型得到的重现期和传统一致性重现期比较,如图8所示。
两个站点的计算成果相似,以近20年一遇的一致性重现期为分界,20年一遇以下区间单站和区域非一致性重现期都比一致性重现期要大;20年一遇以上区间单站和区域非一致性重现期比一致性重现期都要小;随着极值降雨的增大,相较一致性条件,受气候因子驱动的非一致性重现期越来越小,即极值降雨事件的发生概率不断增大。值得注意的是,相较20年一遇以上的一致性重现期,非一致性重现期的减小速率越来越大;不断减小的非一致性重现期,在一定程度上表明了湘江流域下游极值降雨事件发生概率受到气候驱动因子FMA Nino12强烈的影响,随着极值降雨越大,发生概率也越大。总体而言,相较一致性条件,非一致性模型计算得到的气候因子和极值降雨频率之间的定量关系能提供更多有效的信息,为工程师和决策者避免低估潜在暴雨风险、制定更好的应急措施提供科学的参考依据。
基于遵循极值理论的极值空间聚类水文分区结果,本文提出一种基于层次贝叶斯的区域非一致性水文频率计算模型,以湘江流域为例开展了实例研究,并与单站非一致性模型、一致性模型计算成果进行比较。主要结论如下:
(1)采用遵循极值理论的空间聚类算法,即基于变差函数F-madogram的PAM聚类算法,既量化极值序列的空间相关性并保证同一分区内空间相关最近,又保留序列的高偏统计特征,是一种合理有效的、适合极值序列的水文分区方法。
(2)对同一水文分区,基于层次贝叶斯的区域非一致性模型(HBM-NRFA)具有较灵活和方便的多层结构,其优势体现在以下3个方面:既考虑气候驱动因子协变量(即非一致性),又考虑高维的各站极值序列相关关系;通过设置区域参数,整合各站极值序列的信息利用程度;同时贝叶斯模拟直接得到不确定性区间,信息的整合能显著降低计算成果不确定性。
(3)本文以湘江流域年最大24 h极值降雨为例进行研究,采用基于F-madogram的PAM算法,获得3个水文分区,与第Ⅰ分区大部分站点极值降雨呈显著正相关的气候驱动因子为FMA Nino12。相较一致性重现期,受气候因子影响的非一致性重现期不断减小,表明受同年2—4月FMA Nino12的影响,湘江流域下游地区极值降雨发生概率不断增大。
本文采用的基于层次贝叶斯框架的区域非一致性水文频率分析模型,在未来运用时仍存在一些可进一步深入研究之处。采用贝叶斯理论进行层次模型的参数估计时,对于高维变量序列的联合分布,需采用显式表达的多变量联合分布函数,但非高斯边缘分布以何种方式与层次贝叶斯结构相结合,是未来可研究探索的一个方向。

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2026年第57卷第5期
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doi: 10.3724/j.slxb.20250304
  • 接收时间:2025-05-27
  • 首发时间:2026-06-25
  • 出版时间:2026-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-27
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    1.长沙理工大学 水利与海洋工程学院,湖南 长沙 410114
    2.长沙理工大学 洞庭湖水环境治理与生态修复 湖南省重点实验室,湖南 长沙 410114
    3.南京水利科学研究院 水灾害防御全国重点实验室,江苏 南京 210029
    4.水利部应对气候变化研究中心,江苏 南京 210029

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王国庆(1971—),正高级工程师,主要从事流域水文及生态水文过程模拟研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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