Article(id=1244334018305573319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, issueId=1244334009858240758, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0063, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728316800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-08, revisedDate=1744214400000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774601948572, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774601948572, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774601948572, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774601948572, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244334009858240758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, year='2025', volume='41', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='211', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774601946558, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774602401281, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244335917167657884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, issueId=1244334009858240758, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244335917167657885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, issueId=1244334009858240758, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=95, endPage=105, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244334018540454347, articleId=1244334018305573319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, language=EN, title=Epicentral distance estimation from a single station based on convolutional neural network, columnId=null, journalTitle=World Earthquake Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Estimating the epicentral distance from a single station is a critical task in real-time earthquake early warning systems. To address the limitations of the traditional B-Δ method, which relies on limited P-wave information and exhibits significant prediction errors, this study utilizes strong-motion data from the Japan K-NET network. A 3-second time window of three-component acceleration waveforms is used as input to a convolutional neural network (CNN), which directly extracts feature information from the waveforms to establish a CNN-based epicentral distance estimation model (CNN-Dis). The results show that in the test dataset, by normalizing both the input data and labels, the CNN-Dis model achieves an mean absolute error (MAE) of 28.119 6 km and a standard deviation of 34.682 7 km, outperforming the model without normalization. Compared to the traditional B-Δ method, the CNN-Dis model improves the reliability of epicentral distance estimation. Moreover, the CNN-Dis model provides relatively reliable results for offshore earthquakes, in contrast to inland events. The CNN-Dis model enhances the accuracy of epicentral distance estimation to a certain extent and provides strong support for the iteration and performance optimization of earthquake early warning technologies.

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单台震中距估计是现场地震预警的重要工作之一。针对传统的B-Δ方法在震中距估计中存在的利用P波信息有限且预测误差较大的局限性,使用日本K-NET台网的强震动数据,将3 s时间窗长度的三分量加速度波形作为输入,利用卷积神经网络直接从波形中提取特征信息,建立了基于卷积神经网络的单台震中距估计(Convolutional Neural Network for epicentral Distance estimation,CNN-Dis)模型。研究结果表明:在测试数据集中,通过对输入数据和标签进行归一化处理,CNN-Dis模型震中距估计的平均绝对误差和标准差分别是28.119 6和34.682 7 km,且优于未进行归一化处理的模型的性能;对比传统的B-Δ方法,CNN-Dis模型提高了震中距估计的可靠性;与内陆地震事件相比,CNN-Dis模型对于海域地震的震中距估计也有相对可靠的结果。所构建的CNN-Dis模型在一定程度上提高了震中距估计的准确性,为地震预警技术迭代与性能优化提供了有力的支持。

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朱景宝(1996—),男,助理研究员,博士,主要从事机器学习地震预警研究。E-mail:
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李山有(1965—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事地震预警与地震紧急处理技术研究。E-mail:

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Digital filter and polarization analysis's application of data processing of strong motion cords[D]. Harbin: Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, 2014., articleTitle=Digital filter and polarization analysis's application of data processing of strong motion cords, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244335220489568286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334018305573319, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=114, issue=4, pageStart=2054, pageEnd=2064, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=60, authorNames=NODA S, journalName=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NODA S. Deep learning estimating of epicentral distance for earthquake early warning systems[J]. 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figureFileSmall=MUokJJivkbC6wRpVCQpvxQ==, figureFileBig=tu4AHEhvpBNOMdjg4noQrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335208426750652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334018305573319, language=CN, label=图8, caption=陆域事件与海域事件的震中距分布图, figureFileSmall=MUokJJivkbC6wRpVCQpvxQ==, figureFileBig=tu4AHEhvpBNOMdjg4noQrw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335209924117187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334018305573319, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of estimation results under different convolutional layer depths

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评价指标深度
1层2层3层4层
MAE/km29.994 630.823 528.119 631.985 6
SD/km35.686 537.715 934.682 739.623 6
), ArticleFig(id=1244335210049946314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334018305573319, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同卷积层深度下的估计结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标深度
1层2层3层4层
MAE/km29.994 630.823 528.119 631.985 6
SD/km35.686 537.715 934.682 739.623 6
), ArticleFig(id=1244335210167386831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334018305573319, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Epicentral distance estimation results of the CNN-Dis model under different time windows

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评价指标2.0 s时间窗2.5 s时间窗3.0 s时间窗3.5 s时间窗4.0 s时间窗4.5 s时间窗
MAE/km28.568 528.386 028.119 628.156 127.709 727.800 0
SD/km35.320 235.084 734.682 735.000 233.922 534.491 7
评价指标5.0 s时间窗5.5 s时间窗6.0 s时间窗6.5 s时间窗7.0 s时间窗7.5 s时间窗
MAE/km27.348 427.216 326.771 226.760 426.730 926.741 6
SD/km33.945 233.684 533.360 833.564 133.547 333.537 8
评价指标8.0 s时间窗8.5 s时间窗9.0 s时间窗9.5 s时间窗10.0 s时间窗 
MAE/km26.720 726.536 526.205 826.236 426.075 9 
SD/km33.532 133.103 932.934 933.951 233.508 3 
), ArticleFig(id=1244335210268050133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334018305573319, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同时间窗下CNN-Dis模型的震中距估计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标2.0 s时间窗2.5 s时间窗3.0 s时间窗3.5 s时间窗4.0 s时间窗4.5 s时间窗
MAE/km28.568 528.386 028.119 628.156 127.709 727.800 0
SD/km35.320 235.084 734.682 735.000 233.922 534.491 7
评价指标5.0 s时间窗5.5 s时间窗6.0 s时间窗6.5 s时间窗7.0 s时间窗7.5 s时间窗
MAE/km27.348 427.216 326.771 226.760 426.730 926.741 6
SD/km33.945 233.684 533.360 833.564 133.547 333.537 8
评价指标8.0 s时间窗8.5 s时间窗9.0 s时间窗9.5 s时间窗10.0 s时间窗 
MAE/km26.720 726.536 526.205 826.236 426.075 9 
SD/km33.532 133.103 932.934 933.951 233.508 3 
), ArticleFig(id=1244335210372907735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334018305573319, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Epicentral distance estimation results of the CNN-Dis model compared to the B-Δ method

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评价指标CNN-Dis模型 B-Δ方法
MAE/km28.119 655.975 1
STD/km34.682 775.051 3
), ArticleFig(id=1244335210498736859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334018305573319, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

CNN-Dis模型与B-Δ方法的震中距估计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标CNN-Dis模型 B-Δ方法
MAE/km28.119 655.975 1
STD/km34.682 775.051 3
), ArticleFig(id=1244335210591011551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334018305573319, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Performance of different methods across various epicentral distance ranges

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评价指标0 km<震中距≤120 km120 km<震中距≤240 km
B-Δ方法CNN-Dis模型 B-Δ方法CNN-Dis模型
MAE/km47.866 026.725 369.168 629.322 7
SD/km68.364 724.867 586.299 129.396 0
), ArticleFig(id=1244335210683286243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334018305573319, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同方法在不同震中距范围上的表现情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标0 km<震中距≤120 km120 km<震中距≤240 km
B-Δ方法CNN-Dis模型 B-Δ方法CNN-Dis模型
MAE/km47.866 026.725 369.168 629.322 7
SD/km68.364 724.867 586.299 129.396 0
), ArticleFig(id=1244335210838475501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334018305573319, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Statistical analysis of epicentral distance estimation errors for inland and offshore earthquakes

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评价指标内陆地震海域地震
CNN-Dis模型 B-Δ方法CNN-Dis模型 B-Δ方法
MAE/km29.127 360.097 026.616 854.952 3
SD/km32.875 280.053 332.674 173.404 0
), ArticleFig(id=1244335210968498927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334018305573319, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

内陆地震和海域地震的震中距估计误差统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价指标内陆地震海域地震
CNN-Dis模型 B-Δ方法CNN-Dis模型 B-Δ方法
MAE/km29.127 360.097 026.616 854.952 3
SD/km32.875 280.053 332.674 173.404 0
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基于卷积神经网络的单台震中距估计
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李山有 1, 2 , 王禹轩 1, 2 , 宋晋东 1, 2 , 姚鹍鹏 3 , 黄鹏杰 3 , 朱景宝 1, 2
世界地震工程 | 常规论文 2025,41(4): 95-105
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世界地震工程 | 常规论文 2025, 41(4): 95-105
基于卷积神经网络的单台震中距估计
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李山有1, 2 , 王禹轩1, 2, 宋晋东1, 2, 姚鹍鹏3, 黄鹏杰3, 朱景宝1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 3.河南辉煌科技股份有限公司安防产品部,河南 郑州 450012
  • 李山有(1965—),男,研究员,博士,主要从事地震预警与地震紧急处理技术研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

朱景宝(1996—),男,助理研究员,博士,主要从事机器学习地震预警研究。E-mail:
Epicentral distance estimation from a single station based on convolutional neural network
Shanyou LI1, 2 , Yuxuan WANG1, 2, Jindong SONG1, 2, Kunpeng YAO3, Pengjie HUANG3, Jingbao ZHU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin 150080, China
  • 3.Department of Security Products, Henan Splendor Science & Technology Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450012, China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0063
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单台震中距估计是现场地震预警的重要工作之一。针对传统的B-Δ方法在震中距估计中存在的利用P波信息有限且预测误差较大的局限性,使用日本K-NET台网的强震动数据,将3 s时间窗长度的三分量加速度波形作为输入,利用卷积神经网络直接从波形中提取特征信息,建立了基于卷积神经网络的单台震中距估计(Convolutional Neural Network for epicentral Distance estimation,CNN-Dis)模型。研究结果表明:在测试数据集中,通过对输入数据和标签进行归一化处理,CNN-Dis模型震中距估计的平均绝对误差和标准差分别是28.119 6和34.682 7 km,且优于未进行归一化处理的模型的性能;对比传统的B-Δ方法,CNN-Dis模型提高了震中距估计的可靠性;与内陆地震事件相比,CNN-Dis模型对于海域地震的震中距估计也有相对可靠的结果。所构建的CNN-Dis模型在一定程度上提高了震中距估计的准确性,为地震预警技术迭代与性能优化提供了有力的支持。

地震预警  /  机器学习  /  卷积神经网络  /  震中距估计  /  P波  /  归一化

Estimating the epicentral distance from a single station is a critical task in real-time earthquake early warning systems. To address the limitations of the traditional B-Δ method, which relies on limited P-wave information and exhibits significant prediction errors, this study utilizes strong-motion data from the Japan K-NET network. A 3-second time window of three-component acceleration waveforms is used as input to a convolutional neural network (CNN), which directly extracts feature information from the waveforms to establish a CNN-based epicentral distance estimation model (CNN-Dis). The results show that in the test dataset, by normalizing both the input data and labels, the CNN-Dis model achieves an mean absolute error (MAE) of 28.119 6 km and a standard deviation of 34.682 7 km, outperforming the model without normalization. Compared to the traditional B-Δ method, the CNN-Dis model improves the reliability of epicentral distance estimation. Moreover, the CNN-Dis model provides relatively reliable results for offshore earthquakes, in contrast to inland events. The CNN-Dis model enhances the accuracy of epicentral distance estimation to a certain extent and provides strong support for the iteration and performance optimization of earthquake early warning technologies.

earthquake early warning  /  machine learning  /  convolutional neural network  /  epicentral distance estimation  /  P-wave  /  normalization
李山有, 王禹轩, 宋晋东, 姚鹍鹏, 黄鹏杰, 朱景宝. 基于卷积神经网络的单台震中距估计. 世界地震工程, 2025 , 41 (4) : 95 -105 . DOI: 10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0063
Shanyou LI, Yuxuan WANG, Jindong SONG, Kunpeng YAO, Pengjie HUANG, Jingbao ZHU. Epicentral distance estimation from a single station based on convolutional neural network[J]. World Earthquake Engineering, 2025 , 41 (4) : 95 -105 . DOI: 10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0063
地震作为自然界中极具破坏力的灾害之一,地震预警系统的有效性和及时性对于减少人员伤亡与财产损失至关重要[1-4]。地震预警系统的核心是在破坏性地震波到达目标场地前几秒至几十秒内发出预警信息,使得人们可以提前采取防震避险措施[5-7]。单台震中距估计是现地地震预警的重要工作之一[8-9],震中距估计结果对于单台地震定位、地震影响范围和强度的确定、高铁地震预警,以及震级估计等都是尤为重要的[10-13]。单台震中距估计对于处理海域地震以及台站稀疏区域的地震预警地震定位也是非常重要的。
传统的地震预警单台震中距估计方法主要利用P波信号中提取的单一的或少量的特征建立与震中距之间的线性关系[14-15]B-Δ方法是一种被广泛用于地震预警单台震中距估计的方法,该方法是利用垂直方向的P波初始加速度幅值增长率建立与震中距的线性关系[16]。日本、伊朗和韩国等国家验证了B-Δ方法在地震预警震中距估计中的可行性[17-19]。还有一些研究人员在B-Δ方法的基础上,对B-Δ方法进行简化,提出了用于震中距估计的C-Δ方法[20-21]。由于提取的单一、有限特征限制了可用于震中距估计的信息量,传统的震中距估计方法多依赖于经验公式或简单的物理模型,难以全面捕捉地震波的复杂特性,这在一定程度上导致震中距估计结果存在较大的不确定性。
随着人工智能特别是机器学习技术的快速发展,机器学习模型以其强大的特征提取和复杂模式识别能力,其在地震学领域得到了广泛的研究和应用并取得了不错的结果[22-23],包括震相识别[24-25]、震级估计[26-29]和现地地震动峰值预测[30-31]等。机器学习方法在震中距估计中也得到了初步的探索和研究[32]。BÖSE等[33]使用人工神经网络对震中距进行估计,将基于加速度波形、速度波形和位移波形计算得到的积分绝对振幅的对数值作为人工神经网络的输入。OCHOA等[34]使用支持向量机算法建立震中距估计模型,将从地震波形中提取的25个特征作为模型的输入,包括与震级相关的特征、与震中距相关的特征,以及与方位角相关的特征。MOUSAVI等[35]提出了一种基于贝叶斯深度学习的震中距估计模型,作为模型输入的是60 s的三分量地震动记录且包含P波和S波到时信息,而该方法在地震预警中的时效性较低。利用从地震波形中提取的特征作为机器学习模型的输入,可能会忽视掉尚未从地震波形中提取到的重要特征。
为了提高地震预警震中距估计的可靠性,文中建立了一种基于卷积神经网络的震中距估计模型,称之为CNN-Dis模型。区别于ZHU等[32]提出的基于机器学习的震中距估计方法,该模型在设计的过程中源于对模型泛化能力、震中距数据的分布范围差异、模型复杂度,以及模型输入方式的考量,进而设计利用卷积神经网络从单个台站记录的三分量加速度波形中提取特征进而估计震中距。具体而言,CNN-Dis模型直接以单台站记录的三分量加速度波形(P波起始后3 s)为输入,通过卷积神经网络提取时频联合特征以估计震中距;同时,针对震中距范围跨度大、震级和台站分布不均衡等因素,对输入和标签进行了归一化处理以提升模型的鲁棒性与泛化能力。
在试验中,我们使用了与ZHU等[32]研究中相似的日本K-NET台网的强震动数据进行训练与测试。需要指出的是,ZHU等工作所使用的B-Δ方法在其研究数据集上表现出较小的平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE)和标准差(standard deviation,SD),分别约为15 km与20 km,但我们在复现试验中发现,该方法在不同数据覆盖范围和预处理设置下,其估计精度可能会有较大差异。为确保公平性,我们复现的B-Δ方法采用与CNN-Dis模型相同的数据集与预处理流程,结果显示其估计偏差显著增大(详见图7),这表明传统B-Δ方法对数据质量及特征分布较为敏感。相比之下,CNN-Dis模型在同一数据集下表现出更强的适应能力与稳定性,在震中距估计误差整体上优于B-Δ方法,尤其在远震(震中距≥120 km)场景下性能提升明显。本研究进一步分析了模型估计误差与数据信噪比的关系,发现不同误差的数据在信噪比上略有不同,提示未来模型优化可结合信噪比或质量因子Q值等信息进行联合建模。
选用2011—2020年日本K-NET台站记录的强震动数据作为数据源。根据前人的研究,使用了数据源中震级大于5.5级且震中距小于300 km的7 196组三分量加速度记录。使用的地震数据的震中分布如图1所示,在选用的地震动数据中,地震事件中海域地震与内陆地震均存在,且海域地震事件的震中主要分布在日本东部沿海地区。对7 196组三分量加速度记录通过随机抽样的形式划分为训练集与测试集,划分比例为8∶2,即随机抽取80%的数据作为训练集,其余20%的数据作为测试集。图2展示了不同震中距范围和不同震级范围下的记录数量的分布。
根据1.1节中获取的地震数据,对其进行了相应的数据预处理。
第一步,采用长短时平均与AIC(Akaike Information Criterion)准则相结合的方法确定P波到时,并人工校核P波到时结果[36]
第二步,根据前人的研究以及考虑地震预警的时效性[37-38],截取P波到时后3 s的地震记录作为研究数据。
第三步,对三分量的加速度记录进行带通滤波。
第四步,将滤波后的三分量的加速度记录进行标准化处理,并将标准化后的数据作为卷积神经网络的输入。标准化有助于模型更好地学习和泛化,当数据在不同维度上具有相似的分布时,模型可以更容易地捕捉到数据中的有用特征,而不会因为尺度的不同而忽略某些重要的信息。数据的标准化处理,即将加速度记录按照其均值和标准差进行转换,使得每条记录的均值为0,标准差为1。标准化公式如下:
式中:X为标准化前的数据;μ为数据的均值;σ为数据的标准差;Xnorm为标准化后的数据。
第五步,对模型训练的标签归一化。模型训练的标签震中距,即对所有样本对应的震中距进行归一化处理。进一步对标签数据进行了对数变换和最小最大归一化(min-max normalization)。震中距数据的取值范围较大,直接使用可能导致训练过程中的梯度不稳定。因此,对震中距取对数变换,然后使用min-max归一化将其映射到[0,1]的范围内。对数变换是为了缩小震中距的数值范围,减少较大数值对模型训练的不利影响,计算公式如下:
式中:y为原始震中距;yln为对数变换后的震中距。然后,将对数变换后的震中距数据进行归一化处理,将其映射到[0,1]区间,计算公式如下:
式中:min(yln)为数据的最小值;max(yln)为数据的最大值;yscaled为归一化后的数据,且作为模型训练的标签。
卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)以其独特的局部连接、权重共享和池化层设计,在图像处理、视频分析以及许多其他领域展现了显著的优势。这些特性使得CNN能够自动地从原始图像中提取复杂且有用的特征,有效减少网络参数数量,增强模型的泛化能力,同时提高处理效率,尤其是在处理大规模图像数据时,其性能表现尤为突出。卷积神经网络在地震学相关领域表现出显著的优势[39-41]
为了提高震中距估计的可靠性,基于卷积神经网络建立CNN-Dis模型用于震中距估计,并采用1.2节介绍的训练和测试数据对CNN-Dis模型进行训练和测试。通过不断调整模型的卷积层深度确定最终CNN-Dis模型架构,以1个卷积层、归一化层、最大池化层为一层深度,验证不同深度下的估计结果进行对比分析,最终选用3层作为最终深度,对比结果见表1
图3展示了CNN-Dis模型的网络架构示意图。CNN-Dis模型主要由1个输入层、3个卷积层、3个归一化层、3个最大池化层、1个展平层、3个全连接层和3个Dropout层组成。
输入层为1.2节归一化后的P波到达后3 s的三分量的加速度数据。卷积层用于自动提取输入数据的局部特征。卷积核在输入数据上滑动,通过计算点积和激活函数的应用,生成特征图。这些特征图不仅捕捉了加速度数据在时间维度上的变化,还隐式地包含了不同方向间的相互关系。每个卷积层的卷积核数量依次为32、64和128,卷积核的大小为3,卷积核的移动步长为1,每个卷积层采用了ReLU激活函数以提供非线性映射。每个卷积层后使用了批量归一化层(batch normalization),其目的是加速训练并提高模型训练稳定性,通过对每一层的输出进行标准化来减少内部协变量偏移。每个批量归一化层后使用了最大池化层,池化层中池化核的大小为2,插入池化层可以减少特征图的维度,从而减少计算量并防止模型过拟合。然后通过展平层将池化层输出展平为一维,并输入给全连接层。3个全连接层的神经元数量分别是128、64和1。前两个全连接层使用的是ReLU激活函数,最后一个全连接使用的是线性激活函数以输出预测震中距,即1.2节中对应的yscaled。为了防止模型过拟合,每个卷积层和前两个全连接层还采用了L2正则化,以及前两个全连接层后使用了Dropout层,且每个Dropout层的丢弃率设置为0.3。
基于测试数据集,在P波触发后3 s,分析输入数据和标签数据归一化对模型性能的影响,比较CNN-Dis模型和B-Δ方法的震中距估计结果,分析不同震中距范围下,以及海域地震和内陆地震事件的震中距估计结果。最终以估算震中距与实际震中距的差异作为结果分析,并选用MAE和SD两者作为误差的评价指标,上述两种评价指标反映了估计值与实际值的误差及误差离散性,根据本研究的目的来看,上述两种评价指标越低,即代表着模型的估计情况越好,可靠性越高。
在带通滤波的选择部分,通过分析在不同带通滤波下的误差评价指标MAE与SD,参考一般选用的中频滤波频段的0.1~10.0 Hz的基础上进行改进[42-43],充分考量在不同频率下地震波所包含的地震信息,可以得出在当前数据集下不同带通滤波下的误差分布折线图,如下图4所示。其中在0.1~40.0 Hz下的带通滤波取得了最小的估计误差,因此,选用0.1~40.0 Hz作为数据处理过程中的带通滤波参数。
在地震预警系统中,震动信息是随时间逐步丰富的:地震发生初期,仅有部分初动信息可用,随着地震波的传播和记录数据的积累,信号的频带、能量及形态逐渐明晰。因此,一个有效的震中距估计模型应具备适应信息逐步增强的能力,即在较短时间窗下提供初步估计,在时间窗延长后进一步提升精度,从而支持“由快至准”的预警响应流程。
本研究中,基于上述分析得到的合理的输入特征,可以得到经过带通滤波及归一化后的加速度作为特征输入,我们进一步讨论了不同时间窗下的地震动特征作为输入,系统地评估了CNN-Dis模型在不同信息丰富程度下的震中距估计性能。实验结果见表2,模型在时间窗逐步扩展的过程中,估计精度表现出明显的渐进式提升趋势。在2.0 s时间窗下,模型的MAE为28.57 km,SD为35.32 km;随着时间窗增加至6.0 s,MAE和SD分别降低至26.76 km与33.36 km;在8.5 s与9.0 s时间窗下,模型达到最优性能,MAE为26.21 km,SD为32.93 km。整体趋势表明,CNN-Dis模型能够有效利用逐步丰富的地震动信息,动态提升估计结果的可靠性。最后在充分权衡估计精度与预警时效性的基础上,本文最终选择P波触发后3 s的加速度波形作为模型输入,作为精度与时效性的折中选择。
为了进一步分析CNN-Dis模型的性能,文中比较了CNN-Dis模型与传统的地震预警震中距估计B-Δ方法在相同测试数据集上的震中距估计结果。参考ODAKA[16]提出的震中距估计B-Δ方法,采用和CNN-Dis模型相同的训练数据集建立P波到达后3.0 s的震中距估计等式为
式中:B为P波包络初始部分的增长率,Δ为震中距。根据上述震中距预测等式可以对测试数据集的震中距进行预测。
表3展示了在P波触发后3.0 s,CNN-Dis模型与B-Δ方法在相同测试数据集上的震中距估计结果。从表3中可以发现,和B-Δ方法相比,CNN-Dis模型的震中距估计结果有更小的MAE和SD。这也意味着,CNN-Dis模型可以从三分量的加速度波形数据中提取更多重要的与震中距相关的信息,提升了震中距估计的可靠性。
对CNN-Dis模型的震中距估计结果加以分析不难看出,其精度虽相较于传统的B-Δ方法有了一定程度上的改进,但仍存在着部分数据估计精度欠佳的问题,针对这部分问题,以估计值与真实值差值的绝对值为评价指标,分别选用参考上述评价指标的震中距估计误差数值较大的20%部分地震事件与误差数值较小的20%部分地震事件作为研究对象,经过估算得到震中距估计误差较大的部分为估计误差大于74.36 km的震中距估计事件,震中距估计误差较小的部分为估计误差小于17.59 km的震中距估计事件,以震中距、震级、信噪比作为评价指标加以分析,上述三者的分布关系如图5所示。
图5可以看出,两组数据在震级及震中距的分布上总体差异不大,这说明模型的震中距估计误差并不显著依赖于事件本身的震级或传播距离。然而,图5中信噪比对比所示的信噪比分布呈现出一定的差异性——误差较小的数据集的SNR(signal-to-noise ratio)整体略高于误差较大的数据集。
为进一步验证这种趋势,我们在图6中绘制了两组数据的SNR直方图。可以观察到,尽管存在较大程度的重叠,但误差较小组在较高SNR区间(如>30)中的样本数量相对更多,这在一定程度上暗示信噪比可能对模型在部分样本上的震中距估计有影响。
为避免主观判断,我们计算了SNR与震中距估计误差的Pearson相关系数,如公式(5)所示,其计算结果为r=-0.17,表明其相关性较弱。这说明在当前数据条件下,信噪比并非影响模型估计性能的主要因素,推测可能还受到波形复杂性、事件覆盖结构不均或模型泛化能力的影响。
式中:xi为变量SNR的第i个样本;yi为变量估计误差的第i个样本;为变量的平均值;r为相关系数,取值范围为[-1,1],越接近0表示线性无关。
为了分析CNN-Dis模型在不同震中距范围下的震中距预测性能,进一步比较了CNN-Dis模型和B-Δ方法在震中距小于120 km和震中距大于120 km下的震中距估计误差分布。如图7所示,其中各子图展示的分别为不同方法及震中距范围下的估计误差(估计值与真实值的差值),从中可以发现,和B-Δ方法相比,不论实际震中距小于120 km还是实际震中距大于120 km的工况下,CNN-Dis模型都有更小的震中距估计误差分布。表4展示了在测试数据集上,CNN-Dis模型和B-Δ方法在不同实际震中距范围下的震中距估计误差的平均绝对误差和标准差。从表4中可以发现,CNN-Dis模型在震中距小于120 km时的MAE和SD分别为26.725 3和24.867 5 km且小于B-Δ方法在震中距小于120 km时的MAE(47.866 0 km)和SD(68.364 7 km);CNN-Dis模型在震中距大于120 km时的MAE和SD分别为29.322 7 km和29.396 0 km且小于B-Δ方法在震中距小于120 km时的MAE(69.168 6 km)和SD(86.299 1 km)。这也意味着在不同实际震中距范围下,和B-Δ方法相比,CNN-Dis模型提高了震中距估计的可靠性。
对于上述情况加以进一步分析,研究中所设计的CNN-Dis模型考虑到模型的泛化能力要求,在数据集上选用0~240 km的震中距范围作为研究对象,模型更倾向于关注0~240 km整体的表现,而非局部震中距范围的细节。因此,模型可能在较近震中距区域(0,120]存在一定的过拟合倾向,而在较远震中距区域(120,240]则可能是数据稀缺导致低估现象的出现。(0,120]和(120,240]范围内的近震与远震,其主要影响因素也有所不同,例如近震受地震源特性和传播路径的影响较大,而远震则可能受到较强的地震波衰减和波形畸变的影响,这也是模型估计偏差产生的原因之一。
这里进一步分析了CNN-Dis模型对日本内陆地震和日本海域地震的震中距估计误差。表5展示了CNN-Dis模型和B-Δ方法对本研究测试数据集中内陆地震和海域地震的震中距估计误差统计,从中可以发现,CNN-Dis模型对于内陆地震的震中距估计误差的MAE和SD分别为29.127 3 km和32.875 2 km,且小于B-Δ方法的MAE(60.097 0 km)和SD(80.053 3 km);CNN-Dis模型对于海域地震的震中距估计误差的MAE和SD分别为26.616 8 km和32.674 1 km,且小于B-Δ方法的MAE(54.952 3 km)和SD(73.404 0 km);和内陆地震事件相比,CNN-Dis模型对于海域地震的震中距估计也有相对可靠的结果。这也说明,和B-Δ方法相比,提出的CNN-Dis模型对日本的内陆地震和海域地震的震中距估计上具有更好的表现。还可以发现,CNN-Dis模型在海域地震事件上的表现更好,也侧面印证了近岸单台站用于海域地震预警的科学与合理性,也为进一步优化海域单台站地震预警提供了思路经验。
对陆域事件和海域事件的估计结果进行了进一步的分析。通过对研究采用的数据集的震中距分布的分析,如图8所示,其结果不难看出,陆域事件的震中距整体上是小于海域事件的震中距,考虑到之前模型计算得到其在震中距较小的区间上误差更小效果也更好,因此在仅考虑震中距分布的情况下陆域事件的效果应该是优于海域事件的,但实际结果却与之矛盾。因此,模型训练中的数据分布并不直接影响陆域与海域事件震中距的估计效果。
为了提高震中距估计的鲁棒性,本研究基于卷积神经网络建立了单台震中距估计CNN-Dis模型,并将单个地震台站记录的P波触发后3 s的三分量加速度记录作为CNN-Dis模型的输入,采用日本K-NET台站记录的强震动数据对CNN-Dis模型进行训练和测试。通过分析CNN-Dis模型的震中距估计结果可以得到以下结论:
1)不同于现有的依赖于从地震波形中提取特征的震中距估计方法,CNN-Dis模型可以直接从三分量加速度记录中自动特征提取和模式识别,进而实现震中距估计。
2)通过对CNN-Dis模型的输入数据和标签数据的归一化处理,可以有效提升模型对于震中距估计的可靠性。
3)在本研究的测试数据集中,和传统的用于地震预警震中距估计的B-Δ方法相比,在不同的实际震中距范围、对于内陆和海域地震事件,CNN-Dis模型对于震中距估计都表现出更小的平均绝对误差和标准差。这也表明,CNN-Dis模型可以从三分量波形中提取更多用于震中距估计的重要信息和特征,进而提高震中距估计的可靠性。
虽然提出的深度学习模型在单台站震中距估计方面取得了显著进展,但仍存在进一步优化的空间。例如,可以探索更先进的网络架构、引入更多的先验知识或采用多模态数据融合策略,以进一步提升模型的性能和稳定性。随着大数据和计算能力的提升,未来还可以考虑将模型部署到更广泛的区域,实现更大范围的地震预警覆盖。
  • 中国地震局工程力学研究所基本科研业务费专项资助项目(2024B08)
  • 中国国家铁路集团有限公司科技研究开发计划项目(K2024G008)
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2025年第41卷第4期
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doi: 10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0063
  • 接收时间:2024-10-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-08
  • 修回日期:2025-04-10
基金
中国地震局工程力学研究所基本科研业务费专项资助项目(2024B08)
中国国家铁路集团有限公司科技研究开发计划项目(K2024G008)
作者信息
    1.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    2.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    3.河南辉煌科技股份有限公司安防产品部,河南 郑州 450012

通讯作者:

朱景宝(1996—),男,助理研究员,博士,主要从事机器学习地震预警研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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