Article(id=1244334016581710136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, issueId=1244334009858240758, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0065, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722441600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-01, revisedDate=1739203200000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774601948161, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774601948161, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774601948161, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774601948161, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244334009858240758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, year='2025', volume='41', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='211', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774601946558, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774602401281, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244335917167657884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, issueId=1244334009858240758, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244335917167657885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, issueId=1244334009858240758, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=118, endPage=133, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244334018263626063, articleId=1244334016581710136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, language=EN, title=Characteristics and disaster analysis of MS7.3 ground motion in Hualien County, Taiwan, China in 2024, columnId=null, journalTitle=World Earthquake Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

At 7:58 on April 3, 2024, an MS7.3 earthquake occurred (23.81°N, 121.74°E) in the waters of Hualien County, Taiwan, China, which was characterized as a thrust rupture. This earthquake is the largest earthquake since the “9·21” Chi-Chi earthquake. To comprehensively understand the characteristics and disaster effects of the earthquake and learn from the experience and lessons of the earthquake disaster, the cause of the earthquake is explained in combination with the mechanism of earthquake generation. Then, 714 strong ground motions recorded by 238 stations of the Earthquake Network Center of the Meteorological Bureau of Taiwan within 32 km of the fault are selected to analyze the engineering characteristics of these ground motions. Based on disaster investigation data, the relation between the earthquake and the structural damage of civil engineering as well as the distribution pattern of earthquake damage are discussed. The results show that ground motions of this earthquake have the characteristics of significant middle-to-high frequency contents with slow attenuation of PGA and Sa over rupture distance, causing the damage to medium-to-short period structures. The distribution of earthquake damage is concentrated in Hualien County, New Taipei City and Taipei City, and along the east side of the crustal butt belt of Taitung longitudinal Valley, the distribution is linear with the development of the fault zone. Hualien County is the most serious earthquake damage due to its proximity to the focal point, while New Taipei City and Taipei City are far away from the focal point, but the earthquake damage is also more serious due to the mountain amplification effect and basin amplification effect of ground motions. The relevant study can provide reference for the research of seismic fortification and seismic regionalization of medium-to-short period structures.

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2024年4月3日7时58分,中国台湾花莲县海域(23.81°N,121.74°E)发生MS7.3地震,为逆冲型破裂。此次地震是继“9·21”集集大地震后发生的最大规模地震。为了较全面地认识此次地震的特征和灾害效应,从中汲取地震灾害经验和教训,首先结合发震机制说明了此次地震成因;其次,选取台湾地区气象局地震台网中心238个台站记录到的三分量记录共714条地震动,对其中断层距32 km以内的近断层强震动的工程特征进行分析;最后,结合震害调查资料,重点探究了本次地震与土木工程结构破坏间的联系及震害的分布规律。结果表明:此次地震的地震动具有中高频成分显著且地震动峰值加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA)和加速度反应谱(acceleration response spectrum,Sa)随断层距的增加衰减缓慢的特征,对中短周期结构的破坏显著;震害分布集中于花莲县、新北市和台北市附近,沿台东纵谷地壳对接带东侧随断裂带的发育呈线性分布,其中花莲县由于距震源较近震害最为严重,新北市和台北市虽距震源较远但地震动的山地放大效应和盆地放大效应致使其震害也较为严重。相关研究可为中短周期结构的抗震设防和地震区划研究提供参考。

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田浩(1996—),男,博士研究生,主要从事地震工程方面的研究。E-mail:
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徐龙军(1976—),男,教授,博士,主要从事防灾减灾工程研究。E-mail:

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徐龙军(1976—),男,教授,博士,主要从事防灾减灾工程研究。E-mail:

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徐龙军(1976—),男,教授,博士,主要从事防灾减灾工程研究。E-mail:

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Taiwan’s Hualien County area 7.3 earthquake[EB/OL] [2024-04-03] https://news.ceic.ac.cn/CC20240403075809.html. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Taiwan’s Hualien County area 7.3 earthquake, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244335219822673928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=United States Geological Survey, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=United States Geological Survey. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=The largest expert in the epicenter area of the 7.2 strong earthquake in a century: Aftershocks will last for six months long, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244335230350377137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=91, authorNames=中时新闻网, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中时新闻网 花莲7.2大震!花莲女中多出校舍倾斜梁柱梁柱开裂钢筋弯曲露出[EB/OL] [2024-04-03] https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20240403001601-260402 chdtv., articleTitle=花莲7.2大震!花莲女中多出校舍倾斜梁柱梁柱开裂钢筋弯曲露出, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244335230404903090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=92, authorNames=China Times, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=China Times. Hualien 7.2 earthquake! Hualien girls at school more sloping beams reinforced beams bending show[EB/OL] [2024-04-03] https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20240403001601-260402 chdtv. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Hualien 7.2 earthquake! Hualien girls at school more sloping beams reinforced beams bending show, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244335230484594867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[58], rfOrder=93, authorNames=三立新闻网, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=三立新闻网. 居民楼砌体墙体破坏[EB/OL] [2024-04-03] https://www.setn.com., articleTitle=居民楼砌体墙体破坏, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244335230543315124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[58], rfOrder=94, authorNames=Sanlih News Network, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sanlih News Network. Masonry wall damage of residential building[EB/OL] [2024-04-03] https://www.setn.com. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Masonry wall damage of residential building, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244335230618812597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[59], rfOrder=95, authorNames=新华网, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=新华网 台湾花莲县海域发生7.3级地震[EB/OL] [2024-04-03] http://www.news.cn/photo/20240403/6d8e6bf7ac794d40a1da09970f13cacb/c.html., articleTitle=台湾花莲县海域发生7.3级地震, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244335230681727158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[59], rfOrder=96, authorNames=Xinhua News Agency, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xinhua News Agency. 7.3-magnitude earthquake hits waters off Hualien County, Taiwan[EB/OL] [2024-04-03] http://www.news.cn/photo/20240403/6d8e6bf7ac794d40a1da09970f13cacb/c.html. (in Chinese), articleTitle=7.3-magnitude earthquake hits waters off Hualien County, Taiwan, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244335230757224631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[60], rfOrder=97, authorNames=中时新闻网, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中时新闻网 新北环状线爆灾情捷运局证实: 板新至中原站间位移[EB/OL] [2024-04-03] https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20240403001487-260405 chdtv., articleTitle=新北环状线爆灾情捷运局证实: 板新至中原站间位移, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244335230857887928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[60], rfOrder=98, authorNames=China Times, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=China Times. New North Ring line explosion disaster Bureau confirmed: New plate to the central station displacement between[EB/OL] [2024-04-03] https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20240403001487-260405 chdtv. (in Chinese), articleTitle=New North Ring line explosion disaster Bureau confirmed: New plate to the central station displacement between, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244335232376225977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[61], rfOrder=99, authorNames=中时新闻网, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中时新闻网. 苏花路廊航拍[EB/OL] [2024-04-03 14: 33] https://www.chinatimes.com/cn/realtimenews/20240403004156-260405ctrack=pc_main_life_p02&chdtv., articleTitle=苏花路廊航拍, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244335232460112058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[61], rfOrder=100, authorNames=China Times, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=China Times. Aerial photo of Suhua road corridor[EB/OL] [2024-04-03] https://www.chinatimes.com/cn/realtimenews/20240403004156-260405ctrack=pc_main_life_p02&chdtv. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Aerial photo of Suhua road corridor, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244335232581746875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[62], rfOrder=101, authorNames=台湾交通部公路局, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=台湾交通部公路局 台湾东部海域地震公路局巡查省道路况台8线及台9线苏花路廊全线封闭[EB/OL] [2024-04-03] https://www.thb.gov.tw/News_Content_table.aspxn=12181&s=249549., articleTitle=台湾东部海域地震公路局巡查省道路况台8线及台9线苏花路廊全线封闭, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1244335232661438652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[62], rfOrder=102, authorNames=Taiwan Ministry of Communications Highway, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Taiwan Ministry of Communications Highway. Bureau Taiwan Eastern Sea Seismic Highway Bureau inspect provincial road conditions Taiwan Line 8 and Taiwan Line 9 Suhua Road corridor closed[EB/OL] [2024-04-03] https://www.thb.gov.tw/News_Content_table.aspxn=12181&s=249549. 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journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Cross section of fault slip distribution[12], figureFileSmall=P6ViZwfLoxDIDbff/pSMDQ==, figureFileBig=8tSzFB+nK1wyLNkHxZEveg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335211719279377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=CN, label=图1, caption=断层滑移分布横截面[12], figureFileSmall=P6ViZwfLoxDIDbff/pSMDQ==, figureFileBig=8tSzFB+nK1wyLNkHxZEveg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335211903828761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Schematic diagram of thrust fault movement[14], figureFileSmall=oFoqJIVT7al5itKSxo5c3Q==, figureFileBig=cce8ZCchlDMUEqni+8SYaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335212008686368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=CN, label=图2, caption=逆冲断层运动示意图[14], figureFileSmall=oFoqJIVT7al5itKSxo5c3Q==, figureFileBig=cce8ZCchlDMUEqni+8SYaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335212121932582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Plate boundary at the MS7.3 earthquake in Hualien, Taiwan, China[4], figureFileSmall=+SGGglDMqDVpJJ8dsNyixQ==, figureFileBig=OMsJtdCRINSm4wu2LbLCFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335212264538925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=CN, label=图3, caption=我国台湾花莲MS7.3地震所处板块边界[4], figureFileSmall=+SGGglDMqDVpJJ8dsNyixQ==, figureFileBig=OMsJtdCRINSm4wu2LbLCFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335212377785141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Distribution relationship between near fault stations and projection surface of fault surface, figureFileSmall=XNDn+e9Z/LipQG6RipmaDQ==, figureFileBig=o60sqiceCRsGIuvlnYQk5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335212474254139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=CN, label=图4, caption=近断层台站与断层地表投影面的分布关系, figureFileSmall=XNDn+e9Z/LipQG6RipmaDQ==, figureFileBig=o60sqiceCRsGIuvlnYQk5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335212579111743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Three-component ground motion records and acceleration response spectra at HWA051 station, figureFileSmall=oYdnBsGkE761j8On2siMgQ==, figureFileBig=wev/bZ3lmdCOTZIpGWmiAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335212679775044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=CN, label=图5, caption=HWA051台站三分量地震动记录及加速度反应谱, figureFileSmall=oYdnBsGkE761j8On2siMgQ==, figureFileBig=wev/bZ3lmdCOTZIpGWmiAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335212776244041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Three-component ground motion records and acceleration response spectra at HWA025 station, figureFileSmall=0vGMQxpBHWeAXIheToFz2w==, figureFileBig=SBiZQ4CLmmdUgQLddZ6bcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335212881101649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=CN, label=图6, caption=HWA025台站三分量记录及加速度反应谱, figureFileSmall=0vGMQxpBHWeAXIheToFz2w==, figureFileBig=SBiZQ4CLmmdUgQLddZ6bcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335214407828313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Distribution relationship between the preeminent period of acceleration response spectra and rupture distance calculated from near fault 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figureFileBig=xC/jzZqBVkhPkKCpyQNfYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335214856618866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Relationship between the within-event residuals of horizontal PGA and Sa at a given period to distance based on GMPEs, figureFileSmall=NLba6FEi7VDonoSnXMSspg==, figureFileBig=cT+sIeVNsRVHSbCpUXLLWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335214957282166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=CN, label=图9, caption=基于GMPEs绘制的水平向PGA和给定周期下的Sa事件内残差与距离的关系, figureFileSmall=NLba6FEi7VDonoSnXMSspg==, figureFileBig=cT+sIeVNsRVHSbCpUXLLWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335215078916988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=EN, label=Fig. 10, caption=Landslides caused by earthquakes[51], figureFileSmall=UeCEuqF30u5S0WUBWTATNw==, figureFileBig=6wNTcYrFVE4Y7wJDpR4RmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335215183774590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=CN, label=图10, caption=地震导致落石塌方[51], figureFileSmall=UeCEuqF30u5S0WUBWTATNw==, figureFileBig=6wNTcYrFVE4Y7wJDpR4RmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335215288632194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Landslide in Hualien County, Taiwan, China[52], figureFileSmall=836FOHxAUuTjVF2hWlW0gQ==, figureFileBig=ikLzC9HCXrUYSHj7dLKxcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335215372518277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=CN, label=图11, caption=我国台湾花莲县山体滑坡[52], figureFileSmall=836FOHxAUuTjVF2hWlW0gQ==, figureFileBig=ikLzC9HCXrUYSHj7dLKxcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335215456404363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Numerous rockfalls at the entrance of Chongde Tunnel on Suhua Highway[4], figureFileSmall=2W/ilZTTEV0C12fpbb7I7Q==, figureFileBig=+2Z2ZvJ7d5dY/HcOnku3bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335215569650579, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=CN, label=图12, caption=苏花公路崇德隧道口大量落石[4], figureFileSmall=2W/ilZTTEV0C12fpbb7I7Q==, figureFileBig=+2Z2ZvJ7d5dY/HcOnku3bg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335215682896796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Partial fracture of Guishan Island, Taiwan, China[53], figureFileSmall=Dj7YO+E1Zwbf1j4QRYI8kA==, figureFileBig=fe4Ipi4SDYfii58KnicAog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335215766782880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=CN, label=图13, caption=我国台湾龟山岛部分断裂[53], figureFileSmall=Dj7YO+E1Zwbf1j4QRYI8kA==, figureFileBig=fe4Ipi4SDYfii58KnicAog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335215859057574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Foundation collapse of a residential building in New Taipei City[56], figureFileSmall=srEDxAk0RXY4JEz0rEOtTQ==, figureFileBig=sXgg6GWL1TV1PJx+Y3Znjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335215951332266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=CN, label=图14, caption=新北市房屋地基塌陷[56], figureFileSmall=srEDxAk0RXY4JEz0rEOtTQ==, figureFileBig=sXgg6GWL1TV1PJx+Y3Znjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335216026829741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Tilting of Uranus building in Hualien County[4], figureFileSmall=2ihOrQrJTe/soWIw9Ro+ww==, figureFileBig=G/5H6D3Uq/ARS1dplCRRTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335216127493040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=CN, label=图15, caption=花莲县天王星大楼发生倾斜[4], figureFileSmall=2ihOrQrJTe/soWIw9Ro+ww==, figureFileBig=G/5H6D3Uq/ARS1dplCRRTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335216232350645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=EN, label=Fig. 16, caption=Many walls damaged in the Girls’ Middle School building in Hualien County[57], figureFileSmall=NtcOXjYtL+gaKsJ8/YO3Dw==, figureFileBig=iDfM5Fxhobfemsq0CA0+Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335216341402558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=CN, label=图16, caption=花莲县女子中学校舍内多处墙体发生破坏[57], figureFileSmall=NtcOXjYtL+gaKsJ8/YO3Dw==, figureFileBig=iDfM5Fxhobfemsq0CA0+Vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335216437871549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=EN, label=Fig. 17, caption=Damage to the walls of residential buildings in Taipei City[58-59], figureFileSmall=4hodu2xVKp1hVoe7KbEpqw==, figureFileBig=QR005lvUgYkYQVCm0ffmug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335216538534851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=CN, label=图17, caption=台北市居民楼墙体破坏[5859], figureFileSmall=4hodu2xVKp1hVoe7KbEpqw==, figureFileBig=QR005lvUgYkYQVCm0ffmug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335216647586757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=EN, label=Fig. 18, caption=Dislocation of bridge body of New Taipei City Circle Line[60], figureFileSmall=7ETVD1CODj90vkQBmGYyoQ==, figureFileBig=SxKxUQOgXTfiLgdbSLtM9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335216760832968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=CN, label=图18, caption=新北市环线桥体错位[60], figureFileSmall=7ETVD1CODj90vkQBmGYyoQ==, figureFileBig=SxKxUQOgXTfiLgdbSLtM9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335216853107664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=EN, label=Fig. 19, caption=Bridge fracture in front of Daqingshui Tunnel in Xiulin Township, Hualien County[61], figureFileSmall=IIfB41RCXs+vSq73GagakQ==, figureFileBig=ZANQt/ijeS9amnY+DgR3+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335216945382355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=CN, label=图19, caption=花莲县秀林乡大清水隧道前桥梁断裂[61], figureFileSmall=IIfB41RCXs+vSq73GagakQ==, figureFileBig=ZANQt/ijeS9amnY+DgR3+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335217050239960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=EN, label=Fig. 20, caption=Large road rupture at the site[62], figureFileSmall=8ke46yagEL/S4ZT6bUwHkg==, figureFileBig=A8qJUIlaiovmm55RWAzY4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335217146708958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=CN, label=图20, caption=现场道路发生大破裂[62], figureFileSmall=8ke46yagEL/S4ZT6bUwHkg==, figureFileBig=A8qJUIlaiovmm55RWAzY4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335217222206434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=EN, label=Fig. 21, caption=Collapse of Pier 25 of the West Embankment of Hualien Port[63], figureFileSmall=JBqYTwwTcx0Tvn8BQ/Tzlg==, figureFileBig=C7YYxiRZFes6lBKMDrBs7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335217306092518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=CN, label=图21, caption=花莲港西堤25号码头陷落[63], figureFileSmall=JBqYTwwTcx0Tvn8BQ/Tzlg==, figureFileBig=C7YYxiRZFes6lBKMDrBs7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335218857985003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016581710136, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Information of near-fault stations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
台站编号断层距/km Rx/km相对断层位置PGA_EW/(cm/s2PGA_NS/(cm/s2PGA_UD/(cm/s2
E006(ILA006)24.693.30上盘167.04162.0077.01
E022(ILA022)24.15-14.60下盘65.2888.5640.10
E023(ILA023)26.55-18.96下盘104.35138.8466.48
E026(ILA026)25.43-3.80下盘137.23135.2169.13
E042(ILA042)27.72-2.13下盘112.17178.3662.19
E046(ILA046)23.83-6.18下盘107.02109.1478.50
E053(ILA053)11.489.88上盘298.27257.57247.98
E059(ILA059)26.901.76上盘111.52172.0028.05
E062(ILA062)11.478.83上盘224.04213.93234.68
E067(ILA067)28.56-28.08下盘285.50313.7481.35
E068(ILA068)22.727.61上盘189.66182.5797.94
F015(HWA015)12.3111.14上盘253.47218.17384.42
F019(HWA019)16.5615.68上盘253.17456.16183.41
F020(HWA020)9.467.91上盘260.05200.50127.66
F025(HWA025)11.7810.09上盘304.87333.25545.54
F026(HWA026)11.199.69上盘401.44377.48429.54
F028(HWA028)14.3113.38上盘254.48205.14425.39
F036(HWA036)21.3017.14上盘104.20113.0474.39
F037(HWA037)26.0821.14上盘166.50178.71120.99
F044(HWA044)23.6624.44上盘351.70357.86168.34
F045(HWA045)12.9011.80上盘352.95362.75230.62
F048(HWA048)12.1310.98上盘417.89200.96378.41
F049(HWA049)11.9910.31上盘398.92352.07359.08
F051(HWA051)16.4815.74上盘496.72540.91259.95
F053(HWA053)29.2716.65上盘40.6734.5323.61
F054(HWA054)27.0918.07上盘78.7865.8041.88
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近断层台站信息

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台站编号断层距/km Rx/km相对断层位置PGA_EW/(cm/s2PGA_NS/(cm/s2PGA_UD/(cm/s2
E006(ILA006)24.693.30上盘167.04162.0077.01
E022(ILA022)24.15-14.60下盘65.2888.5640.10
E023(ILA023)26.55-18.96下盘104.35138.8466.48
E026(ILA026)25.43-3.80下盘137.23135.2169.13
E042(ILA042)27.72-2.13下盘112.17178.3662.19
E046(ILA046)23.83-6.18下盘107.02109.1478.50
E053(ILA053)11.489.88上盘298.27257.57247.98
E059(ILA059)26.901.76上盘111.52172.0028.05
E062(ILA062)11.478.83上盘224.04213.93234.68
E067(ILA067)28.56-28.08下盘285.50313.7481.35
E068(ILA068)22.727.61上盘189.66182.5797.94
F015(HWA015)12.3111.14上盘253.47218.17384.42
F019(HWA019)16.5615.68上盘253.17456.16183.41
F020(HWA020)9.467.91上盘260.05200.50127.66
F025(HWA025)11.7810.09上盘304.87333.25545.54
F026(HWA026)11.199.69上盘401.44377.48429.54
F028(HWA028)14.3113.38上盘254.48205.14425.39
F036(HWA036)21.3017.14上盘104.20113.0474.39
F037(HWA037)26.0821.14上盘166.50178.71120.99
F044(HWA044)23.6624.44上盘351.70357.86168.34
F045(HWA045)12.9011.80上盘352.95362.75230.62
F048(HWA048)12.1310.98上盘417.89200.96378.41
F049(HWA049)11.9910.31上盘398.92352.07359.08
F051(HWA051)16.4815.74上盘496.72540.91259.95
F053(HWA053)29.2716.65上盘40.6734.5323.61
F054(HWA054)27.0918.07上盘78.7865.8041.88
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A014(TAP014)台北市1625.06°121.55°68.07106.58
A125(TAP125)新北市1225.07°121.65°67.81215.10
A103(TAP103)新北市72825.07°121.78°68.56178.19
B129(TCU129)南投县11323.88°120.69°64.1959.71
C024(CHY024)云林县10123.76°120.62°68.3578.89
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A125(TAP125)新北市1225.07°121.65°67.81215.10
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B129(TCU129)南投县11323.88°120.69°64.1959.71
C024(CHY024)云林县10123.76°120.62°68.3578.89
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2024年中国台湾花莲县MS7.3地震动特征及灾害分析
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徐龙军 1 , 张建宇 2 , 田浩 3 , 靳超越 3 , 谢礼立 1, 4
世界地震工程 | 常规论文 2025,41(4): 118-133
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世界地震工程 | 常规论文 2025, 41(4): 118-133
2024年中国台湾花莲县MS7.3地震动特征及灾害分析
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徐龙军1 , 张建宇2, 田浩3 , 靳超越3, 谢礼立1, 4
作者信息
  • 1.江汉大学 精细爆破国家重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430056
  • 2.江汉大学 数字建造与爆破工程学院,湖北 武汉 430056
  • 3.华中科技大学 土木与水利工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 4.中国地震局工程力学研究所,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 徐龙军(1976—),男,教授,博士,主要从事防灾减灾工程研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

田浩(1996—),男,博士研究生,主要从事地震工程方面的研究。E-mail:
Characteristics and disaster analysis of MS7.3 ground motion in Hualien County, Taiwan, China in 2024
Longjun XU1 , Jianyu ZHANG2, Hao TIAN3 , Chaoyue JIN3, Lili XIE1, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
  • 2.School of Digital Construction and Blasting Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
  • 3.School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
  • 4.Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0065
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2024年4月3日7时58分,中国台湾花莲县海域(23.81°N,121.74°E)发生MS7.3地震,为逆冲型破裂。此次地震是继“9·21”集集大地震后发生的最大规模地震。为了较全面地认识此次地震的特征和灾害效应,从中汲取地震灾害经验和教训,首先结合发震机制说明了此次地震成因;其次,选取台湾地区气象局地震台网中心238个台站记录到的三分量记录共714条地震动,对其中断层距32 km以内的近断层强震动的工程特征进行分析;最后,结合震害调查资料,重点探究了本次地震与土木工程结构破坏间的联系及震害的分布规律。结果表明:此次地震的地震动具有中高频成分显著且地震动峰值加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA)和加速度反应谱(acceleration response spectrum,Sa)随断层距的增加衰减缓慢的特征,对中短周期结构的破坏显著;震害分布集中于花莲县、新北市和台北市附近,沿台东纵谷地壳对接带东侧随断裂带的发育呈线性分布,其中花莲县由于距震源较近震害最为严重,新北市和台北市虽距震源较远但地震动的山地放大效应和盆地放大效应致使其震害也较为严重。相关研究可为中短周期结构的抗震设防和地震区划研究提供参考。

花莲县MS7.3地震  /  地震动特征  /  灾害调查  /  震害分布

At 7:58 on April 3, 2024, an MS7.3 earthquake occurred (23.81°N, 121.74°E) in the waters of Hualien County, Taiwan, China, which was characterized as a thrust rupture. This earthquake is the largest earthquake since the “9·21” Chi-Chi earthquake. To comprehensively understand the characteristics and disaster effects of the earthquake and learn from the experience and lessons of the earthquake disaster, the cause of the earthquake is explained in combination with the mechanism of earthquake generation. Then, 714 strong ground motions recorded by 238 stations of the Earthquake Network Center of the Meteorological Bureau of Taiwan within 32 km of the fault are selected to analyze the engineering characteristics of these ground motions. Based on disaster investigation data, the relation between the earthquake and the structural damage of civil engineering as well as the distribution pattern of earthquake damage are discussed. The results show that ground motions of this earthquake have the characteristics of significant middle-to-high frequency contents with slow attenuation of PGA and Sa over rupture distance, causing the damage to medium-to-short period structures. The distribution of earthquake damage is concentrated in Hualien County, New Taipei City and Taipei City, and along the east side of the crustal butt belt of Taitung longitudinal Valley, the distribution is linear with the development of the fault zone. Hualien County is the most serious earthquake damage due to its proximity to the focal point, while New Taipei City and Taipei City are far away from the focal point, but the earthquake damage is also more serious due to the mountain amplification effect and basin amplification effect of ground motions. The relevant study can provide reference for the research of seismic fortification and seismic regionalization of medium-to-short period structures.

Hualien County MS7.3 Earthquake  /  ground motion characteristics  /  disaster investigation  /  seismic disaster distribution
徐龙军, 张建宇, 田浩, 靳超越, 谢礼立. 2024年中国台湾花莲县MS7.3地震动特征及灾害分析. 世界地震工程, 2025 , 41 (4) : 118 -133 . DOI: 10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0065
Longjun XU, Jianyu ZHANG, Hao TIAN, Chaoyue JIN, Lili XIE. Characteristics and disaster analysis of MS7.3 ground motion in Hualien County, Taiwan, China in 2024[J]. World Earthquake Engineering, 2025 , 41 (4) : 118 -133 . DOI: 10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0065
北京时间2024年4月3日7时58分,根据中国地震台网中心[1]测定,中国台湾花莲县发生MS7.3地震,震中位于花莲县东海域(23.81°N,121.74°E),震源深度达12 km,并伴随多次强余震。据美国地质调查局(United States Geological Survey,USGS)[2]发布的数据,此次地震的震中烈度为Ⅷ度(modified mercalli intensity scale,MMI烈度),台湾气象部门[3]测得震中烈度为6度强,并指出此次花莲地震是“9•21”集集大地震发生25年后的最大规模地震。强震导致的地质灾害及土木工程灾害严重阻碍了当地应急救灾工作的开展,威胁着台湾地区人民的生命和财产安全。截至2024年4月27日,此次地震已造成18人死亡、1 155人受伤,另有2人失联[4];灾害发生后,苏花路廊全线中断,花莲县一时间沦为“孤城”,救援工作难以开展。强震也迫使我国沿海多段铁路采取相应的避险措施,部分地区铁路线临时封锁。
灾害是超越承灾体自身承载能力的突发事件[5],其造成人类生命、财产、资源和生态环境严重损失,深刻影响着人类的生存与发展。过往研究表明,近断层区域的地震动特征与土木工程结构的破坏特征间具有强相关性[6-10],对近断层区域地震动特征进行探究可以认识震害发生的重要机理。本文基于收集到的238个台站的714条三分量地震动记录,挑选出其中32 km以内26个台站的78条三分量近断层强震动记录,从发震机制、强震动特征以及地震灾害展开探究和分析,给出了此次强震动的工程特征及震害的分布情况,针对现阶段强震动工程特征研究中存在的不足,提出了新思考,以期对后续实现土木工程震害的防御、抗震减灾工作的区域化开展提供借鉴。
此次地震发生在台湾花东纵谷断裂带北段,震源位于菲律宾海板块与欧亚板块间俯冲带上,为逆冲型破裂且呈现双侧破裂,破裂持续时间约35 s,主要破裂长度约50 km[11]、走向26°、倾角58°[12],断层最大滑移为2.6 m,断层滑移分布的截面如图1所示[12]。逆断层的运动机制为两盘盘体相互挤压,断层上盘盘体相对于下盘盘体向上运动推覆,伴随有显著的上盘效应(上盘地震动幅值显著大于下盘)[13],断层两盘运动过程如图2所示[14]。我国台湾岛位于欧亚板块东南缘与菲律宾海板块的斜向聚合处,属西太平洋板块聚合带-火山岛弧带-地震带的一部分,如图3所示[4]。以台东纵谷地壳对接带为界,西部属欧亚大陆板块,东部属菲律宾海板块。在台湾地区南部,欧亚大陆板块以南海海洋地壳为先导向东俯冲至菲律宾海板块之下;在台湾地区东北部,菲律宾海板块向北西俯冲至欧亚大陆板块之下,形成了独特的双俯冲带——马尼拉海沟与琉球海沟。双俯冲带显著控制了台湾岛及附近海域的地质特征及大地构造[15]
菲律宾海板块与欧亚大陆板块的相互挤压碰撞,导致台湾岛及其附近地区地壳运动十分活跃,在台湾地区东部,7级及以上地震并不罕见,该区域地震频发是板块运动、地质构造复杂等多种因素耦合作用的结果。台湾地区东部地处俯冲带上,俯冲带通常指大洋板块俯冲于大陆板块之下的构造带,是地震活动带[16],板块间碰撞俯冲导致地壳剧烈缩短并发生斜向剪切变形,板块运动碰撞后积蓄的能量释放是台湾地震频发的主要原因[17]。台湾岛地质构造复杂,发育了如左旋走滑的纵谷断裂及其以西的近南北向逆断层系,特别是台东的中央山脉,其为台湾岛上的最大断裂带[18],亦是台湾地震的主要活动区,而中央山脉东侧发育的南北走向断裂带是此次地震发生的断裂带即花东纵谷断裂带,断层盘体间的相对运动是破坏性地震发生的重要原因。
此次强震事件是台湾地质灾害及土木工程灾害的主要原因,对强震动特征的分析和研究是地震工程领域中的重要课题。本节基于台湾地区的强震动记录,对地震动特征加以分析。
地震动记录是强震动特征分析的基础,其承载着地震动的时域以及频域等探究地震破坏能力的关键信息。由于环境噪声和仪器倾斜等因素的存在,未经处理的地震动记录通常包含地震信息以外的干扰信息[19-20],因此,对地震动记录进行处理是有必要的,处理过程主要包括基线校正和滤波[21]
本文收集了台湾气象部门地震台网中心238个台站记录到的三分量记录714条,参考李明等[22]对近断层区域的划分研究从中挑选出断层距32 km以内的26个台站记录到的三分量自由场记录78条近断层地震动进行重点探究,图4给出了近断层台站与断层地表投影的位置关系。为降低仪器倾斜、环境噪声等因素干扰,采用基线校正的方式使加速度时程回归零基线。采用BOORE等[23-24]提出的基线校正方法,滤波器选择4阶Butterworth非因果滤波[25-26],截止频率设置为0.1~25.0 Hz,抑制干扰频率,提高信噪比,相比于因果滤波,采用非因果滤波的方式可以保证位移时程不失真[27]表1列出了近断层的26个台站收集到的地震动信息,其中通过计算台站到断层地表迹线的垂直距离[28]Rx(horizontal coordinate of the site with respect to the top of the rupture)对台站与断层的相对位置进行判定,上盘台站20个,下盘台站6个。
强震动工程特征的三要素为幅值、频谱和持时[29],其中强震动的幅值是表征地震强度的重要指标,频谱成分反映了地震动频率成分的分布,二者均为表征地震动潜在破坏势的重要指标。目前工程中针对强震动持时的应用与评估相对笼统[30],故本节重点探究此次强震动工程特征中的幅值和频谱特征。
此次地震所选的238个台站记录到的三分量地震动峰值加速度(PGA)大小范围分别为:EW向19.10~496.72 cm/s2、NS向17.32~540.91 cm/s2、UD向10.38~545.54 cm/s2,台站距离的分布为震源距23.08~162.54 km,断层距9.46~99.42 km。统计发现此次地震的地震动竖向PGA最大值大于水平向最大值,分析认为,可能由于此次发震机制地震断层类型为逆冲断层,且对应的两台站按照美国UBC场地分类标准[31]均为C类即硬土或基岩,但HWA025断层距小于HWA051断层距,距离震源更近,表现出记录到的竖向地震动的峰值加速度最大值高于水平向的最大值。结合图4表1,可以看出分别位于断层上下两盘且断层距相近的两对台站(ILA006和ILA022、ILA068和ILA023)记录到的三分量PGA上盘两台站显著高于下盘两台站,且位于断层上盘的台站记录到的三分量PGA普遍大于断层下盘的台站,表现出明显的上盘效应。图5图6分别给出了所选台站记录中PGA的记录所对应的加速度、速度、位移时程和阻尼比为5%的加速度反应谱Sa示例。针对所选记录的最大水平向(EW/NS)和竖向(UD)PGA进行重点探究,台站HWA051的断层距16.48 km,其EW向PGA为496.72 cm/s2,NS向PGA 540.91 cm/s2,UD向PGA 264.44 cm/s2。台站HWA025的断层距11.78 km,其中EW、NS和UD分量的PGA分别为304.87、333.25、545.54 cm/s2。HWA051台站EW向的反应谱卓越周期为0.52 s、NS向为0.46 s、UD向为0.09 s,HWA025台站EW向的反应谱卓越周期为0.47 s、NS向为0.30 s、UD向为0.09 s。两台站记录对应的Sa在0.30~0.52 s短周期段幅值大、大于1.0 s长周期段幅值小,因此在水平方向上会对中短周期结构的影响大,竖向上对0.09 s左右的短周期结构影响明显。图7给出了由近断层台站记录到的水平和竖向地震动计算得到的阻尼比为5%的加速度反应谱卓越周期与断层距的分布关系,可以看出此次地震中近断层强震动加速度反应谱卓越周期范围主要分布在0~1.0 s范围内,且水平向卓越周期显著高于竖向,因此,可以认为此次近断层地震动尤其是竖向地震动具有中高频成分显著的特征。
地震动衰减关系也被称为地震动预测方程(ground motion prediction equations,GMPEs),即采用模型化的方式对地震动参数进行预测[32],是地震动区划、概率地震危险性分析、重大工程场地地震安全性评价等地震工程学研究和实践中的关键一环。因此,分析此次地震的衰减特征是必要的。
此次地震事件发生在双俯冲带——马尼拉海沟与琉球海沟地区,断层类型为逆断层,震源深度为12 km,其小于50 km,震源位于俯冲板块海沟和海岸线之间,据美国USGS[33]给出的资料显示矩震级MW7.4,因此,根据MONTALVA等[34]的研究此次地震事件被划分为板间地震。鉴于上述条件,故选用LIN等[35]和CHAO等[36]针对台湾俯冲带地区提出的两个经验预测模型与此次地震进行对比,探究此次地震中水平向地震动的衰减特征。值得注意的是,两个预测模型中针对俯冲带地区考虑了震源类型和场地条件等解释变量,进而可以表征不同场地条件下震源类型为俯冲带板间和俯冲带板内地震的地震动参数(PGA、Sa)随距离的衰减规律。
为直观反映我国台湾花莲县MS7.3地震的衰减特性,结合SEYHAN等[37]的场地效应模型,利用KANNO等[38]的归一化方法对238个台站记录到的地震动观测值进行处理,归一化条件为VS30=467 m/s,绘制了水平向PGA、给定周期为T=0.1 s、T=0.5 s、T=1.0 s时加速度反应谱Sa随距离的变化并与LIN等[35](Lee08)和CHAO等[36](Chao20)提出的两个经验模型进行对比,如图8所示。需要指出的是Lee08和Chao20采用了不同类型的水平成分以及距离参数,因此,为保证对比的科学性,本文在对比时与其保持一致。即与Lee08模型对比时,取水平两分量(EW、NS)的几何平均值,采用震源距(Rhyp)作为输入变量;与Chao20模型对比时,分别取水平两分量的实际观测值以及断层距(Rrup)作为输入变量,断层模型采用美国USGS公布的随机有限断层模型[12],并从我国台湾强震测站厂址工程地质资料库[39]中获得各台站的地表以下30 m深度内的平均剪切波速(VS30)。
图8整体来看,所选2个模型的预测趋势与此次地震水平向地震动的PGA和Sa随距离的衰减率均存在偏差,尤其是近断层区域,该区域的PGA和Sa观测值普遍高于Lee08模型的预测均值,且普遍低于Chao20模型的预测均值。图8(d)可以看出在T=1.0 s的Sa观测值大都分布在Chao20模型预测均值±1倍标准差范围内,说明Chao20较好地捕捉到了该周期下的Sa衰减规律。结合图8(a)图8(b)发现PGA和Sa(T=0.1 s)的观测值,在断层距60 km范围内基本均匀分布在Chao20模型均值±1倍标准差范围内,但在断层距60~100 km范围内观测值显著高于Chao20模型的预测均值,出现断崖式偏大这一现象(相比60 km以内的数据)且基本均匀分布在Chao20模型的预测均值+1倍标准差附近,在震源距80~160 km范围内PGA和Sa(T=0.1 s)的观测值也大都分布在Lee08模型均值+1倍标准差附近。结合台站分布情况以及台湾区域地质来看,断层距为60~100 km范围内的大量台站与震源间隔着山脉,且共有92个台站位于盆地之中(台北和台中盆地),可能山地场地放大效应[40-41]和盆地场地放大效应[42-43]导致了观测值在断层距为60~100 km范围内出现断崖式偏大这一现象(相比60 km以内的数据)。
为进一步探究此次地震动的衰减速率特征,采用了残差分析的方法进行讨论。过往研究中[44-45],针对区域地震动衰减速率进行分析时,常用基于地震动预测模型与地震事件的事件内残差随距离的分布情况进行分析,利用BOORE等[46]提出的拟合方法进行回归分析,回归分析得到的拟合曲线趋势分为平坦、下降、上升三种,分别代表着衰减速率的匀速、快速、缓慢。因此,基于上述所选的2个地震动预测模型,利用总残差减去事件间残差得到事件内残差,在回归分析中考虑到数据的可靠性针对两个模型分别限制的数据范围为Rhyp>50 km、Rrup>20 km,绘制了水平向PGA和给定周期下的Sa事件内残差与距离的关系,如图9所示。
图9可以看出,此次地震动水平向PGA和给定周期下的Sa,与Lee08模型相比事件内残差的拟合曲线较为平坦,随震源距的增加衰减较为匀速,与Chao20模型相比事件内残差的拟合曲线呈上升趋势,随断层距的增加衰减缓慢。
强震导致了诸多地质灾害及土木工程灾害,本节针对震害的成因及分布情况进行调查,结合地震动特征进行灾害分析。
此次地震诱发了严重的自然地质灾害,如山体滑坡、落石等,造成了严重交通阻塞,切断了当地的生命线,阻断了与外界的联系。滑坡是岩体或土体在重力作用下整体顺坡下滑造成的自然灾害[47]。落石指常见于地形陡峭山区的一种地质灾害现象[48],多与滑坡灾害伴随,地震在基岩山区常诱发落石崩塌。地震动强度与地震滑坡、落石之间密切相关,高震级、高烈度地震是诱发滑坡和泥流地质灾害的关键因素[49],通常Ms>5就会形成较大规模落石[50],此次地震面波震级为MS7.3符合大规模地震落石的形成条件。图10为地震导致台中山区道路旁山体塌方产生落石使得21人当场受困[51]图11图12为强震导致我国台湾花莲县山体滑坡、苏花公路崇德隧道口前大量落石,造成十多人伤亡、当地车辆无法正常通行双向交通受阻[52,4]图13为位于宜兰县头城镇的著名景点龟山岛,其发生部分断裂,下方溅起粉尘[53]
此次地震滑坡、落石等地质灾害多位于台东与台中地区,由于当地山区众多,山地地形放大效应的存在为地质灾害的发育提供了条件。在极震区地震传播过程中的P波导致坡体上下向的高频震动导致岩体结构面中岩桥或底部软弱基座连接力下降产生裂隙[54],后续的S波带有横向剪切作用使得土石体中裂隙扩展并贯通,最终体波衍生出强大面波,并伴随山区地形的加速度放大效应,发生滑坡与落石[55]
土木工程灾害是指土木工程原因导致工程失效、失稳而引发的灾害,其本质是土木工程抗灾能力不足所致[5]。在地震作用下如果土木工程设施缺乏必要的抗震能力就会发生破坏甚至倒塌,对人类的生命和财产安全造成巨大威胁。此次地震对我国台湾花莲县造成重大的土木工程灾害,严重危害了当地百姓的生命财产安全,也重创了当地的经济发展,阻断了当地部分区域的交通,阻碍了救援工作的开展。
对当地房屋建筑震害进行调查如下:图14中地震导致新北市新店区安泰路发生地基塌陷,致使8间连栋建筑发生坍塌,附近居民住宅几乎悬空,住户生命安全受到威胁,附近12住户紧急撤离,另有10多辆汽车发生损毁[56]图15中花莲县中山路天王星大楼因强震而发生大幅度倾斜,住宅楼地上9层和地下1层住有75户,整栋楼以45°倾角陷入地下,造成部分人员伤亡、受困,救援工作开展受阻[4]图16为花莲市女子中学校舍内多处墙体发生破坏,墙内钢筋弯曲变形,墙体碎片散落满地,且墙体破坏中表现为窗户旁的框架柱破坏,导致该校停工停课[57]图17为台北市新庄区和松山区居民楼砌体填充墙发生剪切破坏,部分瓷砖发生脱落,对地面车辆通行及行人安全受到影响[58-59]
对当地交通工程设施进行调查如下:图18为强震所致新北市环线板新站至中原站间桥体发生错位钢箱梁局部位移,此外板新站至桥和站下行轨共有7处轨道错位,新北捷运全线停驶并疏散旅客,桥下车道也暂停行驶,人民的工作和生活遭受严重影响[60];从图19图20分别可见强震导致花莲县秀林乡大清水隧道前约20 m处桥梁发生断裂,路基消失,途径车辆无法通行,苏花公路现场道路产生大裂缝,旁侧山体发生落石砸毁汽车砸伤民众,致使苏花路廊全线中断[61-62],据台湾交通部门统计[62],强震导致的受阻路段集中在道台8线、台9线,其中台8线花莲路段是观光线路的重要路段、台9线是苏花路廊的交通运输要道,公路及桥梁隧道的破坏切断了当地交通干线,一时间花莲县变成了“孤城”。图21中花莲港内道路破裂、西堤25号码头发生陷落地表下沉,无法正常作业[63]
土木工程灾害与强震动工程特征之间存在着密切联系,此次地震强震动具有中高频成分显著且幅值大的特征,卓越周期接近低层建筑、建筑内部隔墙、小跨度桥梁等中短周期结构的自振周期产生共振效应导致其受损严重。通过震害调查结合过往研究进行分析。地震作用下地基的砂土水体系可能会发生残余孔隙水压力不断积累和消散的变化,砂土骨架经过扰动由稳定到失稳再到稳定[64],最终表现为地基沉降;水平向地震动会使得桥梁在水平方向受到地震激励作用后发生往复运动[65],伴随行波效应[66]的存在,桥梁纵向受到地震的非一致激励作用在不同位置产生不同位移,局部存在的位移差可能造成桥体的错位[67-68];竖向地震作用是框架柱破坏的直接原因,竖向地震动幅值较大会影响框架柱的抗弯承载能力引发框架柱的拉压破坏[69],同时水平地震作用可能进而造成其二次破坏即剪切破坏[70],从而降低框架结构的整体刚度,甚至引起其倾斜与倒塌;此外,砌体结构的竖向抗震能力不足也会导致墙体的脱落[71];此次地震动幅值衰减缓慢,致距离震源较远的新北市与台北市建筑受损也较为严重;强震作用下,公路因不规则的张拉剪切而发生断裂[72],公路外侧挡墙、土体的滑移与破坏导致不均匀沉降,常表现为路基路面的破裂并伴随错动与滑移。
震害调查的结果显示,此次地震对台东地区和台北地区造成的震害较为严重,集中于花莲县、台北市、新北市3个区域。结合我国台湾区域地质[18]发现,此次地震震害最为严重的区域位于台东纵谷地壳对接带东侧即花莲县附近,且伴随断裂带的发育呈线性分布。从地震动观测结果来看:震害最为严重区域与近断层台站的分布基本吻合,沿台湾岛东部海岸线分布的烈度较大且显著高于非沿海地区,且震害较为严重的区域与地震烈度较大的区域极为重合,但同时也表现出了部分地区虽距震源较远但仍产生较大震害的异常现象,尤其是台北区域的台北市和新北市。结合表2给出的台站信息可以看出,5个台站断层距相近但高程差异明显,地处山地的台站(TAP103)以及台北盆地的两台站(TAP014、TAP125)记录到的PGA显著高于一般台站(TCU129、CHY024),分析认为新北市和台北市震害较为严重可能是地震动的山地放大效应[40-41]和盆地放大效应[43]的存在造成的。由于台北市和新北市与震源之间隔着雪山山脉和中央山脉[4],存在山地放大效应,并且两城市地处台北盆地[73],存在盆地放大效应,使得地震波在传播过程中地震动幅值衰减缓慢甚至增大,所以该区域震害也较为严重。
对于震害的防御和阻断通常需要从地震动特征入手,结合其作用的对象土木工程结构调查与分析,找出二者间的主要特征和联系,进而采取有效的手段开展抗震设防与减灾工作。本文结合此次地震的发震机制、收集到的地震动记录以及震害调查资料进行分析,着重探究了地震动的工程特征及其衰减规律并结合震害分布的情况进行讨论得出以下认识:
1)此次地震发震机制为逆冲型破裂,地震断层类型为逆冲断层,可能导致此次地震记录到的所有三分量地震动峰值加速度中,竖向峰值加速度最大(545.54 cm/s2)。但结合台站的观测情况整体来看,此次地震的水平向地震动峰值加速度普遍大于竖向峰值加速度。
2)对比Chao20模型的预测结果来看,此次地震具有水平向PGA和Sa随断层距增加衰减缓慢的特征。两模型对此次地震的近断层地震动的PGA和Sa随距离的衰减预测均存在偏差,在距离较远处可能是山地地形和盆地地形放大效应的存在,导致部分台站的观测值高于两个模型的预测均值。针对俯冲带区域地质构造极为复杂,考虑该震源类型的地震动预测模型亟待完善。
3)根据震害调查的结果显示,此次地震震害集中位于花莲县、新北市、台北市,震害最严重的区域位于花莲县附近,且伴随断裂带的发育呈线性分布。同时发现新北市、台北市虽距离震源较远但震害也较为严重这一现象,结合当地地形和相关台站信息进行分析认为,地震动的山地放大效应和盆地放大效应可能导致了这一现象的出现;此外,震害较为严重的区域与地震烈度较大的区域几乎重合,表现出震害分布与地震动分布特征的密切相关性。
4)此次地震导致的土木工程灾害以中短周期结构为主,如低层建筑、建筑内部隔墙、小跨度桥梁等,结合本次地震的地震动工程特征来看此次地震动也具有中短周期成分显著的特征。表明地震动特征与土木工程结构中具有相同成分,由此产生的共振效应是导致土木工程结构破坏的重要原因。
  • 国家自然科学基金(地震联合)重点项目(U2139207)
  • 湖北省自然科学基金(创新群体)重点项目(2023AFA030)
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2025年第41卷第4期
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doi: 10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0065
  • 接收时间:2024-08-01
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-01
  • 修回日期:2025-02-11
基金
国家自然科学基金(地震联合)重点项目(U2139207)
湖北省自然科学基金(创新群体)重点项目(2023AFA030)
作者信息
    1.江汉大学 精细爆破国家重点实验室,湖北 武汉 430056
    2.江汉大学 数字建造与爆破工程学院,湖北 武汉 430056
    3.华中科技大学 土木与水利工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074
    4.中国地震局工程力学研究所,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080

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田浩(1996—),男,博士研究生,主要从事地震工程方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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