Article(id=1244334016120340921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, issueId=1244334009858240758, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0070, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726156800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-13, revisedDate=1742659200000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774601948050, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774601948050, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774601948050, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774601948050, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244334009858240758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, year='2025', volume='41', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='211', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774601946558, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774602401281, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244335917167657884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, issueId=1244334009858240758, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244335917167657885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, issueId=1244334009858240758, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=180, endPage=191, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244334018284601798, articleId=1244334016120340921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, language=EN, title=Seismic response analysis of skew bridges under pulse-type near-fault ground motions, columnId=null, journalTitle=World Earthquake Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To systematically study the influence of near-fault pulse characteristics on the seismic response of skew bridges, a four-span highway skew continuous girder bridge was taken and finite element models of the skew bridges with different skew angles were established by using OpenSees. The near-fault pulse-like ground motions with high-frequency components were artificially synthesized by using the decomposition-incorporation method. The effects of the moment magnitude and fault distance to the piers, main girders, beam-abutment collisions and exterior shear keys of skew bridges are analyzed. The results show that the sensitivity of the top displacement of the middle pier to the moment magnitude is greater than that of the side piers, but the sensitivity to the fault distance is not much different. The increase of the moment magnitude increases the displacement and rotation ratio of the main girder, as well as the maximum pounding force between the girder and the abutment. The results of increasing the fault distance are opposite to the previous results and the rotation ratio of the girder varies most when the skew angles is 15°. It is suggested to strengthen the shear reinforcement of the exterior shear keys for skew bridges with skew angles greater than 15°. As the moment magnitude is greater than 6.0 or the fault distance is 2~7 km, the exterior shear keys are in a state of failure under the near-fault ground motion.

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为系统研究近断层脉冲型地震动对斜交桥的影响,以一座4跨公路斜交连续梁桥为研究对象,基于OpenSees建立其不同斜度的斜交桥有限元分析模型。采用分解叠加法人工合成了含有高频分量的近断层脉冲型地震动,分析了矩震级和断层距对斜交桥桥墩、主梁、梁体-桥台碰撞和挡块的地震响应影响。结果表明:中墩墩顶最大位移对于矩震级的敏感性显著大于边墩,对于断层距的敏感性则相差不大;矩震级的增大会增加主梁位移和旋转率,以及梁体与桥台之间的最大碰撞力,断层距的增加则导致相反结果。其中,斜度为15°时主梁旋转率变化最为显著,斜度大于15°的斜交桥需加强挡块抗剪配筋;矩震级大于6.0级或断层距为2~7 km时,在近断层地震动作用下挡块均处于破坏状态。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
石岩(1985—),男,教授,博士,主要从事桥梁抗震及损伤控制研究。E-mail:
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张红英(1978—),女,讲师,硕士,主要从事交通基础工程研究。E-mail:

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张红英(1978—),女,讲师,硕士,主要从事交通基础工程研究。E-mail:

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张红英(1978—),女,讲师,硕士,主要从事交通基础工程研究。E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335215578039189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016120340921, language=EN, label=Fig. 17, caption=Maximum displacement of exterior shear key at different fault distances, figureFileSmall=mLnCce6oISG3u0PvTAq4/g==, figureFileBig=0sRSjtcIKmt8sX5cbXQX+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335215687091100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016120340921, language=CN, label=图17, caption=不同断层距下的挡块位移, figureFileSmall=mLnCce6oISG3u0PvTAq4/g==, figureFileBig=0sRSjtcIKmt8sX5cbXQX+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335215770977187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016120340921, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameters of mechanical model of exterior shear key

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参数/性能点点1点2点3点4点5
挡块位移Δi/mm3.411.528.640.157.3
挡块强度Vi/kN5748015745740
混凝土剪力分配项Vc/kN  323.0  
钢筋剪力分配项Vs/kN  478.0  
), ArticleFig(id=1244335215854863271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016120340921, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

挡块本构模型参数值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数/性能点点1点2点3点4点5
挡块位移Δi/mm3.411.528.640.157.3
挡块强度Vi/kN5748015745740
混凝土剪力分配项Vc/kN  323.0  
钢筋剪力分配项Vs/kN  478.0  
), ArticleFig(id=1244335215955526571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016120340921, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Pulse period and peak velocity corresponding to different moment magnitudes and fault distances

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R/km MW=6.0 MW=6.3 MW=6.6 MW=6.9 MW=7.2 MW=7.5
TpVp TpVp TpVp TpVp TpVp TpVp
21.12,701.50,982.02,1392.71,1963.63,2774.87,391
31.12,571.50,802.02,1132.71,1603.63,2264.87,319
41.12,491.50,692.02,982.71,1393.63,1964.87,276
51.12,441.50,622.02,882.71,1243.63,1754.87,247
61.12,401.50,572.02,802.71,1133.63,1604.87,226
71.12,371.50,532.02,742.71,1053.63,1484.87,209
), ArticleFig(id=1244335216031024047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016120340921, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同矩震级和断层距所对应的脉冲周期(s)和峰值速度(cm•s-1

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R/km MW=6.0 MW=6.3 MW=6.6 MW=6.9 MW=7.2 MW=7.5
TpVp TpVp TpVp TpVp TpVp TpVp
21.12,701.50,982.02,1392.71,1963.63,2774.87,391
31.12,571.50,802.02,1132.71,1603.63,2264.87,319
41.12,491.50,692.02,982.71,1393.63,1964.87,276
51.12,441.50,622.02,882.71,1243.63,1754.87,247
61.12,401.50,572.02,802.71,1133.63,1604.87,226
71.12,371.50,532.02,742.71,1053.63,1484.87,209
), ArticleFig(id=1244335216131687346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016120340921, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Original information on earthquake records

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号地震名称台站名称矩震级断层距/km
GM01NorthridgeNewhall-W Pico Canyon Rd6.695.48
GM02LandersYermo Fire Station7.2823.62
GM03Imperial ValleyEC Meloland Overpass FF6.530.07
GM04Imperial ValleyEC County Center FF6.537.31
GM05KocaeliGebze7.5110.92
GM06Chi-ChiTCU1037.626.10
GM07Chi-ChiTCU0877.627.00
GM08Chi-ChiTCU0827.625.18
GM09Chi-ChiTCU0547.625.30
GM10Chi-ChiTCU0527.620.66
), ArticleFig(id=1244335216236544951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334016120340921, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

原始的地震动信息

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序号地震名称台站名称矩震级断层距/km
GM01NorthridgeNewhall-W Pico Canyon Rd6.695.48
GM02LandersYermo Fire Station7.2823.62
GM03Imperial ValleyEC Meloland Overpass FF6.530.07
GM04Imperial ValleyEC County Center FF6.537.31
GM05KocaeliGebze7.5110.92
GM06Chi-ChiTCU1037.626.10
GM07Chi-ChiTCU0877.627.00
GM08Chi-ChiTCU0827.625.18
GM09Chi-ChiTCU0547.625.30
GM10Chi-ChiTCU0527.620.66
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脉冲型近断层地震动下斜交桥地震响应分析
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张红英 , 何卓力 , 刘云帅 , 车昌权 , 石岩
世界地震工程 | 常规论文 2025,41(4): 180-191
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世界地震工程 | 常规论文 2025, 41(4): 180-191
脉冲型近断层地震动下斜交桥地震响应分析
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张红英 , 何卓力, 刘云帅, 车昌权, 石岩
作者信息
  • 兰州理工大学 土木工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730050
  • 张红英(1978—),女,讲师,硕士,主要从事交通基础工程研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

石岩(1985—),男,教授,博士,主要从事桥梁抗震及损伤控制研究。E-mail:
Seismic response analysis of skew bridges under pulse-type near-fault ground motions
Hongying ZHANG , Zhuoli HE, Yunshuai LIU, Changquan CHE, Yan SHI
Affiliations
  • School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0070
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为系统研究近断层脉冲型地震动对斜交桥的影响,以一座4跨公路斜交连续梁桥为研究对象,基于OpenSees建立其不同斜度的斜交桥有限元分析模型。采用分解叠加法人工合成了含有高频分量的近断层脉冲型地震动,分析了矩震级和断层距对斜交桥桥墩、主梁、梁体-桥台碰撞和挡块的地震响应影响。结果表明:中墩墩顶最大位移对于矩震级的敏感性显著大于边墩,对于断层距的敏感性则相差不大;矩震级的增大会增加主梁位移和旋转率,以及梁体与桥台之间的最大碰撞力,断层距的增加则导致相反结果。其中,斜度为15°时主梁旋转率变化最为显著,斜度大于15°的斜交桥需加强挡块抗剪配筋;矩震级大于6.0级或断层距为2~7 km时,在近断层地震动作用下挡块均处于破坏状态。

斜交桥  /  近断层地震动  /  速度脉冲  /  时程分析  /  地震响应

To systematically study the influence of near-fault pulse characteristics on the seismic response of skew bridges, a four-span highway skew continuous girder bridge was taken and finite element models of the skew bridges with different skew angles were established by using OpenSees. The near-fault pulse-like ground motions with high-frequency components were artificially synthesized by using the decomposition-incorporation method. The effects of the moment magnitude and fault distance to the piers, main girders, beam-abutment collisions and exterior shear keys of skew bridges are analyzed. The results show that the sensitivity of the top displacement of the middle pier to the moment magnitude is greater than that of the side piers, but the sensitivity to the fault distance is not much different. The increase of the moment magnitude increases the displacement and rotation ratio of the main girder, as well as the maximum pounding force between the girder and the abutment. The results of increasing the fault distance are opposite to the previous results and the rotation ratio of the girder varies most when the skew angles is 15°. It is suggested to strengthen the shear reinforcement of the exterior shear keys for skew bridges with skew angles greater than 15°. As the moment magnitude is greater than 6.0 or the fault distance is 2~7 km, the exterior shear keys are in a state of failure under the near-fault ground motion.

skew bridge  /  near-fault ground motion  /  velocity pulse  /  time-history analysis  /  seismic response
张红英, 何卓力, 刘云帅, 车昌权, 石岩. 脉冲型近断层地震动下斜交桥地震响应分析. 世界地震工程, 2025 , 41 (4) : 180 -191 . DOI: 10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0070
Hongying ZHANG, Zhuoli HE, Yunshuai LIU, Changquan CHE, Yan SHI. Seismic response analysis of skew bridges under pulse-type near-fault ground motions[J]. World Earthquake Engineering, 2025 , 41 (4) : 180 -191 . DOI: 10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0070
近年来,我国西部地区的交通建设需求不断增加,其中桥梁工程占据了重要地位。斜交桥作为常见的桥型之一,具有线形灵活、适应性强等特点,在地形复杂、线路要求高的地区被广泛应用。但是,在历次破坏性地震中,斜交桥的震害都比较突出:1971年的圣费南多地震中,Foothill Boulevard立交桥的排架墩严重破坏[1];1994年美国北岭地震中的Gavin峡谷立交桥发生落梁[2];2010年智利地震中斜交桥的破坏也非常严重[3];2008年汶川大地震中,南坝大桥、映秀岷江大桥、兴文坪大桥和渔子溪1号桥等数座斜交桥均遭受了不同程度的破坏[4]。针对斜交桥的结构特点和震害特征,相关研究主要集中在震害的解释、动力特性试验、计算模型和复杂地震反应等方面。GHOBARAH等[5]认为Foothill Boulevard立交桥的倒塌原因是主梁的弯扭耦合或桥墩压坏;WAKEFIELD等[6]对比了刚性梁单元模型和组合板模型模拟斜交桥时程分析的精确性,发现组合板模型能够获得更准确的地震响应;MENG等[7-8]针对斜交桥主梁的扭转效应提出了适用于斜交桥的初步动力分析的双梁模型,还通过试验发现双梁模型的计算数据能与试验结果较好吻合,能有效地模拟斜交桥的振动特性;ABDEL-MOHTI等[9-10]研究了多(单)梁模型模拟斜交桥地震反应的精确性,认为主梁根数较多,模拟就越准确;SAADEGHVAZIRI等[11]分析了多跨斜交简支梁桥的抗震性能和承载能力,表明主梁与桥台之间的碰撞会显著增加支座的剪切需求;TIRASIT等[12]发现斜交桥桥墩扭转效应和延性需求均大于直交桥;DIMITRAKOPOULOS[13]采用非光滑刚体方法分析具有多摩擦接触现象的斜交桥地震反应,结果表明碰撞作用下摩擦因素和平面形状对梁体旋转的影响不可忽视;KAVIANI等[14]认为桥台斜交角越大,斜交桥由于过度旋转而倒塌的可能性越大;何健等[15]研究了梁端碰撞单元的刚度取值和布置形式对斜交桥地震响应的影响;卢明奇等[16]建议在罕遇地震下的斜交连续梁桥抗震设计中考虑梁体与桥台的碰撞效应;王军文等[17]发现桥台挡块对斜交桥的旋转起到关键作用。
自从认识到近断层区域与较远区域获得的地震动有较大差别以来,关于近断层地震动及其对结构影响的研究一直受到关注[18-19]。汶川大地震中大量桥梁结构严重破坏,距中央断裂或前山断裂20 km范围内的庙子坪大桥、百花大桥、小渔洞大桥、石蓑衣大桥和回澜立交桥等破坏和损毁尤其严重,破坏形式多样,强烈的近断层地震动效应可能是造成这些桥梁严重破坏的重要因素[4,20-21]。目前,国内外学者的研究结果表明近断层地震动较远场地震动明显增加桥梁结构的地震需求,其中斜交桥的反应更为强烈和复杂。李帅等[22]分析了近断层地震动空间分布对斜交桥地震响应的影响规律,建议在不同破裂区域的结构抗震设计中提高强度与变形需求;HAN等[23]着重评估了在双向近断层地震动作用下倾斜角和间隙大小对斜交桥地震响应的显著影响;张展宏等[24]研究了在近断层地震动作用下隔震斜交桥地震反应与环境温度、铅芯发热及斜度的关系,发现低温环境会使斜交桥梁体旋转度和桥墩的地震反应显著增大;NOURI等[25]对比了0°和45°斜交桥在近断层地震动作用下所有损伤状态的易损性曲线,发现斜交桥的实际需求超过承载能力的概率均增大。
我国公路工程中的简支梁桥和连续梁桥多采用板式橡胶支座,在地震中可以通过滑动发挥一定的隔震作用,但滑动后支承体系的水平刚度过小,桥梁结构的周期延长,如遇到具有长周期速度脉冲效应的近断层地震动则可能严重放大其位移响应,进而导致主梁发生大幅移位甚至落梁等震害发生。然而,实测的近断层脉冲型地震动数量记录匮乏且受到区域和地理条件影响,为满足工程人员的需要,通过人工合成方法匹配近断层脉冲型地震动的方法逐渐受到重视[26]。其中,基于等效速度脉冲模型生成低频脉冲成分的方法被广泛使用,其特性与矩震级、断层距等震源和场地特征参数紧密相关,但是仅有等效脉冲模型不能体现近断层地震动中高频分量的作用[27-29]。为综合考虑脉冲型地震动对结构响应的影响,需要包含高频分量及低频脉冲。田玉基等[30]采用单一连续函数形式表示速度时程,通过叠加高低频加速度时程生成近断层脉冲型地震动;李帅等[31]对比了超大跨斜拉桥在实测波与合成波下的结构响应,证明了“分解-叠加”方法合成近断层脉冲型地震动的可行性。为此,本文以矩震级和断层距为影响因素,通过合成表征速度脉冲特性的低频分量并叠加天然地震动的高频分量模拟实际的近断层脉冲型地震动,采用非线性时程分析,探究了不同斜度下斜交桥的地震响应。
本文以1座4跨斜交连续梁桥为研究对象,如图1所示。全桥长100 m,其主梁为顶板宽12 m的变截面钢筋混凝土连续箱梁,混凝土等级为C40。下部结构采用等截面双柱式排架墩,边墩(1#和3#墩)高为8 m,中墩(2#墩)高为12 m,桥墩截面直径为1.5 m,其中混凝土保护层厚度为0.05 m,材料为C30混凝土和HRB335钢筋。桥台和盖梁沿横桥向各布置4个板式橡胶支座,总计20个支座。1#桥墩上的支座设置为固定支座,2#和3#桥墩上的支座设置为活动支座。
基于OpenSees建立桥梁有限元分析模型,如图2所示。桥梁结构的阻尼比取5%。构成主梁的4片小箱梁采用弹性梁柱单元模拟,不考虑主梁间的相互作用,用间隔为5 m的刚性横隔板将各片梁连接成整体。排架墩采用非线性梁柱单元模拟,纤维截面混凝土采用Concrete04材料,纵向钢筋采用Steel02材料,加卸载规则遵循Filippou修正的Karsan-Jirsa模式。不考虑桥台背后回填土和桩土相互作用的影响,桥墩与地基固结。板式橡胶支座的力学特性为双线性,采用弹性支座单元模拟。
在桥墩盖梁和桥台两端设置挡块是限制主梁横向位移及平面转动的可行方法[32]。采用SILVA等[33]提出的力学模型模拟挡块斜截面剪切破坏,以5个性能点表示挡块不同损伤程度的临界点。表1为钢筋混凝土挡块本构模型的具体参数值,图3为对应的挡块本构曲线。由于OpenSees中没有钢筋混凝土挡块的力-位移本构关系表征,通过3个非线性弹簧串并联来模拟挡块的力学性能。并联弹簧分别代表钢筋和混凝土的剪力分配项,均采用Hysteretic材料模拟;串联弹簧则代表主梁和挡块间隙,采用理想弹塑性间隙(Elastic-Perfectly Plastic Gap Material)材料模拟;最后将该子单元属性赋予两节点连接(Two Node Link)单元,用于模拟主梁与挡块之间的横向碰撞作用;主梁与桥台之间的碰撞作用则通过在梁端与桥台之间设置Hertz-damp碰撞单元模拟。
为充分模拟实际近断层脉冲型地震动的特性,本文参考文献[31]提出的“分解-叠加”法合成高低频分量,考虑到本文研究模拟合成的地震动断层距为2~7 km,满足文献[30]中近似认为低频脉冲成分与高频分量的加速度峰值到达时刻相同的假设,故采用加速度峰值时刻叠加方法,并认为速度脉冲是小于1 Hz低频成分,具体合成流程如图4所示。
采用AGRAWAL等[34]提出的单一函数表达的脉冲模型来模拟近断层脉冲地震动的低频成分,其地震动速度üg和加速度üg表达式为
式中:ζpωp分别为正弦曲线的衰减因子和频率。其中,ζp主要控制近断层地震动的脉冲次数,当ζp分别取10%、20%和30%时,可以依次生成1、2和3次速度脉冲。st分别代表速度脉冲的初始振幅和时间。同时,可以通过式(3)和式(4)将矩震级MW和断层距R与峰值地面速度Vp和脉冲周期Tp建立起联系[35]
本文中断层距取值范围在2~7 km,矩震级取值范围为6.0~7.5级。根据式(3)和式(4)可得脉冲周期和峰值速度的取值见表2。可以看到,当矩震级与断层距取值一定时,脉冲周期与峰值速度的取值也随之确定。
将脉冲周期代入公式(5)中求得正弦曲线圆频率ωp
当地震动加速度üg为0时,求得地震动峰值速度Vp出现的时间tp,将Vp代入式(1)中求得地震动脉冲幅值s,最终得到单一函数脉冲模型的所有参数。式(1)和式(2)可以化简为
图5为例表示矩震级为6.0级、断层距为2 km的低频脉冲成分的时程曲线,可以看到,随着衰减因子的增大,时程曲线衰减得越快。
为使合成的地震动更加符合真实情况,需要对其叠加高频成分。在满足滤波后无明显脉冲效果的前提下,选取了10条具有不同矩震级和断层距的近断层脉冲型地震动,具体信息见表3。滤波截止频率取为1 Hz,如图6所示为GM10地震动滤波前后的时程对比。
根据高频加速度模拟时程的峰值发生时刻,对脉冲加速度时程进行时间平移,并将高频加速度时程和低频脉冲加速度时程进行叠加,即获得360条代表不同矩震级和断层距且含有高频成分的近断层脉冲型人工地震动。限于篇幅考虑,本文合成的地震动为具有单次速度脉冲的低频分量与高频成分叠加的结果,即衰减因子取为10%。图7所示的是矩震级为6.6级,断层距为6 km的单次低频脉冲叠加GM09地震动高频成分合成的近断层人工地震动时程曲线。
为了研究不同斜度斜交桥在近断层人工合成地震动下的反应,设置了5种不同斜度的斜交桥工况(0°、15°、30°、45°、60°),分别从桥墩墩顶位移、主梁最大位移和旋转率、梁体-桥台最大碰撞力、挡块最大位移等结果分析评估矩震级及断层距对斜交桥地震响应的影响。根据前述公式建立的相关关系,在断层距与矩震级一定时,合成地震动的脉冲周期、峰值速度相应确定,同时因为合成地震动中的低频成分衰减因子已知,脉冲幅值及峰值速度出现时刻亦已确定。
矩震级一定程度上反映了断层错动引起的地震强度,极大影响着斜交桥地震反应的剧烈程度。随着矩震级的增大,地震动的脉冲周期、脉冲幅值以及峰值速度也逐渐增大,直接影响着斜交桥的地震响应。
图8为断层距4 km时桥墩墩顶位移随矩震级的变化规律。由1#桥墩可以看出:随着矩震级的不断提高,纵桥向和横桥向的墩顶位移都逐渐增大;斜度越大,纵桥向墩顶位移增速越快,同一矩震级下的横桥向墩顶位移随着斜度增加呈现先增大后减小的趋势。2#桥墩的墩顶位移整体呈现随着矩震级增大而增加的趋势。注意到3#桥墩的墩顶位移相较于1#、2#桥墩较小,这是因为碰撞效应引起的桥面旋转会导致主梁两端位移差异较大,同时板式橡胶支座的滑动发挥了一定隔震作用。对比分析桥墩地震响应可知,2#墩对矩震级的敏感性显著大于1#墩和3#墩,且以2#墩为例,斜度越高对矩震级的变化越敏感。
图9为断层距4 km时主梁位移与矩震级的关系曲线。由图9可以看出,随着矩震级的提高,主梁纵桥向位移不断增加,且不同斜度斜交桥之间的主梁纵桥向位移差距逐渐增大。注意到主梁横桥向位移随着矩斜度的增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势,斜度为15°的斜交桥在各个矩震级下的横桥向主梁位移都是最大。
图10为断层距4 km时不同矩震级下主梁的平面旋转率。由图10可以看出,随着矩震级提高,斜交桥主梁旋转率逐渐增加,斜度为15°时主梁旋转率增速最快。当处于相同矩震级时,增加斜度,主梁旋转率先增加后减少。总体上斜度为15°时主梁旋转率最大,且斜度为15°和30°时的主梁旋转率远高于其他斜度的主梁旋转率。主梁旋转率增大意味着梁体两端横向位移差异增大,因此当斜度大于15°时需加强挡块抗剪配筋来减轻梁体的横向位移和旋转,预防进一步的落梁。
图11为断层距4 km时斜交桥在主梁与桥台锐角处和钝角处的最大碰撞力与矩震级的关系。由图11可以发现,随着矩震级的提高,斜交桥在锐角处和钝角处的主梁与桥台最大碰撞力均逐渐增加。随着斜度的增加,锐角处碰撞力呈现降低趋势,当矩震级大于7.2级时,相较于斜度为0°,斜度为15°的钝角处梁体-桥台碰撞力更大。相同矩震级下,斜度为0°和15°时最大碰撞力都大于其他斜交角的斜交桥。
图12为桥台和中墩(2#墩)处左右挡块最大位移与矩震级的关系曲线。由图12可以看出,①随着矩震级的提高,桥台处挡块最大位移逐渐增加,且左挡块最大位移略高于右挡块;当处于相同矩震级时,增加斜度,桥台处挡块最大位移先增加后降低。②随着矩震级的提高,中墩处挡块最大位移总体上先逐步增加,当矩震级达到7.5级时,挡块更易发生失效丧失约束作用,主梁产生了更大的整体位移,但挡块的最大位移减小。③中墩处挡块最大位移低于桥台处,且不同矩震级下的斜交桥在中墩处和桥台处挡块均处于完全破坏状态。
近断层脉冲型地震动必须考虑断层距大小的影响,因为速度脉冲仅在一定的断层距内出现[36]。考虑到合成地震动的特性,断层距的增加不会改变脉冲周期,但是会减小峰值地面速度和脉冲幅值。
图13为矩震级6.6级时斜交桥桥墩墩顶位移与断层距的关系曲线。由图13可以看出,随着断层距的增加,1#墩墩顶位移逐渐减小,是因为断层距的增加减小了峰值速度和脉冲幅值,从而进一步减小了地震动脉冲特性的影响。对于中墩(2#墩)来说,依然是斜度为15°的斜交桥对于断层距的变化更加敏感,而3#桥墩随着断层距的增加,墩顶位移整体呈现降低趋势,此时斜交桥两侧桥墩的地震反应由于平面旋转和支座作用依然具有一些差别。综合来说,1#墩、2#墩和3#墩对于断层距的敏感性相差不大。
图14为矩震级6.6级时斜交桥主梁位移与断层距的关系曲线。由图14可以看出,随着断层距的增加,纵桥向、横桥向主梁位移均逐渐减小;在矩震级为6.6级的条件下,斜度为30°时主梁纵桥向位移较大,横桥向依然是斜交角为15°的位移最大。当处于相同断层距时,随着斜度的增加,主梁位移先增加后减少。
图15为矩震级6.6级时斜交桥主梁旋转率与断层距的关系曲线。由图15可以看出,当矩震级一定时,随着断层距的增加,主梁旋转率逐渐减少;当处于相同断层距时,随着斜度的增加,主梁旋转率整体呈现先增加后减少的趋势,不同斜度的斜交桥主梁旋转率的差距逐渐减小。
图16为矩震级6.6级时斜交桥主梁与桥台最大碰撞力与断层距的关系曲线。由图16可以看出,随着断层距的增加,斜交桥在主梁与桥台的锐角处和钝角处之间的最大碰撞力降低。注意到,斜度为0°和15°斜交桥的最大碰撞力显著高于其他斜度的斜交桥,其他斜度的斜交桥在锐角处的最大碰撞力在断层距大于4 km后基本不受断层距变化的影响。
图17为矩震级6.6级时斜交桥左右挡块最大位移与断层距的关系曲线。由图17可以看出,①随着断层距的增加,近断层地震动脉冲效应影响越小,主梁位移随之减少,斜交桥桥台处左右挡块最大位移降低;②处于相同断层距时,增加斜度,挡块最大位移先增加后降低,左挡块最大位移略高于右挡块;③中墩处左右挡块最大位移随着断层距增加而降低,且挡块均处于完全破坏状态。
针对斜交桥在历次地震中暴露出的抗震问题,以4跨斜交连续梁桥为研究对象,建立了考虑不同斜度的有限元分析模型,基于速度脉冲模型人工合成360条近断层地震动,探讨矩震级和断层距对斜交桥地震响应的影响。主要结论如下:
1)随着矩震级提高,斜交桥桥墩墩顶位移增加,中墩(2#墩)对矩震级的敏感性大于1#固定墩,且在平面旋转和支座隔震的作用下3#墩的位移变化最小。随着断层距的增加,斜交桥桥墩墩顶位移总体呈降低趋势,1#墩、2#墩和3#墩对于断层距的敏感性相差不大。
2)随着矩震级提高,主梁位移增加,主梁旋转率也逐渐增加,斜度为15°时主梁旋转率增速最快。随着断层距增加,主梁位移总体呈降低趋势,主梁旋转率逐渐降低。斜度大于15°的斜交桥应加强挡块的抗剪配筋,防止梁体发生过大的横向位移甚至落梁。
3)随着矩震级提高,斜交桥在锐角与钝角处的主梁与桥台最大碰撞力逐渐增加,中墩处和桥台处的挡块最大位移也逐渐增加,且挡块均处于完全破坏状态。随着断层距增加,斜交桥在锐角与钝角处主梁与桥台最大碰撞力逐渐减小,但斜度为30°以上的斜交桥在断层距大于4 km后其锐角处的最大碰撞力变化基本不受断层距影响,且断层距为2~7 km时挡块均处于完全破坏状态。
  • 陇原青年创新创业人才(团队)项目(20230201)
  • 甘肃省教育厅青年博士项目(2023QB-031)
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doi: 10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0070
  • 接收时间:2024-09-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-13
  • 修回日期:2025-03-23
基金
陇原青年创新创业人才(团队)项目(20230201)
甘肃省教育厅青年博士项目(2023QB-031)
作者信息
    兰州理工大学 土木工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730050

通讯作者:

石岩(1985—),男,教授,博士,主要从事桥梁抗震及损伤控制研究。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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