Article(id=1244334015675744696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, issueId=1244334009858240758, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0068, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746720000000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-09, revisedDate=1755619200000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774601947945, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774601947945, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774601947945, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774601947945, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244334009858240758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, year='2025', volume='41', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='211', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774601946558, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774602401281, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244335917167657884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, issueId=1244334009858240758, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244335917167657885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, issueId=1244334009858240758, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=155, endPage=166, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244334017869365696, articleId=1244334015675744696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, language=EN, title=Seismic response analysis of mountainous terrain based on numerical simulation: a case study of a railway station, columnId=null, journalTitle=World Earthquake Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Mountain terrain of significantly alters the propagation path and energy distribution characteristics of seismic waves. Through interactions such as reflection, scattering, and diffraction, the seismic response of local sites exhibits notable spatial variability. This terrain effect has a significant impact on the seismic response of engineering structures in mountainous areas and is one of the key factors contributing to the intensification of earthquake damage. To consider the impact of terrain effects on ground motion parameters in engineering seismic design, this study uses a railway station building site as the example. A three-dimensional finite element model of the mountain area where the station building is located was established. A viscoelastic artificial boundary is set for the model, and historical seismic data recorded by observation stations in the region were used as the ground motion input. The seismic response of the mountain region was obtained, and a comparative analysis of the input seismic motion and response results was performed to analyze the impact of the mountain height difference on the terrain amplification effect. The results show that at higher elevations (such as the freight yard and station building locations), the amplification effect is significant, while at lower elevations, the amplification effect is weaker, displaying a characteristic distribution along the height difference from large to small. The highest elevation of the site is more sensitive to high-frequency (10~20 Hz) seismic motion components. The peak ground acceleration is significantly positively correlated with the height difference, indicating that the height difference of the mountain terrain is a key factor influencing the site amplification effect. The study concludes that the terrain amplification effect is closely related to the height difference and topographical variations in mountainous areas, providing important theoretical guidance for the seismic design of major engineering projects in mountainous regions.

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山体地形会显著改变地震波的传播路径和能量分布特征,通过对波的反射、散射和衍射等作用使局部场地的地震动响应呈现明显的空间差异性,这种地形效应对山区工程结构地震反应具有显著影响,是引起震害加重的重要因素之一。为考虑地形效应对工程抗震设计时地震动参数的影响,以某铁路工程站房场址为例,建立某铁路车站站房所在山地区域的三维有限元模型,对该模型设置黏弹性人工边界;利用该区域观测台站记录到的历史地震数据进行地震动输入,得到山地区域的响应,并对比分析输入地震动和响应结果的变化,分析山体高差对地形放大效应的影响。结果表明:在高程较高处(如货场和站房位置),放大效应显著,而较低处放大效应较弱,呈现沿高差由大到小分布的特征,场地高程最高处对高频(10~20 Hz)地震动成分较敏感;峰值加速度与高差呈显著正相关,说明山体地形的高差是影响场地放大效应的关键因素;地形放大效应与山地区域的高差和地形起伏密切相关,为山区某重大工程的抗震设计提供了重要的理论依据。

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陈强(1984—),男,高级工程师,一级注册结构工程师,主要从事结构抗震研究。E-mail:
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武鹍(1974—),男,高级工程师,主要从事结构抗震研究。E-mail:

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武鹍(1974—),男,高级工程师,主要从事结构抗震研究。E-mail:

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武鹍(1974—),男,高级工程师,主要从事结构抗震研究。E-mail:

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journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334015675744696, language=CN, label=图9, caption=各场地傅氏谱比, figureFileSmall=v3hrV0Z/7sbamuhHLekC5w==, figureFileBig=6IBbDJc1MwS82u9tcJvE1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335216739857330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334015675744696, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Elevation of each site

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场地编号
高程/m2 703.52 697.72 6752 672.52 697.22 688.22 679.22 670.2
), ArticleFig(id=1244335216916018105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334015675744696, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各场地高程数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场地编号
高程/m2 703.52 697.72 6752 672.52 697.22 688.22 679.22 670.2
), ArticleFig(id=1244335217037652928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334015675744696, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Mechanical parameters of the numerical model

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弹性模量/MPa密度/(kg/m3泊松比黏聚力/kPa内摩擦角/°
2.1×1032.250.34010
), ArticleFig(id=1244335217138316229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334015675744696, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

数值模型力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
弹性模量/MPa密度/(kg/m3泊松比黏聚力/kPa内摩擦角/°
2.1×1032.250.34010
), ArticleFig(id=1244335217230590922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334015675744696, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Parameters of input ground motions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号地震事件震级/MW台站名称 Rjb/kmPGA/(cm/s2 VS30/(m/s)数据类型
D12008年汶川地震7.9051WCW31.36933.12550.00天然波
D22008年汶川地震7.9051MZQ21.97782.43555.23天然波
D32022年雅安地震6.1051BXD31.66755.94489.32天然波
D42014年康定地震6.4051KDT15.63117.97550.00天然波
D52014年康定地震6.4051KDG1.21130.80550.00天然波
D62014年康定地震6.4051KDX2.66140.00474.47天然波
D72022年泸定地震6.8051LDJ19.30182.03420.80天然波
D82022年泸定地震6.8051LDS12.4449.58420.80天然波
D92022年泸定地震6.8051SMX18.79178.76334.60天然波
D101994年北岭地震6.6745.35736.09251.24天然波
D11SLH177.5 5.96862.56760.00人工波
D12SLH217.5 5.96946.27760.00人工波
D13SLH347.5 5.96857.21760.00人工波
D14YLH21BB7.1 1.15977.95760.00人工波
D15YLH177.1 1.15586.65760.00人工波
D16YLH327.1 1.151 248.01760.00人工波
), ArticleFig(id=1244335217314477006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334015675744696, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

输入地震动数据参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号地震事件震级/MW台站名称 Rjb/kmPGA/(cm/s2 VS30/(m/s)数据类型
D12008年汶川地震7.9051WCW31.36933.12550.00天然波
D22008年汶川地震7.9051MZQ21.97782.43555.23天然波
D32022年雅安地震6.1051BXD31.66755.94489.32天然波
D42014年康定地震6.4051KDT15.63117.97550.00天然波
D52014年康定地震6.4051KDG1.21130.80550.00天然波
D62014年康定地震6.4051KDX2.66140.00474.47天然波
D72022年泸定地震6.8051LDJ19.30182.03420.80天然波
D82022年泸定地震6.8051LDS12.4449.58420.80天然波
D92022年泸定地震6.8051SMX18.79178.76334.60天然波
D101994年北岭地震6.6745.35736.09251.24天然波
D11SLH177.5 5.96862.56760.00人工波
D12SLH217.5 5.96946.27760.00人工波
D13SLH347.5 5.96857.21760.00人工波
D14YLH21BB7.1 1.15977.95760.00人工波
D15YLH177.1 1.15586.65760.00人工波
D16YLH327.1 1.151 248.01760.00人工波
), ArticleFig(id=1244335218828620752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334015675744696, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Design spectrum amplification factors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据场地①场地②场地③场地④场地⑤场地⑥场地⑦
D11.521.431.131.111.391.331.16
D21.271.201.061.021.191.141.12
D31.261.201.021.021.181.171.08
D41.161.161.101.091.151.101.10
D51.281.111.031.011.101.091.04
D61.31.281.021.021.261.241.07
D71.171.171.031.031.111.051.04
D81.101.101.031.011.101.081.05
D91.251.231.041.011.221.221.08
D101.281.231.071.051.231.201.18
D111.181.121.071.011.091.081.07
D121.211.071.021.021.061.051.02
D131.311.181.091.031.131.121.11
D141.431.411.201.011.351.341.24
D151.171.141.081.031.121.111.08
D161.141.101.041.011.101.091.06
平均值1.251.201.061.031.171.151.09
标准差0.110.100.050.030.100.090.06
), ArticleFig(id=1244335218967032789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334015675744696, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

设计谱放大系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
数据场地①场地②场地③场地④场地⑤场地⑥场地⑦
D11.521.431.131.111.391.331.16
D21.271.201.061.021.191.141.12
D31.261.201.021.021.181.171.08
D41.161.161.101.091.151.101.10
D51.281.111.031.011.101.091.04
D61.31.281.021.021.261.241.07
D71.171.171.031.031.111.051.04
D81.101.101.031.011.101.081.05
D91.251.231.041.011.221.221.08
D101.281.231.071.051.231.201.18
D111.181.121.071.011.091.081.07
D121.211.071.021.021.061.051.02
D131.311.181.091.031.131.121.11
D141.431.411.201.011.351.341.24
D151.171.141.081.031.121.111.08
D161.141.101.041.011.101.091.06
平均值1.251.201.061.031.171.151.09
标准差0.110.100.050.030.100.090.06
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基于数值模拟的山体地形地震响应分析——以某铁路站房为例
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武鹍 1 , 韩志伟 2 , 张涛 2 , 陈强 1 , 吉祥 3, 4 , 强生银 3, 4 , 周同来 3, 4
世界地震工程 | 常规论文 2025,41(4): 155-166
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世界地震工程 | 常规论文 2025, 41(4): 155-166
基于数值模拟的山体地形地震响应分析——以某铁路站房为例
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武鹍1 , 韩志伟2, 张涛2, 陈强1 , 吉祥3, 4, 强生银3, 4, 周同来3, 4
作者信息
  • 1.中铁二院工程集团有限责任公司,四川 成都 610000
  • 2.中国铁路经济规划研究院有限公司,北京 100038
  • 3.中国地震局工程力学研究所,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 4.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 武鹍(1974—),男,高级工程师,主要从事结构抗震研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

陈强(1984—),男,高级工程师,一级注册结构工程师,主要从事结构抗震研究。E-mail:
Seismic response analysis of mountainous terrain based on numerical simulation: a case study of a railway station
Kun WU1 , Zhiwei HAN2, Tao ZHANG2, Qiang CHEN1 , Xiang JI3, 4, Shengyin QIANG3, 4, Tonglai ZHOU3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.China Railway Eryuan Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610000, China
  • 2.China Railway Economic and Planning Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 100038, China
  • 3.Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
  • 4.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Mitigation, Ministry of Emergency Management, Harbin 150080, China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0068
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山体地形会显著改变地震波的传播路径和能量分布特征,通过对波的反射、散射和衍射等作用使局部场地的地震动响应呈现明显的空间差异性,这种地形效应对山区工程结构地震反应具有显著影响,是引起震害加重的重要因素之一。为考虑地形效应对工程抗震设计时地震动参数的影响,以某铁路工程站房场址为例,建立某铁路车站站房所在山地区域的三维有限元模型,对该模型设置黏弹性人工边界;利用该区域观测台站记录到的历史地震数据进行地震动输入,得到山地区域的响应,并对比分析输入地震动和响应结果的变化,分析山体高差对地形放大效应的影响。结果表明:在高程较高处(如货场和站房位置),放大效应显著,而较低处放大效应较弱,呈现沿高差由大到小分布的特征,场地高程最高处对高频(10~20 Hz)地震动成分较敏感;峰值加速度与高差呈显著正相关,说明山体地形的高差是影响场地放大效应的关键因素;地形放大效应与山地区域的高差和地形起伏密切相关,为山区某重大工程的抗震设计提供了重要的理论依据。

山体地形  /  数值模拟  /  地震动  /  地形放大效应

Mountain terrain of significantly alters the propagation path and energy distribution characteristics of seismic waves. Through interactions such as reflection, scattering, and diffraction, the seismic response of local sites exhibits notable spatial variability. This terrain effect has a significant impact on the seismic response of engineering structures in mountainous areas and is one of the key factors contributing to the intensification of earthquake damage. To consider the impact of terrain effects on ground motion parameters in engineering seismic design, this study uses a railway station building site as the example. A three-dimensional finite element model of the mountain area where the station building is located was established. A viscoelastic artificial boundary is set for the model, and historical seismic data recorded by observation stations in the region were used as the ground motion input. The seismic response of the mountain region was obtained, and a comparative analysis of the input seismic motion and response results was performed to analyze the impact of the mountain height difference on the terrain amplification effect. The results show that at higher elevations (such as the freight yard and station building locations), the amplification effect is significant, while at lower elevations, the amplification effect is weaker, displaying a characteristic distribution along the height difference from large to small. The highest elevation of the site is more sensitive to high-frequency (10~20 Hz) seismic motion components. The peak ground acceleration is significantly positively correlated with the height difference, indicating that the height difference of the mountain terrain is a key factor influencing the site amplification effect. The study concludes that the terrain amplification effect is closely related to the height difference and topographical variations in mountainous areas, providing important theoretical guidance for the seismic design of major engineering projects in mountainous regions.

Mountain terrain  /  numerical simulation  /  ground motion  /  topographic amplification effect
武鹍, 韩志伟, 张涛, 陈强, 吉祥, 强生银, 周同来. 基于数值模拟的山体地形地震响应分析——以某铁路站房为例. 世界地震工程, 2025 , 41 (4) : 155 -166 . DOI: 10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0068
Kun WU, Zhiwei HAN, Tao ZHANG, Qiang CHEN, Xiang JI, Shengyin QIANG, Tonglai ZHOU. Seismic response analysis of mountainous terrain based on numerical simulation: a case study of a railway station[J]. World Earthquake Engineering, 2025 , 41 (4) : 155 -166 . DOI: 10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0068
地形效应是地震波传播过程中由地表起伏(如山脊、峡谷、陡坡等)引起的地震动幅值放大的现象,其本质为地震波与地形几何特征的动力学耦合作用。当地震波传播至地形突变区域时,受地表地形形态的影响入射波发生反射、散射及衍射等物理过程,导致地震动的空间分布特征显著改变,并在局部区域出现地震动异常放大和频谱偏移的现象。场地的地形放大效应对工程结构动力响应具有重要影响,国内外多次地震的震害调查和观测数据表明,这种地形引起的地震动放大现象可使局部区域地震烈度增加1~2度[1],位于山脊顶部、峡谷顶部以及陡峭崖壁等部位的建筑物较平坦场地的建筑物破坏更加严重。例如,1985年的智利海岸地震,导致圣地亚哥等许多位于峡谷和山地地区的城市建筑结构破坏严重[2];1989年的Loma Prieta地震中,在震中西部7.3 km处的Robinwood山脊顶部区域地震破坏较为严重,局部地形效应在地震动高频段尤为显著,而在低频段山脊顶部和底部地形效应差距较小,说明地形放大效应还受地震波传播方向和频率的影响[3]
国内外历次地震中针对突起地形对地震动影响的研究还有很多。例如,1970年通海地震中发现局部突起地形场地上的震害情况更为严重,这表明这些特殊地形的放大效应加剧了地震动作用产生的破坏[4];1994年Northridge地震中Tarzana附近的小山顶地面运动出现强烈的放大效应。大部分地区的峰值地面加速度(peak ground acceleration,PGA)为0.8~0.9 g,Tarzana附近山顶的加速度记录却达到了1.82 g,同时建筑物也遭到严重破坏,地震波在山顶区域的传播受到地形的显著影响,加速度峰值远高于周围地区[5];2008年汶川地震中,坐落在三面临空山脊平台上的青川县木鱼镇中学,受到强烈的地震动放大效应,导致学校建筑物遭受毁灭性的破坏[6]。以上震害实例都表示山脊、陡坡、突起等特殊地形对地震动有明显的放大作用,也会影响地震动的分布。同时,山体的岩石和土体的物理性质对震害分布也有着很大影响,岩质山包震害明显轻于土质山包。山体越陡峭,危险性越大,很容易产生滑坡泥石流等自然灾害。除此以外,局部突起地形的地震响应还受到相邻地表地形和场地条件等因素的影响,例如LEE等[7]和MA等[8]分别以中国台湾台北地区和美国加州南部地区为研究对象进行大尺度区域数值模拟,分别研究对比台湾中央山脉和加州San Gabrie山对地震波的散射,结果表明大规模突起地形对地震波存在散射作用,这在一定程度上降低了紧邻的台北盆地和洛杉矶盆地地震动的强度;ROGERS等[9]对地形效应的研究表明,多种类型散射波会影响周围场地的地形效应;MEUNIER等[10]通过研究中国台湾集集地震和巴布亚新几内亚的Finisterre山区的地震数据,发现山脊地貌对入射P波影响不大,但对入射S波影响很大,地面峰值加速度在山脊顶部和山坡坡度突变处明显放大,地形效应较为明显。局部突出地形如山包、山梁、悬崖和陡坎等,对地震动幅值的放大作用非常明显,例如在汶川地震中单薄山脊、凸出地形等地形的放大效应尤为明显,加剧了地震灾害[11]
数值模拟是研究地形放大效应的重要手段,目前使用较为广泛的包括有限单元法[12]、有限差分法[13-14]、谱元法[15]等。唐晖[16]采用显式有限元-有限差分法,结合局部透射人工边界方法,模拟了山脊场地地形的地震动响应。李嘉瑞等[17]研究了不同人工边界对地下结构动力响应计算结果的影响,发现黏弹性边界适合分析土-结构动力相互作用。由于黏弹性边界与地震动输入方法之间的影响机制,采用等效节点力的地震动输入方式,模型计算结果精度较好,与理论解吻合良好[18]。周同来等[19]利用有限元方法建立黏弹性人工边界,研究了地震波入射角和减震层对隧道地震响应的影响,模拟的精度在误差范围之内。
本文研究的某山地区域地形地质条件复杂,存在山包、陡坎等复杂地形,地形起伏变化明显。本文以该山体场地真实地形为研究对象,采用黏弹性人工边界,建立该地区有限元模型,对工程场址平整后局部场地进行有限元数值模拟,并对不同方向的放大系数进行对比分析,根据模拟结果,研究分析山体模型对地震动的影响。采用有限元数值模拟的方法对该区域在地震动输入时的响应进行模拟和分析,评估该山体区域的地形放大效应,为站房和铁路等基础设施的抗震设计提供技术支持和建议。
拟建车站场地三面被陡峭山体环绕,站场东侧河谷、盆地等地形广泛分布,靠近色拉哈断裂、雅拉河断裂等多条断裂带,位于地震活动频发区域,历史上发生过多次震级MW>7.0的地震,设防烈度为IX度。车站站场区域沿河谷南北分布,为满足工程要求的功能分区规划和抗震条件,对拟建车站区域进行平整,将站房、货场等高差不同的场地分别平整为不同大小的台地,呈阶梯状分布,平整后现场区域照片如图1(a)所示,根据平整后场地的实地勘探数据建立有限元模型,如图1(b)所示。模型的长度(南北方向)为670 m,宽度(东西方向)为350 m,现场钻孔数据显示地表以下100 m范围内主要由粉质黏土、卵石土、碎石土和多种砂质板岩组成,属于Ⅱ类场地,场地土层为中等硬度土层,分布较厚的特征基岩层层厚在45~75 m之间,选取这两个数值作为模型表面距离底面的最高点和最低点。实地现场平整后车站站场分为8个场地,其中货场位于场地①和场地②位置,场地⑤位于车站站房位置,各场地的高程见表1。场地②和场地③之间高差最大为22.7 m,场地③和场地④之间高差最小为2.5 m,场地⑤~⑧各场地高差均为9 m。
本文采用摩尔-库伦模型(Mohr-Coulomb model)模拟实际地形的力学特性,该模型规定土体或岩石的抗剪强度等于黏聚力与正应力和摩擦力乘积之和,参考现场勘测地质条件和《工程地质手册》[20],确定数值模拟简化模型的力学参数,见表2。所示模型的剪切波速参考《建筑抗震设计规范》(GB 50011—2010)[21]的中等效剪切波速的计算方法,并考虑每个土层的权重占比,得到有限元模型的剪切波速为916 m/s。
数值模型各场地采用表2所示的物理参数,模型采用C3D8R三维六面体线性单元进行模拟,D代表节点3个方向位移,R代表缩减积分单元,该单元精度良好,计算效率较高。模型网格的大小范围按照以下公式[22]计算:
式中:le是模型网格的尺寸;vsfmax分别为介质剪切波速和数值模拟最大频率,代入计算得到最大网格尺寸为4.75 m。模型表面网格单元采用2 m(水平)×2 m(水平)×4 m(垂直)的网格进行划分,其下卧层则采用4 m×4 m×4 m网格尺寸。
数值模拟用到的场地模型采用黏弹性人工边界。黏弹性人工边界克服了黏性边界引起的低频漂移问题,模拟人工边界半无限介质的弹性功能时效果和稳定性较好,在数值模拟中得到广泛应用[23]。采用黏弹性人工边界前,要在有限元模型的截断面上设置一系列的弹簧和阻尼器元件,模拟半无限弹性地基中地震波的传播。首先提取复杂地形在模型边界四周的节点信息,并计算在应用黏弹性边界条件下所需的边界条件。然后,通过对截断边界施加单位压力并施加固定约束,计算固定边界在各个节点上的支撑反力,该反力范围即为节点控制区域。
人工边界的弹簧和阻尼系数按以下公式计算:
法向:
切向:
式中:KN为法向弹簧系数;KT为切向弹簧系数;CN为法向阻尼系数;CT为切向阻尼系数;λ为拉梅常数;G为模型的剪切模量;R为散射波源到山体模型人工边界面的距离;a为平面波与散射波的幅值含量比;AB为经验系数,取值为1.33、0.67[24]CPCS分别为介质的纵波波速、横波波速,计算公式如下:
式中:ρ为介质的密度;μ为介质的泊松比;E为模型介质的弹性模量。
建立黏弹性边界时在边界四周设置人工节点,同时在每个节点3个方向设置弹簧与阻尼器,弹簧的刚度系数和阻尼系数采用前文中的公式计算得到的数值,再乘以对应节点的影响面积。3个方向的弹簧-阻尼器体系两端分别与固定端连接,地震动输入由此转化为边界节点上的等效节点力的作用[25],边界面上每个点都对应一个等效节点力,作用在各节点上的等效节点力计算公式如下:
公式中参数有各节点的位移向量,速度向量,其中uvw分别为3个方向的位移。各节点处的初始应力σ,边界处的弹簧刚度K,边界处的阻尼系数C,边界各节点处的影响面积Ab,边界处法线方向余弦向量n。其中弹簧刚度与阻尼系数分别为3×3的矩阵,例如节点边界法线方向与x轴平行时,法线方向的弹簧刚度系数和阻尼系数分别采用KNCN值,其余方向采用KTCT值。
为验证有限元模型及人工边界的正确性,选取脉冲波进行模型验证,通过对模型输入脉冲波,可以将仿真结果与模型真实测量数据进行对比,验证模型的正确性。采用1 Hz脉冲波输入有限元模型验证,同时向2个方向输入脉冲波,脉冲波位移时程表达式如下:
式中:f=1 Hz,输入的脉冲波持续1 s,输入脉冲波与输出位移响应的对比图如图2所示。
在有限元模型边界面上,模型输出的位移时程和输入脉冲波波形相似,位移放大2倍,输入较输出最大滞后约0.2 s,试验结果与预期一致,模型的人工边界没有明显误差。
为考虑不同类型的地震动数据对数值模型的影响,本文选取10组天然地震动记录和6组人工地震动作为地震动输入数据,具体参数见表3。该目标工程场地附近发育多条全新世的左旋走滑断裂带,历史记录有8次MW>7.0的地震发生,在考虑目标场地实际地形的地质条件和地震震级的前提下进行地震动记录的选取。天然波记录从中国大陆Flatfile强震动记录[26]数据库中选取震源距离在100 km内,震级集中在MW6~8的9组浅源地震的强震动记录,其中D1汶川地震地震动数据,震中距为83.04 km,峰值加速度几何平均值为933.12 cm/s2。本文还选取太平洋地震工程中心的NGA-West2数据库中的1组1994年北岭地震的地震动数据[27],10组天然记录中除泸定和康定地震断层属走滑断层外,其他地震数据均来源于逆冲型地震。
此外,本文采用随机有限断层方法[28-29]进行三维地震动数据模拟,考虑到车站实地位置的最不利情况,选取了靠近目标车站场址的3条断裂带生成随机破裂模型,基于数值模拟得到80组设定地震动数据,具体结果将在另文中给出。选取距离目标车站场址最近贡献较大的两条断裂带6组工况的最危险模拟结果,共6组设定地震动数据,作为最终输入的人工波地震动数据。
6组人工波数据的震源深度均为10 km,目标场址距离震源均在60 km内,PGA最大记录为D16雅拉河断层MW7.1地震动数据,峰值加速度几何平均最大值为1 248.01 cm/s2,数据幅值显著大于天然波数据。目标场址所在近断层区域受不同频段地震动的影响,人工波数据YLH21BB为宽频带模拟结果,包含更加完整的频谱信息,能够有效地反映地震动不同频段对区域的潜在影响。
对所有的16组数据分别进行Taper预处理和基线校正[30],再对地震动模拟数据进行4阶Butterworth非因果滤波处理[31],高通截止频率为0.1 Hz,低通截止频率为20 Hz,得到最终输入的16组三分量地震动数据,本文图3给出了D4和D11两组数据的3个方向加速度时程曲线。可以看到人工波地震动数据较天然波地震动数据频率成分丰富,幅值大,持续时间长,同时两种地震动数据水平方向波动较垂直方向显著。本文采用3个方向地震动数据作为工程地震动输入,并通过水平分量的几何平均值进行地形放大的分析,表3的峰值加速度数据也给出水平方向PGA的几何平均值作为参考。
有限元模型中场地①代表车站货场区域,在整个场地中的高度最高,场地②代表货场周围区域,场地⑤代表车站站房区域,三者均属于车站场地的核心区域,着重分析这几处场地的地震动响应,可以为后续工程抗震设计提供依据。基准平面为场地⑧,位于车站广场附近,其他场地以场地⑧作为基准平面计算地形放大效应。图4选取D4的地震动数据在场地①的模拟结果作为分析示例,该场地位于货场区域,在山体最高处,地震动的输入和输出响应的差距具有代表性,选取模型输入和输出前后的加速度、速度和位移3个变量进行对比分析,其中图4(a)代表EW方向,图4(b)代表NS方向,水平两个方向位移均在1 cm范围内,加速度和速度在8 s处均出现明显幅值放大,在1.2~1.3倍之间,同时时程曲线均出现约0.5 s的相位差,这是由于黏弹性边界反射所致,在幅值放大的同时由反射引起误差,在模型中计算的位移误差不超过5%,小于精度允许的数值[23],D4的计算结果在允许误差的范围内。
频率范围在0.1~20.0 Hz之间,数值模型的加速度、速度和位移输出相较于输入数据存在时间上的延迟现象,加速度幅值明显放大,在某些时段处加速度放大幅度可达到2倍,地形对加速度响应的影响非常突出,水平和垂直方向对比规律相似。同理,利用不同地震动数据对有限元模型进行工程地震动输入,得到不同场地地震响应数据,包括不同场地峰值加速度、反应谱设计谱和傅氏谱的比值,对比16组地震动数据3个指标的大小可以得到该场地的地形效应的量化数值。
针对不同场地下不同工程地震动输入的响应结果,分别对输入和输出的峰值加速度比值进行对比分析。首先得到各个场地的加速度平均值,再得到每个场地的峰值加速度比值,峰值加速度和比值的计算公式如下:
式中:Aij为场地i处的j方向上的峰值加速度数值,计算数值时规定1为x方向(EW),2为y方向(NS),3为z方向(UD);aijt)代表加速度时程;n代表在i场地提取模型节点的个数。
每个场地的地震动响应情况通过若干代表节点的加速度时程来表示,分别取各代表节点最大值的平均值,为充分考虑水平两个方向的贡献,地震记录采用水平方向几何平均值作为分析数据,后续的反应谱与傅氏谱比分析同样采用水平方向几何平均值进行分析。在不同地震动数据下,PGA比值Ar为每个场地与基准场地⑧的峰值加速度水平几何平均值的比值。16组地震动数据输入后各场地的水平几何平均PGA比值分布如图5所示。
图5显示了16组地震动数据在场地①~⑦的PGA比值大小,场地⑧为车站站场最低处基准平面,比值为1,在图中不显示。场地①、场地②和场地⑤的PGA几何平均比值均值较高,分别为1.44、1.33和1.23,且这些场地均在山体突起位置,与场地模型的地形起伏和高差相吻合。场地①~④在场址南部区域,场地⑤~⑧在场址北部区域,高程以一定高差依次降低,PGA比值均值都呈现依次递减的趋势。场地②和场地③横跨货场和车站部分平台,高差导致的比值变化最明显。场地⑤~⑦之前高差均为9 m,比值变化较为平稳,比值的差距与模型中平整场地的地形变化呈现正相关,与四川省自贡市西山公园中地形对地震动的影响类似,基准场地峰值加速度最小,然后随高度增加逐渐增大[32],高程分布和比值大小的规律一致。
场地④的比值最小,场地①的PGA比值最大,分别为1.05和1.48,场地①和场地②处数据标准差最大,分别为0.18和0.17,这是因为D1和D2两组数据中的2008年四川汶川地震动数据PGA存在较大值,该地震数据震级达MW7.9,地震动数据中存在速度脉冲成分,使山体地形突起处的破坏更为显著,场地①处最大为1.86,场地②处最大值为1.77。人工波的频率成分更为丰富、幅值大,持时较天然波长,同样的现象在人工波的分析结果中也有体现。场地④结果最稳定,标准差为0.03。
综合来看,高差较高的场地往往表现出更强的地形放大效应。这种放大效应在场地①和场地⑤最为显著,这些分析结果与山体地形高度的关系呈现正相关。与ASHFORD[5]的单面坡体模型一致,不同几何外形的突起地形,放大效应随高度变化整体趋势相同。在场地高处突起部分放大效应较为明显,而且震级较高地震动数据的模拟结果中存在较大比值,放大效应也会显著提高。各场地PGA比值平均值在1.1~1.5范围之间,均在抗震规范要求的1.1~1.6之间[21]
参考传统谱比法[33]得到不同数据对应的标定曲线,反应谱能够真实地表达地震动的特性,通过反应谱标定曲线的比值来表征场地的地形效应。本文采用最小二乘法分段拟合的方法进行每组地震动数据在各场地上响应结果的标定[34],再根据反应谱平台段标定结果的比值确定每个场地的放大系数。
计算标定反应谱的思路是先得到计算反应谱的动力放大系数谱,再进行拟合计算得到标定的设计反应谱。
式中:βT)为动力放大系数;SaT)为加速度反应谱值;Am为地面运动加速度峰值。定义标定反应谱上升段和平台段交界点的第一拐点周期T0为0.1 s,平台段和衰减段的交界点的第二拐点周期Tg范围在0.2~1.2 s之间,每个场地的特征周期Tg取值需要评价标定谱的偏差程度,当平台段与衰减段的标定谱与模型输出的加速度反应谱之间的拟合标准差数值最小时[35],取该情况下的Tg作为特征周期。在确定好平台段之后,对β/βm函数两边取对数变换成线性函数,衰减段的衰减系数利用最小二乘法线性回归求得,最终得到标准动力放大系数的公式,标定反应谱通过动力系数谱与加速度峰值的乘积得到。
以D4数据场地⑤为例,得到平均反应谱后对场地⑤的平均反应谱进行标定计算,拟合标准差最小时特征周期对应为0.38 s,衰减段衰减系数取得1.38,标定曲线采用《建筑抗震设计规范》中的终止周期,取6 s。该场地此时动力放大系数计算公式如下:
同理可以得到场地⑤和场地⑧的区域上各节点的反应谱、平均反应谱和标定反应谱,两场地反应谱对比如图6所示。
图中显示在短周期部分(0.01~1.00 s),尤其是靠近反应谱平台段时场地⑤站场区域的反应谱值明显较基准场地⑧处高,且变化较为明显,特别是在0.1~1.0 s范围内两者差异明显,随着周期增大,在周期大于1.0 s的长周期范围内,场地⑤和场地⑧的差距在慢慢缩小,在2~3 s时出现场地⑧反应谱比突起处场地⑤反应谱值高的情况,地形放大效应在短周期部分和地形变化情况符合较好。图6场地⑤平台段和场地⑧平台段数值分别为514 cm/s2和444 cm/s2,计算反应谱比值得到的放大系数为1.15,平整场地模型和坡体模型的规律相同,水平方向反应谱为地震动数据的主要成分,较垂直方向数值大[36]
同理可以得到各组地震动数据不同场地的反应谱比值,如图7所示,每个场地有16个放大系数,反应谱比值的大小规律仍然与地形起伏相关,在场地①、场地②和场地⑤处达到南北场地内的最大值,随着高程的下降逐级递减,位于突起处的3处场地比值略微偏大,出现最大值的数据为D1数据的1.51、1.43和1.39,都集中在0.1~1.0 s(1~10 Hz)范围内,设计谱平台段从大到小顺序为场地①、②、⑤、⑥、⑦、③、④、⑧,与各场地的地形高程规律相符,其中场地①和场地②处的放大系数最大为1.25和1.19,数据较PGA比值稳定,反应谱平台段比值对比图的数据见表4,PGA比值和傅氏谱比的数值统计方式和表4相同。
综合来看,场地对于1~10 Hz的成分较为敏感。相对于基准场地,天然波设计谱的比值计算结果总体稍大,在1.2~1.3倍之间,天然波设计谱的计算结果除震级较大数据外在1.10~1.20之间,由于台站位置、地形坡度造成结果偏大的情况也时有出现,可以考虑选取适当台站和增大山体平台宽度的方法[36]减小放大效应的影响。
通过分析傅氏谱比来研究地形的放大效应,可以识别出特定地形条件下对应的放大频段,得到频域上的能量分布情况,这对于地震动的微观分析和区域性地震动预测至关重要。例如,陡坎地形会显著放大地震波的高频段成分[37],从而对自振周期与该频段接近的建筑物造成更大的破坏。分别取不同场地固定节点的地震动输出响应计算傅氏谱值,得到所有节点的几何平均傅氏谱,继而计算不同场地与基准场地⑧的几何平均傅氏谱之比,得到各场地的傅氏谱比,具体计算流程如下:
式中:Srif)为傅氏谱比值;Aif)为场地i加速度响应的傅氏谱;ARf)为场地最低处(场地⑧)加速度响应傅氏谱。同理可以得到各场地3个方向平均傅氏谱比值,这里主要研究水平方向的傅氏谱比大小。在计算谱比之前,对傅氏谱进行平滑[38]处理。傅氏谱比值越大,表示该区域在相应方向上地震波的放大效应越明显,且对某频率较为敏感。
图8以数据D4场地⑤和场地⑧的傅氏谱值为例,取这两处场地的傅氏谱值进行0.1~20.0 Hz带宽滤波,再得到对应各频率点的谱比。图中显示在0.1~20.0 Hz出现多组波峰,该场地对固定的几个频率点敏感,在0.1~1.0 Hz的低频部分总体放大趋势不明显,在1~10 Hz范围内尤其是大于5 Hz时,场地⑤傅氏谱值总体趋势逐渐变大。10~20 Hz高频范围内场地⑤傅氏谱值明显大于场地⑧基准场地傅氏谱值,在10~20 Hz部分随着频率的增大,谱比增大变快,短周期部分地形放大效应变化最为显著,傅氏谱比结果与反应谱结果吻合。谱比在7.42 Hz处取得最大,结果为2.20,谱比曲线显示在0.1~20.0 Hz范围内有多个波峰产生,车站场地对多个频率点敏感,分别为0.73 Hz处的2.02、3.02 Hz处的2.03,多个波峰处存在谱比最大值,其他场地也显示出类似的规律。随着频率的增大,在每个频率段的傅氏谱比呈现出增大的趋势,对应在1~10 Hz范围内的傅氏谱比最大,放大效应最显著,这和梯形山体先达到最大值后数值趋于平稳的规律一致[39-40]
同理,对各场地固定节点所有地震动数据的平均傅氏谱比进行统计,计算各个场地中0.1~20.0 Hz全频段范围内出现的最大值,如图9所示。
地形较高处的场地①、场地②和场地⑤的地震动最大放大效应分别为2.18、3.46、2.66,对应频率分别为1.18、0.44、1.17 Hz;其次为山体中部的场地⑥和场地⑦,地震动放大效应分别为2.35和2.89,对应频率分别为0.44、16.01 Hz;最低处的场地③和场地④的地震动最大放大效应分别为2.45、2.41,对应频率分别为16.16、16.50 Hz。
总体来看,靠近河谷的场地对地震动的高频成分较为敏感;而较高处靠近山坡的场地则对低频成分更为敏感,但同时在高频区域也出现了放大效应。山体顶部场地在低频和高频段傅氏谱比均有波峰,出现双峰现象,而靠近河谷的场地仅在高频段表现出明显的放大,对低频成分反应不明显。
场地②的放大效应最为明显,同时场地②较场地①平台较小,地形更陡峭,谱比值更大,这和山脊单面坡的地形放大效应相似[1],山体越单薄,放大效应越强烈。其次是场地①和场地⑤,场地④比值最低,放大效应最弱,这与其相对较低的地形高度一致。北部区域高度从场地⑤到场地⑧逐渐降低,平整后场地的高差均约为9 m,放大效应变化平稳。在抗震设计中,应特别重视高程较高场地的放大效应,尤其在水平方向上,这些区域的建筑结构可能面临更大的地震风险,需采取更严格的抗震措施以保障安全。
通过建立黏弹性边界有限元模型,进行地震动响应分析,研究站房所在工程场地的地形效应,采用平整后的简化台地模型,分析山体自身的地形响应变化,为工程结构的抗震性能提供参考。计算时不仅研究了山体自身对地震作用产生的地形效应变化,还考虑了山体周围场地高差对地震反应的影响。输入10组天然波数据和6组人工波数据进行数值模拟,选取最低处场地⑧作为基准场地,得到其他场地的PGA比值、反应谱比值和傅氏谱比值等3个指标,用于观察目标场址区域山体高差对场地放大系数的影响,结论如下:
1)目标场址所在山体区域地震动的地形放大效应随着山体坡地高差的增加显著增大,坡顶台地宽度大的情况下放大系数趋于稳定。
2)目标场址所在山体区域包括场地地形顶部和场地平台交界处等局部突起地形的放大效应非常明显,场地①、场地②和场地⑤等山体较高处在0.1~1.0 s的周期范围内出现明显的放大效应,之后随着周期增大降低,傅氏谱比反应在0.1~1.0 Hz的低频范围大部分频段放大效应并不明显,同样的结果在PGA比值、反应谱比值和傅氏谱比值均能体现。
3)山体较高处地形放大效应多集中在低频范围,同时在高频也有一定程度的地形放大,不如低频范围显著,这和台地场地尺寸及山体高度有关。所有场地对地震波高频成分(10~20 Hz)均表现出强烈的地形放大,靠近河谷处的场地④和场地⑦,在高频范围内放大效应尤为明显。高频波成分卓越的情况下,高程较高的场地(场地①、场地②、场地⑤)对高频成分敏感程度略低于坡地,靠近河谷处场地,反应谱比值和傅氏谱比变化显著,模型整体出现放大的趋势。
本文通过山体黏弹性边界模型数值模拟得出,山体区域PGA比值放大效应在1.1~1.5范围内,反应谱比值放大效应在1.1~1.3范围内,傅氏谱比值反应最强烈,在2.0~4.5范围内,三者出现的较大值均出现在震级最大的D1和D2地震动数据中。同时必须指出的是,平整后工程场地的地震响应还会受到诸如地震动特性、场地地质条件等因素的影响。目前的研究结果表明地形效应与高陡山体高差之间关系呈现正相关,可以考虑突起地形与其他多种因素相互耦合,尤其是精细模型的地形效应模拟结果。数值模拟得到的地震动参数可以表征场地地形放大效应的程度,更好地了解目标场址的地震反应,也可以为后续的工程设计提供支持,确保工程结构的安全性和可靠性。
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2025年第41卷第4期
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doi: 10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0068
  • 接收时间:2025-05-09
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-09
  • 修回日期:2025-08-20
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中国国家铁路集团有限公司科研开发计划项目(K2023G024)
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    1.中铁二院工程集团有限责任公司,四川 成都 610000
    2.中国铁路经济规划研究院有限公司,北京 100038
    3.中国地震局工程力学研究所,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    4.地震灾害防治应急管理部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080

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陈强(1984—),男,高级工程师,一级注册结构工程师,主要从事结构抗震研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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