Article(id=1244334011477242116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, issueId=1244334009858240758, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0056, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734192000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-15, revisedDate=1744041600000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774601946943, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774601946943, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774601946943, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774601946943, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244334009858240758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, year='2025', volume='41', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='211', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774601946558, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774602401281, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244335917167657884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, issueId=1244334009858240758, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244335917167657885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, issueId=1244334009858240758, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=13, endPage=29, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244334013129797902, articleId=1244334011477242116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, language=EN, title=Research on development of Chinese horizontal and vertical ground motion prediction model based on deep learning, columnId=null, journalTitle=World Earthquake Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ground motion prediction models are an important foundation for seismic hazard analysis. Currently, the research on vertical ground motion prediction models in China is relatively few, and most of the existing ground motion prediction models used parametric equations, which may have limited prediction accuracy. Therefore, the development of horizontal and vertical ground motion prediction models with better prediction accuracy and reliability is necessary for further research. To address the above problems, this study, uses 1991 sets of Chinese horizontal and vertical ground motion records. The Butterworth non-causal filter method is applied to filter and reduce the noise of Chinese ground motion. The Chinese horizontal and vertical ground motion prediction model (CHV-DNN) is developed based on the deep learning method, and it is comprehensively assessed in terms of model performance, physical characteristics, and intra-and inter-event residual analyses. Finally, a correlation coefficient model for Chinese horizontal and vertical ground motion is provided. The results show that based on the residual analysis results of the CHV-DNN model, the most of the inter-event residuals are mainly distributed in the range of [-1, 1], and most of the residuals within events are mainly distributed in the range of [-1.5, 1.5], and the intra-event and inter-event residuals are both uniformly distributed on both sides of the residuals 0 baseline, which validate the reliability and accuracy of the model; The CHV-DNN model has better prediction accuracy and also has well physical characteristics; the correlation coefficient model calculated based on CHV-DNN has been more reasonable. The Chinese horizontal and vertical ground motion prediction model developed in this study will provide a research foundation for horizontal and vertical seismic hazard analysis in China.

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地震动预测模型是地震危险性分析等研究的重要基础,目前对于中国竖向地震动预测模型研究相对较少,同时,现有地震动预测模型大多采用参数化方程形式,其预测精度可能有限。因此,建立具有更高预测精度与可靠性的中国水平和竖向地震动预测模型是需要进一步深入研究的内容。为解决上述问题,首先以筛选出的1991组中国水平和竖向地震动序列为基础,选用Butterworth非因果滤波方法对中国地震动滤波进行降噪处理;然后基于深度学习方法开发了中国水平和竖向地震动预测模型(CHV-DNN),并对其进行了模型性能、物理特征以及事件内和事件间残差分析等方面的全面评估;最后给出了中国水平和竖向地震动谱型相关系数模型。研究结果表明:CHV-DNN模型事件间残差大部分集中在[-1,1]范围内,事件内残差大部分集中在[-1.5,1.5]范围内,事件内和事件间残差均在残差为0基准线两侧均匀分布,验证了模型的可靠性与准确性;CHV-DNN模型不仅具有较高的预测精度,同时还具有良好的物理特征;基于CHV-DNN计算的相关系数模型较为合理。本研究开发的中国水平和竖向地震动预测模型,将为中国水平和竖向地震危险性分析等研究提供研究基础。

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王晓磊(1986—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事工程结构抗震研究。E-mail:
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何维(1983—),男,正高级工程师,博士,主要从事地铁隧道结构抗震研究。E-mail:

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何维(1983—),男,正高级工程师,博士,主要从事地铁隧道结构抗震研究。E-mail:

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何维(1983—),男,正高级工程师,博士,主要从事地铁隧道结构抗震研究。E-mail:

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caption=基于不同水平和竖向地震动预测模型计算的相关系数模型之间比较, figureFileSmall=g5HZmj9VcBGQgjPd8IAk8Q==, figureFileBig=SKqCXRFB5f/QtfYfUi0idw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335225023606922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334011477242116, language=EN, label=Fig. 22, caption=Comparison of correlation coefficients TV=0.1, 0.3, 1.0 and 3.0 s for a specific set of periods, figureFileSmall=599xh/LP+xRAXJv7gX69/Q==, figureFileBig=HNaHrDVtXcQBFcIZ2Y8ixg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335225115881612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334011477242116, language=CN, label=图22, caption=一组特定周期(TV=0.1、0.3、1.0、3.0 s)的相关系数之间比较, figureFileSmall=599xh/LP+xRAXJv7gX69/Q==, figureFileBig=HNaHrDVtXcQBFcIZ2Y8ixg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1244335225174601870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334011477242116, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Performance indicators of training and testing sets under different horizontal intensity measures

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强度参数数据集均方根误差(RMSE)平均绝对误差(MAE)
PGA训练集0.317 10.250 9
 测试集0.332 30.258 1
PGV训练集0.316 30.246 7
 测试集0.319 80.250 4
PSA-0.1 s训练集0.369 60.294 4
 测试集0.393 30.314 5
PSA-1.0 s训练集0.378 70.297 3
 测试集0.382 10.302 5
PSA-3.0 s训练集0.366 50.291 3
 测试集0.383 20.300 9
PSA-10.0 s训练集0.327 20.256 8
 测试集0.323 00.252 5
), ArticleFig(id=1244335225292042384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334011477242116, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

水平向地震动不同强度参数训练集与测试集的性能指标

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强度参数数据集均方根误差(RMSE)平均绝对误差(MAE)
PGA训练集0.317 10.250 9
 测试集0.332 30.258 1
PGV训练集0.316 30.246 7
 测试集0.319 80.250 4
PSA-0.1 s训练集0.369 60.294 4
 测试集0.393 30.314 5
PSA-1.0 s训练集0.378 70.297 3
 测试集0.382 10.302 5
PSA-3.0 s训练集0.366 50.291 3
 测试集0.383 20.300 9
PSA-10.0 s训练集0.327 20.256 8
 测试集0.323 00.252 5
), ArticleFig(id=1244335225388511379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334011477242116, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Performance indicators of training and testing sets under different vertical intensity measures

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强度参数数据集均方根误差(RMSE)平均绝对误差(MAE)
PGA训练集0.312 50.242 0
 测试集0.350 30.261 1
PGV训练集0.305 10.235 0
 测试集0.320 80.237 5
PSA-0.1 s训练集0.352 80.275 5
 测试集0.400 70.309 9
PSA-1.0 s训练集0.356 60.279 4
 测试集0.367 30.267 8
PSA-3.0 s训练集0.369 30.287 5
 测试集0.397 30.301 1
PSA-10.0 s训练集0.307 50.235 7
 测试集0.334 00.251 5
), ArticleFig(id=1244335225484980374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334011477242116, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

竖向地震动不同强度参数训练集与测试集的性能指标

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强度参数数据集均方根误差(RMSE)平均绝对误差(MAE)
PGA训练集0.312 50.242 0
 测试集0.350 30.261 1
PGV训练集0.305 10.235 0
 测试集0.320 80.237 5
PSA-0.1 s训练集0.352 80.275 5
 测试集0.400 70.309 9
PSA-1.0 s训练集0.356 60.279 4
 测试集0.367 30.267 8
PSA-3.0 s训练集0.369 30.287 5
 测试集0.397 30.301 1
PSA-10.0 s训练集0.307 50.235 7
 测试集0.334 00.251 5
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Mean and standard deviation of the vertical-to-horizontal (V/H) ratios for the CH-DNN and CV-DNN Models

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强度参数震源距0~50 km震源距50~100 km震源距100~300 km
V/H均值V/H标准差V/H均值V/H标准差V/H均值V/H标准差
PSAT=1.0 s)0.6890.0510.6330.0880.5960.123
PSAT=3.0 s)0.6930.0870.6520.1060.6150.146
PSAT=5.0 s)0.6670.0590.6370.0820.5840.141
PSAT=10.0 s)0.6460.0540.5970.0910.5510.143
), ArticleFig(id=1244335225665335450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334011477242116, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

CH-DNN模型与CV-DNN模型V/H均值与标准差

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强度参数震源距0~50 km震源距50~100 km震源距100~300 km
V/H均值V/H标准差V/H均值V/H标准差V/H均值V/H标准差
PSAT=1.0 s)0.6890.0510.6330.0880.5960.123
PSAT=3.0 s)0.6930.0870.6520.1060.6150.146
PSAT=5.0 s)0.6670.0590.6370.0820.5840.141
PSAT=10.0 s)0.6460.0540.5970.0910.5510.143
), ArticleFig(id=1244335225740832924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334011477242116, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Correlation coefficient values for spectral parameters of Chinese horizontal ground motions

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周期/s0.01 s0.02 s0.03 s0.05 s0.1 s0.2 s0.3 s0.5 s1.0 s2.0 s3.0 s5.0 s10.0 s
0.011.0000.9900.9850.9600.9070.8860.8160.6630.4810.3990.4210.4860.663
0.020.9901.0000.9880.9620.9050.8730.7970.6430.4650.3850.4080.4710.647
0.030.9850.9881.0000.9730.9120.8680.7850.6280.4430.3640.3910.4550.630
0.050.9600.9620.9731.0000.9290.8320.7270.5510.3640.2950.3280.3880.555
0.10.9070.9050.9120.9291.0000.8170.6690.4810.3100.2520.2860.3390.478
0.20.8860.8730.8680.8320.8171.0000.8610.6570.4700.3740.3930.4530.614
0.30.8160.7970.7850.7270.6690.8611.0000.8160.6070.4920.4900.5560.712
0.50.8000.7820.7710.7090.6470.8370.9860.8410.6290.5100.5030.5670.725
1.00.7840.7650.7530.6900.6230.8110.9650.8660.6550.5340.5250.5850.740
2.00.6630.6430.6280.5510.4810.6570.8161.0000.8020.6600.6260.6730.811
3.00.4810.4650.4430.3640.3100.4700.6070.8021.0000.8670.8120.8110.871
5.00.3990.3850.3640.2950.2520.3740.4920.6600.8671.0000.9290.8820.869
10.00.4210.4080.3910.3280.2860.3930.4900.6260.8120.9291.0000.9300.872
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中国水平地震动谱型参数相关系数值

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周期/s0.01 s0.02 s0.03 s0.05 s0.1 s0.2 s0.3 s0.5 s1.0 s2.0 s3.0 s5.0 s10.0 s
0.011.0000.9900.9850.9600.9070.8860.8160.6630.4810.3990.4210.4860.663
0.020.9901.0000.9880.9620.9050.8730.7970.6430.4650.3850.4080.4710.647
0.030.9850.9881.0000.9730.9120.8680.7850.6280.4430.3640.3910.4550.630
0.050.9600.9620.9731.0000.9290.8320.7270.5510.3640.2950.3280.3880.555
0.10.9070.9050.9120.9291.0000.8170.6690.4810.3100.2520.2860.3390.478
0.20.8860.8730.8680.8320.8171.0000.8610.6570.4700.3740.3930.4530.614
0.30.8160.7970.7850.7270.6690.8611.0000.8160.6070.4920.4900.5560.712
0.50.8000.7820.7710.7090.6470.8370.9860.8410.6290.5100.5030.5670.725
1.00.7840.7650.7530.6900.6230.8110.9650.8660.6550.5340.5250.5850.740
2.00.6630.6430.6280.5510.4810.6570.8161.0000.8020.6600.6260.6730.811
3.00.4810.4650.4430.3640.3100.4700.6070.8021.0000.8670.8120.8110.871
5.00.3990.3850.3640.2950.2520.3740.4920.6600.8671.0000.9290.8820.869
10.00.4210.4080.3910.3280.2860.3930.4900.6260.8120.9291.0000.9300.872
), ArticleFig(id=1244335225896022176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334011477242116, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Correlation coefficient values between spectral parameters of Chinese horizontal and vertical ground motions

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周期/s0.01 s0.02 s0.03 s0.05 s0.1 s0.2 s0.3 s0.5 s1.0 s2.0 s3.0 s5.0 s10.0 s
0.010.5600.5620.5510.5470.5520.4930.4380.3460.2590.2090.1990.2020.298
0.020.5620.5740.5620.5570.5590.4900.4300.3390.2500.1990.1930.1970.292
0.030.5590.5700.5640.5620.5610.4860.4240.3290.2340.1840.1820.1870.282
0.050.5590.5700.5750.5880.5690.4690.3990.2940.1960.1510.1530.1620.252
0.10.5180.5290.5320.5680.5860.4410.3450.2400.1560.1180.1250.1280.201
0.20.4940.4920.4810.4710.5330.5410.4490.3310.2410.1910.1810.1870.271
0.30.4560.4460.4240.3940.4470.5210.5240.4200.3290.2650.2420.2440.327
0.50.3830.3690.3430.3030.3380.4410.5040.5450.4590.3720.3270.3120.401
1.00.2810.2680.2400.2010.2300.3210.3940.4890.5650.4830.4190.3740.442
2.00.2250.2140.1880.1560.1850.2500.2970.3890.5100.5420.4740.4000.438
3.00.2330.2240.1980.1740.1990.2520.2810.3590.4760.5300.5070.4290.450
5.00.2620.2520.2260.2020.2300.2830.3140.3730.4580.4880.4790.4490.459
10.00.3680.3580.3320.2980.3220.3790.4110.4520.4890.4750.4420.4090.477
), ArticleFig(id=1244335225958936739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334011477242116, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

中国水平和竖向地震动谱型参数相关系数值

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周期/s0.01 s0.02 s0.03 s0.05 s0.1 s0.2 s0.3 s0.5 s1.0 s2.0 s3.0 s5.0 s10.0 s
0.010.5600.5620.5510.5470.5520.4930.4380.3460.2590.2090.1990.2020.298
0.020.5620.5740.5620.5570.5590.4900.4300.3390.2500.1990.1930.1970.292
0.030.5590.5700.5640.5620.5610.4860.4240.3290.2340.1840.1820.1870.282
0.050.5590.5700.5750.5880.5690.4690.3990.2940.1960.1510.1530.1620.252
0.10.5180.5290.5320.5680.5860.4410.3450.2400.1560.1180.1250.1280.201
0.20.4940.4920.4810.4710.5330.5410.4490.3310.2410.1910.1810.1870.271
0.30.4560.4460.4240.3940.4470.5210.5240.4200.3290.2650.2420.2440.327
0.50.3830.3690.3430.3030.3380.4410.5040.5450.4590.3720.3270.3120.401
1.00.2810.2680.2400.2010.2300.3210.3940.4890.5650.4830.4190.3740.442
2.00.2250.2140.1880.1560.1850.2500.2970.3890.5100.5420.4740.4000.438
3.00.2330.2240.1980.1740.1990.2520.2810.3590.4760.5300.5070.4290.450
5.00.2620.2520.2260.2020.2300.2830.3140.3730.4580.4880.4790.4490.459
10.00.3680.3580.3320.2980.3220.3790.4110.4520.4890.4750.4420.4090.477
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基于深度学习的我国水平和竖向地震动预测模型开发研究
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何维 1 , 王晓磊 1, 2, 3 , 王子康 1 , 赵紫旭 1 , 刘佳慧 1 , 李宇鹏 1 , 阎卫东 1
世界地震工程 | 海城地震50周年专栏 2025,41(4): 13-29
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世界地震工程 | 海城地震50周年专栏 2025, 41(4): 13-29
基于深度学习的我国水平和竖向地震动预测模型开发研究
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何维1 , 王晓磊1, 2, 3 , 王子康1, 赵紫旭1, 刘佳慧1, 李宇鹏1, 阎卫东1
作者信息
  • 1.沈阳建筑大学土木工程学院,辽宁 沈阳 110168
  • 2.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 3.河北省地震灾害防御与风险评价重点实验室,河北 三河 065301
  • 何维(1983—),男,正高级工程师,博士,主要从事地铁隧道结构抗震研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

王晓磊(1986—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事工程结构抗震研究。E-mail:
Research on development of Chinese horizontal and vertical ground motion prediction model based on deep learning
Wei HE1 , Xiaolei WANG1, 2, 3 , Zikang WANG1, Zixu ZHAO1, Jiahui LIU1, Yupeng LI1, Weidong YAN1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang 110168, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, China Earthquake Administration, Harbin 150080, China
  • 3.Hebei Key Laboratory of Earthquake Disaster Prevention and Risk Assessment, Sanhe 065301, China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0056
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地震动预测模型是地震危险性分析等研究的重要基础,目前对于中国竖向地震动预测模型研究相对较少,同时,现有地震动预测模型大多采用参数化方程形式,其预测精度可能有限。因此,建立具有更高预测精度与可靠性的中国水平和竖向地震动预测模型是需要进一步深入研究的内容。为解决上述问题,首先以筛选出的1991组中国水平和竖向地震动序列为基础,选用Butterworth非因果滤波方法对中国地震动滤波进行降噪处理;然后基于深度学习方法开发了中国水平和竖向地震动预测模型(CHV-DNN),并对其进行了模型性能、物理特征以及事件内和事件间残差分析等方面的全面评估;最后给出了中国水平和竖向地震动谱型相关系数模型。研究结果表明:CHV-DNN模型事件间残差大部分集中在[-1,1]范围内,事件内残差大部分集中在[-1.5,1.5]范围内,事件内和事件间残差均在残差为0基准线两侧均匀分布,验证了模型的可靠性与准确性;CHV-DNN模型不仅具有较高的预测精度,同时还具有良好的物理特征;基于CHV-DNN计算的相关系数模型较为合理。本研究开发的中国水平和竖向地震动预测模型,将为中国水平和竖向地震危险性分析等研究提供研究基础。

地震动预测模型  /  水平和竖向地震动  /  深度学习  /  残差分析  /  中国地震动

Ground motion prediction models are an important foundation for seismic hazard analysis. Currently, the research on vertical ground motion prediction models in China is relatively few, and most of the existing ground motion prediction models used parametric equations, which may have limited prediction accuracy. Therefore, the development of horizontal and vertical ground motion prediction models with better prediction accuracy and reliability is necessary for further research. To address the above problems, this study, uses 1991 sets of Chinese horizontal and vertical ground motion records. The Butterworth non-causal filter method is applied to filter and reduce the noise of Chinese ground motion. The Chinese horizontal and vertical ground motion prediction model (CHV-DNN) is developed based on the deep learning method, and it is comprehensively assessed in terms of model performance, physical characteristics, and intra-and inter-event residual analyses. Finally, a correlation coefficient model for Chinese horizontal and vertical ground motion is provided. The results show that based on the residual analysis results of the CHV-DNN model, the most of the inter-event residuals are mainly distributed in the range of [-1, 1], and most of the residuals within events are mainly distributed in the range of [-1.5, 1.5], and the intra-event and inter-event residuals are both uniformly distributed on both sides of the residuals 0 baseline, which validate the reliability and accuracy of the model; The CHV-DNN model has better prediction accuracy and also has well physical characteristics; the correlation coefficient model calculated based on CHV-DNN has been more reasonable. The Chinese horizontal and vertical ground motion prediction model developed in this study will provide a research foundation for horizontal and vertical seismic hazard analysis in China.

ground motion prediction model  /  horizontal and vertical ground motion  /  deep learning  /  residual analysis  /  Chinese ground motion
何维, 王晓磊, 王子康, 赵紫旭, 刘佳慧, 李宇鹏, 阎卫东. 基于深度学习的我国水平和竖向地震动预测模型开发研究. 世界地震工程, 2025 , 41 (4) : 13 -29 . DOI: 10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0056
Wei HE, Xiaolei WANG, Zikang WANG, Zixu ZHAO, Jiahui LIU, Yupeng LI, Weidong YAN. Research on development of Chinese horizontal and vertical ground motion prediction model based on deep learning[J]. World Earthquake Engineering, 2025 , 41 (4) : 13 -29 . DOI: 10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0056
地震动(ground motion,GM)是引起地震灾害的直接因素,是由于地震产生的地震波传播到地表引起的震动,其强度和持续时间直接影响着建筑物、桥梁、道路和其他基础设施[1]。地震动通常分为水平地震动和竖向地震动,由于水平地震动对建筑结构的抗震安全性影响较大,在以往的研究中,水平地震动通常是主要的研究对象,而对竖向地震动的研究相对较少。然而,近期研究发现,竖向地震动也可能会导致一些高层结构[2]、大跨度桥梁结构[3]、特种结构的破坏和失效。水平和竖向地震动的危险性研究对上述结构和重要基础设施抗震分析有重要应用价值,而地震动预测方程(ground motion prediction equation,GMPE)是地震危险性分析的重要组成部分,因此开展研究中国水平和竖向地震动预测模型,将为对上述我国工程结构和重要基础设施地震危险性分析有重要应用价值。
1975年海城地震是人类历史上首次成功预报7级以上大地震,但从科学角度,此次预报是地震预报探索性的一次实践,短期地震预报仍然是世界性难题,作为长期预报的地震危险性分析仍然是目前分析地震发生可能性的主要方法,其中,地震动预测(衰减)模型是地震危险性分析中的重要组成部分。2003年,美国太平洋地震工程研究中心(Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center,PEER)启动了下一代地震动衰减模型(next generation attenuation,NGA)研究项目,NGA项目五个科研团队[4]基于断层距、断层倾角以及站点顶部30 m时间平均横波速度(VS30)等更为复杂全面的震源信息,更新了现阶段国外常用的5个基于参数化形式的水平和竖向地震动预测模型,即ASK模型、BSSA模型、CB模型、CY模型以及I模型。受NGA项目影响,国内学者也逐渐考虑更多因素对地震动衰减关系的影响:2006年,胡聿贤[1]基于大量历史地震动数据总结出了一套经验公式;JI等[5]基于2007年至2014年我国记录的地震动数据,参照1989年霍俊荣[6]提出的地震动衰减模型,研究了中国水平向地震动衰减模型;2021年,张斌等[7]基于西南地区79条面波震级为4.0~8.0级的地震动记录,考虑了震级饱和效应、几何衰减、线性与非线性场地响应等多个影响因素,拟合得到了水平向地震动峰值速度和峰值位移的具体衰减规律;2024年,李平等[8]基于汶川地震近断层地震动峰值加速度,通过对比不同地震动衰减模型拟合结果,指出采用不同衰减模型得到的衰减关系之间存在差异。总结已有研究可发现,针对中国竖向地震动预测模型研究相对较少,同时,现有地震动预测模型大多采用参数化方程形式,其预测精度有限。因此,建立具有更高预测精度与可靠性的中国水平和竖向地震动预测模型是需要进一步深入研究的内容。
相较于传统基于参数化方程开发地震动预测模型的方法,基于深度学习的地震动预测模型开发方法具有强大的数据学习能力和无须预设公式等优点。近年来,一些学者在基于深度学习的地震动预测模型开发方面取得了一定进展:LI等[9]在NGA-West2数据库基础上,运用二阶深度神经网络,开发了竖向主震地震动预测模型,该模型具有高预测精度和良好的物理特征;DING等[10]基于生成对抗神经网络开发了余震地震动预测模型;FAYAZ等[11]开发出了基于深度学习的主余震广义地震动模型,该模型考虑了主震与余震强度参数的相关性,但其模型决定系数R2在0.65~0.84之间,还未达到传统基于参数化的地震动预测模型0.80~0.90的水平。目前,基于深度学习中国水平和竖向地震动预测模型研究较少,开展相关研究将有重要应用价值。
地震动谱型相关系数模型是地震危险性分析等研究的基础。目前,一些学者基于不同地震动数据库生成了一系列谱型相关系数模型:2006年,BAKER等[12]最早基于NGA-West[13]地震动数据库进行了地震动强度参数间相关性研究;2008年,BAKER等在已有研究基础上进一步建立了一种更为精细的谱型相关性模型,称为BJ08模型[14];2011年,GÜLERCE等[15]在NGA-West数据库的基础上计算了水平反应谱加速度SA(spectral acceleration)和竖向与水平SA之比(V/H比率)之间的相关系数。随着NGA-West2[16]地震动数据库的更新和扩充,更多的研究人员开始基于NGA-West2地震动数据库进行相关性研究:2016年,BOZORGNIA等[17]计算的仅包括同周期水平和竖向地震动的SA相关系数模型;GÜLERCE等在生成GKAS17竖向地震动预测方程时[18],计算了竖向地震动之间谱加速度的事件内和事件间相关性;2017年,JI等[5]依据中国强震台网中心在2007—2014年记录到的地震动数据,研究了中国水平向地震动谱加速度间的相关性,并与BJ08模型[14]进行了比较;2019年,朱瑞广等[19]分别基于3种相关性系数计算方法,计算了主余震强度参数间相关性;2021年,JI等[20]依据中国强震台网中心在2007—2015年记录到的地震动数据,研究了中国水平向地震动强度参数间的相关性;近期,有研究人员开始基于不同地震动预测方程进行相关性研究:2020年KOHRANGI等[21]基于ASK14[22]-GKAS17[18]水平和竖向GMPE以及BSSA14[23]-SBSA16[24]水平和竖向GMPE,计算了水平和竖向地震动及竖向和竖向地震动之间的经验谱型相关系数,建立了一个参数化相关系数模型;WANG等[25]基于CB14[26]-BC16[17]水平和竖向GMPE,计算了水平和竖向地震动强度参数间的相关系数。目前,基于中国地震动记录的水平和竖向地震动谱型相关性分析研究还较为缺乏。
基于上述研究背景,本研究以中国地震局工程力学研究所提供的2007—2020年地震动记录,并参考中国地震局工程力学研究所的研究成果(http://www.gmm-cn.com/gmm-report/)作为数据基础[27-28],建立了中国场地地震动数据库,筛选出1991组水平和竖向地震动序列,选用Butterworth非因果滤波方法对其进行滤波降噪处理,基于深度学习方法开发了性能优越的中国水平和竖向地震动预测模型(CHV-DNN),对其进行了模型性能、物理特征、事件内和事件间残差分析等方面的全面评估,同时给出了中国水平和竖向地震动谱型相关系数模型,为中国水平和竖向地震危险性分析等研究提供基础。
本研究以中国地震局工程力学研究所提供的2007—2020年地震动记录,并参考中国地震局工程力学研究所的研究成果(http://www.gmm-cn.com/gmm-report/)作为数据基础[27-28],建立了中国场地地震动数据库,该地震动数据库包含来自全国范围内的89个地震事件,包括面波震级MS范围5~8级、震源距范围0~2 000 km的2 745组地震动(共8 235条地震动记录),每组包括3个不同方向分量(即EW、NS和UD)地震动记录,但考虑本研究地震动数据库在面波震级7~8级、震源距大于300 km的范围内地震动记录分布不均匀,在基于深度学习开发地震动预测模型前,需要对地震动进行筛选,选用面波震级和震源距分布相对均匀的地震动序列,筛选出1 991组水平和竖向地震动序列,结果如图1图2所示,具体筛选条件如下:
1)场地条件为土壤;
2)测点位置为自由场或结构第一层;
3)面波震级MS范围为5~8级;
4)震源距不超过300 km;
5)筛除同一地震事件少于两条地震动记录的地震动记录;
6)选用地震动谱加速度(pseudo-spectral acceleration,PSA)可用周期按照地震动谱加速度可用截止周期确定。
我国地震动原始记录数据存在基线漂移等不足,原始地震动数据需要滤波处理。参考我国地震动时程相关性研究[29]中所使用的地震动处理方法,本文对我国原始地震动记录数据进行地震动滤波处理,具体地震动滤波处理流程可总结如下:
进行滤波工作前,为避免在后续的步骤中存在地震动加速度时程零线漂移的情况,需要去除加速度时程的零线趋势,为此,由加速度全时程的平均值计算得到零线,从而消除零线漂移。处理后,地震动加速度时程的零线趋势得以消除,为后续的滤波工作提供了更为准确的数据基础。
在移除零线趋势后,需进行趋零及补零处理。在加速度极短的前段以及尾段持时范围内加窗函数(Taper)[30],使得加速度在时程的两端逐渐趋近于零,完成加速度时程的渐变趋零处理。上述处理方式能够有效地减少数据中的不连续性,避免由于数据截断所导致的傅里叶变换环状效应。为了保证处理后的加速度时程在时间域上具有适当的完整性,本文对时程的前后分别增加了零值段,并确保数据点的数量为2n,即补零处理,通过上述处理操作,傅里叶振幅谱[31]的计算结果更加符合实际情况,避免了环状效应的干扰。
在滤波处理过程中,本文选用了非因果滤波方法,这种滤波方式相较于因果滤波,更适合用于工程领域的数据处理[31],具体的处理步骤如下:首先,定义一个初始值为0.01 Hz的高通截止频率,然后基于此频率对加速度时程进行4阶Butterworth高通非因果滤波,如公式(1)所示;其次,对滤波后的加速度时程进行积分,得到速度和位移时程,判断滤波结果是否符合预期[32];如果位移时程的尾段没有趋于零,则将高通截止频率增加0.01 Hz,重新进行滤波处理,直至位移尾段满足趋零的要求。这样反复调整,确保滤波结果的质量达到要求。
式中:Y为加速度频响;f为加速度傅里叶振幅谱幅值;fc为高通截止频率。
最后,为了保证滤波前后加速度时程的时程长度一致,需要移除在补零操作中增加的零段。同时,为了确保速度和位移时程的兼容性[31],对移除零段后的地震动数据进行积分运算,计算得到速度和位移时程。若在此过程中出现基线漂移,则对相应的速度和位移时程进行校正,即通过加窗函数对加速度时程进行修正,并使用6阶多项式拟合方法对全时程记录进行校正[33],从而得到更符合实际的地震动加速度时程。
对于强震动记录的数据处理,姚鑫鑫等[31]提出了一种面向工程应用的强震动记录数据处理流程。该流程的第一步是合理选取地震动的高通截止频率,并根据3项原则来确定最佳的高通频率。接下来,研究者们通过迭代的方法,选择合适的高通与低通截止频率,采用4阶Butterworth非因果滤波器对地震动信号进行滤波处理。最后,为了验证滤波结果的合理性,判断地震动的速度和位移时程尾部是否趋近于零。只有在满足这一条件时,滤波结果才被认为是有效和合理的。
为了简化操作,本文采用了目前较为实用的标准——即通过检查地震动的速度和位移时程尾部是否趋零,来评估滤波效果的合理性。从实际滤波结果来看,仅依靠这一判断标准已能够获得合理的地震动数据。因此,本文主要采用这一标准来验证滤波处理的效果。本文以芦山地震东西向记录(编号为051BXY130420080202)的地震动为例来检验滤波结果是否合理,并对比了滤波前后加速度、速度及位移时程曲线的变化情况。对比结果如图3所示。可以观察到,在未处理的地震动数据中,速度和位移时程的基线存在不同程度的漂移,而经过滤波处理后,速度和位移时程的基线趋于与时间轴平行,且其尾部明显趋向于零。这一变化表明,滤波处理有效地去除了信号中的低频漂移成分,使得结果更加符合实际地震动的规律。综上所述,通过对芦山地震东西向记录数据的滤波处理结果的分析,本文验证了所采用的滤波方法和标准能够有效地改善地震动数据质量。通过速度和位移时程尾部趋零这一标准,能够合理判断滤波结果的有效性和合理性[31]
实际记录到的地震动一般包括3个分量:2个水平分量和1个竖向分量。通常要采用一些方法对水平地震动分量进行合成处理[34],包括:平均值、较大值和RotDnn[35]。RotDnn是基于周期和分量的水平地震动合成方法,其中,nn一般可选择3个分位数[34-35]为“00”、“50”和“100”,本文选取“50”分位数对水平向地震动进行合成处理,即:RotD50。
中国水平和竖向地震动预测模型(CHV-DNN)的开发过程可总结如下:将筛选出的水平和竖向地震动记录分别划分为水平向地震动训练集(占总量的80%)与测试集(占总量的20%)以及竖向地震动训练集与测试集。值得说明的是,由于强度参数范围跨越几个数量级,为了更好捕捉输出向量的特征,强度参数以对数形式作为模型的输出。另外,为了提高模型提取特征的能力并且加速模型的收敛,将输入变量进行归一化处理,以确保所有向量都在限制范围内。本文采用最小-最大归一化方法[25],具体公式如下:
式中:v为原始变量;v′为对应的归一化变量;vmaxvmin分别为原始变量的最大值与最小值。
中国水平和竖向地震动预测模型详细结构如图4所示,由3个神经元组成输入层和2个分别含有64、32个神经元的隐藏层与包括141个神经元的输出层组成。输入层为面波震级、震源距和震源深度,输出层为地震动观测值,第一个隐藏层的神经元负责捕捉输入数据的主要特征,第二个隐藏层是为了提供更深层次的特征提取,每层神经元的个数是基于经验与实验的结果,过少的神经元可能无法捕捉输入数据的特征,过多的神经元可能导致过拟合,而隐藏层设置为64和32能够在不大幅增加计算成本的情况下提高模型的性能。为了避免模型过于复杂而导致的过拟合问题,在第一个隐藏层后面加入Dropout层,在训练过程中随机丢弃一部分神经元输出(该模型丢弃率设置为典型值0.2),并配合Adam网络优化算法进行迭代训练,学习率设置为典型值0.001。
针对模型的不确定性,参数化地震动预测方程通常能够直接提供中位值和标准差,从而量化预测的不确定性。而本研究基于深度学习的地震动预测模型主要预测中位值,而标准差可以通过整个数据集的残差进行后续的计算,这种方法虽然不如参数化地震动预测方程直接,但仍能在一定程度上反映模型的不确定性。
我国地震动具有显著区域性差异,本文主要是以中国地震局工程力学研究所提供的2007—2020年地震动记录作为数据基础,建立了中国场地地震动数据库,基于深度学习的人工智能模型需要一定量的数据样本,基于上述建立的数据库,分区训练基于深度学习的人工智能模型样本数偏少,训练效果不好,基于上述原因,没有考虑区域差异性,将所有数据整合一起训练开发基于深度学习的我国水平和竖向地震动预测模型(考虑区域性差异的我国分区深度学习地震动预测模型开发与本文所用方法一致,只是用到的数据不同,未来随着建立的数据库我国各个区域数据量增大,有必要进一步开展我国分区的地震动预测模型研究开发)。
CHV-DNN模型不同强度参数预测结果如图5图6所示,可以发现,CHV-DNN模型不论是在训练集还是测试集上都实现了可靠的预测。这表明CHV-DNN模型在学习地震动特征的过程中,能够在训练阶段和验证阶段都提供稳定且准确的预测结果。为了进一步量化模型的性能并检测是否有效避免过拟合现象的出现,本研究比较了训练集与测试集的均方根误差RMSE(root mean square error)以及平均绝对误差MAE(mean absolute error),这些指标能够有效评估模型的泛化性能。结果分别如表1表2图7图8所示,可以发现:不论是水平地震动预测模型还是竖向地震动预测模型,训练集与测试集都具有较小的均方根误差RMSE和平均绝对误差MAE;此外,训练集的均方根误差RMSE与平均绝对误差MAE均略小于测试集,表明模型在学习过程中并未出现明显的过拟合问题。综上所述,本研究开发出的水平竖向地震动预测模型不仅具有较高的预测精度,同时有效规避了过拟合问题的出现。
为了深入研究CH-DNN模型与CV-DNN模型的有效性,本文选取CB14模型和BC16模型与本研究开发的模型进行对比,如图9图10所示。结果表明,本研究开发出的CH-DNN和CV-DNN预测效果与基于NGA-West2数据库开发出的地震动预测模型效果相当,值得说明的是CB14与BC16模型在构建过程中,运用了多个复杂的地震参数,并且包含大量的地震事件数,以此来提升模型的预测精度;与之形成鲜明对比的是,本研究采用深度学习算法所构建的水平和竖向地震动预测模型,仅仅采用面波震级、震源距和震源深度以及少量的地震动事件数据,便成功开发出预测效果相近的水平和竖向地震动预测模型。由表3可发现:在近场地震中V/H值较大,竖向地震动具有较大的破坏性;随着震源距的增加,V/H值不断减小,水平向地震动起到主导作用。
为了评估CH-DNN与CV-DNN模型具有的物理特征,本研究分析了震源距与面波震级对模型预测结果的影响,如图11图12所示,可以发现:与较大面波震级(MS>6.5)相比,面波震级较小(MS<6.5)时,面波震级对强度参数的影响更加显著;从震源距衰减趋势可以看出,在震源距较近的区域,强度参数几乎是恒定的,随着震源距的增加,其衰减速度也不断变快,此外,震源距对短周期强度参数的影响相较于长周期强度参数更加显著,短周期呈现明显的大曲率下降曲线形式。由于本研究所采用的地震参数与经验衰减方程中所使用的参数存在差异,数值对比上存在一定困难,但上述观察到的面波震级和震源距对CHV-DNN模型的影响与参数化地震动预测模型的变化趋势相似,表明CHV-DNN模型同样具有良好的物理特征。
除了均方根误差RMSE和平均绝对误差MAE等性能指标外,也可以采用残差分析评估模型性能。基于最大似然估计方法,地震动预测模型的总残差可划分为事件内残差和事件间残差,具体可表示为
式中:log10IMtij和log10IMpij分别表示地震动强度参数真实值与预测值。其中i表示地震事件数;j表示同一个地震的地震动记录编号;ηiεij为事件间残差与事件内残差。事件内残差与事件间残差分析能够展现模型的合理性,能够进一步体现不同处理组间差异以及相同处理组内变异情况。
CH-DNN模型与CV-DNN模型预测强度参数(即PGAPGVPSA)相对于面波震级(MS)的事件间和事件内残差如图13~图16所示(图中误差棒的横纵坐标表示残差的局部平均值,误差棒的高度表示95%置信区间的范围),结果表明,两模型的事件间残差分布在[-1,1],事件内残差绝大部分分布在[-1.5,1.5],同时集中分布在残差为0基准线两侧,并且均匀分布。值得注意的是,两模型事件间残差和事件内都具有较小的误差棒,进一步说明模型预测结果的准确性。综上所述,本文开发的CH-DNN和CV-DNN模型具有准确合理的预测能力。
水平和竖向地震动之间的谱型参数相关系数可以采用最大似然估计(或称为Pearson乘积矩相关系数)方法进行计算,其计算方法可表示为
式中:εiTH)和εiTV)分别为第i个水平和竖向地震动记录的总残差;分别为水平和竖向地震动记录的总残差均值;n为水平和竖向地震动记录总数。
本研究首先基于公式(4)计算中国水平地震动谱型参数相关系数,分析中国水平和水平地震动之间的谱型参数相关性,结果如图17所示,具体详值见表4,结果表明,中国水平和水平地震动之间的谱加速度在间隔较近的周期内相关性较高,在间隔较远的周期内相关性较弱。
将本节基于CH-DNN计算的中国水平向地震动谱型参数相关系数模型(SAHTi-SAHT*))与KOHRANGI等[21]基于ASK14[22]和BSSA14[23](水平向参数化地震动预测模型)计算的SAHTi-SAHT*)相关系数模型进行了比较,结果如图18所示。为了进一步说明相关系数变化趋势,将一组特定周期(T=0.1、0.3、1.0、3.0 s)的相关系数进行了比较,结果如图19所示。上述图18图19均显示,基于不同水平向地震动预测模型计算的相关系数模型变化趋势基本一致;基于CH-DNN计算的相关系数模型数值较大。本节计算的中国水平向地震动谱型参数相关系数模型较为合理,将为中国水平向地震危险性分析等研究提供研究基础。
本研究将基于公式(4)计算中国水平和竖向地震动谱型参数相关系数,分析中国水平和竖向地震动之间的谱型参数相关性,结果如图20所示,具体详值见表5,分析结果表明,中国水平和竖向地震动之间的谱加速度在间隔较近的周期内相关性较高,在间隔较远的周期内相关性较弱。
将本节基于CHV-DNN计算的中国水平和竖向地震动谱型参数相关系数模型(SAHTi-SAVT*))与KOHRANGI等[21]基于ASK14[22]-GKAS17[18]和BSSA14[23]-SBSA16[24](水平-竖向参数化地震动预测模型)计算的SAHTi-SAVT*)相关系数模型进行了比较,结果如图21所示。为了进一步说明相关系数变化趋势,将一组特定周期(TV=0.1、0.3、1.3 s)的相关系数进行了比较,结果如图22所示。上述图21图22均显示,基于不同水平和竖向地震动预测模型计算的相关系数模型变化趋势基本一致;基于CHV-DNN计算的相关系数模型数值极差较小。本节计算的中国水平和竖向地震动谱型参数相关系数较为合理,将为中国水平和竖向地震危险性分析等研究提供研究基础。
本研究以中国地震局工程力学研究所提供的2007—2020年地震动记录作为数据基础,建立了中国场地地震动数据库,筛选出1 991组水平和竖向地震动序列,选用4阶Butterworth非因果滤波方法对中国地震动进行滤波降噪处理,基于深度学习方法开发了性能优越的中国水平和竖向地震动预测模型(CHV-DNN),对其进行了模型性能、物理特征、事件内和事件间残差分析等方面的全面评估,同时给出了中国水平和竖向地震动谱型相关系数模型,为中国水平和竖向地震危险性分析等研究提供研究基础,研究结果表明:
1)本研究选用Butterworth非因果滤波方法对中国地震动滤波降噪处理,滤波处理后,速度与位移时程基线与时间轴平行且尾端趋于零,表明滤波结果合理。
2)CHV-DNN模型中训练集与测试集的两个性能指标差距不大,表明模型避免了过拟合现象的发生。
3)CHV-DNN模型残差分析结果表明,水平和竖向地震事件间残差大部分集中在[-1,1]范围内,事件内残差大部分集中在[-1.5,1.5]范围内,且在残差为0基准线两侧均匀分布,验证了模型的可靠性与准确性。
4)CHV-DNN模型不仅具有较高的预测精度,同时还具有良好的物理特征。
5)中国水平和竖向地震动之间及中国水平和竖向地震动之间的谱加速度在间隔较近的周期内相关性较高,在间隔较远的周期内相关性较弱。
6)基于不同地震动预测模型计算的相关系数模型变化趋势基本一致,基于CHV-DNN计算的相关系数模型较为合理,基于CH-DNN计算的相关系数模型数值较大,基于CHV-DNN计算的相关系数模型数值极差较小。
本文模型源代码链接为https://github.com/wzk-0224/GMPE-HV
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51908379)
  • 辽宁省重点研发项目(2024JH2/102500078)
  • 中国地震局工程力学研究所基本科研业务费专项资助项目(2023D19)
  • 河北省地震灾害防御与风险评价重点实验室开放基金项目(FZ247101)
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2025年第41卷第4期
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doi: 10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0056
  • 接收时间:2024-12-15
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-15
  • 修回日期:2025-04-08
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(51908379)
辽宁省重点研发项目(2024JH2/102500078)
中国地震局工程力学研究所基本科研业务费专项资助项目(2023D19)
河北省地震灾害防御与风险评价重点实验室开放基金项目(FZ247101)
作者信息
    1.沈阳建筑大学土木工程学院,辽宁 沈阳 110168
    2.中国地震局工程力学研究所 地震工程与工程振动重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    3.河北省地震灾害防御与风险评价重点实验室,河北 三河 065301

通讯作者:

王晓磊(1986—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事工程结构抗震研究。E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/sjdzgc/CN/10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0056
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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