Article(id=1244334011028451584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, issueId=1244334009858240758, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0059, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729699200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-24, revisedDate=1742400000000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1774601946836, onlineDateStr=2026-03-27, pubDate=1759248000000, pubDateStr=2025-10-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1774601946836, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1774601946836, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774601946836, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1244334009858240758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, year='2025', volume='41', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='211', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1774601946558, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774602401281, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1244335917167657884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, issueId=1244334009858240758, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1244335917167657885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, issueId=1244334009858240758, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=50, endPage=63, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1244334011250749696, articleId=1244334011028451584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, language=EN, title=Seismic optimization design of RC piers based on the reliability response surface, columnId=null, journalTitle=World Earthquake Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a research hotspot in earthquake engineering, the performance-based seismic design concept has achieved mature applications in the seismic damage assessment of bridges, but its implementation in seismic design still needs further research. This study proposes a multi-objective optimization design method for piers based on seismic reliability by integrating the probabilistic seismic risk analysis framework with response surface theory and the improved Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-Ⅱ). First, the method for establishing seismic reliability of bridges is elaborated by combining seismic fragility and seismic hazard theories. A mathematical optimization model is then proposed with the seismic reliability of bridges and the material cost of piers as objective functions. A systematic design workflow for seismic optimization of piers is established by embedding response surface theory and the NSGA-Ⅱ. Subsequently, a typical highway bridge is taken as a case study. In accordance with the seismic design specifications for bridges in China, the seismic hazard curve and seismic vulnerability curve are developed, and the seismic damage characteristics of the bridge are analyzed. Finally, a response surface model for seismic reliability is developed to perform seismic optimization design for the case study bridge. The results show that the response surface model based on the quadratic polynomial can accurately describe the implicit relationship between the design parameters of piers and the seismic reliability of the bridge. The proposed seismic optimization design method in this paper can improve the seismic reliability of the bridge or reduce the material cost of the piers. Incorporating seismic reliability as an objective function directly consider the influence of piers on the seismic damage risk of the bridge. In addition, the multi-objective optimization seismic design can overcome the limitations of traditional empirical design methods and achieve more refined quantitative design. Designers can flexibly obtain the optimal solution from the Pareto solution set based on different optimization strategies.

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基于性能的抗震设计理念作为目前地震工程领域的研究热点,在桥梁地震损伤评估中已有较成熟的应用,但其在抗震设计方面还有待进一步研究。文中以全概率地震风险分析框架为基础,引入响应面理论及改进的非支配排序遗传算法(improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms,NSGA-Ⅱ),提出了一种基于抗震可靠度的桥墩多目标优化设计方法。首先,结合地震易损性及地震危险性理论,阐述了桥梁抗震可靠度的建立方法。随后,提出以桥梁抗震可靠度及桥墩材料费用为目标函数的优化数学模型,基于响应面理论并结合NSGA-Ⅱ,建立了桥墩抗震优化设计流程。然后,以一座典型的公路桥梁为例,结合我国桥梁抗震设计规范,建立了桥梁地震危险性曲线及地震易损性曲线,对桥梁地震损伤特征进行分析。最后,建立了桥梁抗震可靠度响应面模型,对算例桥梁进行抗震优化设计。研究结果表明:基于二次多项式的响应面模型能够准确描述桥墩设计参数与桥梁抗震可靠度之间的隐式关系。采用文中提出的抗震优化设计方法可以改善桥梁整体的抗震可靠度或降低桥墩的材料费用。将桥梁抗震可靠度作为目标函数,能够考虑桥墩参数对桥梁整体地震损伤风险的影响。此外,多目标抗震优化设计能够突破传统经验设计方法的局限性,实现更加精细的定量设计,设计人员可以利用不同的优化策略灵活地从Pareto解集中获取最优方案。

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胡思聪(1990—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:
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罗强(1972—),男,高级工程师,学士,主要从事高速公路养护管理。E-mail:

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罗强(1972—),男,高级工程师,学士,主要从事高速公路养护管理。E-mail:

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罗强(1972—),男,高级工程师,学士,主要从事高速公路养护管理。E-mail:

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language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Damage indices and seismic capacity of various components

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构件损伤指标LS1LS2LS3LS4
桥墩曲率延性比1.001.546.3611.82
挡块变形/mm5.251.070.0130.0
PTFE支座变形/mm80.0150.0200.0300.0
LR支座剪切应变1.01.52.02.5
桥台变形/mm5.511.035.0100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1244335220154023954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334011028451584, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各构件损伤指标及抗震能力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构件损伤指标LS1LS2LS3LS4
桥墩曲率延性比1.001.546.3611.82
挡块变形/mm5.251.070.0130.0
PTFE支座变形/mm80.0150.0200.0300.0
LR支座剪切应变1.01.52.02.5
桥台变形/mm5.511.035.0100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1244335220242104341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334011028451584, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Seismic reliability of the bridge under various damage states

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设防烈度轻微损伤中等损伤严重损伤完全损伤
7度2.352.702.983.24
), ArticleFig(id=1244335220346961945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334011028451584, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

桥梁各损伤状态抗震可靠度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设防烈度轻微损伤中等损伤严重损伤完全损伤
7度2.352.702.983.24
), ArticleFig(id=1244335220497956895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334011028451584, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Design parameter boundaries of response surface

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
界限配箍率/%配筋率/%桥墩直径/cm
下限0.400.50100
上限3.004.00200
), ArticleFig(id=1244335220607008801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334011028451584, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

响应面设计变量界限

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
界限配箍率/%配筋率/%桥墩直径/cm
下限0.400.50100
上限3.004.00200
), ArticleFig(id=1244335220699283490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334011028451584, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Design parameters and seismic reliability of piers under different optimization schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案桥梁抗震可靠度桥墩直径/cm配筋率/%配箍率/%桥墩材料费用/万元
原方案2.7/3.241501.670.409.21
优化方案12.7/3.241690.500.507.63
优化方案23.0/3.411740.550.749.21
), ArticleFig(id=1244335220799946791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1243988319449690156, articleId=1244334011028451584, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同优化方案下的桥墩设计参数及抗震可靠度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案桥梁抗震可靠度桥墩直径/cm配筋率/%配箍率/%桥墩材料费用/万元
原方案2.7/3.241501.670.409.21
优化方案12.7/3.241690.500.507.63
优化方案23.0/3.411740.550.749.21
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基于可靠度响应面的RC桥墩抗震优化设计
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罗强 1 , 黄新赞 1, 2 , 胡思聪 3 , 陈宝魁 3 , 朱泽文 1, 2
世界地震工程 | 海城地震50周年专栏 2025,41(4): 50-63
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世界地震工程 | 海城地震50周年专栏 2025, 41(4): 50-63
基于可靠度响应面的RC桥墩抗震优化设计
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罗强1 , 黄新赞1, 2, 胡思聪3 , 陈宝魁3, 朱泽文1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.江西省交投养护科技集团有限公司,江西 南昌 330013
  • 2.江西交科交通工程有限公司,江西 南昌 330013
  • 3.南昌大学工程建设学院,江西 南昌 330031
  • 罗强(1972—),男,高级工程师,学士,主要从事高速公路养护管理。E-mail:

通讯作者:

胡思聪(1990—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:
Seismic optimization design of RC piers based on the reliability response surface
Qiang LUO1 , Xinzan HUANG1, 2, Sicong HU3 , Baokui CHEN3, Zewen ZHU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Jiangxi Communications Investment Maintenance Technology Group Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330013, China
  • 2.Jiangxi Jiaoke Transportation Engineering Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330013, China
  • 3.School of Infrastructure Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
出版时间: 2025-10-01 doi: 10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0059
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基于性能的抗震设计理念作为目前地震工程领域的研究热点,在桥梁地震损伤评估中已有较成熟的应用,但其在抗震设计方面还有待进一步研究。文中以全概率地震风险分析框架为基础,引入响应面理论及改进的非支配排序遗传算法(improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms,NSGA-Ⅱ),提出了一种基于抗震可靠度的桥墩多目标优化设计方法。首先,结合地震易损性及地震危险性理论,阐述了桥梁抗震可靠度的建立方法。随后,提出以桥梁抗震可靠度及桥墩材料费用为目标函数的优化数学模型,基于响应面理论并结合NSGA-Ⅱ,建立了桥墩抗震优化设计流程。然后,以一座典型的公路桥梁为例,结合我国桥梁抗震设计规范,建立了桥梁地震危险性曲线及地震易损性曲线,对桥梁地震损伤特征进行分析。最后,建立了桥梁抗震可靠度响应面模型,对算例桥梁进行抗震优化设计。研究结果表明:基于二次多项式的响应面模型能够准确描述桥墩设计参数与桥梁抗震可靠度之间的隐式关系。采用文中提出的抗震优化设计方法可以改善桥梁整体的抗震可靠度或降低桥墩的材料费用。将桥梁抗震可靠度作为目标函数,能够考虑桥墩参数对桥梁整体地震损伤风险的影响。此外,多目标抗震优化设计能够突破传统经验设计方法的局限性,实现更加精细的定量设计,设计人员可以利用不同的优化策略灵活地从Pareto解集中获取最优方案。

抗震可靠度  /  优化设计  /  地震易损性  /  地震危险性  /  响应面法  /  非支配排序遗传算法

As a research hotspot in earthquake engineering, the performance-based seismic design concept has achieved mature applications in the seismic damage assessment of bridges, but its implementation in seismic design still needs further research. This study proposes a multi-objective optimization design method for piers based on seismic reliability by integrating the probabilistic seismic risk analysis framework with response surface theory and the improved Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-Ⅱ). First, the method for establishing seismic reliability of bridges is elaborated by combining seismic fragility and seismic hazard theories. A mathematical optimization model is then proposed with the seismic reliability of bridges and the material cost of piers as objective functions. A systematic design workflow for seismic optimization of piers is established by embedding response surface theory and the NSGA-Ⅱ. Subsequently, a typical highway bridge is taken as a case study. In accordance with the seismic design specifications for bridges in China, the seismic hazard curve and seismic vulnerability curve are developed, and the seismic damage characteristics of the bridge are analyzed. Finally, a response surface model for seismic reliability is developed to perform seismic optimization design for the case study bridge. The results show that the response surface model based on the quadratic polynomial can accurately describe the implicit relationship between the design parameters of piers and the seismic reliability of the bridge. The proposed seismic optimization design method in this paper can improve the seismic reliability of the bridge or reduce the material cost of the piers. Incorporating seismic reliability as an objective function directly consider the influence of piers on the seismic damage risk of the bridge. In addition, the multi-objective optimization seismic design can overcome the limitations of traditional empirical design methods and achieve more refined quantitative design. Designers can flexibly obtain the optimal solution from the Pareto solution set based on different optimization strategies.

seismic reliability  /  optimization design  /  seismic fragility  /  seismic hazard  /  response surface method  /  non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm
罗强, 黄新赞, 胡思聪, 陈宝魁, 朱泽文. 基于可靠度响应面的RC桥墩抗震优化设计. 世界地震工程, 2025 , 41 (4) : 50 -63 . DOI: 10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0059
Qiang LUO, Xinzan HUANG, Sicong HU, Baokui CHEN, Zewen ZHU. Seismic optimization design of RC piers based on the reliability response surface[J]. World Earthquake Engineering, 2025 , 41 (4) : 50 -63 . DOI: 10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0059
桥墩是桥梁主要的抗侧力构件,也是地震中最易受损的构件之一。桥墩损伤可能导致桥梁整体失效甚至倒塌,造成巨大的经济损失和社会影响。在国内外近几次破坏性地震中,因桥墩损伤导致桥梁倒塌的案例屡见不鲜[1]。1975年发生的辽宁海城地震作为全球首次成功预报的强震,人员伤亡得到了有效控制。然而,由于抗震设计的不合理仍旧引起了多座桥梁不同程度的损伤[2],这充分揭示了桥墩在地震中的脆弱性,并促使工程界对桥梁抗震设计理念的反思和演进。桥墩抗震性能的优劣对桥梁整体安全性有着重要影响。然而,由于地震波的随机性及地震响应分析的复杂性,目前多数桥梁抗震规范中桥墩仍以经验设计为主,结合延性验算来确保抗震需求。这类方法往往对设计人员的经验要求较高,且设计方案可能需要多次手动调整才能满足要求。
为了对桥墩进行快速、精细化的抗震设计,一些学者尝试采用优化设计理论来确定桥墩设计方案。罗晓峰等[3]结合模糊逻辑控制法、神经网络法和自适应遗传算法,提出了一种基于非线性静力分析的桥墩抗震设计方法。柳春光等[4]采用Pushover分析方法,以全寿命周期内桥梁初始造价、损伤期望等为目标,建立了桥墩的多目标优化设计方法。李宏男等[5]和李宇婧等[6]采用非线性静力分析方法,建立了以费用最低、强度安全及变形可靠指标最高为目标的单柱墩抗震优化设计方法。田英侠等[7]将反应谱法和粒子群优化算法结合,提出以抗震需求能力比为目标函数的钢筋混凝土圆形桥墩延性抗震优化设计方法。CAMACHO等[8]提出了一种地震响应系数(弹性强度需求和屈服强度之间的比值)来表征桥墩的延性水平,结合多目标优化方法提出了改善桥墩延性的优化设计方法。以上研究从不同角度对桥墩抗震性能进行量化,并提出了对应的目标函数及优化模型。然而,这些研究大多采用变形、内力、延性等传统指标,难以综合考虑桥墩抗震性能对桥梁整体的影响。此外,这些方法中桥墩的地震响应往往是利用少数几条地震波进行确定性分析获得的,难以充分反映地震动本身的随机性。
20世纪末,基于性能的抗震设计理念及全概率地震损伤风险分析框架的提出,其被誉为工程抗震发展史上一个重要的里程碑[9]。与传统抗震分析方法相比,基于性能的抗震设计理念能够综合考虑结构整体的安全、性能及经济性等因素,为抗震设计提供了更科学的理论框架。此外,全概率地震损伤风险分析框架可以综合考虑地震动等各类不确定性因素,从概率的角度量化结构的抗震性能,可以和结构可靠度设计有机地结合,被公认为是目前最合理的抗震分析方法。在此背景的推动下,大量学者开展了桥梁地震损伤评估的相关研究[10-16]。相比之下,这些理论在桥梁抗震设计方面的应用还较少。
全概率地震损伤风险分析往往需要进行大规模的非线性时程分析来获得精确的地震响应,而在优化过程中又需要对众多设计方案进行迭代寻优,因此计算成本将显著增加,限制了其在实际工程中的应用。一些学者尝试采用不同的方法来提高计算效率。FAZLI等[17]提出一种多柱墩的抗震优化设计方法,在优化过程中,采用弹性反应谱来计算结构的地震响应,采用非线性静力分析来计算结构的抗震能力。ZHONG等[18]针对带系梁的桥墩提出了基于抗震韧性的优化设计方法,通过机器学习方法来预测不同设计参数下的桥梁抗震韧性。CAMACHO等[19]基于NSGA-Ⅱ算法提出了不规则RC桥梁的桥墩抗震优化设计方法,为了提高计算效率,采用了OpenSeesMP平台建立并行分析模型并通过32线程处理器进行并行计算。这些研究为改善计算效率提供了诸多思路,但这些方法仍旧存在一些不足。静力分析方法在处理材料和边界非线性问题上存在较大局限性,地震响应的精度难以得到保证。机器学习需要进行大量样本学习才能获得令人满意的结果,在设计参数数目不多的情况下,计算效率的提升有限。并行计算能够较好地提高计算效率,但对硬件资源要求较高,且需要单独建立并行计算模型。近年来,基于响应面理论的优化设计方法开始逐渐运用于各个领域[20]。响应面法作为一种数学统计方法,在预测方面发挥了重要作用,表现出了较好的精度和较高的计算效率,有望解决现有桥墩抗震优化设计中存在的问题。
基于此,本项目以基于性能的抗震设计理论及全概率地震损伤风险分析框架为核心,推导了桥梁抗震可靠度的计算方法。在此基础上,以桥梁抗震可靠度以及桥墩材料费用为目标函数,以桥墩的截面尺寸、配筋率和配箍率为设计参数,建立了桥墩抗震优化数学模型。通过引入响应面理论,提出了抗震可靠度快速计算方法。结合NSGA-Ⅱ建立了桥墩抗震优化设计流程。最后,以一座典型的公路桥梁为例,结合我国桥梁抗震设计规范,对算例桥梁进行抗震优化设计。
20世纪末,美国太平洋地震工程研究中心(Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center,PEERC)建立了全概率地震损伤风险分析框架。根据这个框架,结构在地震下的损伤风险可以写成如下形式[9]
式中:f(DM|EDP)是指在结构工程需求参数达到EDP时,损伤指标超过期望值DM的条件概率密度函数;f(EDP|IM)是指在地震动强度指标达到IM时,结构工程需求参数超过期望值EDP的条件概率密度函数;λ(IM)为强度为IM的地震年发生概率函数。
定义地震易损性Pf为结构在特定地震强度下达到DM损伤的概率,其计算公式如下:
则式(1)可以改写成如下形式:
根据可靠度理论,结构抗震可靠度可以表示为如下形式:
一般来说,假定桥梁各构件的地震响应和抗震需求满足对数正态分布,式(2)可以表示为如下函数形式[10]:
式中:Φ(•)为标准正态分布函数;分别为地震需求和抗震能力均值;βDβC|LSi分别为地震需求SD及抗震能力SC|LSi的对数标准差。其中,地震需求的均值与地震动强度(IM)之间可视为满足指数关系:
式中:ab为对数拟合系数,可根据地震需求SD和地震动强度指标IM之间的回归分析确定。
此时,式(5)中的对数标准差βD可按下式计算:
式中:N为地震波的数量;SD,j为第j条地震波下结构的地震需求。
通过上述方法可以建立桥梁各构件的地震易损性函数。然而,构件的易损性并不能全面地描述桥梁整体的损伤情况。为此,本文采用NIELSON等[10]提出的联合概率地震需求模型(joint probabilistic demand model,JPSDM)来建立桥梁系统易损性。在该方法中,假定桥梁整体是由各构件串联组成,桥梁系统地震易损性函数和联合概率地震需求模型如下:
式中:Dn是第n个构件的损伤事件;Y=[Y1Y2,…,Yn]是标准正态分布随机变量;Yn=ln(SD,n|IM)是第n个构件的地震需求对数标准值;ρ=[ρmn]n×n是相关系数矩阵,可按下式计算:
式中:Cov[•]和σ[•]是协方差和标准差。
根据式(6)得到的各构件需求模型计算均值及相关系数矩阵,通过蒙特卡洛抽样可以确定桥梁构件在各地震动强度下的抗震能力和抗震需求的随机样本。通过统计受损构件的样本数量,可最终得到了桥梁系统的易损性曲线。
另外,式(3)中不同强度的地震动超越概率λ(IM)可以通过地震危险性分析获得。对于场地地震危险性较小的情况,可采用简化的设计场地地震危险性概率模型[21]
式中:k0k均为地震危险性曲线的形状系数,可按下式计算:
式中:λ1λ2分别为IM1和IM2两种不同强度的地震动年平均发生概率。
桥墩的主要设计参数包括截面尺寸(圆形桥墩为直径D,矩形桥墩为宽B和高H)、配筋率ρs及配箍率ρh。桥墩作为桥梁重要的抗震构件之一,其抗震优化设计的目的是改善整个桥梁的抗震性能。从基于性能的抗震设计理念来看,桥梁的抗震性能可以通过抗震可靠度来量化。受到建设成本的限制,业主或设计人员希望在可接受的抗震可靠度下,尽可能地降低桥墩材料费用。桥梁抗震可靠度和桥墩材料费用是相互冲突的两组目标。因此,桥墩的抗震设计可以描述为一个多目标优化设计问题:
式中:β为桥梁抗震可靠度,受到桥墩截面尺寸、配筋率和配箍率的影响;C为桥墩的材料费用,可按下式计算:
式中:Vpier为桥墩的体积;cccsch分别为混凝土、纵筋和箍筋单位体积的价格。
在优化设计中,可以设定若干约束条件来确保优化结果满足特定的设计要求,例如:
式中:[β]为容许最低可靠度;[DL]、[BL]、[HL]和[DU]、[BU]、[HU]为容许最小、最大桥墩截面尺寸;ρh,minρh,maxρs,minρs,max分别为规范规定的最小、最大配箍率以及最小、最大配筋率。
桥墩抗震优化过程中需要反复迭代计算不同设计参数下的目标函数值。因此,快速计算桥梁抗震可靠度是提高优化设计效率的核心。理论上,通过前述的分析方法可以得到不同桥墩设计参数下的桥梁抗震可靠度。然而,由于建立地震易损性函数需要执行大量的非线性时程分析,显著降低了优化计算的效率。为了平衡分析精度和计算效率,本文通过构建响应面模型快速计算桥梁抗震可靠度。
响应面法是一种试验设计与数理统计相结合的数学建模方法[20]。该方法通过有限试验设计得到样本点,采用回归拟合方法建立一个超曲面来描述结构响应与设计参数之间复杂的隐式函数关系,其数学表达式为
式中:为响应面函数,x=[x1x2,…,xn]为设计参数;n为设计变量个数;α为响应面函数的系数;ε为残余误差。
利用响应面法构造近似模型时,先要确定响应面函数形式,然后通过试验设计在空间内选取合适的样本点,最后运用最小二乘法得到近似响应模型并进行适应性检验。
响应面函数包括多项式、Kriging函数和径向基函数等形式[20]。由于多项式形式简单,且根据Weierstress定理,任何类型的函数都可以用多项式逼近,因此工程中多采用该形式的响应面函数。以下为带交叉项的二次多项式响应面函数表达式:
式中:α0αiαiiαij为二次多项式的待估参数。
响应面法作为一种局部拟合方法,只能保证在样本空间附近的拟合效果。为了使所得的响应面模型反映实际函数在整个设计空间的特征,需要通过试验设计来选取合适的样本点。目前,常用的试验设计方法包括全因子设计、中心组合设计、正交试验设计、均匀试验设计等[20]。由于中心组合设计方法简单易行,所需的试验数合理,是响应面拟合常用的试验设计方法之一。中心组合设计的样本点布置方式以Bucher设计为基础,对于n个参数的模型而言,包含了2n个立方点、2n个轴线点和1个中心试验点,图1为两参数和三参数下中心组合设计的样本点分布情况。
为了检验建立的响应面模型是否准确反映设计空间的函数特征,需要对响应面的拟合结果进行适应性检验。工程上常用复相关系数R2和修正的复相关系数来反映拟合效果:
式中:为预测值;yi为样本的真实值;为样本点的均值;m为样本点数目;p为变量数目。
根据以上原理,总结得到抗震可靠度响应面模型的建立步骤:
1)根据实际工程情况,确定桥墩需优化的设计参数类型,对于矩形桥墩为截面宽度、截面厚度、配筋率和配箍率,对于圆形桥墩为截面直径、配筋率和配箍率。统计各设计参数取值的上、下界,确定设计参数的空间范围。
2)综合考虑精度及计算量,选择合适的试验设计方法,生成足够数目的设计参数样本。将设计参数赋予桥墩,生成相应的桥梁分析模型。
3)按式(5)~式(10)对各桥梁模型进行地震易损性分析,按式(11)~式(13)进行地震危险性分析,最后根据式(3)和式(4)计算各桥梁模型的抗震可靠度指标。
4)选择合适的响应面函数形式,采用最小二乘法对各桥梁模型的抗震可靠度指标进行拟合,获得响应面模型的系数。
5)对响应面模型进行适应性检验。若不满足要求,调整试验设计方法及响应面函数形式,直到适应性满足要求,得到抗震可靠度响应面模型。
如前所述,桥墩抗震优化设计是一个多目标优化设计问题。多目标优化中各目标函数存在冲突关系,因此无法像单目标优化设计一样获得使所有目标函数同时最优的唯一解。多目标优化设计的目的是获得一组由Pareto最优解组成的Pareto最优解集(或称为“非劣解集”)。如图2所示,左下角阴影区间的解在所有目标函数上的表现都不比C差,并且至少在一个目标函数上表现得比C好,则称这些解(如AB)优于C,或支配C。相反,右上角阴影区间的解在所有目标函数上的表现都没有比C好,则认为这些解(如DE)劣于C。对于一个解,如果找不到其他解在所有目标函数都更优(如AB),其称为“Pareto最优解”。Pareto最优解集映射在目标函数空间中的曲线或曲面称为“Pareto前沿”。
传统多目标优化往往通过加权或将目标转化为约束条件等方式,将多目标问题转化为单目标问题进行求解。近年来,人们通过模仿自然界生物竞争、遗传和演化等机制,提出了遗传算法来处理多目标优化问题。遗传算法采用启发式搜索的方法,从随机选取的初始种群出发,通过种群之中个体的相互比较和竞争,淘汰非Pareto解,维持或产生新的潜在Pareto解。经过数代繁衍,保证整个种群趋于Pareto解集。目前,遗传算法已成为求解复杂多目标优化问题的主流算法。DEB等[22]在传统遗传算法的基础上,引入了非支配排序来提高最优解的筛选效率,通过拥挤度排序来确保模型不陷入局部最优,发展了NSGA-Ⅱ算法。
图3(a)为NSGA-Ⅱ的基本流程。概括来说,首先随机生成初始种群,通过非支配排序和拥挤度排序来淘汰种群中支配解和拥挤度较高的个体。其中,非支配排序函数与目标函数值有关,而拥挤度与种群个体的均匀性有关,如图3(b)所示。因此,非支配排序能够保证解集向Pareto最优解收敛,而拥挤度排序能够保持种群中个体的多样性。然后,对保留下的种群进行交叉、变异,产生新的子代种群。最后,将父代和子代合并形成新的种群进行下一次分析,直到获得Pareto解集。
结合前述的抗震可靠度计算方法、响应面理论及NSGA-Ⅱ算法,建立基于可靠度响应面的桥墩抗震优化设计流程,如图4所示。整个流程包括两个模块,第一部分是NSGA-Ⅱ优化模块,第二部分是目标函数的计算模块。该流程包括以下几个关键步骤:
1)按照2.2节流程建立抗震可靠度响应面模型。
2)确定优化算法中种群规模及最大进化次数。生成一组随机桥墩设计参数并建立桥梁模型作为初始种群,根据抗震可靠度响应面模型计算种群中每个桥梁的抗震可靠度,通过式(15)计算桥墩的材料费用。
3)根据桥梁抗震可靠度及桥墩材料费用两个目标函数,进行非支配排序和拥挤度排序,确定淘汰和保留下来的个体。
4)利用保留的个体生成子代,共同组成新的种群。
5)循环步骤2)~4),直到进化次数达到设定最大次数时,输出桥墩Pareto最优解集。
为了使分析贴近工程实际且具有代表性,本文选取了一座国内典型的高速公路连续梁桥作为算例。桥梁跨径布置为4×30 m=120 m,桥面宽度为13.25 m,桥墩高度为10 m,如图5(a)所示。其中,上部结构采用标准的C50混凝土小箱梁,截面尺寸根据我国交通部公路桥涵通用图中的公路I级30 m跨径小箱梁设计图纸确定,单片小箱梁高度和宽度分别为1.6 m和3.3 m。下部结构为公路桥梁中广泛采用的圆形双柱墩,截面尺寸和配筋根据部分已建公路桥梁的设计方案确定,其中混凝土强度为C30,桥墩直径为1.5 m。截面布置48根HRB335纵向钢筋,钢筋直径为28 mm,配筋率为1.67%;截面采用直径12 mm的HRB335环形箍筋,间距为8 cm,体积配箍率为0.4%。桥台为常见的U型桥台,桥台总高10 m,背墙高2.5 m。参考多数梁式桥支座布置方式,本算例桥梁在每跨桥墩盖梁顶部布置4个GJZ600×650×110型板式橡胶(laminated rubber,LR)支座,桥台处布置4个聚四氟乙烯(polytetrafluoroethylene,PTFE)滑板支座。盖梁及桥台均设置50 cm×42 cm标准混凝土挡块,挡块与主梁间隙为0.1 m。两侧桥台各设置一道D160型伸缩缝。
采用OpenSees[23]建立桥梁的非线性有限元动力模型。主梁、盖梁、承台及桩基采用弹性梁柱单元模拟,其中主梁截面特性如图5(b)所示。桥墩采用非线性梁柱单元模拟,其中混凝土采用Concrete04材料模拟,纵向钢筋采用Steel02材料模拟。箍筋的约束效果依照Mander公式计算,如图5(c)所示。盖梁系统中挡块采用Hysteretic材料模拟,挡块与主梁的碰撞采用GapElasticPP材料模拟,挡块模型中各参数根据徐略勤等[24]的研究确定,如图5(d)所示。板式橡胶支座采用线弹性的零长度单元模拟,PTFE支座采用ElasticPP材料模拟,摩擦系数取为0.03。桥台-填土作用采用Hyperbolic Gap材料模拟,模型中的各参数根据WILSON等[25]提出的计算方法确定。伸缩缝采用Hysteretic材料模拟,如图5(e)所示。对桥梁进行动力特性分析。分析结果表明:桥梁一阶振型为纵向振动,对应的周期Tl=2.11 s;桥梁二阶阵型为横向振动,对应的周期Tt=1.35 s。
随后,从PEER地震库[26]中选取四类地震波进行非线性时程分析[27]:①强震近距(LMSR);②强震远距(LMLR);③小震近距(SMSR);④小震远距(SMLR)。每类地震波各选25条,共计100条。考虑到竖向地震波对中小跨径桥梁的影响比较小,因而本文只进行平面双向地震分析,分析时同一条地震波分别施加于桥梁纵向和横向。图6为100条地震波的加速度反应谱以及算例桥梁平均周期对应的加速度反应谱。
本文采用谱加速度作为地震强度指标,建立基于谱加速度的地震危险性曲线。我国《公路桥梁抗震设计规范》(JTG/T 2231-01—2020)[28]考虑两类年超越概率及重现期,将地震作用分为E1和E2两个水准。算例桥梁属于B类桥梁,E1及E2地震的重现期分别为75、1000年。假定桥梁设防烈度为7度,场地类型为Ⅱ类,区划图上特征周期为0.35 s。根据规范反应谱,计算E1及E2地震作用对应的加速度反应谱值分别为22.6、68.2 cm/s2。根据地震谱加速度及超越概率,建立地震危险性曲线,如图7所示。
建立地震易损性曲线之前,需要确定损伤状态来宏观地描述构件或结构的损伤程度,并选取合适的损伤指标,对各级损伤状态进行细化,从而确定各构件的抗震能力。根据我国桥梁震害特征及国内现有研究成果[13-16],本文考虑桥墩、挡块、桥台及支座4类关键构件,将损伤极限状态划分为轻微损伤、中等损伤、严重损伤和完全损伤4级(LS1、LS2、LS3、LS4)。其中,桥墩的损伤状态采用曲率延性比来表征[13],板式橡胶支座的损伤状态采用剪切应变来描述,滑板橡胶支座采用支座位移作为损伤指标[14],挡块采用变形作为损伤指标[24],桥台采用台后填土最大位移量作为损伤指标[25]。根据算例桥梁参数,计算各构件抗震能力见表1
建立桥梁构件及桥梁系统的易损性曲线,如图8所示。从图中可以看出,不同构件的易损性差异显著。对于支座而言,桥台处支座的损伤概率明显高于桥墩处支座,这是由于桥台刚度大于桥墩,相同的主梁位移下,桥台处支座变形明显大于桥墩处支座。类似地,桥台处挡块的损伤概率同样高于桥墩处挡块。汶川地震桥梁震害调查发现桥台处支座和挡块发生损伤的比例明显高于桥墩[29-30],这与上述规律基本一致。对比不同构件的易损性差异可知,挡块及支座都表现出了比较高的损伤概率,尤其是在轻微损伤和中等损伤状态下。桥墩在轻微损伤下的易损性低于挡块和支座,但中等损伤下却呈现出较高的损伤概率,这是因为桥墩纵筋首次屈服后容易发展到出现塑性铰的阶段。相比之下,在严重损伤和完全损伤阶段,桥墩的易损性明显低于其他构件,这也表明按照现阶段规范设计的桥墩具有较好的延性。这些损伤特征与以往研究结论基本吻合[13-16]。此外,桥台在轻微损伤下易损性明显低于其他构件,但是随着损伤状态的递增,其成为了比较易损的构件,这表明桥台破坏比较突然,呈现出脆性的特征。对比桥梁系统易损性和构件易损性可以发现,桥梁系统易损性曲线均高于构件易损性曲线,这表明桥梁系统的损伤概率比任何构件都要高。
结合前述的地震危险性曲线及桥梁系统易损性曲线,可以得到桥梁抗震可靠度,见表2。可以看出,低损伤程度下的抗震可靠度高于高损伤状态下的抗震可靠度。这反映了基于现阶段桥梁抗震规范设计的桥梁对中、轻度损伤的控制较重度损伤的控制相对偏弱。我国现阶段的桥梁抗震设计规范采用了两水准设防、两阶段设计理念。事实上,两阶段设防思想和基于性能的抗震设计思想有很大相似性,并且设防目标和损伤指标的确定原则也具有一致性。其中,E1地震作用下要求结构在弹性范围内,不发生屈服,这与中等损伤状态对应;E2地震作用下要求结构不发生倒塌,这与完全损伤状态对应。因此,上述4种损伤状态中,中等损伤对应的抗震可靠度则对应的是E1地震作用下的抗震可靠度,而完全损伤下的抗震可靠度对应的则是E2地震作用下的抗震可靠度。
对本算例而言,抗震可靠度模型包含配筋率、配箍率、桥墩直径3个参数,结合工程实际情况,设定各设计参数界限见表3。采用中心组合试验设计方法建立15组分析样本。对每个桥梁样本按第4节的流程计算得到E1和E2地震作用下的抗震可靠度,如图9所示。
采用二次多项式对上述15组桥梁E1和E2地震作用下的抗震可靠度进行拟合,获得响应面函数如式(24)和(25)所示。对响应面模型的准确性进行检验。图10为计算值和预测值的相关性以及误差统计结果。可以看出,预测值和实际值比较吻合。以上结果表明,两个响应面模型可以用来预测桥梁在E1及E2地震作用下的抗震可靠度。
在确定桥梁抗震可靠度响应面后,结合NSGA-Ⅱ算法对桥梁抗震设计进行优化。根据前述的优化模型,将桥墩的材料费用及E1、E2地震作用下的抗震可靠度作为目标函数。其中,混凝土单价取为295元/m3,纵筋及箍筋的单价分别取为27 960元/m3和26 676元/m3[4]。优化过程中,种群规模取为5 000个,进化代数取为50代。图11给出了优化过程以及Pareto最优解集。从图11可以看出,初始种群在解空间的分布很广泛,表明初始种群的选择比较合理。最终优化得到的Pareto前沿光滑、连续,所求的Pareto最优解的覆盖范围广、分布均匀。这表明本文选取的种群规模及进化次数是足够的。观察Pareto前沿可知,材料费用和抗震可靠度两个目标函数之间呈现明显的非线性关系。在抗震可靠度较低时,Pareto曲线的斜率较小,这意味着在这个区间,提高材料费用可以较大程度的改善桥梁抗震性能。当抗震可靠度超过某个值以后,Pareto曲线斜率明显增大,这意味着即便提高材料费用,抗震可靠度增大的程度也十分有限,甚至会出现一定程度的降低。这是因为在材料费用较低时,桥墩抗震性能较弱,主导了桥梁系统的损伤,而随着桥墩抗震性能的提高,桥墩地震损伤概率明显低于其他构件,此时提高桥墩性能,并不能显著增大桥梁整体的抗震可靠度,甚至会因为桥墩过于强大,导致桥梁动力特性改变,增大桥梁地震响应,降低桥梁抗震可靠度。
由于Pareto前沿上任意一个方案都是Pareto最优方案,因此还需要根据工程需求选择最终的设计方案。通常来说,业主或设计人员希望在不增加桥墩费用的前提下,尽可能提高桥梁的抗震可靠度,或者是希望在确保桥梁抗震可靠度不降低的情况下尽可能减少桥墩费用。基于以上两种策略,本文以原方案为基础,从Pareto前沿中获得两个最终优化的方案。表4给出了原方案和两种优化方案下的桥墩设计参数及抗震可靠度、桥墩材料费用。
对比优化前后的桥墩设计参数可以看出,优化后的桥墩直径均有不同程度的增加,相反配筋率却明显降低。这是由于增加桥墩直径和提高配筋率都能改善桥墩的承载力、提高桥墩刚度,减轻桥梁地震损伤。但由于混凝土材料的成本较低,因此优化方案优先通过提高桥墩直径来增强抗震性能。此外,由于箍筋能较大程度提高约束混凝土的强度、改善桥墩延性,因而优化后的配箍率有不同程度的提高,但相比配筋率变化幅度不大。这是由于原方案桥墩已经具有较好的延性水平,从其易损性曲线可以看出,其完全损伤概率明显小于其他构件,桥墩不是E2地震下控制桥梁整体抗震性能的构件,因此提高程度有限。对于原方案,优化方案1在相同抗震可靠度下,桥墩材料费用降低了17%。对于优化方案2,在同等的费用投入下,抗震可靠度可以提高10%。可以看出,桥墩抗震优化设计对提高桥梁抗震性能、降低桥梁成本起到了一定效果。
本文结合性能的抗震设计理念和全概率地震损伤风险分析框架,建立了基于抗震可靠度的桥墩多目标优化设计数学模型,提出不同桥墩设计参数下桥梁抗震可靠度响应面的构建方法。利用NSGA-Ⅱ算法,构建了基于可靠度的桥墩抗震优化设计流程,对一座典型的公路连续梁桥进行抗震优化分析并获得最优桥墩设计参数。根据分析得到以下结论:
1)下部结构的刚度对支座和挡块的地震损伤概率有重要影响,桥台处支座及挡块的损伤程度均高于桥墩顶盖梁处的支座及挡块。相比其他构件,桥墩在轻微和中等损伤下的易损性较高,但在严重损伤和完全损伤阶段,易损性明显低于其他构件,表明桥墩具有较好的延性。随着损伤状态的递增,桥台从不易受损的构件逐渐变成几类构件中比较易损的,表明桥台破坏比较突然,呈现出脆性的特征。
2)基于二次多项式的响应面法可以用于描述桥墩不同设计参数与桥梁抗震可靠度之间的隐式函数关系。利用响应面模型能够完成桥梁抗震可靠度的快速预测,有效地改善抗震优化设计过程中计算效率低下的问题。
3)文中提出的抗震优化设计方法能够降低桥墩材料费用或提高桥梁整体的抗震可靠度。相比传统方法,基于抗震可靠度的优化设计方法能够综合考虑桥墩设计参数对桥梁整体地震损伤风险的影响,充分体现了基于性能的抗震设计理念。多目标抗震优化设计能够突破传统经验设计方法的局限性,实现更加精细的定量设计,设计人员可以根据实际需求平衡抗震性能和材料费用之间的关系,利用不同的优化策略灵活地从Pareto解集中获取最优方案。
4)本文主要是针对桥墩提出抗震优化设计方法。然而,桥梁作为一个由多种构件组成的复杂系统,其整体抗震可靠度主要取决于最脆弱的构件。若桥墩对桥梁整体地震损伤起控制作用时,桥墩优化设计可以很大程度上改善桥梁的抗震性能。相反,桥墩抗震优化设计对桥梁抗震性能的影响不显著。因此,综合考虑各类构件对桥梁抗震性能的共同影响,建立全桥各构件的综合抗震优化设计方法,是桥梁抗震设计的一个研究方向。此外,随着设计参数数目的增多,中心组合试验设计所需样本数也将快速增加,因此探究更加高效的试验设计方法对于处理多变量的优化设计问题有重要意义。
  • 江西省科学基金面上基金项目(20224BAB204057)
  • 江西省交通运输厅工程科技项目(2024YB055; 2024JT0018; 2022H0014)
  • 江西交科工程科技项目(RD202501)
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2025年第41卷第4期
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文章信息
doi: 10.19994/j.cnki.WEE.2025.0059
  • 接收时间:2024-10-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-27
  • 出版时间:2025-10-01
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-24
  • 修回日期:2025-03-20
基金
江西省科学基金面上基金项目(20224BAB204057)
江西省交通运输厅工程科技项目(2024YB055; 2024JT0018; 2022H0014)
江西交科工程科技项目(RD202501)
作者信息
    1.江西省交投养护科技集团有限公司,江西 南昌 330013
    2.江西交科交通工程有限公司,江西 南昌 330013
    3.南昌大学工程建设学院,江西 南昌 330031

通讯作者:

胡思聪(1990—),男,副教授,博士,主要从事桥梁抗震研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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