Article(id=1322946138466288043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, issueId=1322945338570584450, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/SP.J.1123.2025.06009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1749484800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793344538561, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1765123200000, pubDateStr=2025-12-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793344538561, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793344538561, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793344538561, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322945338570584450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, year='2025', volume='43', issue='12', pageStart='1287', pageEnd='1403', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1765123200000', pubDateStr='2025-12-08', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793344347851, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793345143825, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322948677182038279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, issueId=1322945338570584450, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322948677182038280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, issueId=1322945338570584450, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1327, endPage=1341, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322946139313537452, articleId=1322946138466288043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, language=EN, title=Simultaneous screening of pesticides and mycotoxins in dried goji berries and mulberries by QuEChERS-liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry, columnId=1284557502633185292, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Chromatography, columnName=Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Goji berries and mulberries are susceptible to pest and pathogen invasion due to their high sugar content and the impact of growth environment. Their quality and safety are primarily influenced by pesticide residues and mycotoxins. This study has developed a simple, high-throughput, and sensitive analytical method for the simultaneous determination of 172 pesticides and 11 mycotoxins in the medicinal and edible substances of goji berries and mulberries using an improved QuEChERS method coupled with liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF/MS). The sample was hydrated with 7 mL of purified water, and 10 mL of 5% formic acid in acetonitrile was added as the extraction solvent, along with 4 g of anhydrous MgSO4 and 1 g of NaCl as extraction salts. The extract was purified using 400 mg of anhydrous MgSO4, 150 mg of primary secondary amine (PSA), 100 mg of octadecylsilane (C18), and 5 mg of multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The supernatant was dried under nitrogen, and the residue was reconstituted in 1.0 mL of a methanol-water solution (3∶2, volume ratio), homogenized by ultrasonication, and filtered through a 0.22 μm membrane prior to analysis. Separation was performed on a ZORBAX SB-C18 column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 3.5 μm) using a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid in aqueous solution (containing 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate) and 0.1% formic acid in methanol. Detection was carried out using electrospray ionization in positive mode with full ion MS/MS (All Ions MS/MS) scanning. Quantitation was achieved using a matrix-matched external calibration method. The results showed that this method can effectively reduce matrix effects, and 183 compounds exhibited good linearity within their respective ranges, with linear correlation coefficients (R2) greater than 0.995. The screening detection limits (SDLs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) for 172 pesticides in goji berries ranged from 1 to 50 μg/kg and 5 to 50 μg/kg, respectively. For mulberries, the SDLs and LOQs ranged from 1 to 20 μg/kg and 5 to 20 μg/kg, respectively. Additionally, the SDLs for 11 mycotoxins in goji berries were between 1 and 20 μg/kg, with corresponding LOQs of 5 to 50 μg/kg. In mulberries, the SDLs ranged from 1 to 10 μg/kg, while the LOQs were between 5 and 20 μg/kg. Overall, the LOQs of 183 compounds in mulberries were less than 20 μg/kg, and the proportions of pesticides and mycotoxins with LOQs less than 20 μg/kg in goji berries were 98.3% and 81.8%, respectively. At the spiked levels of 1, 2, and 10 times LOQs, the recoveries of 183 compounds ranged from 70.0% to 118.5%, 70.6% to 118.8%, and 71.2% to 119.0%, respectively, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) all less than 20.0%. The intra-day precision and inter-day precision of goji berries were 0.7%-9.8% and 1.0%-17.3%, respectively, whereas for mulberries were 0.8%-9.9% and 1.5%-16.0%, respectively. This method was applied to detect pesticides and mycotoxins in 15 batches of goji berries and 10 batches of mulberries, and a total of 16 compounds (including 13 pesticides and 3 mycotoxins) were detected with contents ranging from 5.61 to 622.47 μg/kg. Both detection rate and average content of pesticides and mycotoxins in goji berries were higher than those in mulberries. In addition, a preliminary risk assessment was conducted on the neonicotinoid pesticides with high detection rates (acetamiprid and imidacloprid). The results showed that the chronic dietary intake risk values (%ADI) of acetamiprid and imidacloprid in goji berries were 0.04% and 0.02%, respectively. Both values are below 100% of the ADI in goji berries and are within acceptable limits. To ensure the safety and quality of goji berry and mulberry products, it is necessary to enhance the management and storage condition control of pesticides and mycotoxins. The results indicated that this method is simple to operate, highly sensitive, and suitable for high-throughput qualitative screening and accurate quantification of multiple pesticide residues and mycotoxins in both goji berries and mulberries. This method can provide reference for high-throughput screening of pesticide residues and mycotoxins in other berry medicinal and edible substances. Furthermore, it can indirectly promote industrial upgrading, facilitate the internationalization of medicinal and edible substances, and achieve a win-win situation regarding health value and economic benefits through technological innovation and the enhancement of standards.
, authors=Hang YIN
1, 2, Yujie XIE
1, Mengjie SHI
1, Xingqiang WU
1, Kaixuan TONG
1, Qiaoying CHANG
1, Chunlin FAN
1, Hui CHEN
1, *, authorsList=Hang YIN, Yujie XIE, Mengjie SHI, Xingqiang WU, Kaixuan TONG, Qiaoying CHANG, Chunlin FAN, Hui CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hui CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322946144422199748, articleId=1322946138466288043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, language=CN, title=QuEChERS-液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱法同时筛查干枸杞和桑葚中的农药和真菌毒素, columnId=1284557502792568846, journalTitle=色谱, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
枸杞和桑葚中糖分含量较高且受生长环境影响,易受害虫和病菌侵袭,农药残留和真菌毒素是影响其质量安全的主要因素。基于此,本研究应用改进的QuEChERS方法结合液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱(LC-Q-TOF/MS)开发了一种简单、高通量、灵敏的分析方法,可实现对枸杞、桑葚两种浆果类药食两用物质中172种农药和11种真菌毒素的同时测定。样品经水化后用5%甲酸乙腈提取,4 g无水硫酸镁、1 g氯化钠进行盐析,经无水硫酸镁、N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)、十八烷基键合硅胶(C18)、多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)净化后,以0.1%甲酸水溶液(含5 mmol/L乙酸铵)和0.1%甲酸甲醇溶液为流动相,通过ZORBAX SB-C18(100 mm×2.1 mm,3.5 μm)实现分离。采用电喷雾电离、全离子MS/MS扫描正离子模式进行检测,基质匹配曲线外标法定量分析。实验结果表明,该方法可有效降低基质效应,183种化合物在各自的线性范围内均表现出良好的线性关系,线性相关系数(R2) 均大于0.995。该方法的筛查限(SDL)为1~50 μg/kg,定量限(LOQ)为5~50 μg/kg。在1倍、2倍和10倍LOQ添加水平下,183种化合物的回收率范围分别为70.0%~118.5%、70.6%~118.8%和71.2%~119.0%,且相对标准偏差均小于20.0%。枸杞和桑葚的日内精密度分别为0.7%~9.8%和1.0%~17.3%,日间精密度分别为0.8%~9.9%和1.5%~16.0%。将该方法用于15批枸杞和10批桑葚中农药残留和真菌毒素检测,共检出16种化合物(含农药13种、真菌毒素3种),含量为5.61~622.47 μg/kg。对检出率高的烟碱类农药(啶虫脒和吡虫啉)进行了初步风险评估,结果显示,啶虫脒和吡虫啉在枸杞中的慢性膳食摄入风险值(%ADI)分别为0.04%和0.02%,二者在枸杞中的%ADI均低于100%,均在可接受范围内。结果表明,该方法操作简单,通量高,灵敏度好,适用于枸杞和桑葚中多种农药残留和真菌毒素的定性筛查和准确定量。
, authors=尹航
1, 2, 谢瑜杰
1, 史孟杰
1, 吴兴强
1, 仝凯旋
1, 常巧英
1, 范春林
1, 陈辉
1, *, authorsList=尹航, 谢瑜杰, 史孟杰, 吴兴强, 仝凯旋, 常巧英, 范春林, 陈辉, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈辉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2025 Editorial office of Chinese Journal of Chromatography
本文是开放获取文章,遵循CC BY 4.0协议
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Effect of different hydration volumes on number of compounds satisfying recovery requirements and recoveries of compounds (n=3), figureFileSmall=mU5Z2sVka2uTkmqtZO1xiw==, figureFileBig=kyaeYb1w0l35ZkgqP0euvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322947412683260417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1322946138466288043, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
不同水化体积对满足回收率要求的化合物数量及回收率的影响(n=3), figureFileSmall=mU5Z2sVka2uTkmqtZO1xiw==, figureFileBig=kyaeYb1w0l35ZkgqP0euvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322947412767146498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1322946138466288043, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=
Effect of different extraction solvents (acidity and volume) on the recoveries of compounds IQR: interquartile range., figureFileSmall=1THedzym/caMtYoPKKOLzw==, figureFileBig=xXqU0C4VF89hcOvq0Qw5ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322947413027193347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1322946138466288043, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
不同提取溶剂(酸度和体积)对化合物回收率的影响, figureFileSmall=1THedzym/caMtYoPKKOLzw==, figureFileBig=xXqU0C4VF89hcOvq0Qw5ew==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322947413090107908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1322946138466288043, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=
Effect of different dosages of PSA on the recoveries of compounds, figureFileSmall=iWgzcakeTJXVTK2OT29Fyg==, figureFileBig=iemN+Q/XJwxTVJWzWmq1pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322947413442429445, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1322946138466288043, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
不同用量的PSA对化合物回收率的影响, figureFileSmall=iWgzcakeTJXVTK2OT29Fyg==, figureFileBig=iemN+Q/XJwxTVJWzWmq1pw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322947413509538310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1322946138466288043, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=
Effect of different dosages of C18 on number of compounds satisfying recovery requirements (n=3), figureFileSmall=USNriJEiJ5h3TMtI2iE9hA==, figureFileBig=fF0wC/SQJsTY/86Zc3iL6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322947413585035783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1322946138466288043, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
不同用量的C18对满足回收率要求的化合物数量的影响(n=3), figureFileSmall=USNriJEiJ5h3TMtI2iE9hA==, figureFileBig=fF0wC/SQJsTY/86Zc3iL6g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322947413878637064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1322946138466288043, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=
Effect of different dosages of MWCNTs on the recoveries of some compounds with planar structure in mulberries (n=3), figureFileSmall=34H5s77/DcttKhR9v7vp7A==, figureFileBig=L3z7Ai7KQ38YIi4AGgKERQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322947413958328841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1322946138466288043, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
不同用量的MWCNTs对桑葚中部分具有平面结构的化合物回收率的影响(n=3), figureFileSmall=34H5s77/DcttKhR9v7vp7A==, figureFileBig=L3z7Ai7KQ38YIi4AGgKERQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322947414029632010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1322946138466288043, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=
Distribution of matrix effects (ME) of the 172 pesticides and 11 mycotoxins in (a) goji berries and (b) mulberries, figureFileSmall=F+7DtKDd9ppGJze/yHsr3A==, figureFileBig=cv0nBko6inY4d6ipMEpVyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322947414298067468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1322946138466288043, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
172种农药和11种真菌毒素在(a)枸杞和(b)桑葚中基质效应分布情况, figureFileSmall=F+7DtKDd9ppGJze/yHsr3A==, figureFileBig=cv0nBko6inY4d6ipMEpVyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322947414746857997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1322946138466288043, language=EN, label=Fig. 8, caption=
Chromatograms of (a) acetamiprid, (b) aflatoxin B2, (c) trichlorfon and (d) beauvericin, figureFileSmall=SsRW0FdRUV1fU/YtFoXnNg==, figureFileBig=iODvQDmI/OPhX1ge3lB0EA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322947415275340302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1322946138466288043, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
(a)啶虫脒、(b)黄曲霉毒素B2、(c)敌百虫和(d)白僵菌素的色谱图, figureFileSmall=SsRW0FdRUV1fU/YtFoXnNg==, figureFileBig=iODvQDmI/OPhX1ge3lB0EA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322947415594107407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1322946138466288043, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
MS information, screening detection limits(SDLs) and limits of quantitation(LOQs) for the 172 pesticides and 11 mycotoxins
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
), ArticleFig(id=1322947415988371984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1322946138466288043, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=
172种农药和11种真菌毒素的质谱信息、筛查限和定量限
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
), ArticleFig(id=1322947416101618193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1322946138466288043, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Detection of pesticides and mycotoxins in 15 goji berry and 10 mulberry samples
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Compound | Matrix | Detection rate/% | Content/(µg/kg) | MRL*/(mg/kg) |
|---|
| Acetamiprid | goji berry | 40.0 | 13.44-581.58 | 2 |
| Carbendazim | goji berry | 20.0 | 67.95-622.47 | 1 |
| Difenoconazole | goji berry | 13.3 | 14.47-21.64 | / |
| Imidacloprid | goji berry | 26.7 | 28.01-139.95 | 1 |
| Paclobutrazol | goji berry | 6.7 | 11.70 | / |
| Propargite | goji berry | 13.3 | 70.61-114.11 | 10 |
| Pyraclostrobin | goji berry | 6.7 | 72.13 | / |
| Spirodiclofen | goji berry | 6.7 | 21.32 | / |
| Tebuconazole | goji berry | 13.3 | 29.56-182.98 | / |
| Thiamethoxam | goji berry | 6.7 | 186.84 | 0.5 |
| Thiophanate-methyl | goji berry | 20.0 | 10.78-22.50 | / |
| Aflatoxin B2 | goji berry | 33.3 | 6.82-31.57 | / |
| Tentoxin | goji berry | 26.7 | 54.75-180.07 | / |
| Dichlorvos | mulberry | 10.0 | 36.79 | 0.2 |
| Trichlorfon | mulberry | 10.0 | 14.19 | 0.2 |
| Beauvericin | mulberry | 20.0 | 5.61-148.98 | / |
), ArticleFig(id=1322947416185504275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1322946138466288043, language=CN, label=表 2, caption=
15份枸杞和10份桑葚样品中农药和真菌毒素的检出情况
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Compound | Matrix | Detection rate/% | Content/(µg/kg) | MRL*/(mg/kg) |
|---|
| Acetamiprid | goji berry | 40.0 | 13.44-581.58 | 2 |
| Carbendazim | goji berry | 20.0 | 67.95-622.47 | 1 |
| Difenoconazole | goji berry | 13.3 | 14.47-21.64 | / |
| Imidacloprid | goji berry | 26.7 | 28.01-139.95 | 1 |
| Paclobutrazol | goji berry | 6.7 | 11.70 | / |
| Propargite | goji berry | 13.3 | 70.61-114.11 | 10 |
| Pyraclostrobin | goji berry | 6.7 | 72.13 | / |
| Spirodiclofen | goji berry | 6.7 | 21.32 | / |
| Tebuconazole | goji berry | 13.3 | 29.56-182.98 | / |
| Thiamethoxam | goji berry | 6.7 | 186.84 | 0.5 |
| Thiophanate-methyl | goji berry | 20.0 | 10.78-22.50 | / |
| Aflatoxin B2 | goji berry | 33.3 | 6.82-31.57 | / |
| Tentoxin | goji berry | 26.7 | 54.75-180.07 | / |
| Dichlorvos | mulberry | 10.0 | 36.79 | 0.2 |
| Trichlorfon | mulberry | 10.0 | 14.19 | 0.2 |
| Beauvericin | mulberry | 20.0 | 5.61-148.98 | / |
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