Article(id=1322594830652387714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, issueId=1322594687962169764, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/SP.J.1123.2026.01027, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1769529600000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793260780251, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1791388800000, pubDateStr=2026-10-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793260780251, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793260780251, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793260780251, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322594687962169764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, year='2026', volume='44', issue='10', pageStart='1103', pageEnd='1261', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1791388800000', pubDateStr='2026-10-08', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793260746231, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793261985251, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322599884910350425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, issueId=1322594687962169764, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322599884910350426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, issueId=1322594687962169764, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1162, endPage=1174, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322594831981982083, articleId=1322594830652387714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, language=EN, title=Recent advances in the applications of covalent organic frameworks for strategic critical metal recovery: focusing on rare earths and dispersed metals, columnId=1284557502389928401, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Chromatography, columnName=Reviews, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Strategic critical metals, such as rare earths and dispersed metals, are indispensable key raw materials for high-tech industries, including new energy and electronics. Although China is rich in mineral resources (especially rare earth minerals), the supply has always been a concern due to extremely uneven distribution and the significant environmental pressures caused by the mining process. At the same time, with the rapid development of related industries, the amount of waste equipment containing these metals (such as discarded batteries and used NdFeB magnets) and industrial wastewater has increased sharply. Therefore, efficiently recovering strategic critical metals from secondary resources is of great importance. Among various recovery processes, solvent extraction and precipitation methods have been widely applied in systems with conventional concentrations and relatively simple components due to their mature technology and relatively high separation efficiency. However, these methods face challenges such as low efficiency, poor selectivity, and high environmental burden when treating low-concentration, multi-component systems. Adsorption methods, with their simple operation, low energy consumption, and environmentally friendly characteristics, have become one of the most promising methods for recovering and processing strategic critical metals in extreme industrial systems. By designing or selecting specific adsorbent materials (such as ion-imprinted polymers, functionalized porous materials), specific adsorption of target metal ions can be achieved, especially enabling efficient separation of desired metals in complex multi-metal solutions. However, this method demands higher requirements for the performance and stability of the adsorbents. Therefore, developing novel adsorbent materials with high selectivity, high adsorption capacity, and environmental friendliness has become a key bottleneck that urgently needs to be overcome in this field. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a fascinating class of crystalline porous organic materials constructed via strong covalent bonds from light elements including carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and boron. COFs integrate multiple superior properties. They not only possess ultra-high specific surface areas and tunable pore sizes but also exhibit excellent structural designability. Their pore sizes can be adjusted from the nanometer scale to the angstrom level, allowing for the sieving of ions of different sizes through size exclusion effects. Moreover, the organic monomers of COFs contain abundant functional groups, enabling selective recovery based on differences in affinity for metal ions. At the same time, their fully organic frameworks endow numerous COFs with excellent stability in harsh environments such as acids and bases. Thanks to these unique characteristics, COFs have emerged as promising candidates for the highly selective and high-capacity recovery of critical metals in low-concentration, multi-component systems.This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the application of COFs for the recovery of rare earth and dispersed metals, with a focus on the introduction of specific functional groups through direct synthesis and post-modification strategies to achieve efficient recognition and capture of target metal ions. The performance of COFs in terms of adsorption capacity, selectivity, and cycling stability is outlined, and their adsorption mechanisms, as well as desorption and regeneration methods, are discussed. Finally, challenges in structural design, scalable synthesis, and environmental adaptability for practical applications are analyzed, and future research directions are proposed. This review aims to provide a reference for researchers in this field and to promote further development of COF materials in resource recovery applications.

, authors=Shuang ZHANG, Mingxia SUN, Hongdeng QIU, Jia CHEN*, authorsList=Shuang ZHANG, Mingxia SUN, Hongdeng QIU, Jia CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jia CHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322594840584499610, articleId=1322594830652387714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, language=CN, title=共价有机框架在战略性关键金属回收中的应用进展:聚焦稀土与稀散金属, columnId=1284557502532534739, journalTitle=色谱, columnName=专论与综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

战略性关键金属(如稀土与稀散金属)是新能源、电子信息等高新技术产业中不可或缺的核心原料,其高效回收对保障资源安全与可持续发展具有重要意义。传统回收技术如溶剂萃取、沉淀法等在处理低浓度、复杂组分体系时面临效率低、选择性差、环境负担大等问题。共价有机框架(covalent organic frameworks, COFs)作为一类孔道有序、结构可设计且稳定性强的晶态多孔材料,近年来在吸附分离领域展现出显著优势,为关键金属的高选择性、高容量回收提供了新的材料平台。本文系统综述了COFs在稀土与稀散金属回收中的研究进展,重点阐述了通过直接合成与后修饰策略引入特定官能团,实现对目标金属离子的高效识别与选择性捕获,详细总结了COFs在吸附容量、选择性和循环稳定性方面的性能表现,并探讨了其吸附机理及脱附再生方法。最后,剖析了COFs在实际应用中面临的结构设计、规模化制备与环境适应性等方面的挑战,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望,期望为该领域的研究者提供参考,推动COFs材料在资源回收应用中的进一步发展。

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TAPB: 1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene; BTCA: 1,3,5-benzenetricarbaldehyde.

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a. direct synthesis strategy; b. post-modification strategy.

, figureFileSmall=EQ8S2DVPA0jIrNVRl1C6OQ==, figureFileBig=N42KkBgrv2mIMVQCWVU7bA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322594845798019524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1322594830652387714, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=(a) Schematic diagram of the synthesis of TpPa COFs[40], (b) possible mechanisms of adsorption and separation of REEs by TpPa COFs[40], (c)the influence of concentration on adsorption capacity[40]; (d) schematic diagram of TFPB-DABDA iCOFs for selective recovery of REEs[41], (e) synthesis of sulfonated TFPB-DABDA iCOFs[41], (f) Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of TFPB-DABDA iCOFs, TFPB and DABDA[41], (g) changes in O 1s XPS and S 2p spectra of TFPB-DABDA iCOFs before and after adsorption of La3+[41], figureFileSmall=G8ChqehgSC1M3K1EjUePmg==, figureFileBig=9vFGqjnVPHrorSbBvl+x7w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322594846137758149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1322594830652387714, language=CN, label=图4, caption=(a)TpPa COFs的合成示意图[40],(b)TpPa COFs吸附与分离稀土金属离子的可能机制[40],(c)浓度对吸附容量的影响[40];(d) TFPB-DABDA iCOFs 用于稀土离子选择性回收的示意图[41],(e)TFPB-DABDA iCOFs的合成示意图[41],(f)TFPB-DABDA iCOFs、TFPB和DABDA的傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱图[41],(g)TFPB-DABDA iCOFs在吸附La3+前后高分辨O 1s 和S 2p XPS光谱的变化[41]

REEs: rare earth elements; Tp: 1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol; Pa: p-phenylenediamine; OA: oxalic acid dihydrate; ChCl: choline chloride; TFPB: 1,3,5-tris(p-formylphenyl)benzene; DABDA: 2,5-diaminobenzene-1,4-disulfonic acid.

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DGA: diglycolic acid.

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C14H6O8: ellagic acid; C3H6N6: melamine; PG: pyrogallol; DAMN: diaminomaleonitrile; DTB: 2,5-dithiobiurea.

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共价有机框架在战略性关键金属回收中的应用进展:聚焦稀土与稀散金属
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张双 , 孙明霞 , 邱洪灯 , 陈佳 *
色谱 | 专论与综述 2026,44(10): 1162-1174
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色谱 |专论与综述 2026 , 44 (10) : 1162 -1174
共价有机框架在战略性关键金属回收中的应用进展:聚焦稀土与稀散金属
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张双, 孙明霞, 邱洪灯, 陈佳*
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所, 甘肃 兰州 730000
通讯作者:
Recent advances in the applications of covalent organic frameworks for strategic critical metal recovery: focusing on rare earths and dispersed metals
Shuang ZHANG, Mingxia SUN, Hongdeng QIU, Jia CHEN*
Affiliations
  • 1Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
出版时间: 2026-10-08 doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2026.01027
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战略性关键金属(如稀土与稀散金属)是新能源、电子信息等高新技术产业中不可或缺的核心原料,其高效回收对保障资源安全与可持续发展具有重要意义。传统回收技术如溶剂萃取、沉淀法等在处理低浓度、复杂组分体系时面临效率低、选择性差、环境负担大等问题。共价有机框架(covalent organic frameworks, COFs)作为一类孔道有序、结构可设计且稳定性强的晶态多孔材料,近年来在吸附分离领域展现出显著优势,为关键金属的高选择性、高容量回收提供了新的材料平台。本文系统综述了COFs在稀土与稀散金属回收中的研究进展,重点阐述了通过直接合成与后修饰策略引入特定官能团,实现对目标金属离子的高效识别与选择性捕获,详细总结了COFs在吸附容量、选择性和循环稳定性方面的性能表现,并探讨了其吸附机理及脱附再生方法。最后,剖析了COFs在实际应用中面临的结构设计、规模化制备与环境适应性等方面的挑战,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望,期望为该领域的研究者提供参考,推动COFs材料在资源回收应用中的进一步发展。

共价有机框架  /  合成  /  稀土金属  /  稀散金属  /  吸附  /  回收

Strategic critical metals, such as rare earths and dispersed metals, are indispensable key raw materials for high-tech industries, including new energy and electronics. Although China is rich in mineral resources (especially rare earth minerals), the supply has always been a concern due to extremely uneven distribution and the significant environmental pressures caused by the mining process. At the same time, with the rapid development of related industries, the amount of waste equipment containing these metals (such as discarded batteries and used NdFeB magnets) and industrial wastewater has increased sharply. Therefore, efficiently recovering strategic critical metals from secondary resources is of great importance. Among various recovery processes, solvent extraction and precipitation methods have been widely applied in systems with conventional concentrations and relatively simple components due to their mature technology and relatively high separation efficiency. However, these methods face challenges such as low efficiency, poor selectivity, and high environmental burden when treating low-concentration, multi-component systems. Adsorption methods, with their simple operation, low energy consumption, and environmentally friendly characteristics, have become one of the most promising methods for recovering and processing strategic critical metals in extreme industrial systems. By designing or selecting specific adsorbent materials (such as ion-imprinted polymers, functionalized porous materials), specific adsorption of target metal ions can be achieved, especially enabling efficient separation of desired metals in complex multi-metal solutions. However, this method demands higher requirements for the performance and stability of the adsorbents. Therefore, developing novel adsorbent materials with high selectivity, high adsorption capacity, and environmental friendliness has become a key bottleneck that urgently needs to be overcome in this field. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a fascinating class of crystalline porous organic materials constructed via strong covalent bonds from light elements including carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and boron. COFs integrate multiple superior properties. They not only possess ultra-high specific surface areas and tunable pore sizes but also exhibit excellent structural designability. Their pore sizes can be adjusted from the nanometer scale to the angstrom level, allowing for the sieving of ions of different sizes through size exclusion effects. Moreover, the organic monomers of COFs contain abundant functional groups, enabling selective recovery based on differences in affinity for metal ions. At the same time, their fully organic frameworks endow numerous COFs with excellent stability in harsh environments such as acids and bases. Thanks to these unique characteristics, COFs have emerged as promising candidates for the highly selective and high-capacity recovery of critical metals in low-concentration, multi-component systems.This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the application of COFs for the recovery of rare earth and dispersed metals, with a focus on the introduction of specific functional groups through direct synthesis and post-modification strategies to achieve efficient recognition and capture of target metal ions. The performance of COFs in terms of adsorption capacity, selectivity, and cycling stability is outlined, and their adsorption mechanisms, as well as desorption and regeneration methods, are discussed. Finally, challenges in structural design, scalable synthesis, and environmental adaptability for practical applications are analyzed, and future research directions are proposed. This review aims to provide a reference for researchers in this field and to promote further development of COF materials in resource recovery applications.

covalent organic framework (COF)  /  synthesis  /  rare earth metals  /  dispersed metals  /  adsorption  /  recovery
张双, 孙明霞, 邱洪灯, 陈佳. 共价有机框架在战略性关键金属回收中的应用进展:聚焦稀土与稀散金属. 色谱, 2026 , 44 (10) : 1162 -1174 . DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2026.01027
Shuang ZHANG, Mingxia SUN, Hongdeng QIU, Jia CHEN. Recent advances in the applications of covalent organic frameworks for strategic critical metal recovery: focusing on rare earths and dispersed metals[J]. Chinese Journal of Chromatography, 2026 , 44 (10) : 1162 -1174 . DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2026.01027
战略性关键金属,特别是稀土金属(rare earth metals, REEs)与稀散金属(dispersed metals),是我国特色的重要矿产资源,因其独特的电子化学性质,在新能源、航空航天与电子信息等高新技术产业领域发挥了“四两拨千斤”的作用[1-3]。稀土金属是包括镧系元素及钪、钇在内的17种金属元素的统称。其中,钕和镝是制造高性能永磁体的核心元素,随着绿色能源技术发展,其需求持续增长[4-7];钆和镥在医学领域实现了从影像诊断到靶向治疗的全链条应用,提高了医学诊断的准确性[8-10]。然而因镧系收缩导致离子性质高度相似,分离提纯极为困难。稀散金属则主要包括锗、镓、铟、硒、碲、铼等元素[11]。以锗和镓为代表的这类金属,是第三代半导体产业发展的重要基础[12,13]。但由于它们在自然界中赋存形态复杂,且在终端产品中含量极低,因此在回收提取方面面临严峻挑战。
随着关键金属资源化回收需求的日益增长,从低浓度、干扰离子多的复杂体系(如二次资源浸出液)中高效提取关键金属成为亟待解决的问题。目前回收关键金属的常见方法包括溶剂萃取法、分步沉淀法、吸附法等。其中,溶剂萃取法[14,15]、沉淀法[16]因技术成熟、分离效率较高,在常规浓度和组分相对简单的体系中得到了广泛应用。但这类传统方法在处理低浓度、多组分体系时,常常难以兼顾分离选择性和回收效率,并且传统工艺里使用的大量有机溶剂会给生态环境带来压力,不符合绿色可持续发展理念[17]。相比之下,吸附法因具有成本低、操作简单、环境相容性好等优势,尤其适用于低浓度金属离子的富集分离,已成为极具应用前景的替代策略[18,19]。然而,吸附法的实际应用效能高度依赖于吸附材料本身的性能。面对成分复杂且常处于强酸环境的实际废水或浸出液,理想的吸附材料不仅需要具备高吸附容量和优异的选择性,还必须能在苛刻的化学环境中保持结构稳定性与良好的循环再生性能[20,21]。因此,开发能同时满足上述要求的高效、稳定吸附材料,是实现稀土与稀散金属资源化回收的关键。
近年来,多孔框架材料,包括金属-有机框架(metal organic frameworks, MOFs)[22-24]、共价有机框架(covalent organic frameworks, COFs)[25-28]、氢键有机框架(hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks, HOFs)[29,30]等,凭借其高结晶度和超高的比表面积,在关键金属回收领域受到广泛关注。其中,COFs兼具纯有机骨架和强共价键连接,结构多样且设计性强,展现出优异的结构长程有序性、孔道均一性及化学稳定性,因此是一种理想的吸附材料[31]。与黏土、沸石等传统吸附剂相比[32],COFs的核心优势在于孔道尺寸和表面化学环境能够在分子水平上进行精准设计和调控,从而为尺寸极其相近的稀土金属以及化学形态多样的稀散金属创造差异化的识别与结合环境[33-35],实现高效、高选择性的回收。
本文旨在系统梳理近3年来COFs在战略性关键金属回收领域特别是稀土金属与稀散金属回收中的应用进展,并深入分析其吸附作用机制;最后,总结当前研究过程面临的挑战,并对COFs在该领域的未来发展方向进行展望,以期为开发高效、高选择性、可循环利用的关键金属回收材料提供参考和思路。
COFs是一类由C、H、N、O、B等轻质元素通过强共价键连接而成的一类新型晶态多孔材料[36]。动态共价化学是COFs材料定向设计的科学基础,赋予了共价组装过程的纠错能力。通过可逆的共价键反应(如醛胺缩合形成亚胺键、硼酸与邻二羟基的环化形成硼酸酯键等),单体分子能够在形成有序晶格的过程中进行动态组装与结构重排,最终形成热力学稳定的晶态结构[37]。亚胺、硼酸酯等键在强酸、强碱或水环境下容易水解断裂,限制了COFs在苛刻条件(如极端环境中的水处理)下的应用,为了获得高稳定性的COFs,将可逆键在一定条件下转化成不可逆键已引起研究人员的广泛关注[38]。COFs涉及的多种常见的共价键连接类型[39]如图1所示。迄今为止,用于稀土金属和稀散金属回收的COFs按连接键类型分类,主要集中在亚胺键[40,41]、酰胺键[42]、三嗪键[43]、β-酮烯胺[44]、烯烃键[45]和咪唑吡啶鎓[46]连接的有机框架上。每种化学键的可逆性、稳定性以及后期可加工性各有不同,如酰胺键和β-酮烯胺键具有超强的稳定性,更适合用于强酸/强碱的水环境中;咪唑吡啶鎓键的氮位点密集且配位能力强,适合高效捕获金属离子,并具有同时处理多种金属离子的潜力。因此,需要根据特定的吸附环境(如pH、目标金属的配位偏好等)选择适合的COFs作为对应的吸附剂。
在用于回收关键金属离子的COFs材料制备中,多种合成策略如溶剂热法、机械合成法及微波辅助法等均有报道,且不同制备条件会对最终材料的性能产生显著区别。具体而言,使用溶剂热法通常能获得结晶度最高、孔隙最规则、比表面积最大的COFs,这意味着材料内部具有大量可及的、均一的吸附位点,通常能带来最高的理论吸附容量[47]。但长时间的加热可能会导致过多的溶剂分子残留在孔道中,若不彻底活化会影响吸附性能。微波辅助法能在极短时间内(数分钟至数小时)获得高结晶度COFs,且晶体尺寸更小、更均一,小尺寸纳米晶体意味着更短的内部扩散路径和更多的暴露表面,使吸附更快达到平衡[48]。通过机械合成法得到的COFs因反应不完全,易产生更多末端官能团,这些结合位点可显著增强亲和力和实际吸附容量。但通过该方法容易得到无定形产物,比表面积较低,可能导致孔道被堵塞[49]。
随着全球对环境保护和可持续发展的不断重视,COFs的绿色合成策略引起了研究者的广泛关注[50]。其中,以绿色溶剂(尤其是水)为反应介质的合成策略尤其引人注目,它不仅避免了有毒有害试剂的使用,还能提升COFs的多孔性与结晶度,展现出“绿色”与“性能优化”的协同提升(图2)。如马德里自治大学Félix Zamora团队[51]以水为反应介质,乙酸为催化剂,在80 ℃下反应5天后,得到了亚胺键连接的高结晶度COFs材料(图2a、2b)。通过氮气吸附-脱附实验证实了TAPB-BTCA-COF具有明显的微孔结构,据此计算出材料的Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)比表面积为806 m2/g(图2c)。通过调整乙酸的用量,研究人员在pH值为2~4的水中重现了其合成过程,结果表明亚胺缩合反应与pH值存在明显的相关性,在pH值为2.4时获得了最高产率(图2d)。值得注意的是,在pH值为2时,没有得到任何产物,这是因为在此条件下,胺单体1,3,5-三(4-氨基苯基)苯(1,3,5-tris(4-aminophenyl)benzene, TAPB)的氨基基团几乎完全质子化,致使其亲核反应活性丧失,无法与醛单体1,3,5-苯三甲醛(1,3,5-benzenetricarbaldehyde, BTCA)有效缩合。因此,成功的水相合成要求反应体系的pH必须同时保证有机胺与有机醛单体充分溶解,并维持氨基足够的未质子化状态以触发缩合反应。该方法为在水中大规模合成亚氨基COFs铺平了道路,避免了COFs合成中原本需要使用的有机溶剂,为COFs在工业应用上的突破提供了可能。
对于吸附应用而言,吸附剂的性能与其比表面积、晶体结构的稳定性、孔径分布的均一性以及活性位点的可及性密切相关,这些因素共同决定了材料对金属离子的吸附效率。需要注意的是,不同合成方法所获得的COFs材料在结构、形貌以及理化特性等方面存在一定差异,从而表现出不同的吸附性能。因此,在使用COFs作为吸附剂用于实际样品分析时,需根据目标金属离子的种类、溶液所处的具体环境以及实际操作条件,合理选择COFs材料的结构类型,并针对性地优化合成条件,以保证吸附效能的充分发挥。
由于对关键金属元素的处理过程多在水环境中进行,因此对COFs的结构稳定性要求极高。由硼氧键或硼酸酯连接的COFs虽然结晶度高,但是稳定性不足,这类COFs的应用发展一直受到限制[52]。COFs的稳定性提升策略可以从3个方面进行,一是将可逆的动态共价键(如亚胺键)通过后合成策略转变为更稳定的化学键(如酰胺键)[53];二是通过增强氢键、π-π堆积等层间相互作用来强化结构[54];三是通过引入疏水基团(如长链烷基)增强疏水性来抵御水分子侵蚀并提高机械强度[55]。在此基础上,将COFs与稳定载体复合或制备成混合基质材料,是进一步提高其稳定性的有效策略[56]。这些方法共同保障了COFs在强酸、高盐等苛刻化学环境中的结构完整性与功能持久性,为其在实际分离场景中的应用奠定了基础[57]。
COFs凭借其规整有序的孔隙结构和巨大的比表面积,为目标离子的传输构建了丰富的传质通道,并显著提升了离子的扩散和吸附效率。正是这些结构上的优势,确立了COFs作为优质吸附剂的地位[58,59]。借鉴了掺杂杂原子的有机小分子萃取剂对稀土元素的高亲和力的特点,研究者通过引入特定功能基团对COFs表面进行修饰和调控。这种处理显著增强了COFs与金属离子的相互作用,使其性能大幅优于传统吸附剂[60,61]。提高吸附容量的有效策略之一是增加COFs骨架中的活性位点密度,这主要通过两种途径实现:直接合成策略[62]和后修饰策略[63](图3a、3b)。直接合成策略是指预先设计并合成带有目标官能团的功能单体,再通过聚合反应直接构建出功能化的COFs骨架。而后修饰策略则是在已合成的COFs骨架上,通过化学方法进一步引入特定的官能团或活性位点,从而实现对目标金属离子的高效、选择性捕获与回收。这两种策略共同避免了COFs在结构稳定性与合成复杂性方面的限制,显著增强了材料在结构与功能上的可调控性,并拓展了其应用潜力[64]。
当前多数COFs的合成方法依赖于易燃、易挥发的有毒有机试剂作为反应介质,且往往涉及高温高压等复杂苛刻的反应条件,对人员健康与生态环境构成显著风险。因此,采用可持续溶剂在温和条件下合成COFs,不仅是实现绿色合成的必然需求,也为推动COFs材料走向实际应用提供了可能。中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所陈佳和邱洪灯团队[40]以氯化胆碱(choline chloride, ChCl)和二水合草酸(oxalic acid dihydrate, OA)为原料,制备了环境友好型低共熔溶剂(deep eutectic solvent, DES)并将其用作反应介质,使用1,3,5-三甲醛间苯三酚(1,3,5-triformylphloroglucinol, Tp)与对苯二胺(p-phenylenediamine, Pa)作为构筑单元,利用席夫碱反应在室温下成功合成了具有蜂窝状结构的共价有机框架(TpPa COFs)(图4a)。由于TpPa COFs的Zeta电位呈正电性,其对稀土阳离子的吸附机制主要依赖于配位作用。Tp单元中的羟基和烯酮结构提供了丰富的氧原子,这些O原子具有孤对电子,是与稀土离子(Ln3+)发生配位的核心位点(图4b)。吸附等温线结果与Langmuir模型高度吻合,表明COFs表面活性位点分布均匀,对La3+的最大饱和吸附容量可达84.67 mg/g(图4c)。次年,该团队[41]以1,3,5-三(对甲酰苯基)苯(1,3,5-tris(p-formylphenyl) benzene, TFPB)为醛基单体,2,5-二氨基苯-1,4-二磺酸(2,5-diaminobenzene-1,4-disulfonic acid, DABDA)为氨基单体,在温和条件下成功合成了亚氨基连接的磺酸功能化离子型COFs(TFPB-DABDA iCOFs)(图4d、4e)。TFPB-DABDA iCOFs的红外光谱中出现特征的-C=N伸缩振动峰,且TFPB在1 680 cm-1处的-C=O峰显著减弱,证实席夫碱反应成功发生并形成亚胺键。此外,在1 032 cm-1和1 470 cm-1处出现的吸收峰表明磺酸基团成功保留在iCOFs骨架中(图4f)。由于DABDA自带磺酸基团(-SO3H),其与TFPB形成的COFs中-SO3H的H+可与Ln3+发生交换,形成稳定的O-Ln化学键,实现对稀土元素的高容量回收(图4g)。
上述研究工作表明,通过对功能单体进行合理的结构设计以及对合成条件的优化调控,可成功构建出具有特定吸附位点的COFs材料。实际上,在直接合成策略中,研究者还可通过多种结构调控手段进一步提升COFs对稀土离子的回收性能。以张逸团队[65]的研究成果为例,该团队使用2,4,6-三肼基-1,3,5-三嗪(2,4,6-trihydrazine-1,3,5-triazine,TZ)和2,4,6-三氨基嘧啶(2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine, TA)两种有机胺和对苯二甲醛(terephthalaldehyde, TP)溶剂热合成出两种富氮COFs(COF-TZ-TP和COF-TA-TP),并利用材料表面丰富的氮位点高效富集La3+。结果表明,两种富氮COFs材料在3 h内对La3+的吸附容量可分别达到165.6 mg/g和89.8 mg/g。除此之外,由对苯二胺与氰尿酰氯(cyanuric chloride, CC)合成的富氮型COF(COF-PA-CC)和由三聚氰胺(melamine, ML)与氰尿酰氯合成的富氮型COF(COF-ML-CC)也对La3+表现出高的吸附性能,在120 min后,COF-PA-CC和COF-ML-CC对La3+的吸附容量分别为150.88 mg/g和168.19 mg/g[66]。值得关注的是,经过5次循环使用后,这两种COFs材料的吸附容量仍能维持在初始吸附容量的97.8%和95.5%,充分体现了COFs作为吸附剂具有优异的结构稳定性与循环使用性能。
COFs的功能化定制还可通过合成后修饰策略实现,即在预先合成的COFs骨架上引入或通过化学反应转化功能基团,从而精准调控其与稀土离子的相互作用。这一策略为COFs在复杂体系中选择性富集与分离稀土元素提供了灵活且高效的途径。比如在COFs中引入羧基[67]、磷酸基[68]、氨基和磺酸基等官能团来提高吸附剂对金属离子的吸附能力。其中,爱荷华州立大学黄文裕团队[42]采用Ugi多组分反应对亚氨基COFs(imine-COF)进行合成后修饰,成功引入对稀土具有高效捕获能力的二甘醇酸(diglycolic acid,DGA)单元。具体来讲,首先以亚氨基COFs为基底,在温和条件下与乙基异氰基乙酸酯、单甲基琥珀酸发生Ugi多组分反应,通过这一步可以将易水解的亚胺键转化为稳定的双酰胺键,生成Ugi-COF。接着,在三(2-氨乙基)胺的参与下,引入游离氨基(-NH2),得到Ugi-COF-NH2,最后通过开环酰化反应将DGA酐(五元环状结构)成功嫁接到Ugi-COF-NH2上,制得Ugi-COF-DGA(图5)。Ugi-COF-DGA中的羧酸(-COOH)和酰胺基团(-CONH-)可为稀土离子Nd3+提供丰富的螯合位点,其吸附容量较未修饰的imine-COF提高了超过40倍,并且比已报道的其他DGA修饰固体载体高4倍以上。该工作不仅展示了Ugi反应在拓展COFs功能多样性方面的通用性,更凸显了合成后修饰策略在设计与制备高性能稀土回收材料方面的潜力。
在COFs材料的设计中,针对稀散金属(如Ge、Ga等)的回收策略与稀土金属有相似之处。主要是利用稀散金属与路易斯碱性配位基团(如含氧、含氮官能团)结合,因此在直接合成功能化COFs时,常通过前驱体的选择与骨架设计,将这类官能团精准引入其孔道表面,以实现对目标稀散金属的高效识别与捕获。昆明理工大学王仕兴团队[43]以鞣花酸(ellagic acid,EA)和三聚氰胺为前驱体,采用水热法制备了一种新型多酚类共价有机框架(COFs-EM)(图6a),在25 ℃、pH 10条件下对Ge(Ⅳ)的最大吸附容量达120.01 mg/g,吸附过程符合Langmuir等温线模型(图6b)。并且,实验发现COFs-EM经过5次循环后仍可保持约70%的吸附效率,具有高度的可重复使用性(图6c)。排除非特异性静电吸引的主导作用后,该材料的吸附机理主要为离子交换和配位相互作用,而其结构中含有的酚羟基(-OH)、酰胺基(-CONH-)等含O、N活性位点,正是实现配位作用的关键(图6d)。为了克服COFs在水溶液或碱性条件下易发生水解和降解的问题,该团队[69]还成功制备出一种新型的交联COF-COF材料(DPDA),首先使用邻苯三酚(pyrogallol, PG)和二氨基马来腈(diaminomaleonitrile, DAMN)合成了中间体COF(PDA,由PG和DAMN合成的中间产物),这一步反应既避免了易水解的席夫碱键,同时可引入稳定的-N-C=N结构单元,显著提升了结构的耐水解性;接着在PDA上引入2,5-二硫代双脲(2,5-dithiobiurea,DTB),通过二硫脲桥键交联初始COF,形成稳定的脒基,进一步增强并拓展了COF-COF结构,最终得到保留了丰富活性官能团且稳定性优异的DPDA(图6e)。由于结构中氮-氧-硫供体环境所产生的协同作用,DPDA对Ga(Ⅲ)表现出强烈的特异性亲和力。因此,即使在多离子共存的复杂体系中,它也能优先捕获Ga(Ⅲ),展现出优异的抗干扰能力(图6f、6g)。不仅如此,DPDA对Ga(Ⅲ)的初始吸附效率高达98.6%,且经过16次再生循环后,效率仍能保持在67%以上,这充分证明了其良好的稳定性和可重复使用性(图6h)。
安徽大学曹晏团队[70]通过溶剂热法合成了一种磁性杂化共价有机框架(MH-COF)Fe3O4@ThDa@TpPa,凭借Fe3O4的磁响应性与COF骨架的高比表面积(1 335.1 m2/g)及丰富的-OH、-NH2、-C=N功能位点,实现了In和Ge的高容量吸附(最大吸附容量分别达473.9 mg/g和95.6 mg/g),60 min内即可实现In去除率超99%、Ge超80%,对目标金属的选择性是竞争离子的10倍以上,在酸性环境中稳定且经6次吸附-脱附循环后性能保持率超95%。该吸附主要依靠静电吸引与表面络合的协同作用。其中,溶液pH通过调控吸附剂表面电荷来主导静电相互作用。具体而言,当pH≤3时,大量H+会与金属离子竞争结合活性吸附位点,从而降低对离子的吸附容量;当pH>3时,吸附剂表面负电位增强,对金属阳离子的静电吸引力提升,从而促进吸附。
无论是通过直接合成还是后修饰策略对COFs进行功能化定制,其主要目的均在于构筑对关键金属具有特异、高效捕获能力且结构稳定的吸附材料,而深入揭示COFs对目标金属离子的回收与分离机制,对于理性设计并开发高性能吸附剂至关重要。COFs对关键金属的吸附往往是一个多机制协同的过程,既包括静电作用和离子交换等物理吸附,也涉及配位作用等化学键合过程;此外,氢键等特异性非共价相互作用也可能参与其中[71](图7)。具体而言,在吸附过程的初始阶段,COFs材料通过静电吸引作用将溶液中的金属离子快速富集至孔道表面,完成初步的捕获。随后,材料凭借其规则的孔道结构,通过尺寸筛分与空间位阻效应进一步筛选尺寸匹配的金属离子进入内部孔道,从而排除杂质离子的干扰。与此同时,COFs骨架中修饰的羧基、磺酸基等官能团可与金属离子发生强配位作用,最终实现高效、高选择性的回收。在上述提及的各种相互作用中,静电作用和配位作用对提升金属离子的吸附容量起到了至关重要的作用。其中,静电作用主要受溶液pH值的影响:当溶液pH值高于COFs材料的等电点(isoelectric point, pI)时,材料表面的-COOH等官能团会发生去质子化,使材料表面带负电,从而通过静电作用吸引溶液中的阳离子物种(如Ln3+);反之,当溶液pH值低于COFs材料的等电点时,材料表面的-NH2等官能团会发生质子化反应,使材料表面带正电,从而有利于阴离子物种的吸附(如[GeO4]4-)。
详细的表征手段可以为吸附机理的揭示提供直接证据。傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR)和X射线光电子能谱(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS)用来追踪吸附前后官能团的变化,如通过FT-IR检测到由于P=O基团与Lu3+之间的相互作用,在1160 cm-1处出现了新的特征峰,已证实COF-Tb-TBBP中的膦酸基团参与了Lu3+的吸附过程,并且在吸附后,P-O伸缩振动峰由1008 cm-1位移至1076 cm-1,表明膦酸基团对稀土元素具有较强的亲和力,对稀土元素具有较好的选择性[72]。尽管已采用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)、透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM)、Zeta电位分析仪等多种技术对相互作用机制进行表征,但仍存在局限性。随着科学技术的持续进步,通过时间分辨激光荧光光谱(time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy, TRLFS)、X射线吸收精细结构谱(X-ray absorption fine structure, XAFS)可以更深入地了解吸附机制。XAFS作为一种重要的局域结构表征技术,能够精准解析金属离子的配位环境(如配位原子种类、配位数以及键长等),并通过分析电子结构变化,阐明吸附过程中金属离子与吸附位点之间的电子转移机制。此外,分子模拟技术,如密度泛函理论(density functional theory, DFT)和分子动力学(molecular dynamics, MD)已成为阐明吸附机理的关键理论工具,通过准确模拟金属离子与功能位点的结合构型、计算吸附能、解析电子密度分布,从而为吸附结果提供微观层面的解释[18]。南昌航空大学邹建平团队[73]利用电子局域函数(electronic localization function, ELF)与吸附能等计算,揭示了La3+在羧酸功能化的APTX-AX和磺酸功能化的APTX-BX上的优先吸附位点。对于APTX-AX材料,-COOH位点比-C=N位点具有更高的ELF值和更强的给电子能力,是更有利的吸附位点;对于APTX-BX材料,-SO3H位点的ELF值高于-C=N位点,表明其对La3+具有更强的配位能力。优化构型显示,La3+在-COOH位点和-SO3H位点上的吸附能分别为-143.76 kJ/mol和-175.60 kJ/mol,这也从理论上解释了APTX-BX具有更快的吸附动力学和更高的吸附容量。
为实现完整的“吸附-脱附”循环路径,对负载金属的COFs材料进行高效、经济且环境友好的脱附再生至关重要。目前常用的脱附方法主要基于化学洗脱,稀盐酸、硝酸等酸性溶液常被使用[74]。酸性洗脱液是通过高浓度的H+与金属离子竞争结合位点,或部分溶解COFs骨架以实现解吸。该方法虽然操作简单、效率高,但强酸性条件可能损害COFs的结构,影响材料的循环使用寿命。此外,络合剂溶液(如乙二胺四乙酸、柠檬酸盐)[75]也常被用来做洗脱剂,通过络合剂的螯合位点与COFs中的吸附位点竞争,从而实现目标离子的洗脱。在实际应用中,应根据COFs的化学稳定性以及回收纯度要求,合理选择洗脱策略。对于耐酸性强的COFs,酸性洗脱是一种经济高效的选择;而对于结构敏感或需要高选择性回收的体系,则可选用乙二胺四乙酸等络合剂。当前采用的脱附方法不仅存在环境污染风险,还可能造成COFs材料的损耗。因此,未来的研究一方面应致力于开发绿色、低成本的脱附剂(如弱有机酸、离子液体),另一方面也可通过发展智能响应型COFs材料来实现可控脱附,这类材料在光照、pH、温度或电场等外界刺激下,能够可逆地调控对金属离子的吸附与释放[76-79]。
稀土金属和稀散金属是高新技术产业的关键原材料,长期依赖原生矿开采导致能耗高、环境负担重。利用吸附法从冶矿废水、电子废弃物等二次资源中回收这类金属,已成为减轻开采压力、实现资源可持续供应的重要途径。COFs具有优异的热稳定性、物理稳定性和化学稳定性,其孔道结构易于修饰,可通过引入不同功能基团实现材料的功能化定制,从而构建出选择性强、可重复使用、吸附效率高、容量大的离子吸附剂。尽管具有这些优势,但COFs的研究和应用仍面临一些挑战:(1)结构拓扑的多样性仍有很大的提升空间。目前二维COFs已取得重要进展,而三维COFs具有更丰富的拓扑结构与暴露的活性位点,有望为金属离子富集与分离提供更广阔的空间[80]。(2)克服大规模生产的成本障碍仍然是一个关键问题。目前,COFs的合成价格昂贵,扩大生产过程存在技术困难,亟需开发廉价单体及绿色合成方法,并优化材料的制备工艺与应用条件,以适应工业废水的实际环境(如高酸环境、高盐浓度等)[81]。(3)结合机器学习,加速高性能COFs吸附剂的设计与优化。传统实验方法依赖经验与试错模式,效率低下且成本高昂,利用机器学习模型,能够从包含各类单体与晶体结构的庞大数据库中,高效筛选出对特定关键金属离子兼具高选择性和高吸附容量的COFs结构,并进一步预测与优化其合成路径和反应条件,从而降低大规模制备的成本与复杂性[82]。(4)需要更深入揭示构效关系和吸附机理。借助三维电子衍射、高分辨率电镜等先进表征技术,可深入解析COFs的微观结构,明确结构-性能关联,从而指导材料性能的进一步优化。(5)开发多功能复合材料,将COFs与其他功能性材料结合(如MOFs、SiO2等),实现“传感-富集”多功能集成应用[83,84]。
总之,COFs以其优异的吸附动力学、热力学、化学稳定性和高吸附容量,为关键金属的高效、可持续回收提供了极具前景的新方案。未来研究的关键在于如何在孔隙结构、功能位点密度与材料稳定性之间实现最佳平衡,从而进一步提升其吸附容量、选择性和循环稳定性,推动COFs从实验室走向实际工业应用,最终实现资源的高效利用。
  • 国家自然科学基金(22374159).
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doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1123.2026.01027
  • 接收时间:2026-01-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2026-10-08
补充材料
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2026-01-28
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 22374159).
国家自然科学基金(22374159).
作者信息
    1中国科学院兰州化学物理研究所, 甘肃 兰州 730000

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/sepu/CN/10.3724/SP.J.1123.2026.01027
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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