Article(id=1321833949094068744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, issueId=1321833943792468467, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3724/SP.J.1123.2026.02013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1772121600000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793079371951, onlineDateStr=2026-10-27, pubDate=1788796800000, pubDateStr=2026-09-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793079371951, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793079371951, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793079371951, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1321833943792468467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, year='2026', volume='44', issue='9', pageStart='989', pageEnd='1099', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788796800000', pubDateStr='2026-09-08', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1793079370687, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793079756145, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1321835560629547744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, issueId=1321833943792468467, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1321835560629547745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, issueId=1321833943792468467, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=991, endPage=1000, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1321833949358309897, articleId=1321833949094068744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, language=EN, title=Recent advances on environmental occurrence, risk and analytical methodologies of synthetic phenolic antioxidants, columnId=1321833577285792627, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Chromatography, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are a major class of chemical additives extensively employed in plastics, rubber, and food packaging to prevent polymer degradation and extend product lifespans. In recent years, the environmental and human health risks of SPAs have received great concern due to their widespread occurrence in various environmental media. Existing reviews primarily focus on environmental detection, human exposure, toxicity, and risk assessment of SPAs with limited discussion on recent advances in analytical methodologies. This review presents a systematic synthesis of research advances over the past five years, especially the state of the art analytical methodologies. This review systematically analyzes their occurrence in water, sludge, sediments, soils, dust, and biota tissues, revealing a clear pollution transition from conventional SPAs to emerging high-molecular-weight substitutes. Toxicological evidence demonstrates that SPAs exert adverse effects on rats, mice, and aquatic organisms, including genotoxicity, immunotoxicity, endocrine disruption, reproductive toxicity, etc. Notably, certain transformation products (TPs) of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) exhibit enhanced toxicity relative to their parent compounds. Methodological advances in sample preparation and analysis techniques of SPAs in different environmental matrices are reviewed for the first time. Recent applications of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (APCI-LC-MS/MS), as well as high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) provide powerful approaches for target/non-target analysis of unknown SPA derivatives and TPs. Several critical research gaps have finally been identified. Environmental analytical methods of SPAs and their TPs face significant challenges due to their diverse physicochemical properties and chemical reactivity, particularly their susceptibility to oxidation. Another key issue is that current pretreatment approaches for SPAs in tissue samples overlook bound-SPAs, thereby underestimating their real body burdens. Moreover, existing studies mainly focus on traditional SPAs, while lacking systematic assessment of environmental fate and long-term ecological risks posed by emerging SPAs and potentially more toxic TPs. Additionally, ecotoxicological data of SPAs for terrestrial organisms are scarce compared to aquatic organisms and mammals, limiting comprehensive ecological risk assessment. Future research should prioritize: (1) developing oxidant-resistant pretreatment methodologies coupled with HRMS to overcome technical challenges in accurate quantification of trace SPAs and their bound species; (2) strengthening non-target screening and identification of emerging SPAs and TPs; (3) investigating long-term effects of SPAs in soil-plant-microorganism systems. This review advances our understanding of SPAs by bridging the knowledge gaps and providing updated insights into current research. It will help establish the scientific basis for comprehensive ecological risk assessment of SPAs.
, authors=Sisi LIU
*, Zijun LI, Hongbo WEI, Piaoli XU, Lina LI, Changer CHEN, Guangguo YING, authorsList=Sisi LIU, Zijun LI, Hongbo WEI, Piaoli XU, Lina LI, Changer CHEN, Guangguo YING, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Sisi LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1321833956325048877, articleId=1321833949094068744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, language=CN, title=合成酚类抗氧化剂的环境赋存特征、生态风险及分析方法研究进展, columnId=1284557502532534739, journalTitle=色谱, columnName=专论与综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
合成酚类抗氧化剂(SPAs)是一类能够有效延缓高分子材料老化的化学助剂,已被广泛应用在塑料、橡胶及食品包装等领域。随着新型SPAs在各种环境介质中被不断检出,其环境健康与生态风险日益凸显。本文重点综述了近5年SPAs在水体、沉积物、土壤、室内灰尘及生物体等环境介质中的赋存特征,对照过往数据,SPAs的污染特征呈现从传统SPAs向新型高相对分子质量SPAs转变的趋势。本文还总结了SPAs样品前处理技术(如超声提取、固相萃取)的优化策略,以及基于大气压化学电离源(APCI)的液相色谱-串联质谱和高分辨质谱非靶向筛查技术在SPAs痕量分析与未知代谢物识别中的应用进展。最后,本文总结了SPAs及其转化产物的环境健康与生态风险,指出了当前研究在环境分析筛查方法、转化产物与新型SPAs的风险以及环境行为与毒理学机制等方面的不足,并展望了未来的研究方向,旨在为SPAs的全面风险评估提供科学依据。
, authors=刘思思
*, 李子骏, 魏宏波, 徐剽丽, 李丽娜, 陈长二, 应光国, authorsList=刘思思, 李子骏, 魏宏波, 徐剽丽, 李丽娜, 陈长二, 应光国, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘思思, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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1School of Environment/Environmental Research Institute, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Guangzhou 510006, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1321833956882891317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1321833949094068744, authorId=1321833956673176114, language=CN, stringName=刘思思, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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1华南师范大学环境研究院/环境学院, 广东省化学污染与环境安全重点实验室, 环境理论化学教育部重点实验室, 广东 广州 510006)])]), Author(id=1321833956987748919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1321833949094068744, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1321833957088412217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1321833949094068744, authorId=1321833956987748919, language=EN, stringName=Zijun LI, firstName=Zijun, middleName=null, lastName=LI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=
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1华南师范大学环境研究院/环境学院, 广东省化学污染与环境安全重点实验室, 环境理论化学教育部重点实验室, 广东 广州 510006, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321833956580901422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1321833949094068744, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321833956589290031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1321833949094068744, companyId=1321833956580901422, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1华南师范大学环境研究院/环境学院, 广东省化学污染与环境安全重点实验室, 环境理论化学教育部重点实验室, 广东 广州 510006)])]), Author(id=1321833957331681852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1321833949094068744, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1321833957436539454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1321833949094068744, authorId=1321833957331681852, language=EN, stringName=Hongbo WEI, firstName=Hongbo, middleName=null, lastName=WEI, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=
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1华南师范大学环境研究院/环境学院, 广东省化学污染与环境安全重点实验室, 环境理论化学教育部重点实验室, 广东 广州 510006, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1321833956580901422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1321833949094068744, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321833956589290031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1321833949094068744, companyId=1321833956580901422, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1School of Environment/Environmental Research Institute, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Guangzhou 510006, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1321833956593484336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1321833949094068744, companyId=1321833956580901422, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1华南师范大学环境研究院/环境学院, 广东省化学污染与环境安全重点实验室, 环境理论化学教育部重点实验室, 广东 广州 510006)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1321833961970582112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1321833949094068744, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Release and fate of synthetic phenolic antioxidants in the environment, figureFileSmall=Vf/NDQBHTVG3745O4rXSkg==, figureFileBig=Z/UnJfyOPn6NE1u3tD72kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321833962054468193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1321833949094068744, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
合成酚类抗氧化剂在环境中的释放和归趋行为Gemini Nano Banana 3 Pro was employed to produce the images except texts and structures.
, figureFileSmall=Vf/NDQBHTVG3745O4rXSkg==, figureFileBig=Z/UnJfyOPn6NE1u3tD72kw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1321833962297737826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1321833949094068744, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Physicochemical properties of typical synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs)*
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Synthetic phenolic antioxidant | Abbreviation | Structure | Water solubility/(mg/L) | BCF/(L/kg wet weight) | log KOW | log KOA | Half-life /d |
|---|
| 4-tert-Octylphenol | 4-tOP |  | 4.8 | 1406 | 5.28 | 9.02 | 0.25 |
| 2,4,6-Tri-tert-butylphenol | AO246 |  | 35.0 | 2776 | 6.39 | 9.46 | 0.67 |
| 4,4-Thiobis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol) | AO300 |  | 0.0019 | 1961 | 8.24 | 18.19 | 0.082 |
| 2-tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenol | BHA |  | 743 | 57 | 3.50 | 8.96 | 0.30 |
| 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol | BHT |  | 19.4 | 2.8 | 5.10 | 8.87 | 0.59 |
| 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone | BHT-Q |  | 3.5 | 18.2 | 4.42 | 7.95 | 172 |
| 3,5-Di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde | BHT-CHO |  | 28.4 | 164 | 4.2 | 10.6 | 0.50 |
| 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-carboxyphenol | BHT-COOH |  | 16.8 | 3.16 | 4.36 | 12.87 | 3.18 |
| 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one | BHT-OH |  | 60.7 | 132 | 3.72 | 10.24 | 0.17 |
| 2,4-Di-tert-butyl-phenol | DBP |  | 5.7 | 740 | 5.33 | 9.01 | 0.22 |
| Dodecyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate | DG |  | 0.042 | 246 | 6.21 | 19.70 | 0.10 |
| tert-Butylhydroquinone | TBHQ |  | 748 | 24.3 | 2.84 | 11.10 | 0.21 |
| Pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate) | AO1010 |  | 0.0052 | 2.2 | 19.60 | 27.40 | 0.10 |
| N,N′-Bis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl]hydrazine | AO1024 |  | 0.027 | 3264 | 7.79 | 24.1 | 0.20 |
| Octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate | AO1076 |  | 6.1×10-9 | 5.8 | 13.4 | 17.6 | 0.25 |
| 1,3,5-Tris(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)isocyanuric acid | AO3114 |  | 4.0×10-12 | 3.16 | 15.18 | 39.35 | 0.16 |
), ArticleFig(id=1321833962415178339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1321833949094068744, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
典型合成酚类抗氧化剂的物理化学性质*
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Synthetic phenolic antioxidant | Abbreviation | Structure | Water solubility/(mg/L) | BCF/(L/kg wet weight) | log KOW | log KOA | Half-life /d |
|---|
| 4-tert-Octylphenol | 4-tOP |  | 4.8 | 1406 | 5.28 | 9.02 | 0.25 |
| 2,4,6-Tri-tert-butylphenol | AO246 |  | 35.0 | 2776 | 6.39 | 9.46 | 0.67 |
| 4,4-Thiobis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol) | AO300 |  | 0.0019 | 1961 | 8.24 | 18.19 | 0.082 |
| 2-tert-Butyl-4-methoxyphenol | BHA |  | 743 | 57 | 3.50 | 8.96 | 0.30 |
| 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol | BHT |  | 19.4 | 2.8 | 5.10 | 8.87 | 0.59 |
| 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone | BHT-Q |  | 3.5 | 18.2 | 4.42 | 7.95 | 172 |
| 3,5-Di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde | BHT-CHO |  | 28.4 | 164 | 4.2 | 10.6 | 0.50 |
| 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-carboxyphenol | BHT-COOH |  | 16.8 | 3.16 | 4.36 | 12.87 | 3.18 |
| 2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one | BHT-OH |  | 60.7 | 132 | 3.72 | 10.24 | 0.17 |
| 2,4-Di-tert-butyl-phenol | DBP |  | 5.7 | 740 | 5.33 | 9.01 | 0.22 |
| Dodecyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate | DG |  | 0.042 | 246 | 6.21 | 19.70 | 0.10 |
| tert-Butylhydroquinone | TBHQ |  | 748 | 24.3 | 2.84 | 11.10 | 0.21 |
| Pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate) | AO1010 |  | 0.0052 | 2.2 | 19.60 | 27.40 | 0.10 |
| N,N′-Bis[3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl]hydrazine | AO1024 |  | 0.027 | 3264 | 7.79 | 24.1 | 0.20 |
| Octadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate | AO1076 |  | 6.1×10-9 | 5.8 | 13.4 | 17.6 | 0.25 |
| 1,3,5-Tris(3′,5′-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)isocyanuric acid | AO3114 |  | 4.0×10-12 | 3.16 | 15.18 | 39.35 | 0.16 |
), ArticleFig(id=1321833962515841636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1321833949094068744, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Contents of SPAs in different environmental matrices
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Sample type | Sample source | DF range/% | Total concentrations | Dominant congeners | Ref. |
|---|
| House dust (n=83) | Toronto, Canada, 2018 | 11-100 | ∑8SPAs: 67.2-15540 ng/g (GM: 1490 ng/g); ∑4TPs: 40.4-12700 ng/g (GM: 883 ng/g) | BHT: 658 ng/g (GM); BHT-Q: 4770 ng/g (max), 325 ng/g (GM) | [7] |
| Indoor dust (n=226) | 10 provinces, China, 2018-2023 | 1.8-97 | ∑6SPAs: 15.4-3210 ng/g (GM: 169 ng/g, median: 149 ng/g) | BHT: 11.5 ng/g(GM); BHT-Q: 78.9 ng/g (GM) | [8] |
| Indoor dust (n=75) | Jinan, China, 2014 | urban: 16-100; rural: n.d. -100 | urban: ∑7SPAs: 1560-20300 ng/g (GM: 3120 ng/g);rural: ∑7SPAs: 668-4390 ng/g (GM: 1970 ng/g) | BHT (GM): 2270 ng/g (urban), 1700 ng/g (rural); AO246 (GM): 229 ng/g (urban), 323 ng/g (rural) | [9] |
| Indoor dust (n=80) | Toronto, Canada, 2018 | 4-95 | ∑10SPAs: 239-213000 ng/g (GM: 1770 ng/g) | BHT: 749 ng/g(GM) | [10] |
| Sewage effluent(n=3) | Beijing, China, 2014 | 100 | ∑9SPAs: 1500 ng/L (mean) | BHT: 262 ng/L (mean); BHT-CHO: 534 ng/L (mean); BHT-Q: 108 ng/L (mean) BHT-quinol: 556 ng/L (mean) | [11] |
| Sewage sludge (n=56) | 33 cities, China, 2010-2011 | 1.8-100 | ∑14SPAs: 183-41000 ng/g (mean: 4960 ng/g) | BHT: 4140 ng/g (GM); AO246: 374 ng/g (GM); BHT-Q: 562 ng/g (GM) | [11] |
| River water (n=9) | Germany, Oder River, 2000-2001 | 100 | ∑2SPAs: 88-520 ng/L (GM: 256 ng/L; mean: 281 ng/L) | BHT: 178 ng/L (mean); BHT-CHO: 102 ng/L (mean) | [12] |
| Surface water (n=23) | PRD, China, 2024 | 4.5-100 | ∑4SPAs (median): 95 ng/L (dry seasons)/42 ng/L (wet seasons) | BHT-COOH, BHT-OH | [13] |
| Surface water (n=32) | YRD, China, 2024 | 25-100 | ∑18SPAs: 2700 ng/L (GM) | AO3114: 1420 ng/L (median) | [14] |
| Sediments (n=32) | YRD, China, 2024 | 49-100 | ∑18SPAs: 1270 ng/g (GM) | AO1010: 609 ng/L (median) | [14] |
| Soils (n=32) | YRD, China, 2024 | n.d.-100 | ∑18SPAs: 2440 ng/g (GM) | AO1010: 794 ng/L (median); AO1076: 1600 ng/L (median) | [14] |
| Sewage sludge (n=45) | 6 cities, China, 2017-2018 | 49-100 | ∑10SPAs: 94.6-6024 ng/g | AO246: 547 ng/g (GM); AO1010: 212 ng/g (GM); AO1076: 35.2 ng/g (GM) | [15] |
| Dumping site soils (n=12) | 6 Asian countries, 2006 and 2015 | 100 | ∑1SPAs: 3.2-3300 ng/g | BHT: 3300 ng/g (max) | [16] |
| Human serum (n=50) | Temecula, CA, US, 2016-2017 | 4-100 | ∑5SPAs: 0.46-34.7 µg/L (GM: 7.77 µg/L) ∑4BHT-metabolites: n.d.-3.66 µg/L (GM: 0.77 µg/L) | BHT: 2.66 µg/L (GM); 2,4-DTBP: 3.65 µg/L (GM) | [17] |
| Human urine (n=60) | Fort Lauderdale and Miami, US, 2018 | 30-100 | ∑3SPAs: 6.19-70.2 µg/L (GM: 18.6 µg/L); ∑4BHT-metabolites: 0.54-8.61 µg/L (GM: 1.68 µg/L) | BHT-COOH: 0.68 µg/L (GM); 2,4-DTBP: 18.3 µg/L (GM) | [18] |
| Human blood (n=30) | Stockholm, Sweden, 2020 | 17-100 | ∑13SPAs: 333-896 ng/g (median: 594 ng/g) | AO2246: 520 ng/g (median); 4-tOP: 14 ng/g (median) | [19] |
| Breast milk (n=80) | Guangzhou, China, 2020 | 34-100 | ∑8SPAs: 1.96-64.9 µg/L (GM: 14.7 µg/L); ∑4BHT-metabolites: 0.21-5.55 µg/L (GM: 1.83 µg/L) | BHT: 4.48 µg/L (GM);2,4-DTBP: 9.94 µg/L (GM) | [20] |
), ArticleFig(id=1321833962612310629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1321833949094068744, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
各环境介质中合成酚类抗氧化剂的含量
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Sample type | Sample source | DF range/% | Total concentrations | Dominant congeners | Ref. |
|---|
| House dust (n=83) | Toronto, Canada, 2018 | 11-100 | ∑8SPAs: 67.2-15540 ng/g (GM: 1490 ng/g); ∑4TPs: 40.4-12700 ng/g (GM: 883 ng/g) | BHT: 658 ng/g (GM); BHT-Q: 4770 ng/g (max), 325 ng/g (GM) | [7] |
| Indoor dust (n=226) | 10 provinces, China, 2018-2023 | 1.8-97 | ∑6SPAs: 15.4-3210 ng/g (GM: 169 ng/g, median: 149 ng/g) | BHT: 11.5 ng/g(GM); BHT-Q: 78.9 ng/g (GM) | [8] |
| Indoor dust (n=75) | Jinan, China, 2014 | urban: 16-100; rural: n.d. -100 | urban: ∑7SPAs: 1560-20300 ng/g (GM: 3120 ng/g);rural: ∑7SPAs: 668-4390 ng/g (GM: 1970 ng/g) | BHT (GM): 2270 ng/g (urban), 1700 ng/g (rural); AO246 (GM): 229 ng/g (urban), 323 ng/g (rural) | [9] |
| Indoor dust (n=80) | Toronto, Canada, 2018 | 4-95 | ∑10SPAs: 239-213000 ng/g (GM: 1770 ng/g) | BHT: 749 ng/g(GM) | [10] |
| Sewage effluent(n=3) | Beijing, China, 2014 | 100 | ∑9SPAs: 1500 ng/L (mean) | BHT: 262 ng/L (mean); BHT-CHO: 534 ng/L (mean); BHT-Q: 108 ng/L (mean) BHT-quinol: 556 ng/L (mean) | [11] |
| Sewage sludge (n=56) | 33 cities, China, 2010-2011 | 1.8-100 | ∑14SPAs: 183-41000 ng/g (mean: 4960 ng/g) | BHT: 4140 ng/g (GM); AO246: 374 ng/g (GM); BHT-Q: 562 ng/g (GM) | [11] |
| River water (n=9) | Germany, Oder River, 2000-2001 | 100 | ∑2SPAs: 88-520 ng/L (GM: 256 ng/L; mean: 281 ng/L) | BHT: 178 ng/L (mean); BHT-CHO: 102 ng/L (mean) | [12] |
| Surface water (n=23) | PRD, China, 2024 | 4.5-100 | ∑4SPAs (median): 95 ng/L (dry seasons)/42 ng/L (wet seasons) | BHT-COOH, BHT-OH | [13] |
| Surface water (n=32) | YRD, China, 2024 | 25-100 | ∑18SPAs: 2700 ng/L (GM) | AO3114: 1420 ng/L (median) | [14] |
| Sediments (n=32) | YRD, China, 2024 | 49-100 | ∑18SPAs: 1270 ng/g (GM) | AO1010: 609 ng/L (median) | [14] |
| Soils (n=32) | YRD, China, 2024 | n.d.-100 | ∑18SPAs: 2440 ng/g (GM) | AO1010: 794 ng/L (median); AO1076: 1600 ng/L (median) | [14] |
| Sewage sludge (n=45) | 6 cities, China, 2017-2018 | 49-100 | ∑10SPAs: 94.6-6024 ng/g | AO246: 547 ng/g (GM); AO1010: 212 ng/g (GM); AO1076: 35.2 ng/g (GM) | [15] |
| Dumping site soils (n=12) | 6 Asian countries, 2006 and 2015 | 100 | ∑1SPAs: 3.2-3300 ng/g | BHT: 3300 ng/g (max) | [16] |
| Human serum (n=50) | Temecula, CA, US, 2016-2017 | 4-100 | ∑5SPAs: 0.46-34.7 µg/L (GM: 7.77 µg/L) ∑4BHT-metabolites: n.d.-3.66 µg/L (GM: 0.77 µg/L) | BHT: 2.66 µg/L (GM); 2,4-DTBP: 3.65 µg/L (GM) | [17] |
| Human urine (n=60) | Fort Lauderdale and Miami, US, 2018 | 30-100 | ∑3SPAs: 6.19-70.2 µg/L (GM: 18.6 µg/L); ∑4BHT-metabolites: 0.54-8.61 µg/L (GM: 1.68 µg/L) | BHT-COOH: 0.68 µg/L (GM); 2,4-DTBP: 18.3 µg/L (GM) | [18] |
| Human blood (n=30) | Stockholm, Sweden, 2020 | 17-100 | ∑13SPAs: 333-896 ng/g (median: 594 ng/g) | AO2246: 520 ng/g (median); 4-tOP: 14 ng/g (median) | [19] |
| Breast milk (n=80) | Guangzhou, China, 2020 | 34-100 | ∑8SPAs: 1.96-64.9 µg/L (GM: 14.7 µg/L); ∑4BHT-metabolites: 0.21-5.55 µg/L (GM: 1.83 µg/L) | BHT: 4.48 µg/L (GM);2,4-DTBP: 9.94 µg/L (GM) | [20] |
), ArticleFig(id=1321833962717168230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1321833949094068744, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Pretreatment and instrument detection methods for SPAs
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| Sample type | Target analytes | Preparation methods | Analysis methods | Recoveries/% | MDL | Ref. |
|---|
| Indoor dust | 6 SPAs & 3 TPs | ultrasonication (DCM/hexane, 1∶1) | GC-MS/MS+LC-MS/MS (ESI) | 90.5-105 | 0.21-22.5 ng/g (MQL) | [8] |
| Sewage Sludge | 12 SPAs & 3 TPs | ASE (90 ℃, 1500 psi; DCM/hexane, 3∶1) | LC-MS/MS (ESI) | 65-103 | 0.1-15 ng/g | [11] |
| Human serum | 13 SPAs | protein precipitation+SPE (EMR-Lipid) | LC-MS/MS (ESI)+GC-MS | 42-112 | 0.047-36.7 ng/g (MQL) | [19] |
| Human breast milk | 10 SPAs & 4 TPs | ultrasonication (ACN/hexane, 3∶5)+SPE (Florisil) | LC-MS/MS (ESI)+GC-MS | 58-95 | 0.006-1.2 ng/g (MQL) | [20] |
| River water and sewage water | 11 SPAs | liquid-liquid extraction (MTBE)+silica gel column | LC-MS/MS (ESI) | river water: 65.8-117;sewage water: 59.5-118 | river water: 0.3-0.9 ng/L;sewage water: 0.9-2.4 ng/L | [31] |
| Surface water | 2 SPAs & 5 TPs | SPE (HLB) | GC-MS | 76-116 | 1.93-3.10 ng/L (MQL) | [32] |
| Bottled drinking water | BHT | SPME (polydimethylsiloxane) | GC-MS (headspace injection) | 84-119 | 4.2 μg/L | [33] |
| Sediment | BHT & TPs | ultrasonication (DCM/hexane, 3∶1)+derivatization | GC-MS | 71-118 | 0.02-0.34 ng/g | [34] |
| Mollusks | 9 SPAs & 4 TPs | ultrasonication (DCM/hexane, 3∶1)+SPE (HLB) | LC-MS/MS (ESI)+GC-MS/MS | 61-92 | 0.7-1.9 ng/g (MQL) | [35] |
| Indoor dust | 8 SPAs & 4 TPs | ultrasonication (DCM/hexane, 3∶1) | LC-MS/MS+ trap column (APCI+ESI) | 67-98 | 0.002-0.09 μg/L (IDL) | [36] |
), ArticleFig(id=1321833962813637223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1283840372199657495, articleId=1321833949094068744, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
合成酚类抗氧化剂各种前处理和仪器检测方法
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Sample type | Target analytes | Preparation methods | Analysis methods | Recoveries/% | MDL | Ref. |
|---|
| Indoor dust | 6 SPAs & 3 TPs | ultrasonication (DCM/hexane, 1∶1) | GC-MS/MS+LC-MS/MS (ESI) | 90.5-105 | 0.21-22.5 ng/g (MQL) | [8] |
| Sewage Sludge | 12 SPAs & 3 TPs | ASE (90 ℃, 1500 psi; DCM/hexane, 3∶1) | LC-MS/MS (ESI) | 65-103 | 0.1-15 ng/g | [11] |
| Human serum | 13 SPAs | protein precipitation+SPE (EMR-Lipid) | LC-MS/MS (ESI)+GC-MS | 42-112 | 0.047-36.7 ng/g (MQL) | [19] |
| Human breast milk | 10 SPAs & 4 TPs | ultrasonication (ACN/hexane, 3∶5)+SPE (Florisil) | LC-MS/MS (ESI)+GC-MS | 58-95 | 0.006-1.2 ng/g (MQL) | [20] |
| River water and sewage water | 11 SPAs | liquid-liquid extraction (MTBE)+silica gel column | LC-MS/MS (ESI) | river water: 65.8-117;sewage water: 59.5-118 | river water: 0.3-0.9 ng/L;sewage water: 0.9-2.4 ng/L | [31] |
| Surface water | 2 SPAs & 5 TPs | SPE (HLB) | GC-MS | 76-116 | 1.93-3.10 ng/L (MQL) | [32] |
| Bottled drinking water | BHT | SPME (polydimethylsiloxane) | GC-MS (headspace injection) | 84-119 | 4.2 μg/L | [33] |
| Sediment | BHT & TPs | ultrasonication (DCM/hexane, 3∶1)+derivatization | GC-MS | 71-118 | 0.02-0.34 ng/g | [34] |
| Mollusks | 9 SPAs & 4 TPs | ultrasonication (DCM/hexane, 3∶1)+SPE (HLB) | LC-MS/MS (ESI)+GC-MS/MS | 61-92 | 0.7-1.9 ng/g (MQL) | [35] |
| Indoor dust | 8 SPAs & 4 TPs | ultrasonication (DCM/hexane, 3∶1) | LC-MS/MS+ trap column (APCI+ESI) | 67-98 | 0.002-0.09 μg/L (IDL) | [36] |
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