Article(id=1207627664630846203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, issueId=1207271180105499439, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20250506, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1742313600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-19, revisedDate=1745769600000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765850471885, onlineDateStr=2025-12-16, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765850471885, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765850471885, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765850471885, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207271180105499439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765765479351, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765765681303, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207272027254247478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, issueId=1207271180105499439, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207272027254247479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, issueId=1207271180105499439, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=78, endPage=82, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207627664983167760, articleId=1207627664630846203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, language=EN, title=Research Progress and New Ideas on Rapid Test Methods for Frost Resistance of Hydraulic Concrete, columnId=null, journalTitle=Water Resources and Power, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To ensure the timeliness of frost resistance testing of hydraulic concrete and improve the safety of construction and operation of project, the methods for testing the frost resistance of concrete were systematically reviewed. The standard differences among slow freezing method, fast freezing method, single-sided freeze-thaw method and salt-resistant erosion method were compared. Two new trends were analyzed including the rapid detection technology of frost resistance based on the rapid freezing method and the rapid detection technology of concrete relying on process parameter control. The new ideas for rapid testing methods of frost resistance were proposed based on structures parameters of hardened concrete, accelerated destructive experiment, key process parameters of freezing and thawing. The concept of dedicated curves was established, and the specific procedures of the new methods was clarified. The work of all the above could provide new ideas for the frost resistance testing of hydraulic concrete.

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为保障水工混凝土抗冻性检验的及时性,提高工程建设与运行安全,系统回顾了既有混凝土抗冻性检测方法,比较了慢冻法、快冻法、单面冻融法、抗盐冻剥蚀法的标准差异。分析了以快冻法为基础的抗冻性快速检测技术、以过程参数控制为依托的混凝土快速检测技术两个新趋势。提出了基于硬化混凝土结构参数、加速破坏试验、关键过程参数的混凝土抗冻性快速检测方法新设想,构建了专用曲线核心理念,阐明了新方法的具体应用流程,为水工混凝土抗冻性检验提供了新思路。

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宁逢伟(1986-),男,博士、高级工程师,研究方向为混凝土病害诊治,E-mail:
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韩宏韬(1986-),男,硕士、高级工程师,研究方向为混凝土耐久性,E-mail:

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韩宏韬(1986-),男,硕士、高级工程师,研究方向为混凝土耐久性,E-mail:

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韩宏韬(1986-),男,硕士、高级工程师,研究方向为混凝土耐久性,E-mail:

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Testing standards for slow freezing-thawing method at home and abroad

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准立方体试件尺寸/mm3养护模式冻融制度评价参数
ΓOCT 10060[12]100、150、200标准养护24 d(-20~-15)℃气冻不少于4 h,(15~20)℃水融不少于4 h质量损失率、抗压强度损失率
 泡水养护4 d
RILEM TC 117-FDC[13]100泡水养护6 d16 h水(盐)冻(20~-15)℃,(20±2)℃水(盐)融8 h吸水率、质量损失率
 干燥养护20 d
 水或盐浸泡1 d
GB/T 50082-2024[14]100标准养护24 d(-20~-18)℃气冻不少于4 h,(18~20)℃水融不少于4 h质量损失率、抗压强度损失率
TB/T 3275-2018[15] 泡水养护4 d
), ArticleFig(id=1207627669622067278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207627664630846203, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

国内外混凝土慢冻法检测标准情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准立方体试件尺寸/mm3养护模式冻融制度评价参数
ΓOCT 10060[12]100、150、200标准养护24 d(-20~-15)℃气冻不少于4 h,(15~20)℃水融不少于4 h质量损失率、抗压强度损失率
 泡水养护4 d
RILEM TC 117-FDC[13]100泡水养护6 d16 h水(盐)冻(20~-15)℃,(20±2)℃水(盐)融8 h吸水率、质量损失率
 干燥养护20 d
 水或盐浸泡1 d
GB/T 50082-2024[14]100标准养护24 d(-20~-18)℃气冻不少于4 h,(18~20)℃水融不少于4 h质量损失率、抗压强度损失率
TB/T 3275-2018[15] 泡水养护4 d
), ArticleFig(id=1207627669735313492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207627664630846203, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Testing standards for fast freezing-thawing method at home and abroad

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准试件尺寸养护模式冻融制度评价参数
ASTM C666-2008[16]圆柱体或棱柱体。棱柱体:宽和高5~125 mm,长275~400 mm饱和石灰水中养护14 d程序A:水冻水融,单个冻融循环2~5 h相对动弹性模量、相对耐久性指数、长度变化率
程序B:气冻水融,单个冻融循环2~5 h 
SL/T 352-2020[17]100 mm×100 mm×400 mm标准养护24d,泡水养护4 d水冻水融,单个冻融循环2~4 h相对动弹性模量、质量损失率
DL/T 5150-2017[18]  水冻水融,单个冻融循环2~4 h相对动弹性模量、质量损失率
JTS/T 236-2019[19]  水冻水融,单个冻融循环2.5~4 h相对动弹性模量、质量损失率
GB/T 50082-2024[14]  水冻水融,单个冻融循环2~4 h相对动弹性模量、质量损失率
TB/T 3275-2018[15]    
JTG 3420-2020[20]   相对动弹性模量、质量损失率、相对耐久性指数
), ArticleFig(id=1207627669823393879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207627664630846203, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

混凝土快冻法检测标准情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准试件尺寸养护模式冻融制度评价参数
ASTM C666-2008[16]圆柱体或棱柱体。棱柱体:宽和高5~125 mm,长275~400 mm饱和石灰水中养护14 d程序A:水冻水融,单个冻融循环2~5 h相对动弹性模量、相对耐久性指数、长度变化率
程序B:气冻水融,单个冻融循环2~5 h 
SL/T 352-2020[17]100 mm×100 mm×400 mm标准养护24d,泡水养护4 d水冻水融,单个冻融循环2~4 h相对动弹性模量、质量损失率
DL/T 5150-2017[18]  水冻水融,单个冻融循环2~4 h相对动弹性模量、质量损失率
JTS/T 236-2019[19]  水冻水融,单个冻融循环2.5~4 h相对动弹性模量、质量损失率
GB/T 50082-2024[14]  水冻水融,单个冻融循环2~4 h相对动弹性模量、质量损失率
TB/T 3275-2018[15]    
JTG 3420-2020[20]   相对动弹性模量、质量损失率、相对耐久性指数
), ArticleFig(id=1207627669924057180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207627664630846203, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Testing standards for single-side freezing and thawing method at home and abroad

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准试件尺寸养护模式冻融制度评价参数
RILEM TC 117-FDC[13]底面:150 mm×150 mm
高:50 mm~150 mm
6 d泡水养护21 d干燥养护CDF:盐冻盐融单个冻融循环12 h
CF:水冻水融,单个冻融循环12 h
单位面积剥落量
RILEM TC 176-IDC[21]
GB/T 50082-2024[14]
TB/T 3275-2018[15]
150 mm×110 mm×70 mm1 d拆模,6 d泡水养护,21 d干燥养护CIF:盐冻盐融,单个冻融循环12 h单位面积剥落量、质量增长率、超声波相对动弹性模量
JTG 3420-2020[20]∅200 mm×80mm1 d拆模,22 d干燥养护,5 d泡水养护盐冻盐融,单个冻融循环10 h单位面积剥落量、质量增长率
), ArticleFig(id=1207627670024720481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207627664630846203, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

混凝土单面冻融法检测标准情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准试件尺寸养护模式冻融制度评价参数
RILEM TC 117-FDC[13]底面:150 mm×150 mm
高:50 mm~150 mm
6 d泡水养护21 d干燥养护CDF:盐冻盐融单个冻融循环12 h
CF:水冻水融,单个冻融循环12 h
单位面积剥落量
RILEM TC 176-IDC[21]
GB/T 50082-2024[14]
TB/T 3275-2018[15]
150 mm×110 mm×70 mm1 d拆模,6 d泡水养护,21 d干燥养护CIF:盐冻盐融,单个冻融循环12 h单位面积剥落量、质量增长率、超声波相对动弹性模量
JTG 3420-2020[20]∅200 mm×80mm1 d拆模,22 d干燥养护,5 d泡水养护盐冻盐融,单个冻融循环10 h单位面积剥落量、质量增长率
), ArticleFig(id=1207627670125383777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207627664630846203, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Testing standards for salt resistant freeze-thaw denudation method at home and abroad

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标准试件尺寸养护模式冻融制度评价参数
ASTM C672-2012[22]表面积至少0.045 m2,厚度至少75 mm14 d标准养护,14 d干燥养护盐冻盐融,单个冻融循环24 h
23~-18 ℃冻结
-18~23 ℃溶解
表面剥落状态分级(六级:0~5)
RILEM TC 176-IDC[21]150 mm×150 mm×50 mm1 d拆模,6 d泡水养护,21 d干燥养护,3 d表面重饱水养护盐冻盐融单个冻融循环24 h
20~-20 ℃冻结
-20~20 ℃溶解温
单位面积盐冻剥蚀量
SL/T 352-2020[17]∅110 mm×50 mm标准养护28 d盐冻盐融单个冻融循环24 h,23~-17 ℃冻结-17~23 ℃溶解表面剥落状态分级(六级:0~5)、单位面积盐冻剥蚀量
), ArticleFig(id=1207627670226047078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207627664630846203, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

混凝土抗盐冻剥蚀法检测标准情况

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标准试件尺寸养护模式冻融制度评价参数
ASTM C672-2012[22]表面积至少0.045 m2,厚度至少75 mm14 d标准养护,14 d干燥养护盐冻盐融,单个冻融循环24 h
23~-18 ℃冻结
-18~23 ℃溶解
表面剥落状态分级(六级:0~5)
RILEM TC 176-IDC[21]150 mm×150 mm×50 mm1 d拆模,6 d泡水养护,21 d干燥养护,3 d表面重饱水养护盐冻盐融单个冻融循环24 h
20~-20 ℃冻结
-20~20 ℃溶解温
单位面积盐冻剥蚀量
SL/T 352-2020[17]∅110 mm×50 mm标准养护28 d盐冻盐融单个冻融循环24 h,23~-17 ℃冻结-17~23 ℃溶解表面剥落状态分级(六级:0~5)、单位面积盐冻剥蚀量
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水工混凝土抗冻性快速检测方法研究现状及新设想
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韩宏韬 1 , 宁逢伟 2 , 解颖超 1 , 王震 1 , 张耀 1
水电能源科学 | 水工结构、水工材料与水利工程施工 2025,43(9): 78-82
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水电能源科学 | 水工结构、水工材料与水利工程施工 2025, 43(9): 78-82
水工混凝土抗冻性快速检测方法研究现状及新设想
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韩宏韬1 , 宁逢伟2 , 解颖超1, 王震1, 张耀1
作者信息
  • 1.南水北调(和龙)能源有限公司,吉林 和龙 133500
  • 2.中水东北勘测设计研究有限责任公司水利部寒区工程技术研究中心,吉林 长春 130061
  • 韩宏韬(1986-),男,硕士、高级工程师,研究方向为混凝土耐久性,E-mail:

通讯作者:

宁逢伟(1986-),男,博士、高级工程师,研究方向为混凝土病害诊治,E-mail:
Research Progress and New Ideas on Rapid Test Methods for Frost Resistance of Hydraulic Concrete
Hong-tao HAN1 , Feng-wei NING2 , Ying-chao XIE1, Zhen WANG1, Yao ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.South to North Water Diversion (Helong) Energy Co., Ltd., Helong 133500, China
  • 2.China Water Northeastern Investigation, Design and Research Co., Ltd., Changchun 130061, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20250506
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为保障水工混凝土抗冻性检验的及时性,提高工程建设与运行安全,系统回顾了既有混凝土抗冻性检测方法,比较了慢冻法、快冻法、单面冻融法、抗盐冻剥蚀法的标准差异。分析了以快冻法为基础的抗冻性快速检测技术、以过程参数控制为依托的混凝土快速检测技术两个新趋势。提出了基于硬化混凝土结构参数、加速破坏试验、关键过程参数的混凝土抗冻性快速检测方法新设想,构建了专用曲线核心理念,阐明了新方法的具体应用流程,为水工混凝土抗冻性检验提供了新思路。

水工混凝土  /  抗冻性  /  检测方法  /  快速检测

To ensure the timeliness of frost resistance testing of hydraulic concrete and improve the safety of construction and operation of project, the methods for testing the frost resistance of concrete were systematically reviewed. The standard differences among slow freezing method, fast freezing method, single-sided freeze-thaw method and salt-resistant erosion method were compared. Two new trends were analyzed including the rapid detection technology of frost resistance based on the rapid freezing method and the rapid detection technology of concrete relying on process parameter control. The new ideas for rapid testing methods of frost resistance were proposed based on structures parameters of hardened concrete, accelerated destructive experiment, key process parameters of freezing and thawing. The concept of dedicated curves was established, and the specific procedures of the new methods was clarified. The work of all the above could provide new ideas for the frost resistance testing of hydraulic concrete.

hydraulic concrete  /  frost resistance  /  test method  /  rapid test
韩宏韬, 宁逢伟, 解颖超, 王震, 张耀. 水工混凝土抗冻性快速检测方法研究现状及新设想. 水电能源科学, 2025 , 43 (9) : 78 -82 . DOI: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20250506
Hong-tao HAN, Feng-wei NING, Ying-chao XIE, Zhen WANG, Yao ZHANG. Research Progress and New Ideas on Rapid Test Methods for Frost Resistance of Hydraulic Concrete[J]. Water Resources and Power, 2025 , 43 (9) : 78 -82 . DOI: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20250506
冻融破坏是寒区水工混凝土长期健康服役的主要威胁[1-2]。尽管混凝土抗冻设计技术日益成熟[3-4],但仍有不少工程出现冻害问题[5],如云峰电站、丰满电站、尼尔基水利枢纽、音河水库等[6-9]。究其原因,抗冻混凝土配合比室内理论设计固然重要[10-11],能否成功落实则更为关键,务必及时检验—反馈—纠偏。然而,现有抗冻性检测周期长、时效性差,难以满足优质、快速的施工需要。我国现行水利水电行业规范均基于快冻法进行混凝土抗冻等级设计与检验。不过,快冻法仍旧不够“快”。寒区混凝土抗冻等级高,F300试验耗时约50 d;F400试验耗时约70 d。可研配合比设计、施工配合比设计、施工配合比复核、实体混凝土检验等均受此影响,时效性差。以F400抗冻等级面板混凝土为例,施工周期3个月左右,基本与抗冻性检验时间相同(28 d+70 d),若施工结束才发现问题损失无疑是巨大的。因此,迫切需要寻找一种快速且准确的混凝土抗冻性检验方法。鉴此,本文回顾了既有混凝土抗冻性标准检测方法,主要从试件尺寸、养护模式、冻融制度、评价参数4方面对比了各自的异同点,分析抗冻检测新趋势,并提出快速检测新设想。
主要包括慢冻法、快冻法、单面冻融法、抗盐冻剥蚀法4个混凝土抗冻性标准检测方法。
慢冻法于1962年由前苏联引入我国,慢冻法检测标准共4项,见表1。对比发现:①试件尺寸。四项标准[12-15]均采用立方体试件,但尺寸不同。ΓOCT 10060[12]含三种边长尺寸100、150、200 mm,其他三项标准[13-15]的试件尺寸只有100 mm×100 mm×100 mm。ΓOCT 10060[12]在苏联应用较广,能够适应更大范围的骨料粒径需求。②养护模式。ΓOCT 10060[12]、GB/T 50082[14]和TB/T 3275[15]试件养护模式相同“标准养护24 d和泡水养护4 d”。RILEM TC 117-FDC(tube test)养护模式不同于其他3项标准,具有“水+干+水”特点,泡水养护6 d+干燥养护20 d+泡水(3%氯化钠溶液)养护1 d。③冻融制度。RILEM TC 117-FDC(tube test)[13]冻融制度为“冻结16 h+溶解8 h”,循环耗时24 h;其他3项标准[12,14-15]均是“冻结4 h+溶解4 h”,单个循环耗时8 h。RILEM TC 117-FDC(tube test)[13]冻融制度为水冻水融或盐冻盐融,与其他三项[12,14-15]“气冻水融”在冻融制度及原理方面均不相同。④评价参数。四项标准[12-15]评价参数均包括质量损失率;除RILEM TC 117-FDC(tube test)[13]之外,其余三项标准[12,14-15]均引入抗压强度损失率。RILEM TC 117-FDC(tube test)[13]另有吸水率指标,多于其他3项标准。
快冻法借鉴美国标准ASTM C666引入国内。快冻法检测标准共7项,见表2。对比发现:①试件尺寸。ASTM C666[16]可以使用棱柱体或圆柱体两种试件尺寸,其他标准[14-15,17-20]只有棱柱体试件,但尺寸也不相同。②养护模式。ASTM C666[16]中饱和石灰水浸泡养护14 d,其他标准为“标准养护24 d+泡水养护4 d”。③冻融制度。ASTM C666[16]包括气冻水融、水冻水融两种制度,且循环耗时相同。其他标准[14-15,17-20]仅采纳水冻水融。④评价参数。ASTM C666[16]包括相对动弹性模量、相对耐久性指数、长度变化率3个参数。其他标准[14-15,17-20]均没有引入长度变化率,但有质量损失率,它是快冻法与慢冻法结合而成的技术参数。JTG 3420[19]引入了相对耐久性指数,剩余5项标准14-15,17-20]没有该参数。
单面冻融法由国际材料与结构研究实验联合会RILEM提出,2009年引入我国,单面冻融法检测标准共5项[13-15,20-21],见表3。对比发现:①冻融介质。RILEM TC 117-FDC包括CDF法和CF法,冻融介质分别是盐和水;RILEM TC 176-IDC[21]中CIF法由CDF法演变而来,沿用盐介质;其他3项标准[14-15,20]均用盐介质。②试件尺寸。RILEM TC 176-IDC[21]试件尺寸150 mm×110 mm×70 mm(长×宽×高),与国家标准、铁路行业标准相同;公路行业标准使用Φ200 mm×80 mm圆柱体试件,不同于另外3项标准[14-15,20]。③养护模式。RILEM TC 117-FDC[13]、RILEM TC176-IDC[21]、GB/T 50082[14]、TB/T 3275[15]养护模式相同,均为“1 d拆模+6 d泡水养护+21 d干燥养护”,JTG 3420[20]不同,为“1 d拆模+22 d干燥养护+5 d泡水养护”。④冻融制度。与养护模式相似,仅有JTG 3420-2020[20]不同于其他标准,溶解温峰由20 ℃降至10 ℃,冻融周期由12 h缩短至10 h。⑤评价参数。RILEM TC 117-FDC[13]评价参数只有单位面积剥落量,RILEM TC 176-IDC[21]增加了质量增长率(吸水率)、超声波相对动弹性模量;GB/T 50082[14]、TB/T 3275[15]与RILEM TC 176-IDC[21]相同,均有3个评价参数;JTG 3420-2020[20]不同,没有引入超声波相对动弹性模量。
抗盐冻剥蚀法与单面冻融法相似,都是盐冻盐融试验。不同的是,单面冻融法盐溶液在试件底部,抗盐冻剥蚀法盐溶液在试件上表面。该方法2020年引入国内,现有检测标准共3项[17,21-22],见表4。由表4可知:①试件尺寸。ASTM C672[22]对表面尺寸要求最高,按照正方形表面估算,边长不少于211 mm;RILEM TC 176-IDC[21]表面尺寸次之,边长150 mm;SL/T 352[17]引入抗盐冻剥蚀法后,表面尺寸降幅较大,直径110 mm。②养护模式。ASTM C672[22]、RILEM TC 176-IDC[21]均有较长的干燥养护过程,14 d或21 d,SL/T 352[17]不同,全程标准养护。③冻融制度。3项标准大体相近,循环温度在-20~20 ℃之间,总的循环时间一致,为24 h。④评价参数。SL/T 352[17]集结了ASTM C672[22]和RILEM TC 176-IDC[21]的所有参数,包括定性评价参数和定量评价参数,即表面剥落状态分级(六级:0~5)、单位面积盐冻剥蚀量,相对比较完善。
四种主流的抗冻性检测方法中,慢冻法早在2001年被水工规范舍弃,一方面,试验周期长;另一方面,气冻水融原理与水工混凝土服役环境不太相符,两个原因均致命。单面冻融法、抗盐冻剥蚀法属于盐冻盐融范畴,上表面或下表面浸泡均表现为表面盐类结晶剥蚀破坏,混凝土受冻破坏进程加快,试验周期缩短,模拟环境更适合除冰盐,与大坝混凝土水中服役工况相差甚远,物理化学过程契合度不高,不具备直接适用条件。经过多年实践,快冻法模拟的水冻水融工况仍最适合评价水工混凝土抗冻性。然而,快冻法试验周期长,难以满足施工质量管控时效性需要,实体检测问题尤其突出,传统抗冻性检验占用了大量停水检修开放时间,延长了决策周期,在水工建筑物逐渐进入“高龄”服役状态的今天,开发以快冻法为基础的抗冻性快速检测技术是新趋势之一。
混凝土抗冻性受水胶比、含气量等多因素影响,很难通过简单的拌合物性能检测有效预判混凝土抗冻等级。标准快冻法检测周期长,取样覆盖范围或代表性有限,开发实体混凝土龄期内的过程检验手段为新趋势之一。如超声波、动弹性模量等无损检测技术,未来可能开发便捷、高效且精确的设备与方法,实现结构实体小范围混凝土抗冻性能检测。
结合《水工混凝土耐久性技术规范》(DL/T 5241-2010)[23]、《混凝土结构耐久性设计与施工指南》(CCES 01-2004)[24]、《铁路混凝土结构耐久性设计规范》(TB10005-2010)[25]等关于抗冻混凝土气泡间距系数不大于300μm具体要求,以及胡泽清等[26-29]发现的气泡间距系数与抗冻等级之间相关性研究成果,提出了采用早龄期气泡间距系数快速预测抗冻等级的设想。所谓“早龄期”为不超过设计龄期且不超过28 d的时间节点,期望达到抗冻等级不迟于抗压强度的预测效果。方法流程见图1
该方法聚焦混凝土施工配合比设计及实施阶段,设计过程同步开展早龄期至设计龄期(3、7、14、28、…d)气泡间距系数和抗冻等级。对多组施工配合比试验结果进行汇总,绘制对照表格。施工过程根据实体混凝土气泡间距系数查对照表快速预判抗冻等级。气泡间距系数大小与混凝土含气量、浆骨比等有关,依据对照表预判抗冻等级也要综合这些因素。该方法在原材料、配合比均不变条件下适用,对照表具有“专用曲线”特点。抗冻等级还受硬化含气量、气孔直径、水胶比、掺合料品种及掺量等影响。当专用曲线经验数据积累到相当数量,该方法有望升级成气泡间距系数等多因素预测抗冻等级的普适性依据。
采用快冻法冻融试验过程关键参数进行预测,从冻融循环破坏原理出发[30],根据早期试验迹象预判长期抗冻性。现有评价参数如相对动弹性模量、质量损失、吸水率等均不敏感,ASTM C666[16]提出的长度变化率有一定的借鉴和参考价值。陈蔚凡[31-32]提出根据冻融变形率预测抗冻等级的方法,开发了冻融变形测试系统,发现残余变形率与抗冻等级(相对动弹性模量)具有较好的相关性。不过,该试验装置并未标准化,一次或多次冻融循环变形率缺少可靠的累积变形判据。尤其对于抗冻等级非常高的混凝土,几次冻融循环变形率判断数百次冻融循环后混凝土劣化情况仍是一个技术难题。总的来说,关键过程参数预测抗冻等级的探索价值很高,倘若在两次冻融循环以内取得结论,能够达到与抗压强度相同的试验周期。
加速破坏试验预测方法即用一种周期更短的试验方法提前预判快冻法抗冻等级。单面冻融法、抗盐冻剥蚀法试验周期均比快冻法短。极端温度冻融交替侵蚀也有望显著加快破坏进程[33]。鉴此,加速破坏试验预测方法流程见图2
单面冻融法、抗盐冻剥蚀法、极端温度气冻水融法(-60 ℃,+60 ℃)是快速预判抗冻等级的新设想。实施过程中,三个加速试验方法选定其一即可。在可研配合比或施工配合比设计过程,构建3~5个水胶比、3个含气量的多组混凝土设计龄期快冻法抗冻等级和加速破坏试验次数对照关系,绘制基于快冻法抗冻等级的加速破坏试验次数对照表,作为快速预判依据。施工过程,根据设计龄期加速破坏试验次数,结合事先绘制对照表,快速预判混凝土快冻法抗冻等级。与结构参数预测方法、关键过程参数预测方法相比,该方法能够获取混凝土冻融破坏的直接证据,只是拓展了现有方法的预判用途,可信度更高。借鉴回弹法推定混凝土抗压强度专用曲线技术思路,短期内该方法仍只适合特定骨料、强度等级等条件下抗冻等级的快速预判,小范围指导工程设计和施工。
通过梳理既有混凝土抗冻性标准检测方法,指出了快冻法检测周期长、时效性不足的突出问题,提出了以快冻法抗冻等级为基础的快速检测技术开发思路及绘制专用曲线的技术应用理念,构建了基于硬化混凝土结构参数、加速破坏试验的新理念和新方法,阐明了过程参数变形率预判抗冻等级的先进性和缺少累积变形判据的局限性。
  • 中国南水北调集团新能源投资有限公司科研项目(NSBDXNY-KY-2024-006)
  • 中水东北公司科技计划项目(202406)
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2025年第43卷第9期
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doi: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20250506
  • 接收时间:2025-03-19
  • 首发时间:2025-12-16
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-19
  • 修回日期:2025-04-28
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中国南水北调集团新能源投资有限公司科研项目(NSBDXNY-KY-2024-006)
中水东北公司科技计划项目(202406)
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    1.南水北调(和龙)能源有限公司,吉林 和龙 133500
    2.中水东北勘测设计研究有限责任公司水利部寒区工程技术研究中心,吉林 长春 130061

通讯作者:

宁逢伟(1986-),男,博士、高级工程师,研究方向为混凝土病害诊治,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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Number of
genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of
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种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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