Article(id=1207627661757751443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, issueId=1207271180105499439, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20242014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1729958400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-27, revisedDate=1732464000000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765850471200, onlineDateStr=2025-12-16, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765850471200, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765850471200, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765850471200, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207271180105499439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765765479351, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765765681303, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207272027254247478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, issueId=1207271180105499439, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207272027254247479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, issueId=1207271180105499439, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=42, endPage=46, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207627661959078049, articleId=1207627661757751443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, language=EN, title=The First Flush Characteristics and Determination of First Flush Volume for Particulate and Dissolved Pollutants in Typical Urban Roof and Road Stormwater Runoff, columnId=null, journalTitle=Water Resources and Power, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To clarify the first flush characteristics of particulate and dissolved pollutants in urban roof and road runoff and to scientifically determine the first flush volume (VFF), this study investigated the typical cement roof and asphalt road runoff in Beijing using the M (V) curve method. The approach involved calculating average pollutant concentrations in specified runoff increments during rainfall events to assess water quality variations, quantify VFF, and evaluate corresponding runoff pollution control effectiveness. The results show that the pollution levels of particulate and dissolved chemical oxygen demand (COD) and phosphorus in runoff from asphalt road are significantly higher than those from cement roof (p<0.05), but no such significant difference is observed for particulate and dissolved nitrogen. Particulate pollutants in cement roof runoff exhibit a stronger first flush phenomenon, whereas the first flush phenomenon of dissolved pollutants is more pronounced in asphalt road runoff. Except for the pollution indicators with weaker first flush phenomenon, there are significant differences between VFF of COD, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) and their particulate or dissolved indicators. According to the current national standard, the first 3 mm of runoff shall be discarded, cement roof and asphalt road can achieve SS pollution control rates of (65.26±32.40)% and (65.43±23.81)%, respectively, and COD pollution control rates of (58.17±32.49)% and (59.06±31.48)%, respectively. Higher runoff pollution control results will be obtained if VFF is determined based on actual monitoring data. The findings will provide reference for implementing targeted control strategies and methods for particulate and dissolved pollutants in urban stormwater runoff.

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为明晰城市屋面和道路雨水径流中颗粒态和溶解态典型污染物的初期冲刷特征,科学合理确定初期弃流量(VFF),以北京市某典型水泥屋面和沥青道路径流为例,采用MV)曲线评估颗粒态和溶解态污染物初期冲刷特征,即通过计算次降雨事件中指定径流增量的污染物平均浓度来评估水质变化确定,量化其VFF,并评价相应径流污染总量控制效果。结果表明,沥青道路径流颗粒态和溶解态的化学需氧量(COD)和磷的污染水平显著高于水泥屋面(p<0.05),但颗粒态和溶解态氮并未呈现这一显著差异;水泥屋面径流中颗粒态污染物呈现更强的初期冲刷现象,但沥青道路径流溶解态污染物初期冲刷现象更强;除初期冲刷程度较弱的污染指标外,COD、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)与其颗粒态或溶解态指标的VFF存在明显差异;按照现行国家标准要求进行初期雨水3 mm弃流,水泥屋面、沥青道路可分别实现(65.26±32.40)%、(65.43±23.81)%的SS污染总量控制率及(58.17±32.49)%、(59.06±31.48)%的COD污染总量控制率,如基于实际监测数据识别的VFF进行弃流,将获得更高的径流污染控制效果。研究结果可为城市径流污染中实施颗粒态和溶解态污染物的针对性控制策略与方法提供一定参考。

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张伟(1984-),男,博士、副教授、博导,研究方向为城市雨水系统与海绵城市,E-mail:
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刘墨涵(2000-),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为城市雨水系统与海绵城市,E-mail:

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刘墨涵(2000-),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为城市雨水系统与海绵城市,E-mail:

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刘墨涵(2000-),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为城市雨水系统与海绵城市,E-mail:

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Characteristics of effective rainfall events monitored

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号日期降雨量/mm降雨历时/min最大雨强平均雨强前期晴天数/d
12024-06-217.8096.000.200.082.78
22024-07-053.80256.000.400.013.04
32024-07-1211.00218.000.800.056.54
42024-07-199.4051.001.400.183.58
52024-07-2478.00328.001.600.242.48
62024-08-0971.00679.000.400.104.46
72024-08-1727.20473.000.400.061.28
 均值29.74300.140.740.103.45
), ArticleFig(id=1207627670498681462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207627661757751443, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

监测有效降雨事件的降雨特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号日期降雨量/mm降雨历时/min最大雨强平均雨强前期晴天数/d
12024-06-217.8096.000.200.082.78
22024-07-053.80256.000.400.013.04
32024-07-1211.00218.000.800.056.54
42024-07-199.4051.001.400.183.58
52024-07-2478.00328.001.600.242.48
62024-08-0971.00679.000.400.104.46
72024-08-1727.20473.000.400.061.28
 均值29.74300.140.740.103.45
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城市典型屋面和道路径流颗粒态和溶解态污染物初期冲刷特征及弃流量确定
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刘墨涵 1a , 张伟 1a, 1b, 1c , 孙慧超 1a , 张鹤清 2 , 于金旗 2 , 王颖 1a , 刘苗苗 1a , 王璇 1a
水电能源科学 | 水文水资源与环境 2025,43(9): 42-46
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水电能源科学 | 水文水资源与环境 2025, 43(9): 42-46
城市典型屋面和道路径流颗粒态和溶解态污染物初期冲刷特征及弃流量确定
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刘墨涵1a , 张伟1a, 1b, 1c , 孙慧超1a, 张鹤清2, 于金旗2, 王颖1a, 刘苗苗1a, 王璇1a
作者信息
  • 1a.北京建筑大学 北京市可持续城市排水系统构建与风险控制工程技术研究中心,北京 100044
  • 1b.北京建筑大学 城市雨水系统与水环境教育部重点实验室,北京 100044
  • 1c.北京建筑大学 北京节能减排与城乡可持续发展省部共建协同创新中心,北京 100044
  • 2.中建环能科技股份有限公司,四川 成都 610045
  • 刘墨涵(2000-),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为城市雨水系统与海绵城市,E-mail:

通讯作者:

张伟(1984-),男,博士、副教授、博导,研究方向为城市雨水系统与海绵城市,E-mail:
The First Flush Characteristics and Determination of First Flush Volume for Particulate and Dissolved Pollutants in Typical Urban Roof and Road Stormwater Runoff
Mo-han LIU1a , Wei ZHANG1a, 1b, 1c , Hui-chao SUN1a, He-qing ZHANG2, Jin-qi YU2, Ying WANG1a, Miao-miao LIU1a, Xuan WANG1a
Affiliations
  • 1a.Beijing Engineering Research Center of Sustainable Urban Sewage System Construction and Risk Control, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
  • 1b.Key Laboratory of Urban Stormwater System and Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
  • 1c.Beijing Energy Conservation & Sustainable Urban and Rural Development Provincial and Ministry Co-construction Collaboration Innovation Center, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
  • 2.China State Construction Engineering Group SCIMEE Sci. & Tech. Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610045, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20242014
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为明晰城市屋面和道路雨水径流中颗粒态和溶解态典型污染物的初期冲刷特征,科学合理确定初期弃流量(VFF),以北京市某典型水泥屋面和沥青道路径流为例,采用MV)曲线评估颗粒态和溶解态污染物初期冲刷特征,即通过计算次降雨事件中指定径流增量的污染物平均浓度来评估水质变化确定,量化其VFF,并评价相应径流污染总量控制效果。结果表明,沥青道路径流颗粒态和溶解态的化学需氧量(COD)和磷的污染水平显著高于水泥屋面(p<0.05),但颗粒态和溶解态氮并未呈现这一显著差异;水泥屋面径流中颗粒态污染物呈现更强的初期冲刷现象,但沥青道路径流溶解态污染物初期冲刷现象更强;除初期冲刷程度较弱的污染指标外,COD、总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)与其颗粒态或溶解态指标的VFF存在明显差异;按照现行国家标准要求进行初期雨水3 mm弃流,水泥屋面、沥青道路可分别实现(65.26±32.40)%、(65.43±23.81)%的SS污染总量控制率及(58.17±32.49)%、(59.06±31.48)%的COD污染总量控制率,如基于实际监测数据识别的VFF进行弃流,将获得更高的径流污染控制效果。研究结果可为城市径流污染中实施颗粒态和溶解态污染物的针对性控制策略与方法提供一定参考。

初期冲刷  /  径流污染  /  水泥屋面  /  沥青道路  /  颗粒态  /  溶解态

To clarify the first flush characteristics of particulate and dissolved pollutants in urban roof and road runoff and to scientifically determine the first flush volume (VFF), this study investigated the typical cement roof and asphalt road runoff in Beijing using the M (V) curve method. The approach involved calculating average pollutant concentrations in specified runoff increments during rainfall events to assess water quality variations, quantify VFF, and evaluate corresponding runoff pollution control effectiveness. The results show that the pollution levels of particulate and dissolved chemical oxygen demand (COD) and phosphorus in runoff from asphalt road are significantly higher than those from cement roof (p<0.05), but no such significant difference is observed for particulate and dissolved nitrogen. Particulate pollutants in cement roof runoff exhibit a stronger first flush phenomenon, whereas the first flush phenomenon of dissolved pollutants is more pronounced in asphalt road runoff. Except for the pollution indicators with weaker first flush phenomenon, there are significant differences between VFF of COD, total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) and their particulate or dissolved indicators. According to the current national standard, the first 3 mm of runoff shall be discarded, cement roof and asphalt road can achieve SS pollution control rates of (65.26±32.40)% and (65.43±23.81)%, respectively, and COD pollution control rates of (58.17±32.49)% and (59.06±31.48)%, respectively. Higher runoff pollution control results will be obtained if VFF is determined based on actual monitoring data. The findings will provide reference for implementing targeted control strategies and methods for particulate and dissolved pollutants in urban stormwater runoff.

first flush  /  runoff pollution  /  cement roof  /  asphalt road  /  particulate  /  dissolved
刘墨涵, 张伟, 孙慧超, 张鹤清, 于金旗, 王颖, 刘苗苗, 王璇. 城市典型屋面和道路径流颗粒态和溶解态污染物初期冲刷特征及弃流量确定. 水电能源科学, 2025 , 43 (9) : 42 -46 . DOI: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20242014
Mo-han LIU, Wei ZHANG, Hui-chao SUN, He-qing ZHANG, Jin-qi YU, Ying WANG, Miao-miao LIU, Xuan WANG. The First Flush Characteristics and Determination of First Flush Volume for Particulate and Dissolved Pollutants in Typical Urban Roof and Road Stormwater Runoff[J]. Water Resources and Power, 2025 , 43 (9) : 42 -46 . DOI: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20242014
近年来,城市径流污染问题日益凸显,成为城市水环境质量保障的重要威胁因素之一[1]。初期冲刷是城市雨水径流污染的典型特征,目前已有多种初期冲刷定量评价方法。其中MV)曲线和基于此曲线的初期冲刷比率应用较为普遍[2]。虽然这些方法可实现定量评价初期冲刷,但无法依据初期冲刷程度直接确定初期弃流量(又称初期冲刷量VFF)。为克服既有方法局限性、更好指导雨水径流污染控制工程设计,BACH P M等[3]提出了一种VFF确定方法,后续研究亦验证了该方法的适用性[4-5],可为基于初期冲刷特征确定VFF提供一种可行途径。但已有研究大多针对总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)等全量污染物,由于累积和冲刷机制不同,颗粒态和溶解态污染物在初期冲刷特征上存在显著差异[6],对于颗粒态和溶解态污染物VFF是否存在一致性,目前少有研究。为此,本文以北京市某典型水泥屋面和沥青道路径流为例,采用MV)曲线评估颗粒态和溶解态污染物初期冲刷特征,量化其VFF,并评价相应径流污染总量控制效果,以期为城市雨水径流污染控制提供参考。
对北京建筑大学校园内某水泥屋面和沥青道路径流进行为期一个雨季的连续监测。水泥屋面为城市典型建筑屋面类型,径流采样点位于该建筑屋面雨落管出流口,该雨落管汇流面积为30 m2;沥青道路为城市典型路面类型,该监测道路为双向两车道,径流采样点位于该段道路一侧边沟雨水口,其汇流面积为60 m2。监测的两处下垫面直线距离100 m以内,可假定两处汇水面降雨特征相同。
采用0.2 mm精度的翻斗式雨量计进行降雨监测,雨量计安装于临近径流监测点的建筑屋顶。2024年6~9月监测期间,剔除因设备原因数据缺失、采样同步性问题、水样个数过少等无效降雨外,共采集7场有效降雨事件(表1)。由表1可知,从降雨量、降雨强度、降雨历时等特征看,7场有效降雨可基本代表北京市主要降雨类型。
在水泥屋面和沥青道路产流后即开始采样,按照0、3、5、10、15、20、30、45、60、90、120 min的累计时间采集瞬时水样。当降雨历时小于120 min时,径流结束即停止采样。
径流水样采集后迅速送回实验室,分析其水质指标,包括悬浮颗粒物(SS)、化学需氧量(COD)、颗粒态化学需氧量(PCOD)、溶解态化学需氧量(DCOD)、TN、颗粒态氮(PN)、溶解态氮(DN)、TP、颗粒态磷(PP)、溶解态磷(DP),分析方法按照国家标准方法[7]进行。
降雨事件的污染物水平采用事件平均浓度(EEMC[8]表示:
式中,M为污染物总量,mg;V为径流总量,L;T为降雨历时,s;Ctt时刻污染物浓度,mg/L;Qtt时刻径流流量,L/s。
采用MV)曲线评估污染物初期冲刷现象[8],无量纲累积质量分数Mt)与累积体积分数Vt)计算公式分别为:
式中,Ct)为t时刻污染物瞬时浓度,mg/L;Qt)为t时刻瞬时流量,L/s;Δt为时间间隔,s。
初期冲刷比率采用MMFF20进行评价,按照绘制得出的MV)曲线,当Vt)为20%时,MV)曲线对应的Mt)的值即为MMFF20值。当MMFF20值高于20%时,认为存在初期冲刷现象[9]
初期冲刷量也称初期弃流量(VFF),通过计算次降雨事件中指定径流增量(径流片段)的污染物平均浓度来评估水质变化确定,包含5个主要步骤[5]:①径流片段的确定,本文采用径流片段为1 mm;②计算各径流片段污染物平均浓度;③每个径流片段绘制箱式图,描述每个片段中浓度分布;④检验相邻片段之间差异性,聚集相似片段;⑤通过聚集后的数据图量化VFF
图1为水泥屋面和沥青道路径流污染物的EEMC均值。由图1可看出,沥青道路径流中SS、COD、TP、颗粒态、溶解态COD与磷(PCOD、DCOD、PP、DP)的EEMC均值均显著高于水泥屋面(p<0.05)。对于TN及颗粒态和溶解态氮(PN、DN),沥青道路径流EEMC均值也均高于水泥屋面,但未呈现显著性(p>0.05)。本研究屋面和道路径流污染水平与北京同类型径流基本处于同一水平[10],可认为本研究监测屋面和道路径流具有典型性。
按照MV)曲线定义,分别绘制各降雨事件中水泥屋面和沥青道路径流各污染指标的MV)曲线,发现水泥屋面径流中TP及颗粒态污染物(SS、PCOD、PN、PP)呈现较沥青道路更为明显的初期冲刷现象;反观溶解态污染物,沥青道路径流中DCOD、DN呈现更为明显的初期冲刷现象。而两种下垫面径流中COD、TN、DP的MV)曲线差异不够明显,需进一步定量分析。
为定量分析初期冲刷程度,分别计算各污染指标的初期冲刷MMFF20均值,见图2。由图2可知,水泥屋面和沥青道路径流中SS、COD、PCOD、TP、PP的MMFF20均值显著高于20%(p>0.05),存在初期冲刷现象,这也印证了颗粒态污染物通常呈现更为明显初期冲刷现象[11]
比较两种下垫面径流,发现水泥屋面径流中TP及颗粒态污染指标SS、PCOD、PN、PP的MMFF20均值高于沥青道路,而沥青道路径流中COD、TN及溶解态污染指标DCOD、DN、DP的MMFF20均值高于水泥屋面。出现这一现象的原因主要与沥青道路存在清扫作业有关。监测道路为校园内道路,日常清扫作业采用道路清扫车按照每日2次频率进行。近年来道路清扫大多已摒弃传统人工清扫方式,道路清扫车采用的喷水结合转刷清扫方式可有效去除较大比例道路地表颗粒物。尽管道路地表颗粒物来源相较屋面颗粒物来源更多,污染负荷相对较重,但由于道路清扫作业影响,道路径流中颗粒态污染物初期冲刷现象反倒弱于屋面径流。
由于MV)曲线自身局限性,无法实现VFF的确定。采用BACH P M等[3]提出的VFF确定方法,量化水泥屋面和沥青道路径流各污染指标的VFF,见图3~5
图3~5可看出,水泥屋面径流SS、COD的VFF分别为5、3 mm,而沥青道路径流SS、COD的VFF均为8 mm,BACH P M等[3]研究中也同样是屋面径流SS的VFF较低(2 mm),而其他汇水区SS的VFF范围为4~17 mm。值得注意的是,前期ZHANG W等[5]研究中发现屋面和道路径流SS、COD的VFF均为1 mm,与本研究中VFF识别结果存在明显差异,这主要与研究监测的降雨事件特性差异有关。一般认为前期晴天数与初期冲刷程度存在正相关关系[12],本研究监测降雨事件的前期晴天数均值为3.45 d,低于ZHANG W等[5]研究中的5.56 d,由于更长的前期累积,ZHANG W等[5]研究中监测降雨事件呈现更明显的初期冲刷现象及更低的VFF。由于水泥屋面径流中TN、PN、DN的初期冲刷程度均相对较弱,因此其识别出的VFF均为10 mm,且无差异。两种下垫面径流其他全量污染物及其颗粒态或溶解态指标的VFF存在明显差异性,这也说明按照颗粒态和溶解态指标分别识别其VFF的必要性。值得注意的是,VFF识别结果中可发现部分污染物全量的VFF和其颗粒态或溶解态中某一形态指标的VFF相同,而另一形态指标的VFF则明显高于或低于全量VFF的情况,这主要与某一污染物颗粒态和溶解态组分的占比有关。
现行国家标准《建筑与小区雨水控制及利用工程技术规范》GB 50400-2016[13]中对屋面和道路径流的VFF给出了规定,其中要求屋面径流按照2~3 mm弃流,道路径流按照3~5 mm弃流。本文确定的各污染指标的VFF大多高于国家标准初期弃流量要求,即按照国家标准要求进行弃流,并不能够将所有初期雨水全部有效弃流和控制。
为评估不同VFF对应的径流污染控制效果,采用VFF与径流污染总量控制率关系分析方法[4],绘制VFF与径流污染总量控制率关系曲线,见图6
为方便比较,本研究屋面和道路径流参考国家标准要求,均按照3 mm的标准确定初期弃流量。由图6可看出,对本文监测降雨事件而言,对应SS污染总量控制率可分别达到(65.26± 32.40)%、(65.43±23.81)%,其COD污染总量控制率可分别达到(58.17±32.49)%、(59.06± 31.48)%。总体来看,其污染控制效果尚可,超过1/2的SS、COD总量可实现有效控制。但若采用基于降雨事件实际初期冲刷特征确定的VFF实施弃流,将获得更为理想的污染控制效果。仍以SS、COD为例,对于水泥屋面径流,研究识别COD的VFF与国家标准规定的3 mm一致。SS的VFF为5 mm,其对应SS污染总量控制率将达到(77.91±22.01)%;对于沥青道路径流,识别的SS、COD的VFF均为8 mm,均明显高于国家标准要求,其污染总量控制率分别可达(96.17± 3.04)%、(94.79±5.12)%,这将是十分客观的污染控制效果。对于TN、TP及颗粒态和溶解态的COD和氮磷指标,尽管也存在识别的VFF与国家标准要求一致的情况(3 mm),如沥青道路径流的DCOD、TP、DP及水泥屋面径流的DCOD,其他颗粒态和溶解态指标多呈现高于国家标准要求的3 mm的情况。即如需实现更为理想的径流污染总量控制效果,仅按照国家标准规定实施可能还存在明显差距。当然,服务于工程设计的标准规范规定,除考虑技术参数本身要求外,还会综合考虑经济成本。每提高1 mm的初期雨水控制标准,实现控制要求增加的工程建设投资和相关费用不仅是“线性”增加,可能是“成倍”增加,甚至“几何级数”增加,这就要求在径流污染特征规律和工程建设标准之间探寻一个合理的“平衡点”。
a. 基于本研究监测数据,沥青道路径流中颗粒态和溶解态COD与磷污染水平显著高于水泥屋面径流;水泥屋面径流中颗粒态污染物和沥青道路径流中溶解态污染物的初期冲刷现象相对更为明显。
b. 对于本研究水泥屋面和沥青道路径流两种典型下垫面径流,除水泥屋面径流中TN、PN、DN外,水泥屋面和沥青道路径流COD、TN、TP通过基于初期冲刷特征识别的VFF,与相应颗粒态或溶解态指标的VFF存在明显差异。
c. 基于本研究实际径流水质监测数据识别的VFF大多高于现行国家标准要求。未来尚需更多其他类型下垫面及污染指标的径流监测数据对本研究提出的思路和方法作进一步探索和验证。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3800500)
  • 北京市属高等学校高水平科研创新团队建设支持计划项目(BPHR20220108)
  • 北京建筑大学培育项目专项资金(X23047)
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doi: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20242014
  • 接收时间:2024-10-27
  • 首发时间:2025-12-16
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-27
  • 修回日期:2024-11-25
基金
国家重点研发计划(2022YFC3800500)
北京市属高等学校高水平科研创新团队建设支持计划项目(BPHR20220108)
北京建筑大学培育项目专项资金(X23047)
作者信息
    1a.北京建筑大学 北京市可持续城市排水系统构建与风险控制工程技术研究中心,北京 100044
    1b.北京建筑大学 城市雨水系统与水环境教育部重点实验室,北京 100044
    1c.北京建筑大学 北京节能减排与城乡可持续发展省部共建协同创新中心,北京 100044
    2.中建环能科技股份有限公司,四川 成都 610045

通讯作者:

张伟(1984-),男,博士、副教授、博导,研究方向为城市雨水系统与海绵城市,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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