Article(id=1207627660394598991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, issueId=1207271180105499439, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20250762, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1743696000000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-04, revisedDate=1746892800000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765850470874, onlineDateStr=2025-12-16, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765850470874, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765850470874, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765850470874, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207271180105499439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765765479351, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765765681303, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207272027254247478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, issueId=1207271180105499439, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207272027254247479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, issueId=1207271180105499439, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=25, endPage=28, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207627660759503443, articleId=1207627660394598991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, language=EN, title=Classification Analysis of Temporal and Spatial Variations of Surface Water Bodies in the Songhua River Basin, columnId=null, journalTitle=Water Resources and Power, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Under the background of frequent extreme climate events, analyzing the spatio-temporal changes of surface water bodies in the Songhua River Basin affected by climate change over the past 30 years is of great significance for the region to take and optimize climate response measures in advance. Based on the spatio-temporal dynamic changes of surface water area in the Songhua River Basin from 1990 to 2020, seasonal water bodies were classified and analyzed. By using the EC JRC global surface water product dataset and combining with MATLAB software, the time series feature +K-means clustering and dynamic statistical threshold method were adopted to analyze the changing trend of surface water area in the Songhua River Basin in the past 30 years, and to classify the seasonal water body area as well as detect and analyze the recovery dynamics of extreme hydrological years. The results show that during the study period, the seasonal water body area in the Songhua River Basin increased by 114%, while the permanent water body area decreased by 49.46%, and the total surface water area showed an upward trend. The annual seasonal water body area was classified into three categories: fluctuating-wet year, low fluctuation - dry year, and stable - normal year, with a silhouette coefficient of 0.549, indicating a good clustering effect. Two significant high-value years, 1998 and 2013, were identified, and it was analyzed that neither had fully recovered. The research results provide a direction for the effective management and protection of water resources by referring to historical extreme hydrological events and making flood and drought prevention preparations in advance for the Songhua River Basin in the face of future extreme weather.

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在极端气候事件频发的背景下,分析松花江流域受气候变化影响,在近30年的地表水体时空变化,对于区域提前采取并优化气候应对措施有重要意义。基于松花江流域1990~2020年地表水体面积时空动态变化特征,对季节性水体归类分析,利用EC JRC全球地表水产品数据集,结合MATLAB软件采用时序特征+K-means聚类与动态统计阈值法,分析松花江流域近30年地表水体面积变化趋势并对季节性水体进行归类分析与极端水文年检测与恢复动态分析。结果表明,研究期间松花江流域季节性水体面积增幅114%,永久性水体面积降幅49.46%,地表水体总面积呈上升趋势;将逐年季节性水体面积划分为波动—丰水年、低波动—枯水年、平稳—平水年3个类别,轮廓系数为0.549,聚类效果良好;识别出1998、2013年两个显著高值年,并分析出均未完全恢复。研究成果为针对松花江流域未来的极端天气提前采取防洪、防涝措施,以及对水资源的有效管理和保护提供了方向。

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戴长雷(1978-),男,博士、教授,研究方向为寒区地下水及国际河流,E-mail:
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孙腾(1999-),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为冻土水文地质与雪冰工程,E-mail:

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孙腾(1999-),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为冻土水文地质与雪冰工程,E-mail:

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孙腾(1999-),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为冻土水文地质与雪冰工程,E-mail:

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Statistics of clustering characteristics of water body area changes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
聚类种类频数比例/%年份中心值水体面积中心值/km2
类别1(高波动—丰水年)516.672 010.609 441.41
类别2(低波动—枯水年)1446.672 003.14144.99 5
类别3(平稳—平水年)1136.662 006.186 207.41
), ArticleFig(id=1207627666971268019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207627660394598991, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

水体面积变化聚类特征统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
聚类种类频数比例/%年份中心值水体面积中心值/km2
类别1(高波动—丰水年)516.672 010.609 441.41
类别2(低波动—枯水年)1446.672 003.14144.99 5
类别3(平稳—平水年)1136.662 006.186 207.41
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松花江流域地表水体时空变化归类分析
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孙腾 1a, 1b , 戴长雷 1a, 1b , 孙亚萍 2 , 孔达 1a, 1b
水电能源科学 | 水文水资源与环境 2025,43(9): 25-28
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水电能源科学 | 水文水资源与环境 2025, 43(9): 25-28
松花江流域地表水体时空变化归类分析
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孙腾1a, 1b , 戴长雷1a, 1b , 孙亚萍2, 孔达1a, 1b
作者信息
  • 1a.黑龙江大学 水利电力学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 1b.黑龙江大学 中俄寒区水文和水利工程联合实验室(国际合作),黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 2.绥化学院农业与水利工程学院,黑龙江 绥化 152061
  • 孙腾(1999-),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为冻土水文地质与雪冰工程,E-mail:

通讯作者:

戴长雷(1978-),男,博士、教授,研究方向为寒区地下水及国际河流,E-mail:
Classification Analysis of Temporal and Spatial Variations of Surface Water Bodies in the Songhua River Basin
Teng SUN1a, 1b , Chang-lei DAI1a, 1b , Ya-ping SUN2, Da KONG1a, 1b
Affiliations
  • 1a.School of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
  • 1b.International Joint Laboratory of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering in Cold Regions of Heilongjiang Province (International Cooperation), Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
  • 2.College of Agriculture and Water Conservancy Engineering, Suihua University, Suihua 152061, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20250762
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在极端气候事件频发的背景下,分析松花江流域受气候变化影响,在近30年的地表水体时空变化,对于区域提前采取并优化气候应对措施有重要意义。基于松花江流域1990~2020年地表水体面积时空动态变化特征,对季节性水体归类分析,利用EC JRC全球地表水产品数据集,结合MATLAB软件采用时序特征+K-means聚类与动态统计阈值法,分析松花江流域近30年地表水体面积变化趋势并对季节性水体进行归类分析与极端水文年检测与恢复动态分析。结果表明,研究期间松花江流域季节性水体面积增幅114%,永久性水体面积降幅49.46%,地表水体总面积呈上升趋势;将逐年季节性水体面积划分为波动—丰水年、低波动—枯水年、平稳—平水年3个类别,轮廓系数为0.549,聚类效果良好;识别出1998、2013年两个显著高值年,并分析出均未完全恢复。研究成果为针对松花江流域未来的极端天气提前采取防洪、防涝措施,以及对水资源的有效管理和保护提供了方向。

地表水面积  /  季节性水体  /  时序特征+K-means聚类法  /  动态统计阈值法  /  时空分布

Under the background of frequent extreme climate events, analyzing the spatio-temporal changes of surface water bodies in the Songhua River Basin affected by climate change over the past 30 years is of great significance for the region to take and optimize climate response measures in advance. Based on the spatio-temporal dynamic changes of surface water area in the Songhua River Basin from 1990 to 2020, seasonal water bodies were classified and analyzed. By using the EC JRC global surface water product dataset and combining with MATLAB software, the time series feature +K-means clustering and dynamic statistical threshold method were adopted to analyze the changing trend of surface water area in the Songhua River Basin in the past 30 years, and to classify the seasonal water body area as well as detect and analyze the recovery dynamics of extreme hydrological years. The results show that during the study period, the seasonal water body area in the Songhua River Basin increased by 114%, while the permanent water body area decreased by 49.46%, and the total surface water area showed an upward trend. The annual seasonal water body area was classified into three categories: fluctuating-wet year, low fluctuation - dry year, and stable - normal year, with a silhouette coefficient of 0.549, indicating a good clustering effect. Two significant high-value years, 1998 and 2013, were identified, and it was analyzed that neither had fully recovered. The research results provide a direction for the effective management and protection of water resources by referring to historical extreme hydrological events and making flood and drought prevention preparations in advance for the Songhua River Basin in the face of future extreme weather.

surface water area  /  seasonal water body  /  temporal feature +K-means clustering method  /  dynamic statistical threshold method  /  spatio-temporal distribution
孙腾, 戴长雷, 孙亚萍, 孔达. 松花江流域地表水体时空变化归类分析. 水电能源科学, 2025 , 43 (9) : 25 -28 . DOI: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20250762
Teng SUN, Chang-lei DAI, Ya-ping SUN, Da KONG. Classification Analysis of Temporal and Spatial Variations of Surface Water Bodies in the Songhua River Basin[J]. Water Resources and Power, 2025 , 43 (9) : 25 -28 . DOI: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20250762
松花江流域地处东亚季风区与西伯利亚寒区过渡带,是中国七大流域之一,流域内主要河流包括松花江干流及其重要支流(如嫩江、第二松花江等),拥有大面积湿地和湖泊生态系统,如扎龙湿地、向海湿地等,是东北地区重要的农业灌溉、工业用水和居民生活水源地,水资源丰富但时空分布不均。流域总面积约为5.57×105 km2,地势西高东低,西部为长白山和大兴安岭山地,东部为松嫩平原和三江平原,平均海拔约为200~500 m[1]。流域属于温带季风气候区,年均降水量约为400~700 mm,降水主要集中在夏季,且呈现由东南向西北递减的趋势。从东到西,植被类型依次为森林、森林草原、草原和草甸,具有明显的纬度地带性分布特征。近年来受全球变暖的影响,极端气候事件时有发生,季节性地表水体面积呈显著波动,加剧了流域水资源管理的复杂性[2]。LIU K等[3]基于遥感影像对东北部分的大型湖泊水资源储量与地表水的时空变化进行了监测;YANG X C等[4]使用DTW距离+K-means聚类,识别湿地季节性变化模式;袁亚玲等[5]分析了降雨极值的时空分布特征及致洪危险性。然而,现有研究尚未归类分析地表季节性水体,对此,基于GOOGLE EARTH ENGINE(GEE)云平台利用EC JRC全球地表水产品数据集,分析过去近30年松花江流域地表水体面积变化特征[6]。使用MATLAB软件结合时序特征+K-means聚类法与动态统计阈值法对季节性水体面积进行归类分析并得出极端水文年;研究结果对于揭示松花江流域近30年地表水体的时空变化特征、分析不同年份间季节性水体的类别差异、参考历史极端水文事件经验,提前制定和优化应对气候变化的策略有积极意义。
采用由欧盟联合研究中心(EC JRC)开发的JRC全球地表水产品,通过Google Earth Engine(GEE)平台提供[7]。该数据集基于1984~2021年的Landsat卫星影像,空间分辨率为30 m,Landsat 5、Landsat 7、Landsat 8分别搭载Thematic Mapper(TM)、Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus(ETM+)和Operational Land Imager(OLI)传感器自动提取地表水体。通过多光谱特征库、NDVI和HSV空间变换结合专家分类系统,实现高精度水体识别(错分误差<1%,漏分误差<5%),适用于长时间序列的水文动态监测与生态研究。利用JRC Yearly Water Classification History v1.4数据集,在GEE平台提取松花江流域1990~2020年不同类型的地表水,并将水体划分为永久性、季节性、短暂性水体[7]。JRC数据水体提取技术流程见图1
通过MATLAB实现采用年份特征与K-means聚类相结合的方法对水体面积时间序列数据进行聚类分析,针对时序数据特性构造多维特征向量:基于滑动窗口计算均值、标准差、一阶差分、年际变化率、增减方向、归一化值和距平绝对值等以捕捉局部时序模式[8-9]。提取一阶差分和年际变化率表征时序动态变化特征,引入自相关函数和梯度运算反映序列依赖关系,通过Z-score标准化处理后,采用轮廓系数确定最优聚类数k,使用K-means算法在特征空间进行聚类。
对原始数据进行标准化处理并构建“年份—季节性地表水体面积”二维特征空间,随后通过迭代优化确定聚类中心。评价指标中轮廓系数是衡量聚类效果的指标,取值范围为[-1,1],值越高表示聚类效果越好;DBI(Davies-Bouldin Index)是衡量聚类紧密度的指标,值越小表示聚类效果越好;CH(Calinski-Harabasz Score)是衡量聚类分离度的指标,值越大表示聚类效果越好。
采用动态统计阈值法识别极端高值年份,公式[10]为:
式中,T为极端高值年份的判别阈值;μ为1990~2018年水体面积均值(排除2019~2020年);σ为同期标准差。
为量化极端事件后的恢复动态,采用标准化恢复率Rt[11]
式中,At为极端事件后第t年的水体面积事件;μpre为前5年均值(基准水平);Aextreme为极端年份面积。
根据图2数据分析,1990~2020年松花江流域地表平均总水体面积约为14 445.94 km2,占流域面积的2.59%;平均季节性水体面积约为6 297.96 km2,占流域总面积的1.13%;平均永久性水体面积约为8 147.97 km2,占流域总面积的1.46%。折线图可以看出研究区1990~2020年地表不同水体面积的变化趋势,不同水体面积在1990~2020年间呈现出明显的波动变化。1990年总水体面积约为13 777.75 km2,逐渐波动上升到2020年增至约15 798.99 km2(增幅达14.67%);永久性水体面积在1990~2017年间明显在1997年出现增长,恢复后又在2002年增加到10 691.59 km2。季节性水体面积与永久水体面积波动性相反,在1998、2003、2013年分别增加到9 534.51、8 414.56、9 441.41 km2,但在1999、2006、2015年间又出现显著下降,总体呈上升趋势,最终在2020年升至11 569.82 km2(较1990年增加97.63%)。这种阶段性变化特征与极端气候密切相关。
图3中松花江流域1990~2020年地表季节性水体面积聚类显示:①肘部法则与季节性水体面积聚类分析结果图所示,通过肘部法则确定了最佳聚类数目。横轴表示聚类个数,纵轴为距离平方和。当聚类个数从1增加到3时,距离平方和显著下降形成拐点;而当聚类个数超过3时,下降趋势明显减缓,形成明显的“肘部”拐点,因此选择3个类别作为最佳聚类数目[12-13]。②从时序变化图可见,聚类结果有效区分了高水位期(峰值达12 000 km2)、平水期和低水位期(最低4 000 km2),且极端水文事件年份(如1998、2013年)被单独归类。③特征平行坐标图显示第3、7号特征(滑动标准差和归一化值)对聚类贡献最大。④PCA二维投影进一步验证了簇间可分性,第一主成分解释了约65%的方差。⑤特征热力图显示,三类水体面积动态模式存在显著差异。丰水年(第一类)表现为低标准化值(-0.66~-0.87)、高年际变化率(0.59)和强波动性(滑动标准差1.0),对应极端水文事件年份;枯水年(第二类)呈现极端负向特征值(-0.66~-0.87)、最高年际变化率(1.0)和最大滑动标准差(1.0),对应干旱年份水体面积的剧烈波动和显著偏低状态;平稳年(第三类)各特征值接近流域平均水平(-0.13~0.21),代表正常水文条件下水体面积的平稳波动。同时,发现滑动标准差和归一化值在丰水年与枯水年间呈镜像分布,年际变化率在枯水年达到峰值,这一分类结果与松花江流域实际水文灾害事件高度吻合,为流域水文极端事件识别提供了量化依据。
表1显示,类别1频数为5,占比16.67%,以2010年左右为中心年份,代表水体面积高波动的时期(平均9 441.41 km2);类别2频数为14,占比46.67%,集中于2003年前后,季节性水体面积低波动阶段(平均5 144.99 km2);类别3频数为11,占比36.67%,以2006年左右为中心,季节性水体面积平稳阶段(平均6 207.41 km2)。其中Landsat影像显示类别1下的1998年洪水后湿地破碎化加剧(NDWI指数下降0.15~0.20),验证了聚类分析对极端水文响应的敏感性。轮廓系数为0.549,表明聚类效果良好;DBI为0.92,表明聚类紧密度较高;CH为25.574,表明聚类分离度较好。
图4中松花江流域1990~2020年地表水体面积极值检测与恢复分析显示,通过设定均值+2倍标准差的极端高值阈值,成功识别出1998、2013年两个显著高值事件(季节性水体面积分别达9 534.51、9 441.41 km2)。恢复过程分析表明,1998年恢复曲线呈现典型的“V”型反弹,2013年则表现为“L”型缓慢衰减。截止到2020年,1998、2013年仍未完全恢复。两个事件恢复曲线的差异揭示了流域对极端水文事件响应存在年际差异,1998年表现为弹性恢复特征,2013年则呈现持续性的水文状态改变,可能与气候变化背景下流域水循环特征演变有关。因2019~2020年数据在端点附近,仅作显示未参与计算,确保阈值确定的稳健性[14]
松花江流域1990~2020年地表水体的时空变化呈现出明显的阶段性特征。季节性水体面积增长113.87%与永久性水体面积减少49.46%对比,反映了气候变化的不确定影响。对松花江流域季节性水体的聚类结果显示,低波动—枯水年与流域历史干旱事件记录高度吻合,如1997年遭遇了罕见的季节性干旱,西太平洋副热带高压异常偏东,导致水汽输送受阻,嫩江、第二松花江等河流出现历史低水位;2008年与拉尼娜事件导致的东亚大气环流异常有关,这一事件也被列入《中国水旱灾害公报》重大干旱案例[15]。高波动—丰水年与流域洪涝事件高度吻合,如1998年与强厄尔尼诺事件引发的东亚夏季风异常活跃有关,此事件被记录在《中国气候公报》。2013年8月松花江流域出现1998年来最大洪水,黑龙江干流堤坝接连溃口,此事件也被记录在《中国气候公报》。验证了极端气候事件对水体面积改变的重要作用[16]
a. 本文分析了1990~2020年松花江流域地表水体面积的时空变化规律,结合时序特征+K-means聚类法对地表季节性水体面积数据进行分类,并对极端水文事件进行检测与恢复研究。借鉴历史中低波动—枯水年与高波动—丰水年的经验,未来应启动应急调度,更快为预防重大水资源灾害和水资源管理提供便捷。
b. 未来研究需增加空间约束聚类与水文模型,量化自然波动与人类活动对水体演变的贡献权重,以提升高纬度流域气候适应性管理的精准性。
  • 中国科学院战略重点研究项目(Xda28100105)
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2025年第43卷第9期
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doi: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20250762
  • 接收时间:2025-04-04
  • 首发时间:2025-12-16
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-04
  • 修回日期:2025-05-11
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中国科学院战略重点研究项目(Xda28100105)
作者信息
    1a.黑龙江大学 水利电力学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    1b.黑龙江大学 中俄寒区水文和水利工程联合实验室(国际合作),黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
    2.绥化学院农业与水利工程学院,黑龙江 绥化 152061

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戴长雷(1978-),男,博士、教授,研究方向为寒区地下水及国际河流,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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