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Article(id=1207271188703826216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, issueId=1207271180105499439, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20250349, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1740585600000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-27, revisedDate=1747756800000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765765481400, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765765481400, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765765481400, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765765481400, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207271180105499439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765765479351, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765765681303, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207272027254247478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, issueId=1207271180105499439, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207272027254247479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, issueId=1207271180105499439, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=183, endPage=186, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207271189072924988, articleId=1207271188703826216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, language=EN, title=Comparative Study on Properties of SK Thrust Bearing Pad and Babbitt Alloy Bush for Hydroelectric Generating Sets, columnId=null, journalTitle=Water Resources and Power, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hydroelectric units generally use Babbitt Alloy with strong friction reduction properties as the bearing bush material. However, due to the bearing bush made by Babbitt Alloy material has lower strength, it can not be used in the need to withstand the larger pressure of large-scale hydropower generating sets. The Steel Kogu (SK) can withstand large loads while having good wear resistance. Therefore, the oil film temperature, bearing bush body temperature and power of SK bearing pad and Babbitt Metal bearing bush are studied comparatively through experiments. The thickness, pressure, maximum temperature of oil film, base deformation and power loss of the two types of bearing bush are studied comparatively by numerical calculation. The results show that at the same oil inlet temperature, the base deformation and maximum oil film temperature of SK bearing bush are lower than that of Babbitt Alloy by 0.06-0.08 mm and 9.6-14.6 ℃, respectively, and the oil film thickness of SK bearing bush is higher than that of Babbitt Alloy by 13-15 μm. The SK bearing bush can be used as a potential choice of bearing bush material for large-scale hydroelectric units because of its lower oil film temperature and smaller base deformation during the operating process.

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水电机组一般使用具有较强减摩特性的巴氏合金材料作为轴瓦材料，但因巴氏合金材料制成的轴瓦强度较低，并不能使用在需要承受较大压力的大型水轮发电机组中。而碳工具钢材（SK）在有良好耐磨性能的同时能够承受较大载荷。因此，通过试验对比研究SK瓦与巴氏合金瓦的油膜温度、瓦体温度与功率，并通过数值模拟对比两种轴瓦的油膜厚度、油膜压力、最大油膜温度、瓦基变形及功率损耗。结果表明，在相同进油温度下，SK瓦的瓦基变形、最大油膜温度比巴氏合金分别低0.06~0.08 mm、9.6~14.6 ℃，而SK瓦的油膜厚度比巴氏合金高13~15μm。SK瓦在运行过程中具备更低的油膜温度与较小的瓦基变形，可以作为大型水电机组轴瓦材料的潜在选择。

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张健（1987-），男，工程师，研究方向为水电站机械设备检修，E-mail：
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王勇飞（1983-），男，博士、高级工程师，研究方向为水电站建设、运行、检修管理，以及水电站安全风险智能管控关键技术，E-mail：

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王勇飞（1983-），男，博士、高级工程师，研究方向为水电站建设、运行、检修管理，以及水电站安全风险智能管控关键技术，E-mail：

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王勇飞（1983-），男，博士、高级工程师，研究方向为水电站建设、运行、检修管理，以及水电站安全风险智能管控关键技术，E-mail：

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articleId=1207271188703826216, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同进油温度下两种瓦的油膜温度分布, figureFileSmall=AMITTYfeuOpZxiuipdQNew==, figureFileBig=CcNXhp0xz3E5vjcZ3XFcxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207271197818049314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271188703826216, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Relationship between pad load, power and hydro generator set loading

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机组负荷/%载荷/kN巴氏合金瓦功率/MWSK瓦功率/MW
25152.078.876.4
50285.090.488.0
75419.597.294.8
100552.4102.099.2
), ArticleFig(id=1207271197943878443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271188703826216, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

瓦体载荷与功率随水电机组负荷的关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机组负荷/%载荷/kN巴氏合金瓦功率/MWSK瓦功率/MW
25152.078.876.4
50285.090.488.0
75419.597.294.8
100552.4102.099.2
), ArticleFig(id=1207271198023570222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271188703826216, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Comparison of theoretical calculation results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轴瓦材料进油温度/℃最小油膜厚度/μm最大油膜压力/MPa最高油膜温度/℃瓦基变形/mm功率损耗/kW
巴氏合金瓦302516.4579.40.0930.21
352018.5685.80.1128.31
 401720.1790.20.1226.65
 451422.2695.10.1325.30
SK瓦303810.8969.80.0330.51
 353510.8572.70.0328.25
 403111.2576.50.0426.65
 452810.7980.40.0625.30
), ArticleFig(id=1207271198132622135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271188703826216, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

理论计算结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轴瓦材料进油温度/℃最小油膜厚度/μm最大油膜压力/MPa最高油膜温度/℃瓦基变形/mm功率损耗/kW
巴氏合金瓦302516.4579.40.0930.21
352018.5685.80.1128.31
 401720.1790.20.1226.65
 451422.2695.10.1325.30
SK瓦303810.8969.80.0330.51
 353510.8572.70.0328.25
 403111.2576.50.0426.65
 452810.7980.40.0625.30
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水电机组SK推力轴瓦与巴氏合金瓦特性对比研究
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王勇飞 , 张健 , 李晓飞
水电能源科学 | 水能利用及水电站工程 2025,43(9): 183-186
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水电能源科学 | 水能利用及水电站工程 2025, 43(9): 183-186
水电机组SK推力轴瓦与巴氏合金瓦特性对比研究
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王勇飞 , 张健 , 李晓飞
作者信息
  • 国家能源集团国能大渡河检修安装有限公司，四川 乐山 614900

    • 王勇飞（1983-），男，博士、高级工程师，研究方向为水电站建设、运行、检修管理，以及水电站安全风险智能管控关键技术，E-mail：

通讯作者:

张健（1987-），男，工程师，研究方向为水电站机械设备检修，E-mail：
Comparative Study on Properties of SK Thrust Bearing Pad and Babbitt Alloy Bush for Hydroelectric Generating Sets
Yong-fei WANG , Jian ZHANG , Xiao-fei LI
Affiliations
  • CHN Energy Dadu River Repair & Installation Co, Ltd, CHN Energy, Leshan 614900, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20250349
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摘要
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水电机组一般使用具有较强减摩特性的巴氏合金材料作为轴瓦材料，但因巴氏合金材料制成的轴瓦强度较低，并不能使用在需要承受较大压力的大型水轮发电机组中。而碳工具钢材（SK）在有良好耐磨性能的同时能够承受较大载荷。因此，通过试验对比研究SK瓦与巴氏合金瓦的油膜温度、瓦体温度与功率，并通过数值模拟对比两种轴瓦的油膜厚度、油膜压力、最大油膜温度、瓦基变形及功率损耗。结果表明，在相同进油温度下，SK瓦的瓦基变形、最大油膜温度比巴氏合金分别低0.06~0.08 mm、9.6~14.6 ℃，而SK瓦的油膜厚度比巴氏合金高13~15μm。SK瓦在运行过程中具备更低的油膜温度与较小的瓦基变形，可以作为大型水电机组轴瓦材料的潜在选择。

水电机组  /  轴瓦  /  碳工具钢材  /  巴氏合金  /  油膜

Hydroelectric units generally use Babbitt Alloy with strong friction reduction properties as the bearing bush material. However, due to the bearing bush made by Babbitt Alloy material has lower strength, it can not be used in the need to withstand the larger pressure of large-scale hydropower generating sets. The Steel Kogu (SK) can withstand large loads while having good wear resistance. Therefore, the oil film temperature, bearing bush body temperature and power of SK bearing pad and Babbitt Metal bearing bush are studied comparatively through experiments. The thickness, pressure, maximum temperature of oil film, base deformation and power loss of the two types of bearing bush are studied comparatively by numerical calculation. The results show that at the same oil inlet temperature, the base deformation and maximum oil film temperature of SK bearing bush are lower than that of Babbitt Alloy by 0.06-0.08 mm and 9.6-14.6 ℃, respectively, and the oil film thickness of SK bearing bush is higher than that of Babbitt Alloy by 13-15 μm. The SK bearing bush can be used as a potential choice of bearing bush material for large-scale hydroelectric units because of its lower oil film temperature and smaller base deformation during the operating process.

hydroelectric units  /  shaft bush  /  steel Kogu  /  Babbitt Metal  /  oil film
王勇飞, 张健, 李晓飞. 水电机组SK推力轴瓦与巴氏合金瓦特性对比研究. 水电能源科学, 2025 , 43 (9) : 183 -186 . DOI: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20250349
Yong-fei WANG, Jian ZHANG, Xiao-fei LI. Comparative Study on Properties of SK Thrust Bearing Pad and Babbitt Alloy Bush for Hydroelectric Generating Sets[J]. Water Resources and Power, 2025 , 43 (9) : 183 -186 . DOI: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20250349
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1 引言
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水电机组在1970年代之前普遍采用巴氏合金瓦作为推力轴瓦，且采用的巴氏合金多为锡基，合金外表呈现白色，其塑性和热导性好，摩擦系数和膨胀系数小，但疲劳强度不高，允许工作温度较低。鉴于巴氏合金瓦在水电机组上应用的缺陷，各种研究致力于开发性能优异且不易发生故障的新型材料轴瓦，以满足水电机组推力轴承的工作需求。季晨龙[1]比较了聚醚醚酮复合材料（CF/PEEK、IP-PEEK）与改性尼龙材料（M-PA）三种材料作为轴瓦材料在水润滑条件下的表现，并指出CF/PEEK的摩擦学性能最优异；孙中梁等[2]研制了一种高性能聚氨酯弹性体/碳纤维（PUE/CF）复合材料，干摩擦条件下该材料的摩擦系数和磨损率分别为0.16、0.570%，可以满足作为轴瓦材料的应用需求；曹袁明[3]研究了面向水轮机轴瓦的锌铝合金组织与性能，并指出锌铝合金轴瓦可以在小型轴流式转桨水轮机进行试验性应用；邹芸天[4]讨论了导轴承弹性金属塑料瓦在卧式水电机组中应用，该种弹性塑料瓦具有承载能力强、耐高温及减振的优点；何锫等[5]进行了水电站塑料瓦推力轴承油膜特性的数值模拟研究，并指出当载荷增加时，油膜所承受的压力显著上升，同时，油膜压力的最大值会向推力瓦的出油边一侧偏移，导致推力瓦上发生较为显著的形变。传统的水轮发电机组的推力轴瓦一般采用巴氏合金材料，但该材料摩擦损耗大易发生烧瓦，而如今兴起的弹性金属塑料瓦广泛应用在水电机组的导轴承上，但水发电机组瓦体运行时仍频繁出现烧瓦、磨瓦过快等现象。因此，深入研究热弹流特性较好的推力轴瓦材料对于水电机组进一步安全稳定运行有重要意义。对此，本文提出了一种碳工具钢材（Steel Kogu，SK）瓦，并通过试验研究对比了该种瓦与巴氏合金瓦作为推力轴瓦的性能，最后通过理论计算获得SK瓦与巴氏合金瓦的瓦基变形、油膜温度、厚度及压力，验证了SK材料在水轮发电机组推力轴瓦上应用的可行性。
2 等温升载试验
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为探究SK瓦在水轮发电机组推力轴承应用的优势，在大岗山水电站#1机组上进行试验研究。目前机组使用的推力轴承为巴氏合金，共有6块推力瓦，运行油膜温度为50~85 ℃，瓦体温度为44~76 ℃；SK瓦采用的材料为SK3，其碳含量具体为1.10%，巴氏合金瓦与SK瓦见图1。在机组转速797 r/min时，推力轴承比压为4.24 MPa，平均线速度为23.56 m/s的工况下进行进油温度相同情况与油膜温度相同情况下的升载试验。
巴氏合金瓦与SK瓦在机组转速797 r/min，推力轴承比压为4.24 MPa，平均线速度为23.56 m/s时，机组实时负荷分别为25%、50%、75%、100%时的载荷与功率见表1，通过水电厂机组在线监测系统获得瓦面油膜温度与瓦体温度。
3 定温升载试验结果分析
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通过定轴瓦进油温度与定瓦面油膜温度试验，全面对比探究机组在不同负荷条件下两种轴瓦的油膜温度与瓦体温度，以明确SK推理轴瓦的运行特性。
3.1 定进油温度
控制进油温度为30、35、40、45 ℃，通过机组在线监控系统获取巴氏合金瓦与SK瓦的瓦面油膜温度与瓦体温度。当进油温度分别维持在30、45 ℃时，巴氏合金瓦和SK瓦在不同机组负荷下的油膜温度、瓦体温度趋势对比见图2。
由图2所示的巴氏合金瓦和SK瓦试验的油膜温度和瓦体温度对比，综合比较巴氏合金的油膜温度相比SK油膜温度高约10 ℃，而巴氏合金瓦体温度要高于SK瓦体温度约23 ℃，且巴氏合金瓦体温度随25%至100%每级载荷变化，阶梯现象明显（4~5 ℃为一个阶梯），而SK瓦体温度阶梯变化较小（1~2 ℃为一个阶梯），这可能与SK瓦的隔热性能有关。
进一步对比在定进油温度条件下巴氏合金瓦与SK瓦的功率，如图3所示。相同工况下，两种材料推力瓦的功耗差是所有轴承损耗的总和损耗差值，趋近于试验轴承摩擦损耗差别。进一步地，由功率计算得到SK瓦比巴氏合金瓦的功率低约2%。
3.2 定油膜温度
通过控制推力外循环系统流量及循环速度，达到控制油膜温度几乎保持不变的目的，进行定油膜温度试验。由定进油温度试验结果可知，在进油温度为30~45 ℃区间，SK瓦在100%负荷下达到的最大温度约为76.6 ℃，因此在100%机组负荷下控制油膜温度约76.6 ℃，进行定油膜温度升载试验，试验结果见图4。
如图4所示，100%机组负荷下，当瓦体温度维持在76.6 ℃时，巴氏合金瓦的进油温度约为30 ℃，瓦体温度约为66.4 ℃，油膜进油温度约为46.4 ℃；而SK瓦的进油温度约为45 ℃，瓦体温度约为52.1 ℃，油膜进油温度约为31.6 ℃。在油膜温度相近时，巴氏合金的瓦体温度比SK的高14.3 ℃；SK的进油温度高15 ℃，这说明同样的油膜温度，SK可以用更高的油槽温度，通过提升油槽温度，节约冷却水，衔接冷却水调控。
4 润滑计算
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对瓦面面积为210 cm2表面材料分别为巴氏合金、SK进行计算，计算条件为比压4.24 MPa，平均线速度23.56 m/s，推力轴承润滑油牌号LTSA46，进油温度分别为30、35、40、45 ℃。理论计算结果见表2。由表2可知，在相同的进油温度下，损耗相近；SK瓦的瓦基变形比巴氏合金低0.06~0.08 mm；SK瓦的油膜温度比巴氏合金低9.6~14.6 ℃；SK瓦的油膜厚度比巴氏合金高13~15 μm。
图5详细展示了进油温度分别为30、35、40、45 ℃时巴氏合金瓦与SK瓦的瓦面油膜温度云图。由图5可知，当进油温度为30 ℃时，巴氏合金瓦的最大油膜温度理论上在70 ℃左右，SK瓦的最大油膜温度65 ℃左右；当进油温度为35 ℃时，巴氏合金瓦的最大油膜温度理论上在72 ℃左右，SK瓦的最大油膜温度66 ℃左右；当进油温度为40 ℃时，巴氏合金瓦的最大油膜温度理论上在76 ℃左右，SK瓦的最大油膜温度72 ℃左右；当进油温度为45 ℃时，巴氏合金瓦的最大油膜温度理论上在78 ℃左右，SK瓦的最大油膜温度74 ℃左右。
由计算结果可知，导热系数越大，瓦基变形越大；弹性模量越大，油膜厚度越薄，油膜压力越大，油膜温度越高；相同的进油温度、润滑油，计算损耗基本一致；在相同的进油温度下，SK瓦的瓦基变形、油膜温度均低于巴氏合金的值，但油膜厚度比巴氏合金瓦的大。
5 结论
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通过试验研究与理论计算，对比分析了作为推力轴瓦的巴氏合金瓦与SK瓦的运行特性，在相同进油温度条件下，SK瓦功耗相比巴氏合金要降低2%，且SK瓦体温度要低于巴氏合金21.4~27.2 ℃，油膜温度低5.7~12.4 ℃；而在相同油膜温度条件下，SK瓦进油温度比巴氏合金的高15 ℃；理论计算结果表明，SK瓦的瓦基变形、油膜温度均低于巴氏合金的值，但油膜厚度比巴氏合金的高。研究结果为SK瓦在水电机组推力轴承上的可行性应用提供了依据。
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第43卷第9期
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doi: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20250349
  • 接收时间：2025-02-27
  • 首发时间：2025-12-15
  • 出版时间：2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-02-27
  • 修回日期：2025-05-21
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    国家能源集团国能大渡河检修安装有限公司，四川 乐山 614900

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张健（1987-），男，工程师，研究方向为水电站机械设备检修，E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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