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Article(id=1207271188267618581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, issueId=1207271180105499439, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20241852, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1727539200000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-29, revisedDate=1732291200000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765765481296, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765765481296, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765765481296, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765765481296, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207271180105499439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765765479351, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765765681303, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207272027254247478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, issueId=1207271180105499439, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207272027254247479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, issueId=1207271180105499439, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=156, endPage=160, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207271188603162917, articleId=1207271188267618581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, language=EN, title=Monitoring Analysis of Transient Dynamic Characteristics of Underground Powerhouse Structure for Pumped Storage Power Station, columnId=null, journalTitle=Water Resources and Power, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The pumped storage power station has the characteristics of frequent unit start-up and shutdown and working condition switching, which has great influence on the safe operation of the power station. At present, the on-site monitoring data of the vibration response of the underground powerhouse structure of pumped storage power station under the vibration load of the unit are few, especially the vibration monitoring of the unit under the transient conditions such as unit start-up and shutdown and load rejection. This paper takes the underground powerhouse of a pumped storage power station as the research object, and carries out the dynamic characteristics monitoring analysis under the transient conditions of power generation, pumping switch and different output load rejection. The results show that the peak vibration response of each typical part of the powerhouse structure under transient condition is obviously greater than that under steady condition, and the vibration response under power generation on and off condition is greater than that under pump pumping condition, but the vibration displacement and acceleration can basically meet the recommended limits of the current vibration standard. Under 100% load rejection conditions, the vibration response of the powerhouse structure is the strongest, and the maximum vibration acceleration can reach more than 30 m/s2, which is easy to cause impact damage to the powerhouse structure. It is recommended to avoid 100% load rejection conditions during daily operation and maintenance of the power station. In case of occurrence, it is necessary to timely detect the key structural parts of the powerhouse to eliminate safety risks.

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抽水蓄能电站具有频繁开、停机和工况切换的特点，对电站的安全运行影响较大。但目前关于抽水蓄能电站地下厂房结构在机组振荷载作用下的振动响应现场监测资料很少，尤其缺乏机组开、停机及甩负荷等瞬态工况下的振动监测。以某抽水蓄能电站地下厂房为例，开展了发电、抽水开停机和不同出力甩负荷等瞬态工况下的动力特性监测分析。监测分析结果表明，瞬态工况下厂房结构各典型部位的振动响应峰值明显大于稳态工况，其中机组发电开停机工况振动响应大于水泵抽水工况，但振动位移和加速度基本均能满足目前振动标准建议限值；100%甩负荷工况下厂房结构的振动响应最为强烈，最大振动加速度可达30 m/s2以上，容易造成厂房结构冲击性损伤，建议电站日常运行时尽量避免100%甩负荷工况的出现，万一发生后要及时对厂房关键结构部位进行巡检，排除安全隐患。

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伍鹤皋（1964-），男，教授，研究方向为压力管道与厂房结构，E-mail：
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唐晓丹（1974-），男，高级工程师，研究方向为水电站运行与管理，E-mail：

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唐晓丹（1974-），男，高级工程师，研究方向为水电站运行与管理，E-mail：

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唐晓丹（1974-），男，高级工程师，研究方向为水电站运行与管理，E-mail：

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水电站厂房动力分析[M]. 北京: 水利电力出版社, 1987., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207271202452755424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271188267618581, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1989, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=董毓新, journalName=水轮发电机组振动, refType=null, unstructuredReference=董毓新. 水轮发电机组振动[M]. 大连: 大连理工大学出版社, 1989., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207271202553418726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271188267618581, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=马震岳, 董毓新, journalName=水电站机组及厂房振动的研究与治理, refType=null, unstructuredReference=马震岳, 董毓新. 水电站机组及厂房振动的研究与治理[M]. 北京: 中国水利水电出版社, 2004., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207271202649887724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271188267618581, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=尚银磊, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=尚银磊. 大型抽水蓄能电站厂房振动相关问题研究[D]. 北京: 中国水利水电科学研究院, 2016., articleTitle=大型抽水蓄能电站厂房振动相关问题研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207271202788299761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271188267618581, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=null, issue=5, pageStart=49, pageEnd=52, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=彭涛, journalName=水电自动化与大坝监测, refType=null, unstructuredReference=彭涛. 十三陵抽水蓄能电站地下厂房结构振动监测[J]. 水电自动化与大坝监测, 2005(5): 49-52., articleTitle=十三陵抽水蓄能电站地下厂房结构振动监测, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207271202905740275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271188267618581, 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ventilation, figureFileSmall=vKF+d3/FLHRAb5v3j+wFqQ==, figureFileBig=HRlxDKJBokNjF6/ybGjHWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207271201458705327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271188267618581, language=CN, label=图8, caption=机墩风罩结构铅直向振动加速度峰值, figureFileSmall=vKF+d3/FLHRAb5v3j+wFqQ==, figureFileBig=HRlxDKJBokNjF6/ybGjHWA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207271201534202804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271188267618581, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Name and number of transient vibration test case

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序号测试工况名称工况编号序号测试工况名称工况编号
1#4机组发电开机4FD-ON5#4机组25%甩负荷4LS-25
2#4机组发电关机4FD-OFF6#4机组50%甩负荷4LS50
3#2机组抽水开机2CS-ON7#4机组75%甩负荷4LS-75
4#2机组抽水关机2CS-OFF8#4机组100%甩负荷4LS-100
), ArticleFig(id=1207271201618088888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271188267618581, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

瞬态振动测试工况名称与编号

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号测试工况名称工况编号序号测试工况名称工况编号
1#4机组发电开机4FD-ON5#4机组25%甩负荷4LS-25
2#4机组发电关机4FD-OFF6#4机组50%甩负荷4LS50
3#2机组抽水开机2CS-ON7#4机组75%甩负荷4LS-75
4#2机组抽水关机2CS-OFF8#4机组100%甩负荷4LS-100
), ArticleFig(id=1207271201693586365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271188267618581, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

The peak vibration response of each floor slab under the condition of start-up and shutdown

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
响应象限发电机层母线层水轮机层
4FD-ON4FD-OFF2CS-ON2CS-OFF4FD-ON4FD-OFF2CS-ON2CS-OFF4FD-ON4FD-OFF2CS-ON2CS-OFF
加速度/（m·s-2）一3.3821.1811.2802.7807.5052.0881.2003.2747.2841.7172.1267.644
二5.5711.9621.0704.1924.1031.4061.2712.76411.3183.6101.7817.793
三3.6831.2410.9762.2311.8221.5571.2562.753  1.8308.225
四3.3451.0821.0022.361  1.2283.017  1.4635.382
速度/（mm·s-1）一5.2041.8352.9923.8765.2871.9312.5873.0748.5002.0183.6984.637
二5.0961.9272.1012.8677.3702.1982.2862.6058.3662.5342.7434.027
三3.9161.5321.6222.4825.2522.0961.8632.367  1.3042.147
四3.9621.7972.1452.461  2.2142.813  1.6342.443
位移/μm一22.30911.55616.64120.64716.7156.83111.80014.43030.6127.55912.04615.255
二11.1726.24311.12914.34422.9248.5747.36510.10020.7057.5159.85114.343
三11.3495.4986.7378.05813.7595.0357.1547.721  5.6127.573
四13.2578.1439.82011.915  9.9579.502  5.0876.409
), ArticleFig(id=1207271201815221188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271188267618581, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

开、停机工况下各层楼板振动响应峰值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
响应象限发电机层母线层水轮机层
4FD-ON4FD-OFF2CS-ON2CS-OFF4FD-ON4FD-OFF2CS-ON2CS-OFF4FD-ON4FD-OFF2CS-ON2CS-OFF
加速度/（m·s-2）一3.3821.1811.2802.7807.5052.0881.2003.2747.2841.7172.1267.644
二5.5711.9621.0704.1924.1031.4061.2712.76411.3183.6101.7817.793
三3.6831.2410.9762.2311.8221.5571.2562.753  1.8308.225
四3.3451.0821.0022.361  1.2283.017  1.4635.382
速度/（mm·s-1）一5.2041.8352.9923.8765.2871.9312.5873.0748.5002.0183.6984.637
二5.0961.9272.1012.8677.3702.1982.2862.6058.3662.5342.7434.027
三3.9161.5321.6222.4825.2522.0961.8632.367  1.3042.147
四3.9621.7972.1452.461  2.2142.813  1.6342.443
位移/μm一22.30911.55616.64120.64716.7156.83111.80014.43030.6127.55912.04615.255
二11.1726.24311.12914.34422.9248.5747.36510.10020.7057.5159.85114.343
三11.3495.4986.7378.05813.7595.0357.1547.721  5.6127.573
四13.2578.1439.82011.915  9.9579.502  5.0876.409
), ArticleFig(id=1207271201915884487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271188267618581, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

The vibration response value of the ventilation and turbine pier structure under the conditions of power generation start-up and shutdown

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测点位置测试方向开机工况关机工况
加速度速度位移加速度速度位移
风罩顶部水流向9.1734.24017.3901.6151.2284.949
纵轴向8.9753.4677.2281.6310.7134.094
铅直向6.7944.0789.0331.6411.4414.404
定子基础水流向17.3646.22011.0834.3391.7885.326
纵轴向19.9798.80120.7884.0172.0045.835
铅直向13.2727.88313.2693.7111.5905.656
下机架基础水流向12.8715.0259.4112.5381.4027.404
纵轴向9.1354.0148.2392.2160.9645.407
铅直向8.8994.2018.7932.0081.2886.270
), ArticleFig(id=1207271202029130700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271188267618581, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

发电开、停机工况下机墩风罩结构振动响应值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点位置测试方向开机工况关机工况
加速度速度位移加速度速度位移
风罩顶部水流向9.1734.24017.3901.6151.2284.949
纵轴向8.9753.4677.2281.6310.7134.094
铅直向6.7944.0789.0331.6411.4414.404
定子基础水流向17.3646.22011.0834.3391.7885.326
纵轴向19.9798.80120.7884.0172.0045.835
铅直向13.2727.88313.2693.7111.5905.656
下机架基础水流向12.8715.0259.4112.5381.4027.404
纵轴向9.1354.0148.2392.2160.9645.407
铅直向8.8994.2018.7932.0081.2886.270
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抽水蓄能电站地下厂房结构瞬态工况动力特性监测分析
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唐晓丹 1 , 白治朋 1 , 伍鹤皋 2 , 闫宇鹏 2 , 傅丹 3 , 孙海清 4
水电能源科学 | 水能利用及水电站工程 2025,43(9): 156-160
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水电能源科学 | 水能利用及水电站工程 2025, 43(9): 156-160
抽水蓄能电站地下厂房结构瞬态工况动力特性监测分析
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唐晓丹1 , 白治朋1, 伍鹤皋2 , 闫宇鹏2, 傅丹3, 孙海清4
作者信息
  • 1.长江电力股份有限公司乌东德电厂，云南 禄劝 651500
  • 2.武汉大学水资源工程与调度全国重点实验室，湖北 武汉 430072
  • 3.武汉轻工大学土木工程与建筑学院，湖北 武汉 430048
  • 4.长江勘测规划设计有限责任公司，湖北 武汉 430014

    • 唐晓丹（1974-），男，高级工程师，研究方向为水电站运行与管理，E-mail：

通讯作者:

伍鹤皋（1964-），男，教授，研究方向为压力管道与厂房结构，E-mail：
Monitoring Analysis of Transient Dynamic Characteristics of Underground Powerhouse Structure for Pumped Storage Power Station
Xiao-dan TANG1 , Zhi-peng BAI1, He-gao WU2 , Yu-peng YAN2, Dan FU3, Hai-qing SUN4
Affiliations
  • 1.Wudongde Power Plant of Changjiang Electric Power Co., Ltd., Luquan 651500, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
  • 3.School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430048, China
  • 4.Changjiang Survey Planning Design Research Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430014, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20241852
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摘要
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抽水蓄能电站具有频繁开、停机和工况切换的特点，对电站的安全运行影响较大。但目前关于抽水蓄能电站地下厂房结构在机组振荷载作用下的振动响应现场监测资料很少，尤其缺乏机组开、停机及甩负荷等瞬态工况下的振动监测。以某抽水蓄能电站地下厂房为例，开展了发电、抽水开停机和不同出力甩负荷等瞬态工况下的动力特性监测分析。监测分析结果表明，瞬态工况下厂房结构各典型部位的振动响应峰值明显大于稳态工况，其中机组发电开停机工况振动响应大于水泵抽水工况，但振动位移和加速度基本均能满足目前振动标准建议限值；100%甩负荷工况下厂房结构的振动响应最为强烈，最大振动加速度可达30 m/s2以上，容易造成厂房结构冲击性损伤，建议电站日常运行时尽量避免100%甩负荷工况的出现，万一发生后要及时对厂房关键结构部位进行巡检，排除安全隐患。

抽水蓄能电站  /  开停机  /  甩负荷  /  动力特性  /  监测分析

The pumped storage power station has the characteristics of frequent unit start-up and shutdown and working condition switching, which has great influence on the safe operation of the power station. At present, the on-site monitoring data of the vibration response of the underground powerhouse structure of pumped storage power station under the vibration load of the unit are few, especially the vibration monitoring of the unit under the transient conditions such as unit start-up and shutdown and load rejection. This paper takes the underground powerhouse of a pumped storage power station as the research object, and carries out the dynamic characteristics monitoring analysis under the transient conditions of power generation, pumping switch and different output load rejection. The results show that the peak vibration response of each typical part of the powerhouse structure under transient condition is obviously greater than that under steady condition, and the vibration response under power generation on and off condition is greater than that under pump pumping condition, but the vibration displacement and acceleration can basically meet the recommended limits of the current vibration standard. Under 100% load rejection conditions, the vibration response of the powerhouse structure is the strongest, and the maximum vibration acceleration can reach more than 30 m/s2, which is easy to cause impact damage to the powerhouse structure. It is recommended to avoid 100% load rejection conditions during daily operation and maintenance of the power station. In case of occurrence, it is necessary to timely detect the key structural parts of the powerhouse to eliminate safety risks.

pumped storage power station  /  unit commitment  /  load rejection  /  dynamic characteristics  /  monitoring analysis
唐晓丹, 白治朋, 伍鹤皋, 闫宇鹏, 傅丹, 孙海清. 抽水蓄能电站地下厂房结构瞬态工况动力特性监测分析. 水电能源科学, 2025 , 43 (9) : 156 -160 . DOI: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20241852
Xiao-dan TANG, Zhi-peng BAI, He-gao WU, Yu-peng YAN, Dan FU, Hai-qing SUN. Monitoring Analysis of Transient Dynamic Characteristics of Underground Powerhouse Structure for Pumped Storage Power Station[J]. Water Resources and Power, 2025 , 43 (9) : 156 -160 . DOI: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20241852
正文
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1 引言
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随着抽水蓄能电站事业的迅猛发展，装机容量、转速和额定水头等参数也不断增大，抽水蓄能电站具有抽水和发电工况变换频繁的特点，而工况的频繁变换会导致机组运行不稳定，虽然水电站厂房均依据行业内相关设计规范进行设计，但仍极易产生振动问题[1-3]。出现振动问题[4]的主要原因在于抽水蓄能电站厂房和机组结构与常规水电站有所不同，且缺乏现场实测资料来完善相关设计规范，因此抽水蓄能电站厂房结构振动问题的研究相比于常规水电站显得更为紧要。为保证抽水蓄能电站厂房振动研究的真实可靠性，常选择采用现场试验和有限元数值分析相结合的研究方法。彭涛[5]对十三陵抽水蓄能电站#1机组厂房结构采用预埋测试仪器的方式进行振动监测，通过振源分析得到机械和水力振源为主要振源；根据振动测试结果再做动力计算，建议机组支撑结构的动荷载可以考虑将脉动压力传递过来的荷载作为计算动荷载；王学谦等[6]对比了采用时程有限元法计算的厂房结构振动加速度响应与现场试验实测值，得出引起厂房结构振动的主要水力振源为2倍叶片过流频率；何直[7]对广州抽水蓄能电站两期地下厂房结构进行现场振动测试试验，通过对比分析厂房结构在各工况下的振动响应时程曲线，发现厂房楼板采用厚板加深梁的结构型式可以提高厂房整体的刚度。尽管现有研究中开展了一定的厂房现场振动测试，但在实际抽水蓄能电站厂房运转中，不可避免地会出现增或减负荷的瞬态工况；而根据电网要求，抽水蓄能电站会频繁地进行发电和抽水开、停机操作，因此为保证抽水蓄能电站厂房结构安全稳定运行并为设计工作提供依据，其在机组开、停机和甩负荷等瞬态工况下的振动特性值得深入研究。对此，本文依托某抽水蓄能电站实际工程，开展地下厂房结构现场振动测试，通过监测抽水蓄能电站地下厂房结构的多种瞬态工况，收集振动响应数据，分析抽水蓄能电站厂房结构在瞬态工况下的振动特性。研究结果有望揭示厂房下部结构振动能量的传递路径，完善抽水蓄能电站厂房结构动力设计的不足。
2 测试方案和测点布置
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某抽水蓄能电站地下厂房装设有4台单机容量为300 MW的立轴可逆式水泵水轮发电机组，发电机正常转速和飞逸转速分别为375、510 r/min，水轮机固定导叶和活动导叶数为22个，转轮叶片数为9个，机组转频（6.25 Hz）和转轮叶片数频率（56.25 Hz）为本抽水蓄能电站最重要的两个激振频率。该地下厂房从上到下依次分为发电机层、母线层、水泵水轮机层、球阀廊道层，蜗壳层以下为尾水管层；三层楼板厚度均为1 000 mm，是地下厂房抗振相对薄弱的部位，其横剖面各层布置见图1。
根据该电站地下厂房振动测试安排，采集多种瞬态工况下的厂房结构振动响应数据，具体见表1。
#4机组主要测点布置见图2~4，共布置了47个测点，#2机组的测点主要布置在三层楼板结构上，亦分一~四象限布置。
3 各工况下厂房结构振动特征分析
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3.1 开、停机工况下厂房结构振动特征分析
3.1.1 楼板结构响应幅值
将发电开、停机工况测点布置在#4机组，将抽水开、停机工况测点布置在#2机组。为此将#4机组发电开、停机工况和#2机组抽水开、停机工况下三层楼板各象限测点的振动加速度（m/s2）、速度（mm/s）和位移（μm）的峰值整理至表2。由表2可知：①#4机组发电开、停机工况楼板振动加速度、速度和位移的峰值水平与#2机组抽水开、停机工况相应响应值相比更大，说明发电瞬态工况为控制工况。②对于#4机组发电工况，三层楼板结构振动响应峰值开机工况远大于关机工况。但对于#2抽水工况来说楼板响应峰值却是开机工况小于关机工况，说明振动影响大小与机组启闭动作密切联系。③三层楼板振动加速度、速度和位移的峰值大小整体上呈现出水轮机层>母线层>发电机层，且三个振动指标的规律比较相近。④对照现行振动控制标准建议限值，可以看出三层楼板振动加速度峰值整体上均未超过10 m/s2，振动速度峰值整体上不超过5 mm/s，振动位移均未超过0.2 mm。仅水轮机层楼板一二象限个别测点在4FD-ON工况下加速度和速度略超标准限值，推测是在开机过程中存在某一频率与水轮机层楼板自振频率接近，故而产生剧烈振动，但开机动作持续时间短，所以对厂房整体结构不会产生不利影响。
3.1.2 机墩风罩结构响应幅值
在开、停机瞬态工况下，机组振动荷载在短期内会发生剧烈变化，机墩风罩结构作为主要承重基础会对振动产生强烈响应，因而在#4机组机墩风罩结构上设置测点，如图4所示，在开、停机工况下的振动加速度、速度和位移响应值列于表3。由表3可知：①风罩顶部和下机架基础在开、停机工况下，振动加速度、速度和位移基本上均在现行振动控制标准建议限值之内，但个别点及定子基础振动加速度和速度响应值超过了现行振动控制标准建议限值，振动加速度最大达19.979 m/s2，由于开、停机工况持续时间较短，因而厂房整体结构的振动响应很快趋于稳定。②#4机组发电开机工况下机墩振动响应值明显大于关机工况，而且机墩风罩结构各部位的振动响应幅值分布规律为定子基础>下机架基础>风罩顶部。说明在机组开、停机过程中，由于推力轴承所承受的脉动荷载可能占主要成分，发电开机工况下产生的振动能量更大。
3.2 甩负荷工况下厂房结构振动特征分析
抽水蓄能电站中甩负荷工况为瞬态工况的一种，短时间内会产生巨大的振动能量，从而引起厂房结构剧烈振动，对厂房结构造成冲击损伤。本文重点研究楼板、机墩风罩在甩负荷工况下的振动规律。
选取各层楼板振动较大的第一、二象限铅直向的振动加速度峰值数据，整理出其随甩负荷工况变化的关系曲线，见图5。
由图5和其他测试数据可知：①发电机层、母线层、水轮机层三层楼板各方向在50%及以下甩负荷工况的振动加速度峰值，基本上均在标准建议限值10 m/s2以内。但75%、100%甩负荷工况下三层楼板（尤其是水轮机层）部分方向测点振动加速度峰值超出建议限值。②100%甩负荷工况母线层和水轮机层楼板各象限各方向下的振动加速度峰值基本均大于10 m/s2，其中水轮机层楼板各向振动明显，母线层楼板个别测点铅直向振动甚至超过了水轮机层。这是因为水轮机层楼板距离蜗壳更近，受蜗壳内水流脉动传递能量的影响最为明显，而母线层楼板经过能量传递损耗，除了个别测点外，结构整体振动要弱于水轮机层。③三层楼板各测点在各方向的振动加速度峰值，在数值上整体呈现水轮机层>母线层>发电机层。在水平方向上，母线层和水轮机层楼板以第一象限振动响应最为突出，发电机层楼板则以第二象限振动响应更为突出。④在甩负荷工况下，虽然楼板结构的少数测点振动加速度峰值超过了现行振动控制标准建议限值10 m/s2，但在各工况下所有测点振动位移峰值均未超过0.2 mm，说明楼板结构在各甩负荷工况下具有良好抗振性能，由于瞬态工况时间短暂，楼板结构并未出现明显的损伤开裂。
根据现场振动测试数据，还整理了机墩风罩等结构测点在甩负荷工况下的振动加速度峰值见图6。由图6可知：①机墩风罩结构的振动加速度峰值均随着甩负荷值的增大而逐渐增长。风罩顶部、定子基础和下机架基础的三向测点在4LS-75、4LS-100工况下均已超过10 m/s2。与楼板结构相比较，上述结构均为振动能量向楼板传递的主要路径，所以对于振动更加敏感。②将厂房各结构部位在各甩负荷工况下的振动加速度峰值进行排序，顺序为定子基础>下机架基础>风罩顶部。这进一步说明了本电站水力振源、电气振源和机械振源引起的振动响应主要是从与推力轴承连接的机墩风罩结构开始向外传递的，还有一部分从蜗壳座环向外围混凝土传播。③对于位移而言，厂房各结构部位在四种甩负荷工况下，振动位移的峰值整体上均小于0.2 mm，只有定子基础在部分工况下的振动位移峰值超限，这可以从侧面反映厂房结构的整体抗振能力较好。
3.3 各瞬态工况下厂房结构振动特征比较分析
通过分析可知，各层楼板布置球阀孔的第一象限测点振动响应数值最为突出，且铅直向响应一般大于其他两向数值。因此，整理了第一象限各层楼板、机墩风罩在6个瞬态工况下竖向振动加速度峰值，分别见图7、8。由图7、8可知：①第一象限楼板、机墩风罩铅直向振动加速度峰值随瞬态工况变化均有相同趋势，即在数值上表现为4LS-100>4LS-75>4FD-ON>4LS-50>4LS-25>4FD-OFF。说明100%甩负荷、75%甩负荷工况下产生的振动能量巨大，引起的振动响应也最大，某些部位的振动响应值已经超过行业规范建议值，即振动加速度超过了10 m/s2。②相较于频繁出现的开、停机工况，机组100%甩负荷工况出现概率较小，但其引起的厂房结构振动最为强烈，造成的结构单次损伤可能更为严重；开、停机工况虽然振动响应不是最大，大多数情况下振动加速度也没有超过10 m/s2，但长期开停机操作可能形成结构累积损伤，因此瞬态工况虽然持续时间短暂，对人体舒适度影响不大，但仍应关注这些短暂超标的振动响应对厂房结构长期运行安全的影响。
4 结论
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a. 在机组开、停机和甩负荷等瞬态工况下，抽水蓄能电站厂房结构各典型部位的振动响应峰值明显大于稳态工况，厂房结构在振动响应峰值上的大小规律为定子基础>下机架基础>风罩顶部。
b. 机组开、停机的动作顺序以及持续时间对厂房结构的振动响应的影响非常显著，可以通过短暂间歇性的开、停机动作和延长工况操作时间来控制瞬时振动能量的幅值。
c. 相较于机组开、停机工况，100%甩负荷工况下厂房结构的振动最为强烈，但与频繁的开、停机工况不同，100%甩负荷出现的概率较低，因此抽水蓄能电站振动评价更应关注机组开、停机引起的结构累积损伤问题。
基金
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  • 三峡金沙江云川水电开发有限公司资助项目(5223020011)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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舒扬棨, 王日宣. 水电站厂房动力分析[M]. 北京: 水利电力出版社, 1987.
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董毓新. 水轮发电机组振动[M]. 大连: 大连理工大学出版社, 1989.
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马震岳, 董毓新. 水电站机组及厂房振动的研究与治理[M]. 北京: 中国水利水电出版社, 2004.
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尚银磊. 大型抽水蓄能电站厂房振动相关问题研究[D]. 北京: 中国水利水电科学研究院, 2016.
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彭涛. 十三陵抽水蓄能电站地下厂房结构振动监测[J]. 水电自动化与大坝监测, 2005(5): 49-52.
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王学谦, 赵兰浩. 抽水蓄能电站地下厂房振因仿真分析[J]. 南水北调与水利科技, 2013, 11(3): 76-81.
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何直. 广州抽水蓄能电站地下厂房结构型式对其抗振性能影响研究[J]. 水力发电, 2014, 40(11): 75-78.
2025年第43卷第9期
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doi: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20241852
  • 接收时间：2024-09-29
  • 首发时间：2025-12-15
  • 出版时间：2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-09-29
  • 修回日期：2024-11-23
基金
三峡金沙江云川水电开发有限公司资助项目(5223020011)
作者信息
    1.长江电力股份有限公司乌东德电厂，云南 禄劝 651500
    2.武汉大学水资源工程与调度全国重点实验室，湖北 武汉 430072
    3.武汉轻工大学土木工程与建筑学院，湖北 武汉 430048
    4.长江勘测规划设计有限责任公司，湖北 武汉 430014

通讯作者:

伍鹤皋（1964-），男，教授，研究方向为压力管道与厂房结构，E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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