Article(id=1207271186988355827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, issueId=1207271180105499439, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20242113, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1731254400000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-11, revisedDate=1735142400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765765480992, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765765480992, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765765480992, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765765480992, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207271180105499439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765765479351, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765765681303, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207272027254247478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, issueId=1207271180105499439, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207272027254247479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, issueId=1207271180105499439, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=106, endPage=109, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207271188053709065, articleId=1207271186988355827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, language=EN, title=Productive Experimental Study of Cemented Sand and Gravel for Shaping First-level Hydropower Station, columnId=null, journalTitle=Water Resources and Power, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cemented gravel dam construction technique combines the advantages of earth-rock dams and concrete dams, and has broad application prospects. Taking Shaping first-level Hydropower Station as an example, production tests were carried out on C1806, C18010 and C18020 cemented sand and gravel, and core drilling tests were carried out on their compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, permeability and SEM scanning tests at the age of 180 days. The results show that under scientific ratio and reasonable construction technology, the compressive strengths of C1806, C18010 and C18020 have reached 7.1 MPa, 14.8 MPa and 29.4 MPa, respectively. Among them, the impermeability grade of C18010 with the largest amount of project consumption is W8. The performance of cemented sand and gravel can achieve the expected results, which verifies the feasibility of the construction plan. Thus, it provides technical support for subsequent construction, and also provides reference examples for subsequent hydropower station construction.

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胶结砂砾石筑坝技术融合了土石坝和混凝土坝的优点,具有广阔的应用前景。以沙坪一级水电站为例,对C1806、C18010、C18020胶结砂砾石进行了生产性试验,并在180 d龄期时钻芯对其进行了抗压强度、劈拉强度、抗渗度及SEM电镜扫描试验。结果表明,在科学配比和合理的施工工艺下,C1806、C18010、C18020抗压强度分别达到了7.1、14.8、29.4 MPa,其中工程用量最多的C18010抗渗等级为W8,胶结砂砾石的性能可达到预期效果,验证了施工方案的可行性,可为后续施工提供技术支持,也为后续水电站建设提供了可借鉴的范例。

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崔鹏飞(1985-),男,硕士、高级工程师,研究方向为水电工程建设,E-mail:

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崔鹏飞(1985-),男,硕士、高级工程师,研究方向为水电工程建设,E-mail:

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崔鹏飞(1985-),男,硕士、高级工程师,研究方向为水电工程建设,E-mail:

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Comparison table of cemented gravel test materials and standards

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指标单位《胶结颗粒料筑坝技术导则》(SL678-2014)[3]试验用料
表观密度kg/m3≥2 4502 720
最大粒径mm≤150150
含泥量%≤51
粒径小于5 mm的砂料含量%18~3526.5
粗骨料中粒径为5~40 mm的含量%35~6548.3
), ArticleFig(id=1207271195527959250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271186988355827, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

胶结砂砾石试验用料与标准对照表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标单位《胶结颗粒料筑坝技术导则》(SL678-2014)[3]试验用料
表观密度kg/m3≥2 4502 720
最大粒径mm≤150150
含泥量%≤51
粒径小于5 mm的砂料含量%18~3526.5
粗骨料中粒径为5~40 mm的含量%35~6548.3
), ArticleFig(id=1207271195678954207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271186988355827, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Construction mix ratio of cemented gravel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设计标号施工配合比
C1806胶材用量90 kg/m3(水泥、粉煤灰各一半),用水量60~90 kg/m3,砂砾石2 400~2 450 kg/m3,外加剂0.8~1.0 kg/m3
C18010胶材用量120 kg/m3(水泥、粉煤灰各一半),用水量60~90 kg/m3,砂砾石2 390~2 430 kg/m3,外加剂1.0~1.2 kg/m3
C18020胶材用量210 kg/m3(水泥、粉煤灰各一半),用水量90~100 kg/m3,砂砾石2 250~2 310 kg/m3,外加剂2.0 kg/m3
), ArticleFig(id=1207271196928856812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271186988355827, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

胶结砂砾石施工配合比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设计标号施工配合比
C1806胶材用量90 kg/m3(水泥、粉煤灰各一半),用水量60~90 kg/m3,砂砾石2 400~2 450 kg/m3,外加剂0.8~1.0 kg/m3
C18010胶材用量120 kg/m3(水泥、粉煤灰各一半),用水量60~90 kg/m3,砂砾石2 390~2 430 kg/m3,外加剂1.0~1.2 kg/m3
C18020胶材用量210 kg/m3(水泥、粉煤灰各一半),用水量90~100 kg/m3,砂砾石2 250~2 310 kg/m3,外加剂2.0 kg/m3
), ArticleFig(id=1207271197096628978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271186988355827, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Rolling conditions of cemented gravel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分层条带编号标号压实厚度/mm碾压遍数
1~31-1左(26t)C18010500静压2遍+振动4遍
 1-1右(32t)C18010500静压2遍+振动4遍
 1-2左(26t)C18010600静压2遍+振动6遍
 1-2右(32t)C18010600静压2遍+振动6遍
 1-3左(26t)C18010700静压2遍+振动8遍+静压2遍(适用于分层顶面)
 1-3右(32t)C18010700静压2遍+振动8遍+静压2遍(适用于分层顶面)
4~62-1~3C18020 试验方法同上
7~93-1~3C1806 试验方法同上
), ArticleFig(id=1207271197205680892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271186988355827, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

胶结砂砾石碾压情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分层条带编号标号压实厚度/mm碾压遍数
1~31-1左(26t)C18010500静压2遍+振动4遍
 1-1右(32t)C18010500静压2遍+振动4遍
 1-2左(26t)C18010600静压2遍+振动6遍
 1-2右(32t)C18010600静压2遍+振动6遍
 1-3左(26t)C18010700静压2遍+振动8遍+静压2遍(适用于分层顶面)
 1-3右(32t)C18010700静压2遍+振动8遍+静压2遍(适用于分层顶面)
4~62-1~3C18020 试验方法同上
7~93-1~3C1806 试验方法同上
), ArticleFig(id=1207271197373453064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271186988355827, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

VVC test value of cemented gravel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设计指标位置VVC/s
C1806机口5.26.34.75.66.14.55.06.27.1
 仓面8.910.88.29.79.89.09.59.911.8
C18010机口4.65.15.85.36.23.95.54.75.6
 仓面8.79.29.78.610.68.19.39.09.8
C18020机口3.53.84.44.65.34.75.14.85.0
 仓面8.37.68.59.18.88.69.39.29.7
), ArticleFig(id=1207271197499282193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271186988355827, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

胶结砂砾石VVC检测值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设计指标位置VVC/s
C1806机口5.26.34.75.66.14.55.06.27.1
 仓面8.910.88.29.79.89.09.59.911.8
C18010机口4.65.15.85.36.23.95.54.75.6
 仓面8.79.29.78.610.68.19.39.09.8
C18020机口3.53.84.44.65.34.75.14.85.0
 仓面8.37.68.59.18.88.69.39.29.7
), ArticleFig(id=1207271197612528407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271186988355827, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Impermeability strength test specimen water seepage height

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点试块1试块2试块3试块4试块5试块6
19.58.310.810.011.37.8
29.78.610.39.511.47.9
39.47.910.68.811.27.6
49.68.211.28.611.58.0
59.17.810.78.510.38.6
68.97.59.98.710.98.4
78.87.210.18.510.69.0
89.07.49.78.110.29.3
98.77.79.28.310.78.8
108.57.58.97.910.58.3
), ArticleFig(id=1207271197717386012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271186988355827, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

抗渗强度试验后试件渗水高度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点试块1试块2试块3试块4试块5试块6
19.58.310.810.011.37.8
29.78.610.39.511.47.9
39.47.910.68.811.27.6
49.68.211.28.611.58.0
59.17.810.78.510.38.6
68.97.59.98.710.98.4
78.87.210.18.510.69.0
89.07.49.78.110.29.3
98.77.79.28.310.78.8
108.57.58.97.910.58.3
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沙坪一级水电站胶结砂砾石生产性试验研究
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崔鹏飞 , 喻星博
水电能源科学 | 水利枢纽、水利建筑物 2025,43(9): 106-109
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水电能源科学 | 水利枢纽、水利建筑物 2025, 43(9): 106-109
沙坪一级水电站胶结砂砾石生产性试验研究
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崔鹏飞 , 喻星博
作者信息
  • 国能大渡河老鹰岩(四川)水电有限公司,四川 雅安 625499
  • 崔鹏飞(1985-),男,硕士、高级工程师,研究方向为水电工程建设,E-mail:

Productive Experimental Study of Cemented Sand and Gravel for Shaping First-level Hydropower Station
Peng-fei CUI , Xing-bo YU
Affiliations
  • CHN Energy Dadu River Laoyingyan (Sichuan) Hydropower Co, Ltd, Ya'an 625499, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20242113
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胶结砂砾石筑坝技术融合了土石坝和混凝土坝的优点,具有广阔的应用前景。以沙坪一级水电站为例,对C1806、C18010、C18020胶结砂砾石进行了生产性试验,并在180 d龄期时钻芯对其进行了抗压强度、劈拉强度、抗渗度及SEM电镜扫描试验。结果表明,在科学配比和合理的施工工艺下,C1806、C18010、C18020抗压强度分别达到了7.1、14.8、29.4 MPa,其中工程用量最多的C18010抗渗等级为W8,胶结砂砾石的性能可达到预期效果,验证了施工方案的可行性,可为后续施工提供技术支持,也为后续水电站建设提供了可借鉴的范例。

胶结砂砾石  /  筑坝技术  /  水电站建设  /  沙坪一级水电站

Cemented gravel dam construction technique combines the advantages of earth-rock dams and concrete dams, and has broad application prospects. Taking Shaping first-level Hydropower Station as an example, production tests were carried out on C1806, C18010 and C18020 cemented sand and gravel, and core drilling tests were carried out on their compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, permeability and SEM scanning tests at the age of 180 days. The results show that under scientific ratio and reasonable construction technology, the compressive strengths of C1806, C18010 and C18020 have reached 7.1 MPa, 14.8 MPa and 29.4 MPa, respectively. Among them, the impermeability grade of C18010 with the largest amount of project consumption is W8. The performance of cemented sand and gravel can achieve the expected results, which verifies the feasibility of the construction plan. Thus, it provides technical support for subsequent construction, and also provides reference examples for subsequent hydropower station construction.

cemented gravel  /  dam building technology  /  hydropower station construction  /  Shaping first-level Hydropower Station
崔鹏飞, 喻星博. 沙坪一级水电站胶结砂砾石生产性试验研究. 水电能源科学, 2025 , 43 (9) : 106 -109 . DOI: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20242113
Peng-fei CUI, Xing-bo YU. Productive Experimental Study of Cemented Sand and Gravel for Shaping First-level Hydropower Station[J]. Water Resources and Power, 2025 , 43 (9) : 106 -109 . DOI: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20242113
沙坪一级水电站位于四川省乐山市金口河区境内,采用河床式开发,电站总库容2 123×104 m3,总装机容量360 MW,为二等大(2)型工程。该电站共应用约65×104 m3胶结砂砾石于电站主体及临时工程。永久工程中,胶结砂砾石主要应用于泄洪闸下部坝体、护坦基础、厂房机组段局部、厂房安装间及左、右岸挡水坝坝后回填等部位,方量约46.5 m3。临时工程中,胶结砂砾石主要应用于上游混凝土导墙的基础回填,并通过一条富浆带防渗区实现二期基坑的防渗;二期上游围堰和下游围堰与纵向导墙的接头部位总应用方量约18.5×104 m3。胶结砂砾石目前多用于水库大坝、堤防工程和围堰工程中,很少应用于水电站主体建设部分[1-2]。沙坪一级水电站是我国首个在主体工程中采用胶结砂砾石筑坝技术的大型水电站,本文对建设过程中采用的胶结砂砾石进行生产性试验研究,其成功实践不仅有效降低了电站投资成本,加快了施工进度,也为胶结砂砾石筑坝技术的进一步发展和推广应用提供了参考。
本工程胶结砂砾石选用河床开挖料和河道整治开挖料,质量控制参照《胶结颗粒料筑坝技术导则》(SL678-2014)[3],见表1。胶结砂砾石施工配合比见表2。试验采用四川峨胜水公司生产的P. O 42.5水泥、贵州盘南电厂生产的Ⅱ级粉煤灰和北京新慧水利建筑有限公司生产的胶结砂砾石专用外加剂CSGR-A2,所检指标均符合相应规范中技术要求。
试验场地长30 m,宽10 m,依次对C18010、C18020、C1806进行生产性试验,每种强度的胶结砂砾石试验层数各有三层,且三层摊铺、碾压层厚不同,松铺厚度分别为550、660、770 mm,对应压实厚度分别为500、600、700 mm,松铺系数以现场试验为准。鉴于施工现场机械设备配置的多样性和不确定性,本次试验碾压设备选用26、32 t振动碾各一台。生产性试验见图1,试验操作说明见图2表3。最终对试验场地进行钻孔取样,对孔芯进行抗压强度、劈拉强度、抗渗度及SEM电镜扫描试验。
三种不同强度等级的胶结砂砾石机口、仓面维壳稠度值VVC值各检测9次,结果见表4
表4可知,C1806机口的VVC值为4.5~ 7.1 s,仓面的VVC值为8.2~11.8 s;C18010机口的VVC值为3.9~6.2 s,仓面的VVC值为3.5~11.8 s;C18020机口的VVC值为3.5~5.3 s,仓面的VVC值为7.6~9.7 s。根据相关规范[4],机口VVC值应控制在2~8 s,仓面VVC值应控制在2~ 12 s,检测结果表明胶结砂砾石干湿情况适度,骨料裹浆情况较好。其中吴海燕[5]对与本文C1806、C18010水胶比接近的胶结砂砾石VVC值进行了检测,基本也都在10 s以内。
同时在制料过程中检测出C1806拌和物的初凝时间为445 min,终凝时间为630 min;C18010拌和物的初凝时间为395 min,终凝时间为580 min;C18020拌和物的初凝时间为375 min,终凝时间为530 min。
对碾压前后松铺不同厚度的胶结砂砾石用水准仪测量高程,并计算得到松铺系数。采用26 t振动碾时,反铲挖掘机平仓时松铺厚度分别为550、660、770 mm所对应的松铺系数分别为1.12、1.11、1.11;采用32 t振动碾时,所对应的松铺系数分别为1.14、1.13、1.14。结果表明相同碾压遍数下,振动碾为大吨位时,压实效果较好,为提高施工效率,建议采用更高吨位的碾压设备。同时碾压遍数在“静2+动4”~“静2+动6”时压实度增长较快,在振动6遍后,压实度增长变缓,原因是碾压遍数所对应的压实厚度不同,摊铺层越厚,振动碾传递到下层胶结砂砾石的能量衰减程度越高,要达到要求的密实度就需要增加振碾的遍数与时间,因此施工时应设计合理的摊铺、碾压层厚,从而达到施工高效率、胶结砂砾石高质量的效果[6]
在7、28、180 d时钻孔取芯并对不同标号的芯样切割为ϕ150 mm×150mm的圆柱体,测量其抗压强度,28、180 d的劈拉强度,180d时的抗渗强度。芯样见图3,可见砂岩骨料光滑,碾压密实,胶结良好,未见明显的骨料压碎情况。抗压强度见图4,劈拉强度见图5
图4可知,C1806、C18010、C18020在180 d时的抗压强度分别为7.1、14.8、29.4 MPa,均达到了设计强度,并分别超过设计强度的18.3%、48%、47%。C1806、C18010、C18020在180 d时的劈拉强度分别为0.69、1.70、2.73 MPa,同时劈拉强度约为抗压强度的10%,说明胶结砂砾石的劈拉强度与抗压强度存在一定相关性。生产性试验结果与王建有等[7-8]的研究结果相差不大。
因三种胶结砂砾石中C18010在工程建设期间用量最多,故对其6个上截面ϕ175 mm,下截面ϕ185 mm,高150 mm的圆锥体试件展开抗渗强度试验,参照《水工混凝土试验规程》(SL/T 352-2020)[9]采用逐级加压法进行。试验时,水压从0.1 MPa开始,以后每隔8 h增加0.1 MPa,随时观察试件端面渗水情况,并记录加压结束后试块的渗水高度,见表5。在水压加至0.8 MPa时,试件还未渗水,说明试件抗渗等级为W8。由表5可知,C18010试件渗水高度在7.2~11.4 cm。
对用量最多的胶结砂砾石C18010制样后进行SEM电镜扫描,扫描结果见图6。由图6可知,胶结砂砾石界面过渡区表面致密,裂缝与孔洞较少,表明胶凝材料与骨料粘结性较好,碾压情况良好。分析原因有两个,一是在振动碾压过程中使骨料结构更密实,分布更均匀,二是在水泥水化过程中,粉煤灰会消耗产出的Ca(OH)2,从而生成的水化硅酸钙凝胶会提升胶结砂砾石界面过渡区的密实度,弥补了薄弱区,有效削弱了Ca(OH)2形成较大的结晶产生择优取向的趋势,同时与抗压强度等宏观指标相互印证了可靠性。
层间处理工艺可分三种工况:①在已铺筑胶结砂砾石初凝以前,可直接在上方铺筑胶结砂砾石;②在已铺筑胶结砂砾石初凝以后、终凝以前,可先在层面摊铺20~30 mm的垫层砂浆(强度应比胶结砂砾石等级高一级),然后铺筑上方胶结砂砾石,从砂浆摊铺至胶结砂砾石覆盖不宜超过15 min;③在已铺筑胶结砂砾石终凝以后,即形成了施工冷缝。需通过高压水冲毛或凿毛等方法清除硬化缝面的浮浆及松动骨料(以露出砂粒为准),冲洗干净,接着在层面摊铺20~30 mm的垫层砂浆(强度应比胶结砂砾石等级高一级),最后铺筑上方胶结砂砾石,从砂浆摊铺至胶结砂砾石覆盖不宜超过15 min。
在施工中浇筑仓内可采用雾炮机等设施进行喷雾养护,施工完成后立即覆盖、洒水保湿,永久外露面养护时间不少于28 d,确保胶结砂砾石的工作性不损失。另外现场需准备移动式防雨棚等,避免下雨期间影响浇筑质量。
a. 生产性试验结果均达到设计强度,证实了后续施工材料可按试验配比大规模生产及施工工艺的可靠性。
b. 考虑首次用于水电站主体工程,在实际施工拌制时,C18010、C18020均取配合比中胶凝材料的上限值。
c. 为保证胶结砂砾石筑坝时的施工效率,建议使用吨位更大的设备碾压。同时设计龄期强度指标目前为180 d,为保证施工进度,缩短工期,可调整配合比使其30 d或90 d就达到设计强度。
d. 为更好地推广胶结砂砾石筑坝技术,建议适当放宽含泥量指标限制。
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doi: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20242113
  • 接收时间:2024-11-11
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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