Article(id=1207271184765371263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, issueId=1207271180105499439, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20250587, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1743436800000, receivedDateStr=2025-04-01, revisedDate=1748361600000, revisedDateStr=2025-05-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765765480461, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765765480461, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765765480461, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765765480461, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207271180105499439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765765479351, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765765681303, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207272027254247478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, issueId=1207271180105499439, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207272027254247479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, issueId=1207271180105499439, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=187, endPage=191, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207271185075749780, articleId=1207271184765371263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, language=EN, title=Study on Nonlinear Transient Response Characteristics of Hydropower Station with Super-long Headrace Tunnel Considering Unsteady Friction, columnId=null, journalTitle=Water Resources and Power, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Unsteady friction plays a very complex role in the water hammer phenomenon within pipeline systems. For hydropower station with super-long headrace tunnel (SLHT), it is crucial to consider the effects of unsteady friction adequately. This paper conducts a study on the nonlinear transient response characteristics of hydropower station with SLHT based on unsteady friction. Firstly, a system model of hydropower station with SLHT is established using the method of characteristics, incorporating unsteady friction based on instantaneous acceleration. Then, simulations of this model are performed under load and frequency disturbances. Finally, the stability of the model under frequency disturbances is evaluated using the Bode plot method, and the impact of unsteady friction parameters on system stability is investigated in conjunction with the energy equation. The results show that the unsteady friction in the pipeline primarily affects the rapid response phase of the water turbine in the hydropower station with SLHT. When the impact coefficients of local acceleration (kt) and convective acceleration (kl) increase, the system stability deteriorates. Moreover, changes in kt and kl make the system more sensitive to high-frequency disturbances.

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非恒定摩阻在管道系统的水锤现象中具有非常复杂的作用,对于超长引水隧洞电站,充分考虑非恒定摩阻的影响十分必要。对此,开展考虑基于非恒定摩阻的超长引水隧洞水电站非线性暂态响应特性研究。首先,利用特征线法建立了基于瞬时加速度的非恒定摩阻的超长引水隧洞水电站系统模型,然后进行该模型在负荷及频率扰动下的仿真计算,最后使用伯德图法对该模型在频率扰动下的稳定性进行评估,并结合能量方程研究非恒定摩阻参数对系统稳定性的影响。结果表明,管道的非恒定摩阻主要作用于超长引水隧洞电站水轮机快速响应阶段。局部加速度影响系数(kt)、对流加速度影响系数(kl)增大时,系统稳定性变差。此外,ktkl的变化对系统在受到高频扰动时表现得更加敏感。

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郭文成(1988-),男,副教授、博导,研究方向为水电能源系统过渡过程与控制,E-mail:

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郭文成(1988-),男,副教授、博导,研究方向为水电能源系统过渡过程与控制,E-mail:

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郭文成(1988-),男,副教授、博导,研究方向为水电能源系统过渡过程与控制,E-mail:

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journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271184765371263, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=响应特性)], refs=[Reference(id=1207271198208115338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271184765371263, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=35, issue=2, pageStart=13, pageEnd=17, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=李进平, 杨建东, journalName=武汉大学学报(工学版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=李进平, 杨建东. 非恒定摩阻对管道水力过渡过程的影响[J]. 武汉大学学报(工学版), 2002, 35(2): 13-17., articleTitle=非恒定摩阻对管道水力过渡过程的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1207271198325555857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271184765371263, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=39, issue=4, pageStart=95, pageEnd=99, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=周领, 李文娟, 刘德有, journalName=水电能源科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=周领, 李文娟, 刘德有, 等. 管道内水流冲击滞留气团的二阶Godunov数学模型[J]. 水电能源科学, 2021, 39(4): 95-99., 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Surge damping analysis in pipe systems: Modelling and experiments[J]. 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考虑非恒定摩阻的超长引水隧洞水电站非线性暂态响应特性研究
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郭文成 , 王乐 , 舒柯栋
水电能源科学 | 水能利用及水电站工程 2025,43(9): 187-191
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水电能源科学 | 水能利用及水电站工程 2025, 43(9): 187-191
考虑非恒定摩阻的超长引水隧洞水电站非线性暂态响应特性研究
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郭文成 , 王乐, 舒柯栋
作者信息
  • 华中科技大学土木与水利工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074
  • 郭文成(1988-),男,副教授、博导,研究方向为水电能源系统过渡过程与控制,E-mail:

Study on Nonlinear Transient Response Characteristics of Hydropower Station with Super-long Headrace Tunnel Considering Unsteady Friction
Wen-cheng GUO , Le WANG, Ke-dong SHU
Affiliations
  • School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20250587
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非恒定摩阻在管道系统的水锤现象中具有非常复杂的作用,对于超长引水隧洞电站,充分考虑非恒定摩阻的影响十分必要。对此,开展考虑基于非恒定摩阻的超长引水隧洞水电站非线性暂态响应特性研究。首先,利用特征线法建立了基于瞬时加速度的非恒定摩阻的超长引水隧洞水电站系统模型,然后进行该模型在负荷及频率扰动下的仿真计算,最后使用伯德图法对该模型在频率扰动下的稳定性进行评估,并结合能量方程研究非恒定摩阻参数对系统稳定性的影响。结果表明,管道的非恒定摩阻主要作用于超长引水隧洞电站水轮机快速响应阶段。局部加速度影响系数(kt)、对流加速度影响系数(kl)增大时,系统稳定性变差。此外,ktkl的变化对系统在受到高频扰动时表现得更加敏感。

水电站  /  超长引水隧洞  /  非恒定摩阻  /  水力参数  /  响应特性

Unsteady friction plays a very complex role in the water hammer phenomenon within pipeline systems. For hydropower station with super-long headrace tunnel (SLHT), it is crucial to consider the effects of unsteady friction adequately. This paper conducts a study on the nonlinear transient response characteristics of hydropower station with SLHT based on unsteady friction. Firstly, a system model of hydropower station with SLHT is established using the method of characteristics, incorporating unsteady friction based on instantaneous acceleration. Then, simulations of this model are performed under load and frequency disturbances. Finally, the stability of the model under frequency disturbances is evaluated using the Bode plot method, and the impact of unsteady friction parameters on system stability is investigated in conjunction with the energy equation. The results show that the unsteady friction in the pipeline primarily affects the rapid response phase of the water turbine in the hydropower station with SLHT. When the impact coefficients of local acceleration (kt) and convective acceleration (kl) increase, the system stability deteriorates. Moreover, changes in kt and kl make the system more sensitive to high-frequency disturbances.

hydropower station  /  super-long headrace tunnel  /  unsteady friction  /  hydraulic parameter  /  response characteristics
郭文成, 王乐, 舒柯栋. 考虑非恒定摩阻的超长引水隧洞水电站非线性暂态响应特性研究. 水电能源科学, 2025 , 43 (9) : 187 -191 . DOI: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20250587
Wen-cheng GUO, Le WANG, Ke-dong SHU. Study on Nonlinear Transient Response Characteristics of Hydropower Station with Super-long Headrace Tunnel Considering Unsteady Friction[J]. Water Resources and Power, 2025 , 43 (9) : 187 -191 . DOI: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20250587
在超长引水隧洞管道非恒定流分析时通常以瞬变管流基本方程为基础,在摩阻项的处理中采用恒定状态下关系式,这导致测试结果与一维瞬态流计算模型的计算结果之间出现差异[1]。为更好地理解和预测水锤现象中的能量变化,需充分考虑非恒定摩阻的影响。目前,已有一些考虑非恒定摩阻的水电站系统模型的研究;如周领等[2]将非恒定摩阻引入水流冲击滞留气团的计算来预测瞬变过程中压力波动和能量衰减情况;YANG L Q等[3]研究了考虑非恒定摩阻的水锤模型中管道系统摩擦阻力和节流孔板局部阻力对能量的耗散效应;PAN B等[4]得出恒定摩阻只消耗能量,而非恒定摩阻和管壁黏弹性既能保存能量又能消耗能量;WAN W等[5]表明相较于非恒定摩阻,恒定摩阻模型低估了在第一个波动周期后的管道能量损失;DUAN H F等[6]研究发现粘弹性效应和非恒定摩阻分别作用于低频和高频的水锤波动。现有研究主要考虑非恒定摩阻相较于恒定摩阻模型对能量变化的影响,本文进一步研究了非恒定摩阻对流道及调压室的能量转换特性的影响以及非恒定摩阻对系统稳定性的影响机理。同时实现了对考虑非恒定摩阻的超长引水隧洞水电站在负荷扰动及频率扰动下的暂态响应过程的仿真。针对考虑非恒定摩阻的超长引水隧洞水电站在负荷扰动及频率扰动下水轮机与调压室的暂态响应过程及在频率扰动下流道与调压室的能量转化特征进行研究,利用特征线法建立考虑非恒定摩阻的超长引水隧洞水电站系统模型,进行该模型下超长引水隧洞水电站遭受负荷扰动、频率扰动仿真计算;使用伯德图法对该模型下超长引水隧洞水电站在频率扰动下的稳定性进行评估,并结合能量方程研究非恒定摩阻参数对系统稳定性的影响,以期为工程实践提供指导。
对于超长引水隧洞水电站,其边界条件的模型已非常成熟,本文则重点介绍管道模型及水流能量方程,并基于特征线法建立考虑非恒定摩阻的超长引水隧洞水电站的瞬态响应系统模型。
弹性管道中水流的一维瞬态流动可以用连续性方程和动量方程[7-8]来表示:
式中,H为测压管水头,m;t为时间,s;V为管道水流平均流速,m/s;l为沿管道纵轴的纵坐标,m;θ为管道轴线与水平面的夹角;a为波速,m/s;g为重力加速度,m/s2ρ为水密度,取1 000 kg/m3D为管道直径,m;τw为管壁摩擦力,kg/(m·s2)。
τw由稳态摩阻τws与非恒定摩阻τwu组成,即τw=τws+τwuτwsτwu表达式[9]为:
式中,f为摩擦系数;A为管道截面积,m2kt为局部加速度影响系数;Q为管道流量,m3/s;sign(Q)为Q的符号函数;a为波速,m/s;kl为对流加速度影响系数。
采用特征线法,可将式(1)转化成为:
式(3)、(4)可以被转化成为离散表达式:
其中
式中,为管段i处第n+1时刻的流量;CP为正向特征线相关系数;CN为负向特征线相关系数;为管段in+1时刻的水头;B为管道特性常数。
通过式(5),可得=(CP+CN)/2、=(CP-CN)/(2Ca)。
管道系统中水流的能量变化可有效体现超长引水隧洞水电站的瞬态响应,而管道系统中水流能量方程可通过对式(1)进行积分得到:
式中,U为管道内水流的弹性势能,J;T为管道内水流的动能J;D'为水流由于摩擦阻力损失能量的速率,J/s。
基于数学模型分析负荷扰动及频率扰动两种工况下超长引水隧洞水电站暂态响应过程。所采用的超长引水隧洞水电站基本参数中额定水头H0=288.0 m,额定流量Q0=228.6 m3/s,调压室面积F=208 m2,超长引水隧洞长度LH= 16 662.16 m,超长引水隧洞断面面积fH=56.55 m2,超长引水隧洞水头损失hH0=23.04 m,压力管道长度LP=557.3 m,压力管道断面面积fP= 33.35 m2,压力管道水头损失hP0=5.76 m,调速器参数KP=2.15,Ki=0.25 s,Kd=1.2 s-1
在机组额定负荷工况下,取机组的负荷扰动为突减5%、10%额定负荷,超长引水隧洞水电站受负荷扰动后机组暂态响应见图1图1中ΔMg为机组负荷扰动量)。
分析图1可知,超长引水隧洞水电站在额定负荷运行时突减负荷,机组转速先上升后下降,随后在额定转速附近波动,机组出力相较于机组转速更快地下降至与负荷相匹配的程度。机组水头先急速上升,然后急速下降至289 m附近。
在机组额定负荷工况下,取机组的阶跃频率扰动为额定负荷工况下分别突减0.025、0.050 Hz。超长引水隧洞水电站受阶跃频率扰动后机组暂态响应见图2图2中,Δnref为机组阶跃频率扰动量)。由图2可知,超长引水隧洞水电站在遭受阶跃频率扰动后由于频率偏差,机组转速、水头、出力均表现出先增大后减小的变化趋势,同时阶跃频率扰动越大各变量的变化幅度越大。
基于建立的系统模型,使用伯德图法进一步研究非恒定摩阻参数对系统稳定性的影响,分析考虑非恒定摩阻的超长引水隧洞水电站暂态特性。
在额定负荷工况下,对超长引水隧洞水电站施加的正弦波频率扰动的振幅为0.001 p.u.,相当于电网频率中0.05 Hz的扰动振幅,扰动的振荡频率范围为0.001~1 Hz。局部加速度影响系数kt分别取值为0、kt0、2kt0、3kt0,所得频率扰动伯德图见图3
分析图3可知,当kt由0逐渐增大到3kt0时,超长引水隧洞水电站的增益裕度与相位裕度均减小,可见在频率响应下的稳定性变差。不同kt取值下的增益与相位未见明显差异。局部加速度影响系数kt分别取值为0、kt0、2kt0、3kt0时,超长引水隧洞水电站在正弦波扰动频率为0.002、0.002 5、0.67 Hz下的流道能量变化见图4
图4(a)~(d)可知,当kt增大时,流道能量及流道能量损失速率的波动幅度均增大,调压室水位波动幅度不变。流道势能波动幅度小于流道动能波动幅度。从流道能量损失速率来看,两者均呈现出先增大后减小的波动幅度,并以约500 s的周期进行波动,kt增大时流道的能量损失速率波动均值增大。不同的kt取值下流道势能波动差距较大,其原因是增大kt0会使得恒定流水头损失增加,为保持水轮机组工作水头取值不变,增大了上下游水位差值。
图4(e)~(h)可知,当kt增大时,流道能量及流道能量损失速率的波动幅度增大,调压室水位波动幅度减小。流道势能波动幅度小于流道动能波动幅度。从流道能量损失速率来看,两者均呈现出先快速增大后减小至稳定的波动幅度,在稳定的波动幅度下以400 s为周期进行稳定波动,同时波峰与波谷均显现出以1 500 s的大周期进行波动,kt增大时流道能量损失速率波动均值增大。
图4(i)~(l)可知,当kt增大时,流道能量及流道能量损失速率的波动幅度增大,调压室水位波动幅度减小。流道势能波动幅度远小于流道动能波动幅度。从流道能量损失速率来看,引水隧洞能量损失速率在小尺度上以16 s的周期进行波动,而在大尺度上以500 s的周期进行波动,同时受到调压室水位波动与频率扰动信号的影响,并且引水隧洞能量损失速率随kt增大而增大;压力管道能量损失速率则以16 s的周期进行波动,仅收到频率扰动信号的影响,kt变化对于引水隧洞能量损失速率的影响更大。
在额定负荷工况下,对超长引水隧洞水电站施加的正弦波频率扰动的振幅为0.001 p.u.,相当于电网频率中0.05 Hz的扰动振幅,扰动的振荡频率范围为0.001~1 Hz。对流加速度影响系数kl分别取值为0、kl0、2kl0、3kl0,所得频率扰动伯德图见图5。分析图5可知,当kl由0逐渐增大到3kl0时,超长引水隧洞水电站的增益裕度及相位裕度均减小。不同kl取值下的系统增益及相位未见明显差异。局部加速度影响系数kl分别取值为0、kl0、2kl0、3kl0时,超长引水隧洞水电站在正弦波扰动频率为0.002、0.002 5、0.67 Hz下的流道能量变化见图6
图6(a)~(d)可知,当kl增大时,流道势能均值降低,流道能量、流道能量损失速率及调压室水位波动幅度几乎不变。流道势能波动幅度小于流道动能波动幅度。从流道能量损失速率来看,两者均呈现出先增大后减小的波动幅度,并以约500 s的周期进行波动,kl增大时流道的能量损失速率波动均值增大。
图6(e)~(h)可知,随着kl的增加,流道势能的平均值下降,而流道能量、调压室水位、流道能量损失速率波动的幅度先增大后减小。流道势能波动的幅度小于流道动能波动的幅度。从流道能量损失速率来看,两者均呈现出先快速增大后减小至稳定的波动幅度,在稳定的波动幅度下以400 s为周期进行稳定波动,同时波峰与波谷均显现出以1 500 s的大周期进行波动,kl增大时引水隧洞能量损失速率变化并不明显。
图6(i)~(l)可知,当kl增大时,流道势能的平均值减小,流道能量及调压室水位波动幅度减小,引水隧洞能量损失速率的幅度增大。流道势能波动幅度远小于流道动能波动幅度。从流道的能量损失速率来看,引水隧洞能量损失速率在小尺度上以16 s的周期进行波动,而在大尺度上以500 s的周期进行波动,同时受到调压室水位波动与频率扰动信号的影响,并且随kl增大引水隧洞能量损失速率更快地达到稳定的周期波动;压力管道能量损失速率则以16 s的周期进行波动,仅收到频率扰动信号的影响,kl对于引水隧洞能量损失速率的影响更大。
a. 管道非恒定摩阻主要作用于超长引水隧洞水电站水轮机快速响应阶段。局部加速度影响系数kt、对流加速度影响系数kl增大时,水轮机工作水头不变的条件下系统的稳定性变差。
b. 在正弦波扰动频率为0.002、0.002 5 Hz时,局部加速度影响系数kt、对流加速度影响系数kl的增大对流道能量及调压室水位波动无明显影响。在正弦波扰动频率为0.067 Hz时,kt增大使得调压室水位波动幅度减小,而使流道能量及损失速率的波动幅度增大;kl增大时,流道能量及调压室水位波动幅度减小,引水隧洞能量损失速率的幅度增大。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52379089)
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doi: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20250587
  • 接收时间:2025-04-01
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-04-01
  • 修回日期:2025-05-28
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国家自然科学基金项目(52379089)
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    华中科技大学土木与水利工程学院,湖北 武汉 430074
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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