Article(id=1207271183972651161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, issueId=1207271180105499439, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20231370, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1692374400000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-19, revisedDate=1695657600000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765765480273, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765765480273, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765765480273, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765765480273, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207271180105499439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765765479351, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765765681303, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207272027254247478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, issueId=1207271180105499439, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207272027254247479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, issueId=1207271180105499439, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=127, endPage=130, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207271184211726496, articleId=1207271183972651161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, language=EN, title=Research on Water Hammer Protection of Inverted Siphon Pipe Burst with Long Distance High Drop and Large Flow, columnId=null, journalTitle=Water Resources and Power, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The number of long-distance, high drop, pressurized, and self-flowing water pipeline projects is increasing in the northwest region. Most of the pipelines show undulating shapes, and the hydraulic transition process of the entire pipeline system becomes very complex during operation and regulation. When the water hammer protection setting is unreasonable, it will lead to pipe explosion, seriously threatening the safety of people and property. In order to ensure the safe operation of the entire system, the characteristic line method and the HAMMER V8i water hammer analysis software were used to analyze the hydraulic transition process of a long and high drop inverted siphon in a water transmission project. By setting isolation and maintenance valves, submerged energy dissipation valves, and exhaust valves along the pipeline, and setting regulating valves at the end of the pipeline, the positive pressure of the pipeline system is effectively controlled during normal operation and valve closure. By simulating the hydraulic transition process of the pipeline system under different flow rates after pipe explosion, the installation of water hammer protection equipment minimizes the harm caused by pipe explosion. The flow rate of the pipeline system after complete pipe explosion is not continuous. The action time and operation rules of the water hammer protection equipment for long-distance and high drop inverted siphon lines play a crucial role in the safety of the entire system. The research results can provide reference for the similar projects.

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长距离高落差有压自流输水管线工程在西北地区日益增多,管线多数呈现出高低起伏形状,整条管线系统在运行调节过程中水力过渡过程也变得十分复杂,水锤防护设置的不合理严重时将导致爆管,严重威胁人民生命及财产安全。为了能使整个系统安全运行,采用特征线法,使用HAMMER V8i水锤分析软件研究分析某输水工程中较长高落差的倒虹吸水力过渡过程,通过在管线沿线设置隔断检修阀、淹没式消能阀及排气阀和在管线末端设调节阀后,管线在正常运行及关阀时管线系统的正压得到有效控制。通过模拟分析爆管后不同流量时管线系统水力过渡过程,设置的水锤防护设备将爆管所造成的危害降至最低,完全爆管后管线系统的流量并不连续。长距离高落差倒虹吸管线水锤防护设备的动作时间及运行规律在整个系统安全中起到关键作用。研究成果可为类似工程提供参考。

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刘有亮(1985-),男,硕士、高级工程师,研究方向为水利水电工程水力过渡过程以及抽水蓄能电站水力机械设计,E-mail:

, authorsList=刘有亮, 胡斌超, 蔡永芳, 陶承军, 王龙彪, 尹大壮)}, authors=[Author(id=1207271187911102722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271183972651161, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=94536900@qq.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1207271188024348935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271183972651161, authorId=1207271187911102722, language=EN, stringName=You-liang LIU, firstName=You-liang, middleName=null, lastName=LIU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Gansu Province Water Conservancy and Hydropower Survey and Design Institute CO, LTD, Lanzhou 730000, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1207271188133400846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271183972651161, authorId=1207271187911102722, language=CN, stringName=刘有亮, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=甘肃省水利水电勘测设计研究院有限责任公司,甘肃 兰州 730000, bio={"content":"

刘有亮(1985-),男,硕士、高级工程师,研究方向为水利水电工程水力过渡过程以及抽水蓄能电站水力机械设计,E-mail:

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

刘有亮(1985-),男,硕士、高级工程师,研究方向为水利水电工程水力过渡过程以及抽水蓄能电站水力机械设计,E-mail:

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language=CN, label=图8, caption=爆破点流量14.76、36.9 m3/s时关阀沿线压力包络线图, figureFileSmall=tArX8gSXRI4qx8ak1/87+g==, figureFileBig=PvCZma/tt2ENTliljk97tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1207271195225969341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271183972651161, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Node pressure chart

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节点名称静压/m动压/m最大允许水锤升压值/m
#1隔断检修阀5.45.38.1
#2隔断检修阀36.432.054.6
#3隔断检修阀42.133.163.2
#4隔断检修阀134.6121.6201.9
#5隔断检修阀146.6127.9219.9
#6隔断检修阀168.5144.0252.8
#7隔断检修阀165.2136.3247.8
#8隔断检修阀86.954.7130.4
末端阀42.75.764.1
), ArticleFig(id=1207271195368575691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271183972651161, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

节点压力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点名称静压/m动压/m最大允许水锤升压值/m
#1隔断检修阀5.45.38.1
#2隔断检修阀36.432.054.6
#3隔断检修阀42.133.163.2
#4隔断检修阀134.6121.6201.9
#5隔断检修阀146.6127.9219.9
#6隔断检修阀168.5144.0252.8
#7隔断检修阀165.2136.3247.8
#8隔断检修阀86.954.7130.4
末端阀42.75.764.1
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长距离高落差大流量倒虹吸爆管水锤防护研究
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刘有亮 , 胡斌超 , 蔡永芳 , 陶承军 , 王龙彪 , 尹大壮
水电能源科学 | 水利枢纽、水利建筑物 2025,43(9): 127-130
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水电能源科学 | 水利枢纽、水利建筑物 2025, 43(9): 127-130
长距离高落差大流量倒虹吸爆管水锤防护研究
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刘有亮 , 胡斌超, 蔡永芳, 陶承军, 王龙彪, 尹大壮
作者信息
  • 甘肃省水利水电勘测设计研究院有限责任公司,甘肃 兰州 730000
  • 刘有亮(1985-),男,硕士、高级工程师,研究方向为水利水电工程水力过渡过程以及抽水蓄能电站水力机械设计,E-mail:

Research on Water Hammer Protection of Inverted Siphon Pipe Burst with Long Distance High Drop and Large Flow
You-liang LIU , Bin-chao HU, Yong-fang CAI, Cheng-jun TAO, Long-biao WANG, Da-zhuang YIN
Affiliations
  • Gansu Province Water Conservancy and Hydropower Survey and Design Institute CO, LTD, Lanzhou 730000, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20231370
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长距离高落差有压自流输水管线工程在西北地区日益增多,管线多数呈现出高低起伏形状,整条管线系统在运行调节过程中水力过渡过程也变得十分复杂,水锤防护设置的不合理严重时将导致爆管,严重威胁人民生命及财产安全。为了能使整个系统安全运行,采用特征线法,使用HAMMER V8i水锤分析软件研究分析某输水工程中较长高落差的倒虹吸水力过渡过程,通过在管线沿线设置隔断检修阀、淹没式消能阀及排气阀和在管线末端设调节阀后,管线在正常运行及关阀时管线系统的正压得到有效控制。通过模拟分析爆管后不同流量时管线系统水力过渡过程,设置的水锤防护设备将爆管所造成的危害降至最低,完全爆管后管线系统的流量并不连续。长距离高落差倒虹吸管线水锤防护设备的动作时间及运行规律在整个系统安全中起到关键作用。研究成果可为类似工程提供参考。

倒虹吸  /  淹没式消能阀  /  水锤  /  爆管

The number of long-distance, high drop, pressurized, and self-flowing water pipeline projects is increasing in the northwest region. Most of the pipelines show undulating shapes, and the hydraulic transition process of the entire pipeline system becomes very complex during operation and regulation. When the water hammer protection setting is unreasonable, it will lead to pipe explosion, seriously threatening the safety of people and property. In order to ensure the safe operation of the entire system, the characteristic line method and the HAMMER V8i water hammer analysis software were used to analyze the hydraulic transition process of a long and high drop inverted siphon in a water transmission project. By setting isolation and maintenance valves, submerged energy dissipation valves, and exhaust valves along the pipeline, and setting regulating valves at the end of the pipeline, the positive pressure of the pipeline system is effectively controlled during normal operation and valve closure. By simulating the hydraulic transition process of the pipeline system under different flow rates after pipe explosion, the installation of water hammer protection equipment minimizes the harm caused by pipe explosion. The flow rate of the pipeline system after complete pipe explosion is not continuous. The action time and operation rules of the water hammer protection equipment for long-distance and high drop inverted siphon lines play a crucial role in the safety of the entire system. The research results can provide reference for the similar projects.

inverted siphon  /  submerged energy dissipation valve  /  water hammer  /  pipe burst
刘有亮, 胡斌超, 蔡永芳, 陶承军, 王龙彪, 尹大壮. 长距离高落差大流量倒虹吸爆管水锤防护研究. 水电能源科学, 2025 , 43 (9) : 127 -130 . DOI: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20231370
You-liang LIU, Bin-chao HU, Yong-fang CAI, Cheng-jun TAO, Long-biao WANG, Da-zhuang YIN. Research on Water Hammer Protection of Inverted Siphon Pipe Burst with Long Distance High Drop and Large Flow[J]. Water Resources and Power, 2025 , 43 (9) : 127 -130 . DOI: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20231370
某大型跨流域调水工程位于甘肃西北地区,规划水平年调水量7.90×108 m3,工程受水区为甘肃省3市20县区及外省4县区供水。主要由水源工程、输水总干线工程、输水干线工程和末端调蓄水库工程四部分组成。其中输水总干线地跨长江、黄河两大流域,穿越西秦岭、六盘山两大分水屏障,沿途地形地质条件复杂,长距离高落差的倒虹吸管线水力过渡过程尤其复杂,开关阀及调节过程中极有可能导致管线不稳定运行,严重时可能导致爆管。输水总干线共布置12座倒虹吸,总长84.710 km。本工程管线走势呈“W”形,具有两个底谷。管线最长、落差最大的倒虹吸设计输水流量为14.76 m3/s,输水线路全长35.65 km,管线谷底最大静压345 m,管线为双管平行布置。管道工作压力1.6 MPa以下采用预应力钢筒混凝土管,管道内径2 200 mm。管道工作压力1.6 MPa以上采用内外涂塑复合钢管,管道内径2 400 mm。倒虹吸平面示意图见图1。为使倒虹吸管线正常稳定运行,爆管后造成的影响最小,需认真分析其水力过渡过程。然而,目前对倒虹吸管线爆管的研究分析较少,爆管后的管线系统的水力过渡过程及防护设置具有一定的研究意义。
当压力管道中的流体因某些原因而产生流速急剧变化时,由于流体的惯性作用而引起管道内流体压力急剧变化,这种现象称为水锤现象[1]
水锤基本方程由运动方程和连续方程两部分组成,该方程能反映有压管流在水力过渡过程中水流流速和水头的变化规律。有压管道过渡过程的计算方法有解析法、图解法、电算法和简易计算法等四类。目前水锤计算主要采用特征线法,该法计算精度高、边界条件容易编程。特征线法主要考虑管道摩阻损失将水锤偏微分方程沿其特征线变换为常微分方程,然后近似变成差分方程,再进行数值计算。水锤计算的边界条件有上、下游端水池、管道下游阀门。水锤基本方程、特征线法方程及边界条件的相关方程见文献[1]。
首先分析正常开关阀的动作规律,其次重点研究分析爆管后管道系统压力波动情况及水锤防护设备的动作规律[2]。水锤分析计算后的正压需满足《城镇供水长距离输水管(渠)道工程技术规程》[3]中6.1.4条要求(水锤防护措施设计应保证输水管道最大水锤压力不超过1.3~1.5倍最大工作压力)。负压值参考《泵站设计标准GB50265-2022》[4]中10.4.2第4条,管线最低负压值控制在-4 m内。
为保证工程输水管道系统的安全稳定运行,需设置必要的水机设备及水锤防护设备,满足管道系统的输水控制、安全监测、运行检修、管道进排气和放空等,并且满足过渡过程压力控制要求。倒虹吸管线设置的水锤防护设备主要有调流调压阀、液控蝶阀、隔断检修阀、空气阀[5]、淹没式消能阀等。倒虹吸示意简图见图2
单管设计流量7.38 m3/s运行时末端调节阀动水压力为5 m,调节阀为液控蝶阀;低于设计流量时末端动水压力增大,由于液控蝶阀不能在较大压差下工作,末端调节阀为调流调压阀。通过不同关闭时间的对比计算,末端液控蝶阀和调流调压阀的关闭时间[6]均选取1 020 s(从全开到全关),整条管线系统在开阀、关阀及流量调节过程正压满足规范要求,管线无负压。稳态运行及关阀计算结果见图3。末端调节阀的关闭时间为爆管模拟分析研究提供计算依据。
假设谷底管道完全爆开,与下游管路完全脱节,此时管道内流量最大。在HAMMER软件中,模型的处理方法是假设谷底165+216.54位置管道出口为大气压。计算结果见图4,由图4可知,当管线谷底完全爆开后,管线完全被拉断,经恒定流计算得出管道的最大瞬时流量为38.4 m3/s,但管线流量并不是连续状态,出现这种现象是因为管线前13 km落差较小,13 km之后管线落差大幅增加,爆管一瞬间管道内流速急剧上升,从而使水柱拉断。因此倒虹吸爆管后流量并非连续,还取决于管线地形(谷底前段管线呈现为凸曲线)。本工程管线当谷底完全爆管后由于水柱拉断水流不连续从而不会出现大量弃水。如果谷底前段管线呈现为凹曲线,管道内水流不会被拉断,爆管点位置流量为连续出流。
图2可知,管道高程最低点位于桩号165+216.54、174+711.85处,以上两点均位于下坡段和上坡段交汇处,若发生爆管,该点的水流来自管道两侧,为最危险爆管点。以165+216.54点爆管作为管道爆管控制工况,复核设置的水锤防护设备动作规律是否满足安全运行要求。
最危险爆管点发生爆管时,需立即关闭#4、#5隔断阀来切断水源。#4、#5隔断阀按600 s一段线性关闭规律开始关阀,同时#4、#5隔断阀前后的淹没式调节阀按120 s一段线性开阀,然后保持600 s全开,再以120 s一段线性关阀规律动作用来泄放关阀时带来的水锤升压。
根据分析计算的最大瞬时爆管流量,本次分析计算爆管流量不应大于最大瞬时爆管流量。因此,爆管模拟分析按爆管后爆破点流量1倍单管设计流量7.38 m3/s、2倍单管设计流量14.76 m3/s和5倍单管设计流量36.9 m3/s分别分析计算。
#1~#8隔断阀及末端阀门位置节点的静压、动压及最大允许水锤升压值见表1
爆管时所有阀门不动作(未设空气阀)。谷底最危险爆破点爆管,爆破点压力和流量随时间变化见图5。由图5看出,爆破点瞬态最大压力达400多米,在200 s后瞬态压力基本稳定,爆管泄漏流量也基本稳定在7.38 m3/s。由此可分析出爆管发生后,初始时压力和流量波动十分明显,经过一定时间后压力和流量基本稳定下来。全线最高最低压力包络线见图6,由图6看出管线前10 km呈现负压,管线中间、管线后段约6 km管线呈负压,呈现负压段的管线是管线局部高点上游或下游管线。呈现负压管段的最大水锤压力均超过最大允许水锤升压(#1、#2、#3检修阀最大水锤压力分别为76、140、96 m),引起压力升高主要原因为水柱拉断引起的弥合水锤。
爆管时阀门都动作(设有空气阀[2])。谷底最危险爆破点爆管,末端调节阀按1 020 s一段线性关阀。以下阀门的动作规律均经过多种组合计算后取得最佳动作时间:#4、#5隔断检修阀按600 s一段线性关阀,同时#4、#5隔断检修阀前后的淹没式调节阀按120 s一段线性开阀,然后保持600 s全开,然后再以120 s一段线性关阀。计算结果见图67(a),由图6可知,整个管线的压力升高相比无防护时明显降低。需注意#4隔断检修阀位于下坡段,#5隔断检修阀位于上坡段,隔断检修阀关阀时,隔断检修阀位置可能出现正压升高过快、过高。由图7可知,压力升高主要出现在#4隔断检修阀前,阀前最大瞬态压力为171 m,#5隔断检修阀阀后最大瞬态压力为129 m,压力升高在防护设备作用下并不是很高,淹没式消能阀在隔断检修阀关阀时发挥重要作用,#4隔断检修阀前淹没式消能阀最大泄放流量约6.36 m3/s,#5隔断检修阀后淹没式消能阀最大泄放流量约4.98 m3/s。
谷底最危险爆破点流量按7.38 m3/s模拟分析,由图6可知,谷底最危险爆管点一旦爆管,管线无防护时大部分管线出现严重负压,进而出现断流弥合水锤,负压管段压力升高远远超过规范允许压力升高范围。当防护阀门均动作时,大部分管线最大压力升高在合理范围内,最低压力也基本在允许范围内。分析计算时尤其要注意爆管后隔断检修阀关阀造成整个管线系统的压力波动,本工程设置的防护设备将关阀引起系统压力波动降至合理范围,淹没式消能阀在其中起到关键作用。
谷底最危险爆破点爆管,末端调节阀,#4、#5隔断阀及前后的淹没式调节阀关阀。计算结果见图7(b)8。由图7(b)可知,#4隔断检修阀最大瞬态压力为189 m,#5隔断检修阀最大瞬态压力为133 m。
谷底最危险爆破点按14.76 m3/s流量模拟分析,可以看出大部分管线最大压力升高在合理范围内,最低压力也基本在允许范围内。对比图68可看出,爆破流量增大后,在水锤防护设备均动作后整个管线系统正压升高并不明显。由图7(b)可看出,#4隔断检修阀前淹没式消能阀最大泄放流量约7.07 m3/s,#5隔断检修阀后淹没式消能阀最大泄放流量约5 m3/s,通过与爆管流量7.38 m3/s计算结果对比发现,爆管流量增大后#4隔断检修阀前淹没式消能阀泄放流量略微升高,#5隔断检修阀后淹没式消能阀泄放流量基本不变。
该工况计算结果见图7(c)8。由图7(c)可知,#4隔断检修阀阀前最大瞬态压力为182 m,#5隔断检修阀阀后最大瞬态压力为145 m,通过对比发现爆管流量接近最大瞬时爆管流量对管线系统正压波动影响较小。由图7(c)可知,#4隔断检修阀前淹没式消能阀最大泄放流量约5.81 m3/s,#5隔断检修阀后淹没式消能阀最大泄放流量约3.67 m3/s,通过与爆管流量14.76 m3/s计算结果对比发现,爆管流量接近最大瞬时爆管流量时,#4隔断检修阀前淹没式消能阀和#5隔断检修阀后淹没式消能阀泄放流量均降低,分析原因为该爆管流量工况时爆管点几乎与下游管道完全脱节,管道爆管一瞬间管道流速剧增,爆管点上游管道水柱被严重拉断,管线上游管线流量为不连续非满管流,内水压力降低,从而体现出两处的淹没式消能阀泄放流量降低。
通过对三种爆管流量模拟计算及分析,管线系统在无防护时管线被瞬间拉断,从而引起弥合水锤,管线压力升高及负压均不满足规范。投入防护设备后,爆管流量增大对最大压力几乎无影响,最低压力会随着流量增大进一步降低。爆管后需及时切断爆破点上下游的隔断阀,隔断阀关阀时因为爆管流速过高压力急剧升高,隔断阀的上游设置的淹没式消能阀起到关键作用,泄流释放较高的压力。通过对比发现,淹没式消能阀泄放最大流量并非发生在爆管最大流量工况,主要原因为较高的爆管流量会瞬间拉断管线,降低内水压力,导致泄放流量下降。通过计算得出淹没式消能阀泄放最大流量值,为淹没式消能阀招标设计选型提供了依据,避免出现口径选取过大造成投资浪费。
a. 长距离高落差的倒虹吸在正常运行中开、关末端调节阀,延长开关阀的时间可以解决管线系统压力波动;在谷底上下游合适位置设置隔断检修阀,能够在爆管发生后及时切断上下游水源。
b. 隔断检修阀上游侧设置淹没式消能阀能很好地泄放隔断检修阀关阀引起的压力升高,在整个水锤防护设备中为关键设备,淹没式消能阀的动作规律采用“全开后保持一定时间后再关闭”,能较好地配合隔断检修阀关阀并释放管线水锤压力。
c. 谷底上游段管线为凹型,管线谷底完全爆管时,爆管点流量不连续,隔断检修阀前淹没式消能阀泄放流量并非最大。
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doi: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20231370
  • 接收时间:2023-08-19
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-19
  • 修回日期:2023-09-26
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    甘肃省水利水电勘测设计研究院有限责任公司,甘肃 兰州 730000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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