Article(id=1207271182219428666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, issueId=1207271180105499439, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20242234, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1732636800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-27, revisedDate=1734278400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765765479855, onlineDateStr=2025-12-15, pubDate=1758729600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765765479855, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765765479855, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765765479855, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1207271180105499439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, year='2025', volume='43', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='220', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765765479351, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765765681303, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1207272027254247478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, issueId=1207271180105499439, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1207272027254247479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, issueId=1207271180105499439, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=114, endPage=118, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1207271183595160393, articleId=1207271182219428666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, language=EN, title=Equivalent Simplification of Gate with Perforated Structure Based on Superposition Method, columnId=null, journalTitle=Water Resources and Power, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Perforated structures are commonly found in engineering applications, where stress concentration around holes significantly affects structural load-bearing capacity and safety. Therefore, accurate mechanical analysis of perforated structures is essential. However, the traditional finite element analysis methods face several challenges, including complex mesh generation, high computational resource requirements, and poor convergence when dealing with perforated structures. To overcome these challenges, a finite element analysis method based on the superposition principle is proposed. This approach replaces the original model with a simplified equivalent model featuring a less complex mesh for simulation. The stress field of sub-models is subsequently employed to correct the stress distribution around holes in the equivalent model. Comparative results indicate that the discrepancy between the equivalent model and the original model is within 5%. The equivalent model achieves a 25.2% reduction in mesh elements and a 75.1% reduction in simulation time, substantially improving simulation efficiency.

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含孔结构在工程结构中广泛存在,孔洞周围的应力集中显著影响结构的承载能力和安全性,因此对含孔结构进行精确的力学计算至关重要,但传统有限元分析方法在处理含孔结构时面临网格划分复杂、计算资源消耗大及结果收敛性差等问题。为此,提出了一种基于叠加原理的含孔结构有限元分析方法,通过生成网格简单的等效模型替代原始模型进行仿真计算,然后根据子模型应力场修正等效模型中孔周应力的计算结果。经过对比发现,等效模型与原始模型仿真结果差异在5%以内,主要模型网格数量降低了25.2%,仿真时间降低了75.1%,显著提高了仿真效率。

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陈栋(1990-),男,博士、副教授、硕导,研究方向为结构仿真、边界元方法、复合材料,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=429hCgnrELFogzOQMVOd+A==, magXml=i858MtcZfxMh/BUhrfx5AQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=hmWARPWXGaRr/C36dGj0Cg==, pdfFileSize=2169070, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=eZjVEnvHBzfq93GRvkhOMg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=nOjK58zfjZLcw1RG4+R9dw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

黄玉玺(1996-),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为结构仿真,E-mail:

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黄玉玺(1996-),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为结构仿真,E-mail:

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黄玉玺(1996-),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为结构仿真,E-mail:

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The results of finite element analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层数点1点2点3
E-FEMRef-FEM偏差/%E-FEMRef-FEM偏差/%E-FEMRef-FEM偏差/%
171.46771.3770.1356.02854.2943.1912.06611.7552.65
280.34380.1060.3063.9662.1482.9217.59317.2402.05
369.43169.464-0.0556.85557.402-0.9517.88618.130-1.35
487.87287.8190.0666.12968.184-3.0119.49119.538-0.24
5121.61121.410.1697.21298.627-1.4319.90719.955-0.24
6140.79140.560.16106.566110.13-3.2421.24621.300-0.25
7134.54134.50.03106.505108.45-1.7928.08928.145-0.20
), ArticleFig(id=1207271197625107044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271182219428666, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

有限元分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层数点1点2点3
E-FEMRef-FEM偏差/%E-FEMRef-FEM偏差/%E-FEMRef-FEM偏差/%
171.46771.3770.1356.02854.2943.1912.06611.7552.65
280.34380.1060.3063.9662.1482.9217.59317.2402.05
369.43169.464-0.0556.85557.402-0.9517.88618.130-1.35
487.87287.8190.0666.12968.184-3.0119.49119.538-0.24
5121.61121.410.1697.21298.627-1.4319.90719.955-0.24
6140.79140.560.16106.566110.13-3.2421.24621.300-0.25
7134.54134.50.03106.505108.45-1.7928.08928.145-0.20
), ArticleFig(id=1207271197717381735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271182219428666, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Calculation efficiency of different models

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仿真模型网格数量/个TCT/sWCT/s
Ref-FEM195 3764 500.11 154
去孔闸门146 0511 120.8324
替换区域42 44011
E-FEM1 631 4511 135.8359
), ArticleFig(id=1207271197830627950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1205116964453384197, articleId=1207271182219428666, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同模型有限元计算效率

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仿真模型网格数量/个TCT/sWCT/s
Ref-FEM195 3764 500.11 154
去孔闸门146 0511 120.8324
替换区域42 44011
E-FEM1 631 4511 135.8359
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基于叠加原理的闸门含孔结构等效简化仿真
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黄玉玺 , 李成 , 薛清宸 , 陈栋
水电能源科学 | 水利枢纽、水利建筑物 2025,43(9): 114-118
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水电能源科学 | 水利枢纽、水利建筑物 2025, 43(9): 114-118
基于叠加原理的闸门含孔结构等效简化仿真
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黄玉玺 , 李成, 薛清宸, 陈栋
作者信息
  • 郑州大学机械与动力工程学院,河南 郑州 450001
  • 黄玉玺(1996-),男,硕士研究生,研究方向为结构仿真,E-mail:

通讯作者:

陈栋(1990-),男,博士、副教授、硕导,研究方向为结构仿真、边界元方法、复合材料,E-mail:
Equivalent Simplification of Gate with Perforated Structure Based on Superposition Method
Yu-xi HUANG , Cheng LI, Qing-chen XUE, Dong CHEN
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
出版时间: 2025-09-25 doi: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20242234
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含孔结构在工程结构中广泛存在,孔洞周围的应力集中显著影响结构的承载能力和安全性,因此对含孔结构进行精确的力学计算至关重要,但传统有限元分析方法在处理含孔结构时面临网格划分复杂、计算资源消耗大及结果收敛性差等问题。为此,提出了一种基于叠加原理的含孔结构有限元分析方法,通过生成网格简单的等效模型替代原始模型进行仿真计算,然后根据子模型应力场修正等效模型中孔周应力的计算结果。经过对比发现,等效模型与原始模型仿真结果差异在5%以内,主要模型网格数量降低了25.2%,仿真时间降低了75.1%,显著提高了仿真效率。

平面钢闸门  /  应力集中  /  网格生成  /  叠加法  /  有限元仿真

Perforated structures are commonly found in engineering applications, where stress concentration around holes significantly affects structural load-bearing capacity and safety. Therefore, accurate mechanical analysis of perforated structures is essential. However, the traditional finite element analysis methods face several challenges, including complex mesh generation, high computational resource requirements, and poor convergence when dealing with perforated structures. To overcome these challenges, a finite element analysis method based on the superposition principle is proposed. This approach replaces the original model with a simplified equivalent model featuring a less complex mesh for simulation. The stress field of sub-models is subsequently employed to correct the stress distribution around holes in the equivalent model. Comparative results indicate that the discrepancy between the equivalent model and the original model is within 5%. The equivalent model achieves a 25.2% reduction in mesh elements and a 75.1% reduction in simulation time, substantially improving simulation efficiency.

planar steel gate  /  stress concentration  /  mesh generation  /  superposition method  /  finite element simulation
黄玉玺, 李成, 薛清宸, 陈栋. 基于叠加原理的闸门含孔结构等效简化仿真. 水电能源科学, 2025 , 43 (9) : 114 -118 . DOI: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20242234
Yu-xi HUANG, Cheng LI, Qing-chen XUE, Dong CHEN. Equivalent Simplification of Gate with Perforated Structure Based on Superposition Method[J]. Water Resources and Power, 2025 , 43 (9) : 114 -118 . DOI: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20242234
在实际工程中,许多结构包含多个孔洞,这些孔洞周围常伴随显著的应力集中现象,这一现象不仅削弱了结构的整体承载能力,加速了裂纹的萌生与扩展过程,最终可能导致结构的失效[1]。因此,针对含孔结构进行精确且高效的力学分析至关重要。然而,含孔结构的有限元分析面临诸多挑战。首先,孔洞的存在增加了有限元模型的复杂性,尤其是在孔洞边缘区域,由于应力集中现象的存在,需采用更为密集的网格划分以确保分析结果的准确性,这直接导致了网格数量的激增,进而增加了计算资源的消耗[2];其次,孔洞的存在导致传统网格划分方法难以直接得到高质量网格,由于网格的质量直接影响到数值求解的精确度和正确性[3],所以通常需要通过对孔洞周围结构进行复杂的预处理或采用特殊的网格划分策略,这一过程不仅显著增加了分析流程的复杂性,还额外加重了工作量。更为关键的是,由于在有限元方法的理解和应用上存在差异,网格划分时可能出现偏差,从而导致对同一仿真模型的计算结果存在差异,进而降低了计算结果的可信度。以平面钢闸门为例,该类结构在水利工程中广泛应用,且普遍含有漏水孔结构[4]。使用传统的网格划分方法难以在精度与效率之间取得平衡。为了克服上述问题,本文提出一种基于叠加原理的含孔结构有限元分析方法,即采用去孔模型进行初步分析,并在后处理阶段通过叠加原理添加孔洞周围的应力分布,旨在通过简化模型复杂度、提高计算效率的同时,保持对孔洞周围应力集中现象的准确计算能力,特别是在处理含有多个孔洞的复杂结构时,该方法展现出更为显著的优势和应用前景。
以平面滑动闸门为例,该闸门采用单吊点结构,配备侧向与反向支承系统。闸门分为两节制造,并通过现场焊接组装成整体。闸门主体材料为Q355B钢材,该材料弹性模量为2.06×105 MPa,泊松比为0.3,材料理论密度为7 850 kg/m3。平时,闸门悬吊于门槽内,启闭机设计为动水闭门、静水启门的工作模式,以适应不同水位条件下的运行需求。图1为平面钢闸门结构及主横梁漏水孔分布图,该闸门共有8根主横梁,每层主横梁腹板厚36 mm,除最上层主横梁外,剩余7层每层含5个直径100 mm、间距1 130 mm均匀分布的漏水孔。
设置工况为闸门闭合后面板部位承受最大水位。此时闸门主要受到重力作用,面板承受最大108 m静水压力。
建立坐标系,x轴为闸门长度方向,y轴为闸门高度方向,z轴为沿着水流方向。此工况下闸门受到底槛的支撑、门槽内滑块的支撑及吊耳的固定。边界条件设置为底部y向约束,背部滑块z向约束,吊耳内圈完全固定约束。
闸门漏水孔直径与主横梁腹板厚比为2.78,大于0.15,此时漏水孔边缘会出现应力集中现象,不能忽略孔洞的存在,仿真计算应建立完整的闸门模型[5]
网格划分的粗细能够显著影响计算结果,若网格过粗,则计算结果不准确。若网格过细,虽然计算精度提高,但计算时间和资源消耗也会大幅增加。为均衡计算精确度与计算效率,确保进一步细化网格对结果不再产生显著影响,进行网格无关性验证。本文采用网格长度代指网格尺寸,分别设置80、70、60、50、40 mm这5组全局网格尺寸。同时为保证准确捕捉到孔周边应力集中,设置孔周边网格尺寸为10 mm。选取吊耳(点1)、闸门上节(点2)、闸门下节(点3)中各一个结构点作为参考点,对比计算结果。
图2为不同网格尺寸下3个节点等效应力结果。由图2可看出,随着网格尺寸的减小,应力计算结果逐渐趋于稳定。当网格尺寸减小至50 mm时,应力值变化幅度变得非常小,基本不再随网格尺寸的减小而显著变化。因此,选择50 mm为合适的网格尺寸。
C3D8单元为三维八节点立方体单元,该单元结构简单、计算高效,能有效捕捉结构中的应力应变分布,适用于复杂三维结构分析。本文平面钢闸门仿真计算使用C3D8单元类型,通过全局布置策略,兼顾计算精度与计算效率后,设定近似全局网格尺寸为50 mm,最终构建了一个包含277 162个节点,195 376个单元的仿真模型。
图3为闸门有限元计算云图。由图3可看出,在面板承受最大水压的工况下,应力与位移呈现出近乎对称的分布趋势,主体部分的应力较低且分布均匀,而由于结构的几何特征,应力集中现象主要出现在闸门的局部连接部位及闸门底部两端漏水孔周围。位移的最大值出现在闸门的下部,整体位移从中部向外逐渐递减。闸门中部及底部附近为重点关注区域。
尽管传统有限元分析方法可计算出结构的应力分布,然而,当应用于复杂结构如多孔闸门时,其内部密布的孔洞设计极大地挑战了网格划分的难度与计算效率,导致操作过程繁琐且资源消耗显著。
以叠加原理作为理论基础,通过构建一个等效的去孔闸门仿真模型替代原始模型。本文用E-FEM代表闸门等效模型,用Ref-FEM代表原始闸门模型。E-FEM不仅保留了关键的结构力学特性,还显著降低了网格划分的难度与计算成本。
带孔结构应力分布计算可等效为同边界条件下,同尺寸去孔结构的应力分布与带孔小板应力分布的叠加。在去孔结构中选择一个区域作为替换区域,替换区域与带孔小板尺寸相同。替换区域边界应力分布作为带孔小板的边界载荷。
以带孔矩形薄板为算例,模拟闸门带孔板附近应力分布。q边长为100 mm的矩形板,中心有一个直径为10 mm的圆孔,两端应力σ∞*,矩形板应力分布为。将q应力分布分为两部分计算,第一部分q1为边长100 mm的矩形去孔板,第二部分q2为边长50 mm的矩形板,中心为直径10 mm的圆孔,如图4所示。替换区域的最小尺寸根据圆孔的直径确定,经验证,在本文的仿真模型中替换边界的尺寸大于小孔直径的5倍时可保证运算结果的波动性小于5%。
两部分应力叠加,当所计算等效应力在替换区域T内时,等效应力为:
式中,为矩形替换区域T内应力分布;q2边界条件;q2应力。
当所计算等效应力在替换区域T外时,等效应力为:
式中,q1边界条件。
建立闸门等效模型。等效模型计算分为两大部分进行,第一部分为在Abaqus软件中对去孔闸门及替换区域仿真,第二部分为在Matlab软件中对包含仿真结果的数据进行筛选、替换及应力云图重生成等数据处理。图5为E-FEM仿真流程。
在Matlab软件中使用Delaunay三角剖分,将一组平面节点划分为非重叠的三角形,这些三角形覆盖了整个平面区域[6]。在每个三角形内采用高斯积分方法计算应力。首先,基于形状函数将三角形顶点的应力值插值至高斯积分点,得到积分点处的应力值。然后,结合高斯积分权重和雅可比行列式的绝对值,对每个三角形的应力贡献进行加权累加。最终,将所有三角形的加权应力总和除以平面的总面积[7]。平面的平均应力计算公式为:
式中,为面平均应力;AT为总面积;n为平面被划分的总三角形数量;m为每个三角形中高斯积分点数量;ωk为第k个高斯积分点的积分权重;σiξkηk)为第i个三角形在积分点处应力;|Jiξkηk)|为第i个三角形在积分点处的雅可比行列式的绝对值。
由式(3)计算出每个面上3个面的平均应力,将每个替换区域上的18个面平均应力作为载荷,逐一施加到带孔小板上。通过独立的仿真计算,获得了35个替换区域在各自特定条件下的应力分布。最后,通过坐标识别,将这些替换区域的应力分布结果替换到去孔闸门模型中对应的坐标,得到E-FEM应力云图,同时绘制Ref-FEM与去孔闸门的应力云图见图6
图6可看出,在相同的工况条件下,三种闸门模型的应力分布展现出了一致的趋势。Ref-FEM与E-FEM模型在闸门底部两侧的孔周边区域均出现明显的应力集中现象。相比之下,去孔闸门模型则未能准确反映这一应力集中特征,因此,在需要精确评估应力分布的应用场景中,去孔闸门模型并不适用。E-FEM模型融合了Ref-FEM模型对孔周边应力精确捕捉的能力及去孔闸门模型在网格划分上的简洁性,并兼具高精度与易操作性。
由Ref-FEM、E-FEM两种模型的应力云图可看出,横梁应力沿z轴线近似对称分布,且两端应力显著大于中间应力。选取每层横梁上边缘一点、替换区域内一点及轴线附近一点,在含漏水孔的七层横梁中分别选取这3点,应力数据见表1。绘制两种模型应力对比图,同一颜色的不同深浅色块代表同一点E-FEM与Ref-FEM应力,浅色代表E-FEM的应力,深色则代表Ref-FEM的应力,蓝色为横梁边缘点,绿色为替换区域内点,橙色为轴线附近点,见图7
表1图7可看出,E-FEM与Ref-FEM模型在七层横梁上的仿真结果呈现出较高的一致性。在替换区域外,蓝色与橙色高度分别几乎重合,原始与去孔闸门模型的应力差异在3%以内,两种模型的应力值差异极小,这充分证明了在远离空洞的区域,孔洞对整体结构的影响微乎其微,也验证了替换区域选择的科学性和合理性。在替换区域内,绿色高度略有差异,两种模型的结果略有差别,应力差异在5%以内,处于可接受的合理范围。
虽然网格数量是影响计算效率的重要因素,但在进行具体仿真时模型的建模难度、计算稳定性、收敛性和精确性更加重要,具体表现为其计算效率受模型几何复杂性、网格质量及并行处理能力等多维度因素制约。WCT(Wall Clock Time)作为衡量计算效率的直观指标,反映了完成仿真所需的总时长。TCT(Total CPU Time)表示CPU在处理仿真任务时花费的总耗时。通过对比分析WCT与TCT,综合评价两种模型的计算效率[8]。基于WCT、TCT参数,本文所提简化仿真方法与传统方法的对比见表2
表2可看出,在同样计算精度下,Ref-FEM需要195 376个网格,去孔闸门为146 051个网格,去孔闸门相较于Ref-FEM网格数量减少了25.2%。单个替换区域为42 440个网格,虽然替换区域共计算35次,等效模型整个计算过程中涉及网格大于Ref-FEM,但E-FEM每个步骤中需要计算的网格数量得到了有效的控制,大幅减少仿真时间,具体表现为去孔闸门计算的TCT(1 120.8 s)明显低于Ref-FEM(4 500.1 s),减少了75.1%,在CPU计算方面,去孔闸门具有更高的效率。同样地,去孔闸门的WCT(324 s)也远低于Ref-FEM(1 154 s),减少了71.9%,在实际运行时间上,去孔闸门也表现出更高的效率。同时,单个替换区域模型小,网格数量相对闸门模型急剧减少,且网格形状规则质量高,计算资源占用极少。E-FEM的计算效率综合去孔闸门与35个替换区域的计算时,常远低于Ref-FEM的计算资源占用。
为了实现闸门模型的高速仿真,开展有限元仿真模型优化研究,围绕含孔结构网格划分中的孔周围区域网格密度大、计算效率低及不同网格划分方式导致的计算结果差异问题,提出了等效(E-FEM)模型。相同计算精度下对比了E-FEM模型和原始(Ref-FEM)模型的计算效率,发现主要模型网格数量降低了25.2%,同时TCT减少75.1%,WCT减少了71.9%,显著提高计算效率。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12302106)
  • 新华水利发电重点科研项目(XHKY2022-33)
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2025年第43卷第9期
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doi: 10.20040/j.cnki.1000-7709.2025.20242234
  • 接收时间:2024-11-27
  • 首发时间:2025-12-15
  • 出版时间:2025-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-27
  • 修回日期:2024-12-16
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(12302106)
新华水利发电重点科研项目(XHKY2022-33)
作者信息
    郑州大学机械与动力工程学院,河南 郑州 450001

通讯作者:

陈栋(1990-),男,博士、副教授、硕导,研究方向为结构仿真、边界元方法、复合材料,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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