Article(id=1277330331246129966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277330185204666919, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.03.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1665158400000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-08, revisedDate=1671638400000, revisedDateStr=2022-12-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782468882619, onlineDateStr=2026-06-26, pubDate=1711296000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782468882619, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782468882619, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782468882619, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1277330185204666919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='443', pageEnd='652', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1711296000000', pubDateStr='2024-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1782468847800, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782468948575, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1277330607961150151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277330185204666919, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1277330607961150152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277330185204666919, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=564, endPage=575, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1277330331623617328, articleId=1277330331246129966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Analysis of Volatile Aroma Components of Different Genotypes Cococa Beans During Fermentation Periods, columnId=1236286112713470633, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Post-harvest Treatment & Quality Safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The volatile aroma composition is one of the important indexes for cocoa quality evaluation, and fermentation is the key process that affects the volatile aroma composition of cocoa. To reveal the pattern and differences of the volatile aroma components during cocoa bean fermentation with different genotypes, three types of cocoa (ZYP11-9, STS16, and ZYP6-11) were used as the test materials, and the headspace solid-phase micro-extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS) was used to determine the volatile aroma components during 0-7 days fermentation of cocoa beans, and the relative contents of each component were calculated by peak area normalization. The results showed that a total of 32 volatile aroma compounds were identified during the fermentation of cocoa beans from the three genotypes, among which 9 consensus aroma compounds, including 2,3-butanediol, 2-heptanol, 2-pentanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, phenylethyl alcohol, linalool, acetic acid, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, and 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, showed significant differences in the relative contents during the fermentation of cocoa beans from different genotypes; PCA analysis showed that there was some correlation between the main aroma components and the aroma characteristics of the fermentation stage, in which 2,3-butanediol, acetic acid, linalool, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone were positively correlated with the aroma characteristics of cocoa beans fermentation stage, and the aroma substances such as 3-methyl-1-butanol, butanolactone, and acetophenone were negatively correlated with the aroma characteristics of the fermentation stage. Therefore, there are differences in the aroma composition and content changes during cocoa fermentation with different genotypes, and there is a correlation between the main aroma components and the fermentation stage, which would provide a reference basis for the breeding and application of high-quality cocoa new cultivars.

, authors=Yilun YUE1, 2, Xiaowei QIN2, *, Fupeng LI2, Yiming ZHONG1, 2, Shuzhen HE2, Tingyu BAI2, Zhong CHU2, authorsList=Yilun YUE, Xiaowei QIN, Fupeng LI, Yiming ZHONG, Shuzhen HE, Tingyu BAI, Zhong CHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaowei QIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1277330335679509312, articleId=1277330331246129966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=不同基因型可可发酵过程中挥发性香气成分变化规律研究, columnId=1236286112877048492, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=采后处理与质量安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

挥发性香气成分组成是可可品质评价的重要指标之一,而发酵是影响可可挥发性香气成分的关键过程。为揭示不同基因型可可豆发酵过程中挥发性香气成分的变化规律及差异,本研究以ZYP11-9、STS16、ZYP6-11三种不同基因型可可作为试验材料,利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC/MS)测定可可豆0~7 d发酵过程中的挥发性香气成分,并采用峰面积归一化法计算各成分的相对含量。结果表明:3种基因型可可豆发酵过程中共鉴定出32种挥发性香气成分,其中2,3-丁二醇、2-庚醇、2-戊醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、苯乙醇、芳樟醇、乙酸、3-羟基-2-丁酮及2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪9种共有香气物质在不同基因型可可豆发酵过程中的相对含量变化存在显著差异;主成分分析表明,主要香气成分与发酵阶段香气特征之间存在一定相关性,其中2,3-丁二醇、乙酸、芳樟醇、3-羟基-2-丁酮与可可豆发酵阶段香气特征呈正相关,3-甲基-1-丁醇、丁内酯、苯乙酮等香气物质与发酵阶段香气特征呈负相关。因此,不同基因型可可发酵过程中的香气成分组成及含量变化存在差异,且主要香气成分与发酵阶段存在相关性,这为优质可可新品种选育及应用提供参考依据。

, authors=岳一轮1, 2, 秦晓威2, *, 李付鹏2, 钟壹鸣1, 2, 贺书珍2, 白亭玉2, 初众2, authorsList=岳一轮, 秦晓威, 李付鹏, 钟壹鸣, 贺书珍, 白亭玉, 初众, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=秦晓威, authorNote=

岳一轮(1997—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:风景园林。

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* 秦晓威(QIN Xiaowei),E-mail:
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岳一轮(1997—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:风景园林。

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岳一轮(1997—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:风景园林。

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Zeitschrift für Lebensmitteluntersuchung und-Forschung A, 1997, 204(2): 156-160., articleTitle=Amyl alcohols as compounds indicative of raw cocoa bean quality, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1277384235036094767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=48, issue=9, pageStart=840, pageEnd=857, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=39, authorNames=AFOAKWA E O, PATERSON A, FOWLER M, RYAN A, journalName=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, refType=null, unstructuredReference=AFOAKWA E O, PATERSON A, FOWLER M, RYAN A. Flavor formation and character in cocoa and chocolate: a critical review[J]. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2008, 48(9): 840-857., articleTitle=Flavor formation and character in cocoa and chocolate: a critical review, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1277384235791069488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=88, issue=13, pageStart=2288, pageEnd=2297, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=40, authorNames=CAMU N, DE WINTER T, ADDO S K, TAKRAMA J S, BERNAERT H, DE VUYST L, journalName=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CAMU N, DE WINTER T, ADDO S K, TAKRAMA J S, BERNAERT H, DE VUYST L. Fermentation of cocoa beans: influence of microbial activities and polyphenol concentrations on the flavour of chocolate[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2008, 88(13): 2288-2297., articleTitle=Fermentation of cocoa beans: influence of microbial activities and polyphenol concentrations on the flavour of chocolate, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1277384236344717617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=2, issue=3, pageStart=163, pageEnd=171, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=41, authorNames=GUEHI S T, DABONNE S, BAN-KOFFI L, KEDJEBO D K, ZAHOULI G I B, journalName=Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUEHI S T, DABONNE S, BAN-KOFFI L, KEDJEBO D K, ZAHOULI G I B. Effect of turning beans and fermentation method on the acidity and physical quality of raw cocoa beans[J]. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2010, 2(3): 163-171., articleTitle=Effect of turning beans and fermentation method on the acidity and physical quality of raw cocoa beans, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1277384237842084146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1998, volume=77, issue=4, pageStart=441, pageEnd=448, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=42, authorNames=JINAP S, ROSLI W I W, RUSSLY A R, NORDIN L M, journalName=Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JINAP S, ROSLI W I W, RUSSLY A R, NORDIN L M. Effect of roasting time and temperature on volatile component profiles during nib roasting of cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao)[J]. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1998, 77(4): 441-448., articleTitle=Effect of roasting time and temperature on volatile component profiles during nib roasting of cocoa beans (Theobroma cacao), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1277384238009856307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=75, issue=6, pageStart=S300, pageEnd=S307, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=43, authorNames=ACULEY P C, SNITKJAER P, OWUSU M, BASSOMPIERE M, TAKRAMA J, NØRGAARD L, NIELSEN D S, journalName=Journal of Food Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ACULEY P C, SNITKJAER P, OWUSU M, BASSOMPIERE M, TAKRAMA J, NØRGAARD L, NIELSEN D S. Ghanaian cocoa bean fermentation characterized by spectroscopic and chromatographic methods and chemometrics[J]. Journal of Food Science, 2010, 75(6): S300-S307., articleTitle=Ghanaian cocoa bean fermentation characterized by spectroscopic and chromatographic methods and chemometrics, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1277384221735956741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, awardId=ZDYF2021XDNY123, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省重点研发计划项目(ZDYF2021XDNY123), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1277384221975032070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, awardId=2020YFD1001200, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFD1001200), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1277384197274775737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277384197547405498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, companyId=1277384197274775737, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277384197559988411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, companyId=1277384197274775737, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.海南大学林学院,海南海口 570228)]), AuthorCompany(id=1277384197648068796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277384197681623229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, companyId=1277384197648068796, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / Key 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, language=CN, label=图1, caption=3种基因型可可果实特征, figureFileSmall=3nEKv7UwghDw9pNj36wauw==, figureFileBig=ZPBR7+oMuCLpzU8TrO4aKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277384216568574194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Range and distribution of volatile components of different genotypes of cocoa beans during fermentation period, figureFileSmall=CJJM+Ztrv1Pzvd8Eq8Yn3w==, figureFileBig=YJVPPEXXrpnpC9PaVRjvkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277384216686014707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同基因型可可发酵过程中挥发性香气成分组成分布特征, figureFileSmall=CJJM+Ztrv1Pzvd8Eq8Yn3w==, figureFileBig=YJVPPEXXrpnpC9PaVRjvkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277384216996393204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=The volatile compound categories of different genotypes of cocoa beans during fermentation period, figureFileSmall=VOvsUIzF4VAiQV42RDBuPw==, figureFileBig=Sw2TTRQECoGjmhXiv6DFcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277384217331937525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同基因型可可豆发酵过程中的挥发性成分种类组成, figureFileSmall=VOvsUIzF4VAiQV42RDBuPw==, figureFileBig=Sw2TTRQECoGjmhXiv6DFcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277384217516486903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Volatile compound relative contents of different genotypes of cocoa beans during fermentation period, figureFileSmall=gVO1fMvIymJHQW4NlPlSiw==, figureFileBig=SGxnT61W3PyFxZ9oB2sLXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277384217768145144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同基因型可可豆发酵过程中挥发性成分相对含量的变化, figureFileSmall=gVO1fMvIymJHQW4NlPlSiw==, figureFileBig=SGxnT61W3PyFxZ9oB2sLXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277384217914945785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Principal component analysis of volatile components of different genotypes of cocoa beans during fermentation periods, figureFileSmall=kec4UtG8hi0RplHrDgWdEg==, figureFileBig=ncd6smpDmsHRRNDY7oMeWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277384218145632506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同基因型可可豆发酵过程中挥发性成分PCA分析

图中发酵时间编号同表1;挥发性物质代码同表2~表4

, figureFileSmall=kec4UtG8hi0RplHrDgWdEg==, figureFileBig=ncd6smpDmsHRRNDY7oMeWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277384219856908539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Clustering heatmap of volatile components of different genotypes of cocoa beans during fermentation periods, figureFileSmall=B8bIgFQdwzsx/AdUZrTDWg==, figureFileBig=3YJxpBeYLcHBM+Vwe44s0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277384219940794620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同基因型可可豆发酵过程中挥发性成分的聚类热图

图中发酵时间编号同表1;挥发性物质代码同表2~表4

, figureFileSmall=B8bIgFQdwzsx/AdUZrTDWg==, figureFileBig=3YJxpBeYLcHBM+Vwe44s0w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277384220213424381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Material No. information

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号No.基因型Genotype鲜豆期Fresh bean stage发酵时间编号Fermentation time No.
第1天1st day第2天2nd day第3天3rd day第4天4th day第5天5th day第6天6th day第7天7th day
AZYP11-90A1A2A3A4A5A6A7A
BSTS160B1B2B3B4B5B6B7B
CZYP6-110C1C2C3C4C5C6C7C
), ArticleFig(id=1277384220347642110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

材料编号信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号No.基因型Genotype鲜豆期Fresh bean stage发酵时间编号Fermentation time No.
第1天1st day第2天2nd day第3天3rd day第4天4th day第5天5th day第6天6th day第7天7th day
AZYP11-90A1A2A3A4A5A6A7A
BSTS160B1B2B3B4B5B6B7B
CZYP6-110C1C2C3C4C5C6C7C
), ArticleFig(id=1277384220427333887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Volatile aroma components and relative contents of ZYP11-9 cocoa beans during fermentation period

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类Classes化合物名称Compound name代码Code保留时间RT/min相对含量Relative content/%
鲜豆期Fresh bean stage第1天1st day第2天2nd day第3天3rd day第4天4th day第5天5th day第6天6th day第7天7th day
酸类乙酸acetic acidaci126.952.43±0.77-14.04±2.1533.27±3.9220.71±2.2615.51±3.088.83±1.767.33±2.08
2-氨基丙酸L-alanineaci238.301.49±0.15---0.08±0.010.82±0.072.48±0.594.96±0.11
醇类2-甲基-3-丁烯-2-醇2-methyl-3-buten-2-olalc16.50-0.66±0.070.34±0.01-----
3-吡咯烷醇3-pyrrolidinolalc28.29-0.65±0.020.28±0.08-----
2-戊醇2-pentanolalc49.6914.55±2.667.98±1.022.64±0.521.56±0.470.38±0.04---
3-甲基-1-丁醇3-methyl-1-butanolalc513.057.33±1.594.94±0.081.36±0.680.39±0.08----
2-庚醇2-heptanolalc618.5821.64±3.618.46±3.774.57±0.201.60±0.170.72±0.030.29±0.080.17±0.020.30±0.08
壬醇1-nonanolalc722.104.61±0.793.22±0.32------
芳樟醇linaloolalc829.32-4.52±0.325.59±1.339.61±2.7615.50±1.2617.72±2.4518.24±3.5917.71±7.12
2,3-丁二醇2,3-butanediolalc929.8817.01±8.3049.60±4.1366.07±4.0842.96±7.4655.28±12.3560.29±3.8467.07±7.0354.50±5.94
甲基苯甲醇methylbenzylalcoholalc1044.730.51±0.03-------
苯乙醇phenylethyl alcoholalc1250.775.70±2.914.60±0.341.90±0.341.10±0.360.42±0.060.14±0.05--
酯类乳酸乙酯ethyl lactateest118.92-0.86±0.08------
乙二醇丁醚醋酸酯2-butoxyethanolacetateest320.79-1.48±0.79-0.95±0.050.40±0.03---
亚硝酸仲丁酯butyl nitriteest424.982.84±0.681.19±0.54------
γ-丁内酯γ-butyrolactoneest532.248.18±0.623.22±0.59-----4.53±0.57
戊二酸单乙酯methyl hydrogen glutarateest639.98----0.21±0.020.56±0.031.05±0.593.00±0.44
乙酸苯乙酯phenethyl acetateest745.15-0.39±0.070.24±0.080.32±0.070.18±0.05---
苯甲酸乙烯酯benzoic acid, ethenylesterest846.880.77±0.060.30±0.06--0.11±0.02---
乙酸苯酯phenyl acetateest956.660.84±0.050.47±0.020.07±0.02-----
呋喃类2,5-二甲基呋喃2,5-dimethylfuranfur123.87-0.55±0.030.16±0.07-----
酮类3-羟基-2-丁酮acetoinket115.878.26±1.315.62±0.961.98±0.668.18±2.495.75±1.514.46±0.472.05±0.282.06±0.04
苯乙酮acetophenoneket334.653.85±0.221.25±0.45------
2,3-丁二酮butane-2,3-dioneket437.91-------5.27±2.26
吡嗪类2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪2,3,5-trimethylpyrazinepy121.68--0.52±0.050.68±0.050.26±0.020.21±0.010.12±0.020.20±0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1277384220628660480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

ZYP11-9可可发酵过程中挥发性香气成分及相对含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类Classes化合物名称Compound name代码Code保留时间RT/min相对含量Relative content/%
鲜豆期Fresh bean stage第1天1st day第2天2nd day第3天3rd day第4天4th day第5天5th day第6天6th day第7天7th day
酸类乙酸acetic acidaci126.952.43±0.77-14.04±2.1533.27±3.9220.71±2.2615.51±3.088.83±1.767.33±2.08
2-氨基丙酸L-alanineaci238.301.49±0.15---0.08±0.010.82±0.072.48±0.594.96±0.11
醇类2-甲基-3-丁烯-2-醇2-methyl-3-buten-2-olalc16.50-0.66±0.070.34±0.01-----
3-吡咯烷醇3-pyrrolidinolalc28.29-0.65±0.020.28±0.08-----
2-戊醇2-pentanolalc49.6914.55±2.667.98±1.022.64±0.521.56±0.470.38±0.04---
3-甲基-1-丁醇3-methyl-1-butanolalc513.057.33±1.594.94±0.081.36±0.680.39±0.08----
2-庚醇2-heptanolalc618.5821.64±3.618.46±3.774.57±0.201.60±0.170.72±0.030.29±0.080.17±0.020.30±0.08
壬醇1-nonanolalc722.104.61±0.793.22±0.32------
芳樟醇linaloolalc829.32-4.52±0.325.59±1.339.61±2.7615.50±1.2617.72±2.4518.24±3.5917.71±7.12
2,3-丁二醇2,3-butanediolalc929.8817.01±8.3049.60±4.1366.07±4.0842.96±7.4655.28±12.3560.29±3.8467.07±7.0354.50±5.94
甲基苯甲醇methylbenzylalcoholalc1044.730.51±0.03-------
苯乙醇phenylethyl alcoholalc1250.775.70±2.914.60±0.341.90±0.341.10±0.360.42±0.060.14±0.05--
酯类乳酸乙酯ethyl lactateest118.92-0.86±0.08------
乙二醇丁醚醋酸酯2-butoxyethanolacetateest320.79-1.48±0.79-0.95±0.050.40±0.03---
亚硝酸仲丁酯butyl nitriteest424.982.84±0.681.19±0.54------
γ-丁内酯γ-butyrolactoneest532.248.18±0.623.22±0.59-----4.53±0.57
戊二酸单乙酯methyl hydrogen glutarateest639.98----0.21±0.020.56±0.031.05±0.593.00±0.44
乙酸苯乙酯phenethyl acetateest745.15-0.39±0.070.24±0.080.32±0.070.18±0.05---
苯甲酸乙烯酯benzoic acid, ethenylesterest846.880.77±0.060.30±0.06--0.11±0.02---
乙酸苯酯phenyl acetateest956.660.84±0.050.47±0.020.07±0.02-----
呋喃类2,5-二甲基呋喃2,5-dimethylfuranfur123.87-0.55±0.030.16±0.07-----
酮类3-羟基-2-丁酮acetoinket115.878.26±1.315.62±0.961.98±0.668.18±2.495.75±1.514.46±0.472.05±0.282.06±0.04
苯乙酮acetophenoneket334.653.85±0.221.25±0.45------
2,3-丁二酮butane-2,3-dioneket437.91-------5.27±2.26
吡嗪类2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪2,3,5-trimethylpyrazinepy121.68--0.52±0.050.68±0.050.26±0.020.21±0.010.12±0.020.20±0.05
), ArticleFig(id=1277384220859347201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Volatile aroma components and relative contents of STS16 cocoa beans during fermentation period

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类Classe化合物名称Compound name代码Code保留时间RT/min相对含量Relative content/%
鲜豆期Fresh bean stage第1天1st day第2天2nd day第3天3rd day第4天4th day第5天5th day第6天6th day第7天7th day
酸类乙酸acetic acidaci126.9522.61±2.063.41±1.3217.73±4.3932.37±2.6220.94±7.8315.65±4.679.40±3.3410.83±1.73
醇类2-甲基-3-丁烯-2-醇2-methyl-3-buten-2-olalc16.500.18±0.060.52±0.01------
3-吡咯烷醇3-pyrrolidinolalc28.290.18±0.021.33±0.420.12±0.07-----
异丁醇isobutanolalc38.30--0.22±0.020.11±0.07----
2-戊醇2-pentanolalc49.692.80±0.533.33±0.150.40±0.070.86±0.030.13±0.01---
3-甲基-1-丁醇3-methyl-1-butanolalc513.057.84±2.275.08±1.961.02±0.680.45±0.030.15±0.07---
2-庚醇2-heptanolalc618.589.40±1.323.11±0.293.81±0.761.44±0.170.41±0.08---
壬醇1-nonanolalc722.10-3.96±0.52------
芳樟醇linaloolalc829.32-5.94±0.517.75±3.528.07±0.6114.43±2.8619.97±2.0220.02±4.6720.24±3.02
2,3-丁二醇2,3-butanediolalc929.8829.16±16.3248.97±9.5864.04±0.4545.07±11.1852.15±4.9237.68±6.2660.00±5.2556.74±0.57
苯甲醇benzyl alcoholalc1148.61-0.30±0.020.12±0.08-----
苯乙醇phenylethyl alcoholalc1250.776.25±0.197.34±3.682.88±0.081.80±0.270.50±0.050.39±0.030.19±0.080.17±0.02
酯类乳酸乙酯ethyl lactateest118.92--0.23±0.05-----
γ-丁内酯γ-butyrolactoneest532.248.56±2.133.26±1.20----5.24±3.605.62±2.49
戊二酸单乙酯methyl hydrogen glutarateest639.98-----0.23±0.060.68±0.041.13±0.26
乙酸苯乙酯phenethyl acetateest745.150.47±0.070.36±0.050.30±0.070.48±0.040.19±0.02---
酮类3-羟基-2-丁酮acetoinket115.879.63±1.689.50±1.751.07±0.188.07±0.8010.40±3.4425.57±14.323.48±0.063.37±0.03
3-乙酰基-2-丁酮2-acetoxy-3-butanoneket220.81-1.57±0.26-0.81±0.040.44±0.07---
苯乙酮acetophenoneket334.653.25±0.061.93±0.59---0.21±0.06--
2,3-丁二酮butane-2,3-dioneket437.91------0.75±0.011.60±0.58
吡嗪类2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪2,3,5-trimethylpyrazinepy121.68--0.36±0.070.43±0.050.22±0.030.27±0.080.20±0.010.17±0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1277384221127782658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

STS16可可发酵过程中挥发性香气成分及相对含量

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种类Classe化合物名称Compound name代码Code保留时间RT/min相对含量Relative content/%
鲜豆期Fresh bean stage第1天1st day第2天2nd day第3天3rd day第4天4th day第5天5th day第6天6th day第7天7th day
酸类乙酸acetic acidaci126.9522.61±2.063.41±1.3217.73±4.3932.37±2.6220.94±7.8315.65±4.679.40±3.3410.83±1.73
醇类2-甲基-3-丁烯-2-醇2-methyl-3-buten-2-olalc16.500.18±0.060.52±0.01------
3-吡咯烷醇3-pyrrolidinolalc28.290.18±0.021.33±0.420.12±0.07-----
异丁醇isobutanolalc38.30--0.22±0.020.11±0.07----
2-戊醇2-pentanolalc49.692.80±0.533.33±0.150.40±0.070.86±0.030.13±0.01---
3-甲基-1-丁醇3-methyl-1-butanolalc513.057.84±2.275.08±1.961.02±0.680.45±0.030.15±0.07---
2-庚醇2-heptanolalc618.589.40±1.323.11±0.293.81±0.761.44±0.170.41±0.08---
壬醇1-nonanolalc722.10-3.96±0.52------
芳樟醇linaloolalc829.32-5.94±0.517.75±3.528.07±0.6114.43±2.8619.97±2.0220.02±4.6720.24±3.02
2,3-丁二醇2,3-butanediolalc929.8829.16±16.3248.97±9.5864.04±0.4545.07±11.1852.15±4.9237.68±6.2660.00±5.2556.74±0.57
苯甲醇benzyl alcoholalc1148.61-0.30±0.020.12±0.08-----
苯乙醇phenylethyl alcoholalc1250.776.25±0.197.34±3.682.88±0.081.80±0.270.50±0.050.39±0.030.19±0.080.17±0.02
酯类乳酸乙酯ethyl lactateest118.92--0.23±0.05-----
γ-丁内酯γ-butyrolactoneest532.248.56±2.133.26±1.20----5.24±3.605.62±2.49
戊二酸单乙酯methyl hydrogen glutarateest639.98-----0.23±0.060.68±0.041.13±0.26
乙酸苯乙酯phenethyl acetateest745.150.47±0.070.36±0.050.30±0.070.48±0.040.19±0.02---
酮类3-羟基-2-丁酮acetoinket115.879.63±1.689.50±1.751.07±0.188.07±0.8010.40±3.4425.57±14.323.48±0.063.37±0.03
3-乙酰基-2-丁酮2-acetoxy-3-butanoneket220.81-1.57±0.26-0.81±0.040.44±0.07---
苯乙酮acetophenoneket334.653.25±0.061.93±0.59---0.21±0.06--
2,3-丁二酮butane-2,3-dioneket437.91------0.75±0.011.60±0.58
吡嗪类2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪2,3,5-trimethylpyrazinepy121.68--0.36±0.070.43±0.050.22±0.030.27±0.080.20±0.010.17±0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1277384221232640259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Volatile aroma components and relative contents of ZYP6-11 cocoa beans during fermentation period

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类Classes化合物名称Compounds name代码Code保留时间RT/min相对含量Relative content/%
鲜豆期Fresh bean stage第1天1st day第2天2nd day第3天3rd day第4天4th day第5天5th day第6天6th day第7天7th day
酸类乙酸acetic acidaci126.95-4.17±0.5616.48±8.5128.34±4.9222.83±6.0321.79±4.4345.46±1.9344.79±2.66
醇类2-甲基-3-丁烯-2-醇2-methyl-3-buten-2-olalc16.50-1.94±0.110.40±0.010.23±0.08----
3-吡咯烷醇3-pyrrolidinolalc28.291.21±0.421.08±0.740.34±0.010.23±0.08----
2-戊醇2-pentanolalc49.6934.16±2.0435.29±0.886.41±0.143.61±0.332.73±0.11---
3-甲基-1-丁醇3-methyl-1-butanolalc513.058.59±2.438.12±1.021.75±0.591.23±0.600.34±0.01---
2-庚醇2-heptanolalc618.586.74±0.292.28±0.660.21±0.06-----
壬醇1-nonanolalc722.10-4.57±0.40------
芳樟醇linaloolalc829.324.25±0.2111.60±2.936.98±3.796.77±1.808.70±2.0215.20±8.0417.04±6.2316.31±7.95
2,3-丁二醇2,3-butanediolalc929.8819.22±2.1010.02±3.79 55.99±14.7047.55±11.0159.65±20.748.69±7.9520.19±7.8819.96±1.27
甲基苯甲醇methylbenzylalcoholalc1044.730.99±0.03------0.46±0.04
苯甲醇benzyl alcoholalc1148.610.42±0.070.27±0.030.12±0.01-----
苯乙醇phenylethyl alcoholalc1250.775.68±0.397.74±0.973.28±0.112.64±0.410.38±0.070.94±0.040.83±0.071.16±0.20
酯类乳酸乙酯ethyl lactateest118.92--2.17±0.591.91±0.21-0.30±0.010.24±0.02-
3-羟基丁酸甲酯methyl3-hydroxybutanoateest220.77--0.47±0.070.39±0.080.28±0.010.49±0.020.27±0.06-
γ-丁内酯γ-butyrolactoneest532.243.99±0.433.06±0.27----2.15±0.162.21±0.49
乙酸苯乙酯phenethyl acetateest745.15--0.14±0.030.61±0.05--0.60±0.010.24±0.02
乙酸仲戊酯2-pentyl acetateest107.75--0.07±0.010.13±0.05----
烯烃类3-蒈烯carenehyd115.22--0.21±0.030.11±0.08----
酮类3-羟基-2-丁酮acetoinket115.877.55±3.154.16±0.102.09±0.374.33±0.704.24±0.7512.28±0.9510.27±3.1411.33±0.30
苯乙酮acetophenoneket334.653.93±0.193.60±0.491.69±0.101.16±0.310.83±0.05---
2,3-丁二酮butane-2,3-dioneket437.91---0.10±0.06--2.42±0.382.93±0.05
吡嗪类2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪2,3,5-trimethylpyrazinepy121.683.21±0.501.79±0.321.11±0.560.58±0.06-0.27±0.040.53±0.070.56±0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1277384221517852932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330331246129966, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

ZYP6-11可可发酵过程中挥发性香气成分及相对含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
种类Classes化合物名称Compounds name代码Code保留时间RT/min相对含量Relative content/%
鲜豆期Fresh bean stage第1天1st day第2天2nd day第3天3rd day第4天4th day第5天5th day第6天6th day第7天7th day
酸类乙酸acetic acidaci126.95-4.17±0.5616.48±8.5128.34±4.9222.83±6.0321.79±4.4345.46±1.9344.79±2.66
醇类2-甲基-3-丁烯-2-醇2-methyl-3-buten-2-olalc16.50-1.94±0.110.40±0.010.23±0.08----
3-吡咯烷醇3-pyrrolidinolalc28.291.21±0.421.08±0.740.34±0.010.23±0.08----
2-戊醇2-pentanolalc49.6934.16±2.0435.29±0.886.41±0.143.61±0.332.73±0.11---
3-甲基-1-丁醇3-methyl-1-butanolalc513.058.59±2.438.12±1.021.75±0.591.23±0.600.34±0.01---
2-庚醇2-heptanolalc618.586.74±0.292.28±0.660.21±0.06-----
壬醇1-nonanolalc722.10-4.57±0.40------
芳樟醇linaloolalc829.324.25±0.2111.60±2.936.98±3.796.77±1.808.70±2.0215.20±8.0417.04±6.2316.31±7.95
2,3-丁二醇2,3-butanediolalc929.8819.22±2.1010.02±3.79 55.99±14.7047.55±11.0159.65±20.748.69±7.9520.19±7.8819.96±1.27
甲基苯甲醇methylbenzylalcoholalc1044.730.99±0.03------0.46±0.04
苯甲醇benzyl alcoholalc1148.610.42±0.070.27±0.030.12±0.01-----
苯乙醇phenylethyl alcoholalc1250.775.68±0.397.74±0.973.28±0.112.64±0.410.38±0.070.94±0.040.83±0.071.16±0.20
酯类乳酸乙酯ethyl lactateest118.92--2.17±0.591.91±0.21-0.30±0.010.24±0.02-
3-羟基丁酸甲酯methyl3-hydroxybutanoateest220.77--0.47±0.070.39±0.080.28±0.010.49±0.020.27±0.06-
γ-丁内酯γ-butyrolactoneest532.243.99±0.433.06±0.27----2.15±0.162.21±0.49
乙酸苯乙酯phenethyl acetateest745.15--0.14±0.030.61±0.05--0.60±0.010.24±0.02
乙酸仲戊酯2-pentyl acetateest107.75--0.07±0.010.13±0.05----
烯烃类3-蒈烯carenehyd115.22--0.21±0.030.11±0.08----
酮类3-羟基-2-丁酮acetoinket115.877.55±3.154.16±0.102.09±0.374.33±0.704.24±0.7512.28±0.9510.27±3.1411.33±0.30
苯乙酮acetophenoneket334.653.93±0.193.60±0.491.69±0.101.16±0.310.83±0.05---
2,3-丁二酮butane-2,3-dioneket437.91---0.10±0.06--2.42±0.382.93±0.05
吡嗪类2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪2,3,5-trimethylpyrazinepy121.683.21±0.501.79±0.321.11±0.560.58±0.06-0.27±0.040.53±0.070.56±0.03
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不同基因型可可发酵过程中挥发性香气成分变化规律研究
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岳一轮 1, 2 , 秦晓威 2, * , 李付鹏 2 , 钟壹鸣 1, 2 , 贺书珍 2 , 白亭玉 2 , 初众 2
热带作物学报 | 采后处理与质量安全 2024,45(3): 564-575
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热带作物学报 |采后处理与质量安全 2024 , 45 (3) : 564 -575
不同基因型可可发酵过程中挥发性香气成分变化规律研究
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岳一轮1, 2, 秦晓威2, * , 李付鹏2, 钟壹鸣1, 2, 贺书珍2, 白亭玉2, 初众2
作者信息
  • 1.海南大学林学院,海南海口 570228
  • 2.中国热带农业科学院香料饮料研究所/农业农村部香辛饮料作物遗传资源利用重点实验室/海南省热带香辛饮料作物遗传改良与品质调控重点实验室,海南万宁 571533
通讯作者:
* 秦晓威(QIN Xiaowei),E-mail:
作者简介:

岳一轮(1997—),男,硕士研究生,研究方向:风景园林。

Analysis of Volatile Aroma Components of Different Genotypes Cococa Beans During Fermentation Periods
Yilun YUE1, 2, Xiaowei QIN2, * , Fupeng LI2, Yiming ZHONG1, 2, Shuzhen HE2, Tingyu BAI2, Zhong CHU2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
  • 2.Spice and Beverage Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources Utilization of Spice and Beverage Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs / Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Quality Regulation for Tropical Spice and Beverage Crops, Wanning, Hainan 571533, China
出版时间: 2024-03-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.03.014
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挥发性香气成分组成是可可品质评价的重要指标之一,而发酵是影响可可挥发性香气成分的关键过程。为揭示不同基因型可可豆发酵过程中挥发性香气成分的变化规律及差异,本研究以ZYP11-9、STS16、ZYP6-11三种不同基因型可可作为试验材料,利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC/MS)测定可可豆0~7 d发酵过程中的挥发性香气成分,并采用峰面积归一化法计算各成分的相对含量。结果表明:3种基因型可可豆发酵过程中共鉴定出32种挥发性香气成分,其中2,3-丁二醇、2-庚醇、2-戊醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、苯乙醇、芳樟醇、乙酸、3-羟基-2-丁酮及2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪9种共有香气物质在不同基因型可可豆发酵过程中的相对含量变化存在显著差异;主成分分析表明,主要香气成分与发酵阶段香气特征之间存在一定相关性,其中2,3-丁二醇、乙酸、芳樟醇、3-羟基-2-丁酮与可可豆发酵阶段香气特征呈正相关,3-甲基-1-丁醇、丁内酯、苯乙酮等香气物质与发酵阶段香气特征呈负相关。因此,不同基因型可可发酵过程中的香气成分组成及含量变化存在差异,且主要香气成分与发酵阶段存在相关性,这为优质可可新品种选育及应用提供参考依据。

可可  /  基因型  /  发酵  /  香气成分  /  顶空固相微萃取

The volatile aroma composition is one of the important indexes for cocoa quality evaluation, and fermentation is the key process that affects the volatile aroma composition of cocoa. To reveal the pattern and differences of the volatile aroma components during cocoa bean fermentation with different genotypes, three types of cocoa (ZYP11-9, STS16, and ZYP6-11) were used as the test materials, and the headspace solid-phase micro-extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC/MS) was used to determine the volatile aroma components during 0-7 days fermentation of cocoa beans, and the relative contents of each component were calculated by peak area normalization. The results showed that a total of 32 volatile aroma compounds were identified during the fermentation of cocoa beans from the three genotypes, among which 9 consensus aroma compounds, including 2,3-butanediol, 2-heptanol, 2-pentanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, phenylethyl alcohol, linalool, acetic acid, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, and 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, showed significant differences in the relative contents during the fermentation of cocoa beans from different genotypes; PCA analysis showed that there was some correlation between the main aroma components and the aroma characteristics of the fermentation stage, in which 2,3-butanediol, acetic acid, linalool, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone were positively correlated with the aroma characteristics of cocoa beans fermentation stage, and the aroma substances such as 3-methyl-1-butanol, butanolactone, and acetophenone were negatively correlated with the aroma characteristics of the fermentation stage. Therefore, there are differences in the aroma composition and content changes during cocoa fermentation with different genotypes, and there is a correlation between the main aroma components and the fermentation stage, which would provide a reference basis for the breeding and application of high-quality cocoa new cultivars.

cocoa  /  genotypes  /  fermentation  /  aroma components  /  headspace solid-phase microextraction
岳一轮, 秦晓威, 李付鹏, 钟壹鸣, 贺书珍, 白亭玉, 初众. 不同基因型可可发酵过程中挥发性香气成分变化规律研究. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (3) : 564 -575 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.03.014
Yilun YUE, Xiaowei QIN, Fupeng LI, Yiming ZHONG, Shuzhen HE, Tingyu BAI, Zhong CHU. Analysis of Volatile Aroma Components of Different Genotypes Cococa Beans During Fermentation Periods[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (3) : 564 -575 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.03.014
可可(Theobroma cacao L.)为梧桐科(Sterculiaceae)可可属(Theobroma)多年生热带经济作物[1]。可可豆富含脂肪、可可碱、多酚等活性成分,具有改善心脏、肾脏、肠道功能,缓解心绞痛等作用,是制作高级饮品、巧克力、糖果等的主要原料[2]。据联合国粮农组织(FAO)统计,2022年世界可可收获面积达1.2×107 hm2,产量达5.8×106 t[3],我国自20世纪20年代由东南亚引进试种成功,已发展成为热带特色高效农业的重要组成部分。据国际可可组织(ICCO)统计表明,2022年国际优质可可出口占可可出口总量的12%,优质可可原料的供需矛盾极为突出[4]。因此,优质可可品种选育是国际可可提质增效的核心科学问题。
可可豆挥发性香气物质数量和种类是形成可可独特风味的重要因素,也是评价可可品质的重要指标[5]。相关研究表明,可可鲜豆挥发性物质成分与含量受可可基因型的影响[6]。QIN等[7]利用HS-SPME-GC/MS技术对国际可可三大遗传类型Criollo、Forastero和Trinitario的挥发性成分进行鉴定表明,可可鲜豆香气物质成分的组成和含量与可可的遗传背景存在一定关联。发酵是形成可可风味物质的关键步骤,会影响可可主要香气物质的形成[8]。房一明等[9]研究表明,发酵影响可可豆前体风味物质的形成。可可在发酵过程中产生具有花香和果香特征的挥发性物质,如芳樟醇(linalool)、苯乙醇(benzene ethanol)、乙酸戊醇(pentanol acetate)、丁醛(butanal)等香气物质[10]。此外,段美玉等[11]、RAHARDJO等[12]通过45 ℃和50 ℃的控温发酵试验研究了发酵过程对可可香气的影响,研究表明控温条件下可可发酵时间与香气物质成分之间存在显著相关性。
目前,关于不同基因型可可发酵过程中主要挥发性香气成分的变化规律及其差异性研究鲜见报道,且主要香气成分与可可豆发酵阶段的相关性还有待证实。顶空固相微萃取-气质联用法(SPME-GC/MS)因其方便快捷、灵敏度高、选择性与重复性好,能较真实地反映待测物中挥发性物质的基本组成等优点而广泛应用于发酵食品挥发性香气成分的分析[13]。HEGMANN等[14]采用SPME-GC/MS方法分析表明,旱季和雨季可可豆果肉之间的香气成分存在显著差异。谷风林等[15]利用SPME-GC/MS技术揭示了可可发酵过程中蛋白质降解与吡嗪类化合物的变化规律。为揭示不同基因型可可发酵过程中挥发性香气成分的变化规律与组成差异,本研究以我国筛选的3份优质可可种质资源为研究对象,采用HS-SPME-GC-MS技术对不同发酵阶段可可的挥发性香气成分进行鉴定,分析不同基因型可可发酵过程中挥发性香气成分的组成及差异,以期为优质可可新品种选育提供数据支撑及科学依据。
试验材料:选用中国热带农业科学院香料饮料研究所国家热带植物种质资源库香料饮料种质资源分库(NTPGRC2021-014, 2022-014)保存的ZYP11-9、STS16、ZYP6-11三份不同基因型可可资源(图1)。
仪器设备:HYG-C多功能摇床(太仓市实验设备厂),DGX-9243BC-1电热恒温鼓风干燥箱(宁波海曙赛福实验仪器厂),Aglient-7890B/5977B气相色谱-质谱联用仪(美国安捷伦公司),50/30 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS萃取头(美国SUPELCO公司)。
材料预处理:选择采摘好的可可鲜果,在工作台上去壳取鲜可可豆(800±10)g分别放置于1 L高硼硅玻璃罐中密封,置于50 ℃智能恒温箱中进行发酵。发酵期间每天对样品进行1次搅拌处理,并每天采集发酵样品,采集后的样品置于32 ℃鼓风干燥机中,干燥3 d后在研磨机中进行精细研磨,得到待测可可样品,样品编号见表1
固相微萃取-气质联用:准确称取表1中各可可待测样品2.0 g于20 mL密封顶空样品瓶中,使用型号为50/30 μm的DVB/CAR/PDMS SPME纤维头插入GC插入萃取瓶中,置于样品上方0.5 cm顶空萃取30 min,萃取头插入GC进样口解析5 min,每个样品重复3次。
色谱条件:聚乙二醇(PEG)毛细管柱,DB-WAX(30 mm×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm);升温程序为初始温度40 ℃保持4 min,以3 ℃/min升温至96 ℃,保持3 min,再以1.5 ℃/min升温至150 ℃,保持0 min;最后以10 ℃/min升温到210 ℃,保持2 min,进样口温度为250 ℃;载氦气,流速为1 mL/min。
质谱条件:电离方式EI,电子能量为70 eV,离子源温度为250 ℃,传输线温度为250 ℃。扫描质量范围40~550 amu。
GC/MS实验数据通过安捷伦仪器自带软件进行处理,经计算机检索同时与NIST 17谱库和Wiley谱库相匹配,并结合相关文献,进一步确认香气物质的具体化学成分,按峰面积归一化法算出样品中各组分的相对含量,使用Origin 2021软件进行数据主成分分析和图像处理。
根据ZYP11-9、STS16、ZYP6-11可可发酵过程中挥发性香气成分的总离子流图组成,进行分谱库检索和相关资料分析,共检测出32种挥发性香气化合物,属于醇类、酯类、酮类、酸类、吡嗪类、呋喃类、烯烃类7类(表2~表4)。其中,醇类12种、酯类11种、酮类4种、酸类2种、吡嗪类1种、呋喃类1种和烯烃类1种。ZYP11-9可可豆发酵过程中共鉴定出25种化合物,其中醇类10种、酯类8种、酮类3种、酸类2种、吡嗪类1种、呋喃类1种,其中,2,5-二甲基呋喃、2-氨基丙酸、苯甲酸戊-2-基酯、戊二酸单乙酯、亚硝酸仲丁酯、乙二醇丁醚醋酸酯和乙酸苯酯7种物质为特有挥发性成分;STS16可可豆发酵过程中共鉴定出21种化合物,其中醇类11种、酯类4种、酮类4种、酸类1种、吡嗪类1种,其中,异丁醇、3-乙酰基-2-丁酮和戊二酸单乙酯3种物质为特有挥发性成分;ZYP6-11可可豆发酵过程中共鉴定出22种化合物,其中醇类11种、酯类5种、酮类3种、酸类1种、吡嗪类1种、烯烃类1种,其中,3-蒈烯、3-羟基丁酸甲酯和乙酸仲戊酯3种物质为特有挥发性成分。箱线图统计分析表明(图2),ZYP11-9可可豆发酵过程中的挥发性香气成分组成为(12.50±3.31)种;STS16可可豆挥发性香气成分组成为(11.50±2.44)种;ZYP6-11可可豆挥发性香气成分组成为(12.62±3.49)种。在3种可可豆发酵中,ZYP6-11可可豆在发酵过程中的挥发性物质变化较丰富,STS16可可豆则更为稳定。
图3可见,ZYP11-9、STS16、ZYP6-11不同基因型可可豆挥发性成分的种类组成无差异,但是发酵过程中的种类组成和含量差异较大。发酵过程中3种基因型可可豆挥发性香气成分的种类数量呈逐渐减少的趋势,且发酵过程中挥发性香气成分的数量存在显著差异。STS16可可、ZYP6-11可可豆发酵第5天挥发性香气成分数量最少,与未发酵鲜豆挥发性成分相比分别下降33.34%和38.46%;ZYP11-9可可于发酵第6天挥发性香气成分数量最少,与未发酵鲜豆挥发性成分相比下降46.67%,其中醇类、酯类挥发性香气成分数量下降最为明显。由图4可见,3种基因型可可豆发酵过程中醇类、酸类挥发性香气成分的相对含量较高,其中ZYP11-9可可豆发酵过程中醇类物质的相对含量基本不变,占57.22%~85.48%,酯类物质相对含量最高占12.63%;STS16可可豆发酵过程中醇类物质的相对含量呈逐渐上升趋势,与未发酵鲜豆挥发性香气成分相比增长28.30%,酮类物质平均相对含量较高(10.21%±7.12%),在发酵第5天达到峰值25.79%;ZYP6-11可可豆的醇类物质相对含量呈逐渐下降趋势,发酵第7d与未发酵鲜豆挥发性香气成分相比下降53.38%,主要原因为ZYP6-11可可豆发酵6~7 d其酸性挥发性物质较多,相对含量最高为45.46%。
可可发酵过程中醇类物质通常被描述为“水果和植物般”风味,较高的醇类含量也是获得花香和糖果味可可的关键[16],ZYP11-9、STS16、ZYP6-11三种基因型可可发酵过程中主要的醇类化合物为2,3-丁二醇、2-庚醇、2-戊醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、苯乙醇和芳樟醇。2,3-丁二醇在可可风味评价中通常被描述为具有“水果味与黄油味”的香气特征[17]。2,3-丁二醇在ZYP11-9、STS16未发酵可可鲜豆阶段中的相对含量分别为17.01%±8.30%和29.16%±16.32%,在发酵过程中呈逐渐增加的趋势,发酵完成后2,3-丁二醇的相对含量分别增加220.40%和94.56%;然而,ZYP6-11可可豆发酵过程中的2,3-丁二醇含量呈先增后减的变化趋势,发酵第4天其相对含量达到峰值59.65%±20.70%,相对含量增量为210.27%,但发酵完成后的2,3-丁二醇相对含量与其鲜豆期相比仅增长3.84%(表2~表4)。
2-戊醇、2-庚醇和芳樟醇被描述为具有“果香、柠檬草香和花香”的香气特征,同时有助于产生优质可可中的果味和花香[18-19]。ZYP11-9、STS16、ZYP6-11可可豆的整体发酵过程中2-戊醇、2-庚醇相对含量呈递减趋势,其中2-戊醇含量均于发酵第4天处于最低,分别为0.38%±0.04%、0.13%±0.01%和2.73%±0.11%,与未发酵阶段相比分别减少97.38%、95.36%和92.01%;2-庚醇在ZYP11-9可可发酵第6天达到最低含量(0.17%±0.02%),与鲜豆相比下降99.21%;在STS16可可发酵第4天达到最低含量(0.41%±0.08%),与鲜豆期相比下降95.60%;在ZYP6-11可可豆发酵第2天达到最低含量(0.21%±0.06%),与鲜豆期相比下降96.81%。芳樟醇是可可豆挥发性物质中的主要醇类成分,对一些可可品种的花香和茶香有显著贡献[20],芳樟醇在ZYP11-9、STS16、ZYP6-11可可发酵过中的相对含量均呈递增趋势,在发酵第6天或第7天相对含量达到最大,分别为18.24%±3.59%、20.24%±3.02%和17.04%±6.23%(表2~表4)。
可可发酵过程中有机酸的浓度由于糖的代谢而增加,具有酸味和醋味的乙酸被认为是发酵豆类中气味活性最高的化合物,可可豆在发酵过程中被乙酸酸化,进行各种可可风味开发所需的生化修饰[10]。ZYP11-9、STS16、ZYP6-11可可豆发酵过程的乙酸含量变化规律不一致。ZYP11-9可可豆的乙酸含量呈先升后降的变化规律,可可鲜豆的乙酸相对含量仅为2.43%±0.77%,发酵第3天达到峰值(33.27%±3.92%),而发酵第7天降至7.33%±2.08%。STS16可可鲜豆的乙酸相对含量高达22.61%±2.06%,发酵第1~2天乙酸含量呈下降趋势,发酵第3天乙酸相对含量达到峰值(32.37%±2.62%),但发酵第7天乙酸相对含量降至10.83%±1.73%,与鲜豆阶段相比约减少52.11%。然而,ZYP6-11可可豆发酵过程中的乙酸含量呈递增趋势,未发酵鲜豆未检测到乙酸,发酵第1天乙酸含量为4.17%±0.56%,发酵第6、7天乙酸含量达45%,增长量为发酵第1天的9.73倍(表2~表4)。
3-羟基-2-丁酮(乙偶姻)是可可、葡萄酒、黄油、草莓和乳制品的重要风味物质,被广泛用作食品增味剂[21]。3-羟基-2-丁酮在发酵过程中主要作为三甲基吡嗪的前体物质,而三甲基吡嗪为可可豆香气的重要气味活性成分,常散发出坚果味与青草味道[14]。ZYP11-9与STS16可可豆发酵过程中的3-羟基-2-丁酮相对含量均呈逐渐下降趋势,发酵前后相对含量相比分别减少75.06%和65.02%;ZYP6-11可可豆发酵过程中的3-羟基-2-丁酮相对含量呈递增趋势,发酵前后相对含量增长50.12%。2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪在ZYP11-9、STS16可可豆发酵过程中的相对含量均呈递减趋势,其中在ZYP6-11可可豆中含量下降幅度较大,发酵前后含量减少约82.50%。酯类是仅次于吡嗪类的重要挥发性化合物,主要来源于发酵厌氧阶段有机酸与醇的反应,可提供可可豆的水果风味[7,22]。在3种可可豆发酵过程中,γ-丁内酯在ZYP11-9和STS16可可豆未发酵鲜豆中的相对含量分别为8.18%±0.62%和8.56%±2.13%,在发酵第7天分别为4.53%±0.57%和5.62%±2.49%,而γ-丁内酯在ZYP6-11可可豆未发酵鲜豆中仅为3.99%±0.43%,在发酵第7天为2.21%±0.49%(表2~表4)。
对3种基因型可可豆不同发酵阶段挥发性物质进行主成分分析,结果表明,ZYP11-9、STS16、ZYP6-11可可豆发酵过程中PC1与PC2的方差总贡献率分别为95.90%、95.00%、89.40%,其主要香气成分相似,与2,3-丁二醇、乙酸、芳樟醇、2-戊醇、2-庚醇等挥发性香气成分相关性较强,但不同发酵阶段的主要香气成分存在差异。由图5A可知,ZYP11-9可可豆未发酵鲜豆与发酵过程的挥发性成分存在差异,发酵过程中的2-庚醇、2-戊醇、3-羟基-2-丁酮等挥发性物质含量与鲜豆(0A)的挥发性物质含量呈正相关,其中2-庚醇的相对含量高达21.64%±3.61%,其次为2-戊醇(14.55%±2.66%)和3-羟基-2-丁酮(8.26%±1.31%);乙酸、2,3-丁二醇、芳樟醇等挥发性物质与发酵时间呈正相关,其中2,3-丁二醇的平均相对含量最高达56.54%±12.00%,其次为乙酸(14.24%±3.32%)和芳樟醇(12.70%±2.69%)。由图5B可知,STS16可可豆的乙酸含量与未发酵鲜豆(0B)、发酵第3天(3B)挥发性物质含量呈正相关,未发酵鲜豆中的乙酸含量为22.61%±2.06%,在发酵第3天达最高(32.37%±2.62%);2,3-丁二醇、芳樟醇、3-羟基-2-丁酮等挥发性物质与STS16发酵时间呈正相关,其中2,3-丁二醇平均相对含量最高(53.26%±4.51%),其次为芳樟醇(14.72%±2.77%)和3-羟基-2-丁酮(8.90%±3.30%)。由图5C可知,在ZYP6-11可可豆发酵过程中,鲜豆(0C)、发酵第1天(1C)挥发性物质主要有2-戊醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、苯乙醇等,其中2-戊醇相对含量高达34.73%±1.46%,其次为3-甲基-1-丁醇(8.34%±1.73%)和苯乙醇(6.71%±0.68%);发酵第2~5天的挥发性物质主要为2,3-丁二醇、芳樟醇、3-羟基-2-丁酮等,其中2,3-丁二醇相对含量高达52.97%±16.84%,其次为芳樟醇(9.41%±3.91%)和3-羟基-2-丁酮(5.74%±0.69%),发酵第6~7天的挥发性物质主要为乙酸、2,3-丁二醇、芳樟醇等,其中乙酸相对含量高达45.13%±2.30%,其次为2,3-丁二醇(20.08%±4.58%)、芳樟醇(16.68%±7.09%)。
图6可见,聚类热图直观地呈现了ZYP11-9、STS16、ZYP6-11不同基因型可可豆发酵过程中32种挥发性成分的变化差异,第0~4天发酵阶段产生的挥发性物质的变化明显高于第5~7天,2,3-丁二醇、乙酸、芳樟醇、3-羟基-2-丁酮、2-戊醇、2-庚醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇等挥发性香气成分变化显著,这可能与可可发酵中复杂的微生物活动有关。TIGRERO-VACA等[23]研究表明,可可豆中部分微生物菌种如酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)、近平滑念珠菌(Candida metapsilosis)等在发酵过程中的活动有助于产生与果香、花香、巧克力味和杏仁味的香气相关的挥发性化合物。
可可挥发性化合物的数量和类型是影响可可品质的重要指标,也决定了可可的商业价值。近年来,在可可豆加工过程中已鉴定和识别的挥发性化合物约有600种[24]。本研究以ZYP11-9、STS16、ZYP6-11可可种质资源为材料,利用HS-SPME-GC/MS技术鉴定发现不同基因型可可豆香气成分物质种类主要由醇类、酸类、酯类、酮类、吡嗪类化合物组成,这与秦晓威等[25]、COUNET等[26]的研究结论一致。本研究进一步发现,不同基因型可可豆的香气成分物质种类含量存在差异,其中ZYP6-11的醇类含量较高,是STS16、ZYP11-9的1.4倍;ZYP11-9的酯类含量较高,是ZYP6-11的3.1倍;STS16的酸类物质含量较高,是ZYP11-9的5.7倍。RODRIGUEZ-CAMPOS等[16]研究认为醇类物质是影响可可果香风味的主要成分。其中,2-戊醇具有明显的水果和花卉香气特征,有利于可可制品的品质提高[27]。本研究结果表明,ZYP6-11的2-戊醇相对含量达34.16%,是STS16的12倍。STS16的乙酸相对含量较高,是ZYP11-9的9.3倍,而KADOW等[28]研究表明,较高的乙酸含量会增强可可制品的酸味,从而降低品质。此外,在ZYP6-11的香气成分中三甲基吡嗪类物质的相对含量较高,RAMLI等[29]研究表明,吡嗪类物质表现出坚果味、青草味,具有可可风味增强剂的特性。
可可发酵是一个自发的过程,伴随着挥发性物质的形成,有助于确定芳香可可豆的特性与质量[8]。本研究中,发酵结束后ZYP11-9、STS16、ZYP6-11的香气物质数量均有所减少,相对含量也有所变化。FRAUENDORFER等[30]研究表明,一些短链羧酸如乙酸和异戊酸,在可可豆发酵的香气成分中占主导地位。本研究表明,ZYP6-11的发酵酸类物质变化幅度较大,在发酵中后期(第6~7天)酸类挥发性化合物的相对含量显著增加,是ZYP11-9、STS16的2.46倍,其发酵具有明显的酸性风味,这些酸类物质的增加可能是可可浆中糖类物质代谢的结果,乙酸可以通过乙醇氧化产生[31],同时这与RODRIGUEZ-CAMPOS等[32]的研究过程中酸类挥发性化合物相对含量变化一致,表明部分品种可可豆经过长时间发酵(超过6 d)会增加如乙酸等酸类挥发性物质的含量。此外,在ZYP11-9可可豆发酵中存在丙酸类物质,这类物质通常是在发酵结束后由芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus spp.)代谢产生,然而由于发酵时间过长引起的过度发酵,也会提高这些酸类物质的浓度[14]。ZYP11-9、STS16、ZYP6-11可可豆发酵过程中有17种共有挥发性物质,5种为醇类,分别为2-戊醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、2-庚醇、2,3-丁二醇、苯乙醇,其香气变化特征与OBERPARLEITER等[33]的研究结果一致,表现出较明显的代谢反应。在3种基因型可可豆发酵过程中,3-甲基-1-丁醇的相对含量在发酵第0~4天均出现明显下降,据AFOAKWA等[34]研究表明,3-甲基-1-丁醇是一种戊醇,在发酵过程中被氧化为乙酸酯,并有助于麦芽风味与巧克力风味的形成。本研究进一步发现,ZYP11-9、STS16在发酵过程中醇类物质的相对含量均较高,是ZYP6-11的2.1倍,与CAMU等[35]、GUEHI等[36]的研究结论一致,醇类挥发性物质主要由酵母在发酵的厌氧阶段(发酵48 h)产生,而部分醇则通过氨基酸的热降解产生,并在后期被氧化成酸类或酯类,高含量的醇类挥发性物质则有利于获得带有花香或甜味的可可产品[18]。酯类与水果风味相关,是仅次于可可中吡嗪类物质的重要的挥发性化合物种类[37]。本研究表明,ZYP11-9、STS16、ZYP6-11不同基因型可可豆发酵的酯类物质相对含量均有所减少,可能是发酵过程中酵母持续代谢的结果[38]
本研究表明,不同基因型可可豆发酵过程中的挥发性香气成分种类组成相似,由醇类、酸类、酯类、酮类、吡嗪类化合物组成,而部分挥发性香气成分的相对含量变化有差异,其中2,3-丁二醇、2-庚醇、2-戊醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、苯乙醇、芳樟醇、乙酸、3-羟基-2-丁酮及2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪9种共有香气物质在不同基因型可可豆发酵过程中的相对含量变化存在显著差异;并且,主要香气成分与发酵时间存在一定相关性,其中2,3-丁二醇、乙酸、芳樟醇、3-羟基-2-丁酮与可可发酵时间呈正相关,3-甲基-1-丁醇、丁内酯、苯乙酮等香气物质与发酵时间呈负相关。不同基因型可可豆发酵过程中的香气成分组成及含量变化存在一定差异,且主要香气成分与发酵时间存在一定相关性。研究结果为优质可可新品种的选育及应用提供参考依据。
  • 海南省重点研发计划项目(ZDYF2021XDNY123)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFD1001200)
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2024年第45卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.03.014
  • 接收时间:2022-10-08
  • 首发时间:2026-06-26
  • 出版时间:2024-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-08
  • 修回日期:2022-12-22
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海南省重点研发计划项目(ZDYF2021XDNY123)
国家重点研发计划项目(2020YFD1001200)
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    1.海南大学林学院,海南海口 570228
    2.中国热带农业科学院香料饮料研究所/农业农村部香辛饮料作物遗传资源利用重点实验室/海南省热带香辛饮料作物遗传改良与品质调控重点实验室,海南万宁 571533

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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