Article(id=1277330232851956645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277330185204666919, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.03.019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1669046400000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-22, revisedDate=1672848000000, revisedDateStr=2023-01-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782468859159, onlineDateStr=2026-06-26, pubDate=1711296000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782468859159, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782468859159, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782468859159, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1277330185204666919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='3', pageStart='443', pageEnd='652', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1711296000000', pubDateStr='2024-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1782468847800, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782468948575, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1277330607961150151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277330185204666919, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1277330607961150152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277330185204666919, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=614, endPage=621, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1277330233925698471, articleId=1277330232851956645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Pathogen Identification and Fungicide Toxicity Test of Phytophthora Blight in Dendrobium kingianum, columnId=1236292524264968282, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Protection & Bio-safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Dendrobium kingianum belongs to Orchidaceae family, which is widely grown as an ornamental plant in China. In recent years, a blight disease in D. kingianum is observed in Guangdong province, China. This disease infects the stems and leaves of D. kingianum, causing brown rot and plant death. It has a serious impact on production. A fungus was isolated from the diseased plants of D. kingianum. The pathogenicity test showed that this fungus could infect healthy potted plants and cause the disease. The symptoms on inoculated plants were similar to field symptoms. Morphological characteristics of the fungus from the inoculated plants were consistent with that of the original fungus from field samples. The pathogen was identified by both morphological characteristics and β-tubulin (tub) gene sequence analysis. The morphological characteristics of the isolates were similar to Phytophthora palmivora. BLAST results showed both the sequences of two isolates in this study were 99% identical to the sequence of P. palmivora. In the maximum likelihood (ML) tree based on tub gene sequences, the strains in this study clustered with P. palmivora with 100% support. Therefore, P. palmivora was identified as the pathogen of Phytophthora blight on D. kingianum based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis. This is the first report of P. palmivora causing Phytophthora blight on D. kingianum in China and worldwide. The inhibitory effect of 10 fungicides on P. palmivora was determined using the mycelial growth rate method. The results showed that four fungicides, namely diacetylomyamide, dimethomorph, metalazepine and metalazepine · mancozeb, were the top four toxic to P. palmivora, and the EC50 value was 0.000 03 μg/mL, 0.0628 μg/mL, 0.2381 μg/mL and 0.5457 μg/mL, respectively. It was followed by chlorothalonil, pyrimethole and mancozeb, the EC50 was less than 10 μg/mL. However, the effect of downy mildew hydrochloride and triethylphosphonate was poor, and the EC50 was more than 100 μg/mL. Carbendazim showed no inhibitory effect, the EC50 was more than 1000 μg/mL. The result would provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of Phytophthora blight in Dendrobium.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jieying LIN, Haofang WU, Zhanglong MAI, Yunxia ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yunxia ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1277330237708960689, articleId=1277330232851956645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=澳洲石斛疫病病原菌的鉴定及其杀菌剂毒力测定, columnId=1236292524520820846, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=植物保护与生物安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

澳洲石斛(Dendrobium kingianum)属于兰科石斛属植物,在我国作为观赏植物被广泛种植。近年来,广东省澳洲石斛生产上发生一种疫病,该病害为害茎杆和叶片,引起受害部位变褐腐烂,植株死亡,对生产造成严重的影响。从发病的澳洲石斛上分离获得一种真菌,通过致病性测定显示,该菌可以侵染健康的澳洲石斛盆栽植株引起发病,表现出的症状与大田症状相似。从接种发病的植株上再次分离得到的菌株与接种菌的形态特征一致,说明原分离菌为引起澳洲石斛疫病的病原菌。通过形态学特征观察和β-微管蛋白基因(β-tubulin,tub)序列分析对分离菌株进行了鉴定。该菌株的形态学特征与棕榈疫霉(Phytophthora palmivora)基本一致。BLAST比对分析发现,本研究中的2个菌株(SHL918和SHL921)的tub基因序列与棕榈疫霉的相似性均为99%。在基于tub基因构建的系统发育树上,研究菌株与棕榈疫霉聚在同一分支上,支持率为100%。因此,结合形态学特征和系统发育分析将引起澳洲石斛疫病的病原菌鉴定为棕榈疫霉(P. palmivora)。棕榈疫霉侵染澳洲石斛引起疫病为首次报道。进一步采用菌丝生长速率法测定10种杀菌剂对澳洲石斛疫病病原菌的毒力作用,结果显示,双炔酰菌胺、烯酰吗啉、甲霜灵和精甲霜灵·代森锰锌4种杀菌剂对该病原菌的毒力较强,EC50分别为0.000 03、0.0628、0.2381、0.5457 μg/mL;其次是百菌清、嘧菌酯和代森锰锌,EC50均小于10 μg/mL;而霜霉威盐酸盐和三乙膦酸铝的抑制效果差,EC50均大于100 μg/mL;多菌灵对该病原菌基本无抑制作用,EC50大于1000 μg/mL。本研究结果可为澳洲石斛疫病的田间防治提供理论依据。

, authors=

林接英(1995—),女,硕士研究生,研究方向:植物保护。

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* 张云霞(ZHANG Yunxia),E-mail:
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A、B:大田受害叶片;C:大田受害茎秆;D、E:接种发病前期(7 d);F:接种发病后期(14 d);G~I:对照。

, figureFileSmall=IQL00PMEUOlwrUOrCgnOhA==, figureFileBig=9/Xv0S8SJzJGu8jd60jTEA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277330243325133785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330232851956645, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Morphological characteristics of pathogen of Phytophthora blight in D. kingianum, figureFileSmall=LQU1Ojp301qw4Wld5w8e/A==, figureFileBig=3f8GQUqL/1Cmqd0ogn3vJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277330243400631258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330232851956645, language=CN, label=图2, caption=澳洲石斛疫病病原菌的菌落及显微形态

A:菌落正面;B:菌落背面;C~E:孢子囊;F、G:厚垣孢子。

, figureFileSmall=LQU1Ojp301qw4Wld5w8e/A==, figureFileBig=3f8GQUqL/1Cmqd0ogn3vJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277330243471934427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330232851956645, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Maximum likehood phylogenetic tree based on tub sequence of P. palmivora, figureFileSmall=/7AY+A91UOpC0QGvKFUQtw==, figureFileBig=BpkDD+6YWs8inq91D0fPiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277330243622929372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330232851956645, language=CN, label=图3, caption=基于tub基因序列以最大似然法构建的棕榈疫霉系统发育树, figureFileSmall=/7AY+A91UOpC0QGvKFUQtw==, figureFileBig=BpkDD+6YWs8inq91D0fPiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277330243685843933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330232851956645, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Toxicity test of ten fungicides against P. palmivora of D. kingianum blight

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药剂Fungicide毒力回归方程Toxicity regression equation相关系数rEC50/(μg·mL–1)
23.4%双炔酰菌胺y=11.8644+1.5255x0.98080.000 03
50%烯酰吗啉y=5.9908+0.8293x0.98100.0628
35%甲霜灵y=5.7634+1.2249x0.98570.2381
68%精甲霜灵•代森锰锌y=5.3191+1.1416x0.99460.5457
75%百菌清y=4.7852+0.6344x0.98312.1811
50%嘧菌酯y=4.6314+0.4359x0.98117.0083
80%代森锰锌y=4.5151+0.5324x0.98108.1427
80%三乙膦酸铝y=3.8595+0.1880x0.9726445.1827
72.2%霜霉威盐酸盐y=4.4849+0.1924x0.9880475.1214
50%多菌灵y=3.9939+0.2700x0.98615321.3420
), ArticleFig(id=1277330243748758494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277330232851956645, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

10种药剂对澳洲石斛疫病病原菌的毒力测定

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药剂Fungicide毒力回归方程Toxicity regression equation相关系数rEC50/(μg·mL–1)
23.4%双炔酰菌胺y=11.8644+1.5255x0.98080.000 03
50%烯酰吗啉y=5.9908+0.8293x0.98100.0628
35%甲霜灵y=5.7634+1.2249x0.98570.2381
68%精甲霜灵•代森锰锌y=5.3191+1.1416x0.99460.5457
75%百菌清y=4.7852+0.6344x0.98312.1811
50%嘧菌酯y=4.6314+0.4359x0.98117.0083
80%代森锰锌y=4.5151+0.5324x0.98108.1427
80%三乙膦酸铝y=3.8595+0.1880x0.9726445.1827
72.2%霜霉威盐酸盐y=4.4849+0.1924x0.9880475.1214
50%多菌灵y=3.9939+0.2700x0.98615321.3420
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澳洲石斛疫病病原菌的鉴定及其杀菌剂毒力测定
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林接英 1, 2 , 吴浩芳 1 , 麦章龙 1 , 张云霞 1, 2, *
热带作物学报 | 植物保护与生物安全 2024,45(3): 614-621
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热带作物学报 |植物保护与生物安全 2024 , 45 (3) : 614 -621
澳洲石斛疫病病原菌的鉴定及其杀菌剂毒力测定
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林接英1, 2, 吴浩芳1, 麦章龙1, 张云霞1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.仲恺农业工程学院植物健康创新研究院,广东广州 510225
  • 2.农业农村部华南果蔬绿色防控重点实验室,广东广州 510225
通讯作者:
* 张云霞(ZHANG Yunxia),E-mail:
Pathogen Identification and Fungicide Toxicity Test of Phytophthora Blight in Dendrobium kingianum
Jieying LIN1, 2, Haofang WU1, Zhanglong MAI1, Yunxia ZHANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Innovative Institute for Plant Health, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
出版时间: 2024-03-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.03.019
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澳洲石斛(Dendrobium kingianum)属于兰科石斛属植物,在我国作为观赏植物被广泛种植。近年来,广东省澳洲石斛生产上发生一种疫病,该病害为害茎杆和叶片,引起受害部位变褐腐烂,植株死亡,对生产造成严重的影响。从发病的澳洲石斛上分离获得一种真菌,通过致病性测定显示,该菌可以侵染健康的澳洲石斛盆栽植株引起发病,表现出的症状与大田症状相似。从接种发病的植株上再次分离得到的菌株与接种菌的形态特征一致,说明原分离菌为引起澳洲石斛疫病的病原菌。通过形态学特征观察和β-微管蛋白基因(β-tubulin,tub)序列分析对分离菌株进行了鉴定。该菌株的形态学特征与棕榈疫霉(Phytophthora palmivora)基本一致。BLAST比对分析发现,本研究中的2个菌株(SHL918和SHL921)的tub基因序列与棕榈疫霉的相似性均为99%。在基于tub基因构建的系统发育树上,研究菌株与棕榈疫霉聚在同一分支上,支持率为100%。因此,结合形态学特征和系统发育分析将引起澳洲石斛疫病的病原菌鉴定为棕榈疫霉(P. palmivora)。棕榈疫霉侵染澳洲石斛引起疫病为首次报道。进一步采用菌丝生长速率法测定10种杀菌剂对澳洲石斛疫病病原菌的毒力作用,结果显示,双炔酰菌胺、烯酰吗啉、甲霜灵和精甲霜灵·代森锰锌4种杀菌剂对该病原菌的毒力较强,EC50分别为0.000 03、0.0628、0.2381、0.5457 μg/mL;其次是百菌清、嘧菌酯和代森锰锌,EC50均小于10 μg/mL;而霜霉威盐酸盐和三乙膦酸铝的抑制效果差,EC50均大于100 μg/mL;多菌灵对该病原菌基本无抑制作用,EC50大于1000 μg/mL。本研究结果可为澳洲石斛疫病的田间防治提供理论依据。

澳洲石斛  /  棕榈疫霉  /  毒力测定

Dendrobium kingianum belongs to Orchidaceae family, which is widely grown as an ornamental plant in China. In recent years, a blight disease in D. kingianum is observed in Guangdong province, China. This disease infects the stems and leaves of D. kingianum, causing brown rot and plant death. It has a serious impact on production. A fungus was isolated from the diseased plants of D. kingianum. The pathogenicity test showed that this fungus could infect healthy potted plants and cause the disease. The symptoms on inoculated plants were similar to field symptoms. Morphological characteristics of the fungus from the inoculated plants were consistent with that of the original fungus from field samples. The pathogen was identified by both morphological characteristics and β-tubulin (tub) gene sequence analysis. The morphological characteristics of the isolates were similar to Phytophthora palmivora. BLAST results showed both the sequences of two isolates in this study were 99% identical to the sequence of P. palmivora. In the maximum likelihood (ML) tree based on tub gene sequences, the strains in this study clustered with P. palmivora with 100% support. Therefore, P. palmivora was identified as the pathogen of Phytophthora blight on D. kingianum based on morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis. This is the first report of P. palmivora causing Phytophthora blight on D. kingianum in China and worldwide. The inhibitory effect of 10 fungicides on P. palmivora was determined using the mycelial growth rate method. The results showed that four fungicides, namely diacetylomyamide, dimethomorph, metalazepine and metalazepine · mancozeb, were the top four toxic to P. palmivora, and the EC50 value was 0.000 03 μg/mL, 0.0628 μg/mL, 0.2381 μg/mL and 0.5457 μg/mL, respectively. It was followed by chlorothalonil, pyrimethole and mancozeb, the EC50 was less than 10 μg/mL. However, the effect of downy mildew hydrochloride and triethylphosphonate was poor, and the EC50 was more than 100 μg/mL. Carbendazim showed no inhibitory effect, the EC50 was more than 1000 μg/mL. The result would provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of Phytophthora blight in Dendrobium.

Dendrobium kingianum  /  Phytoppthora palmivora  /  toxicity test
林接英, 吴浩芳, 麦章龙, 张云霞. 澳洲石斛疫病病原菌的鉴定及其杀菌剂毒力测定. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (3) : 614 -621 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.03.019
Jieying LIN, Haofang WU, Zhanglong MAI, Yunxia ZHANG. Pathogen Identification and Fungicide Toxicity Test of Phytophthora Blight in Dendrobium kingianum[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (3) : 614 -621 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.03.019
石斛属(Dendrobium)是兰科植物第二大属[1]。我国石斛兰资源丰富,主要分布在华南、西南和台湾等地区[2]。石斛分为观赏石斛和药用石斛[3],澳洲石斛(D. kingianum)属于观赏石斛,原产于澳大利亚,随国外观赏洋兰的引进和推广而逐渐进入我国兰花市场[4]。因其花型小、色彩绚丽和长势强,近年来越来越受到国内花卉爱好者喜爱,成为最具观赏性的花卉种类之一[5]
然而,病害是限制石斛兰生产,影响其观赏价值和经济价值的重要因素之一。目前,国内外已报道的石斛(Dendrobium spp.)植物主要病害有镰刀菌(Fuarium spp.)引起的茎腐病、齐整小核菌(Sclerotium rolsii)引起的白绢病、棕榈疫霉(Phytophthora palmivora)引起的疫病[6]、终极腐霉(Pythium ultimum)引起的黑腐病[7]和炭疽菌(Colletotrichum spp.)引起的炭疽病[6]等。其中,根茎部病害对其生产影响较大。王国荣等[8]对浙江省杭州市铁皮石斛(D. officinale)上发生的2种茎腐病进行了研究,结合形态学特征和rDNA-ITS基因序列分析,明确其病原菌为齐整小核菌(S. rolsii)和尖孢镰刀菌(F. oxysporum),2种病害的发病率达到30%以上。曹瑱艳等[9]对浙江省金华市发生的铁皮石斛根腐病菌进行了研究,结果发现厚垣镰刀菌(F. chlamydosporum)是其主要病原菌。李梦娇[10]将云南铁皮石斛茎腐病的病原菌鉴定为尖孢镰刀菌,该病害在云南的发病率在20%以上。但是,以上相关病害的报道主要集中在铁皮石斛和金钗石斛等药用石斛上。目前,尚无澳洲石斛相关病害的报道。
近年来,笔者在病害调查中发现,广东某花场的澳洲石斛病害发生严重,受害植株叶片初期呈水渍状,叶片和茎基部腐烂,后期干枯死亡,发病率达20%。为明确该病害的病原菌种类,为病害防控提供理论依据,本研究对其病原菌进行了鉴定,并针对病原菌进行了杀菌剂的室内筛选。
发病的澳洲石斛采自广东某花场,接种植株为健康的澳洲石斛。
马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)培养基[11]、马铃薯葡萄糖(PD)培养液[12]、水琼脂(WA)培养基[13]和V8培养基[14]。采用PDA培养基进行菌株分离、菌种保存和菌落形态观察,采用WA培养基纯化菌株,采用V8培养基诱导疫霉孢子囊和厚垣孢子,采用PD培养液培养接种菌[15]
供试杀菌剂共10种,分别为:80%代森锰锌WP(美国陶氏益农公司),78%百菌清WP[先正达(苏州)作物保护有限公司],50%嘧菌酯WG(河北冠龙农化有限公司),80%三乙膦酸铝WP(利民化学有限责任公司),68%精甲霜灵•代森锰锌WG(瑞士先正达作物保护有限公司),35%甲霜灵WP(浙江禾本科技有限公司),23.4%双炔酰菌胺SC(宁波石原金牛农业科技有限公司),50%烯酰吗啉WG(河北冠龙农化有限公司),72.2%霜霉威盐酸盐AS[拜耳作物科学(中国)有限公司],50%多菌灵WP(上海悦联化工有限公司)。
(1)病原菌的分离。采用常规组织分离法[8]。取发病植株的叶和茎秆,冲洗晾干,在病健交界处切取约5 mm×5 mm的小块,75%乙醇消毒10~20 s,2.5%次氯酸钠溶液消毒10~20 s,无菌水漂洗3次,最后用无菌滤纸吸干组织块表面的水分,移至PDA平板上,于25 ℃恒温培养。
(2)菌株的纯化。采用顶端菌丝法[8]。待菌落长出后,挑取边缘的顶端菌丝移至新的PDA平板上。培养2~3 d后,取少量菌丝在WA培养基上培养1 d,于显微镜下再次切取顶端菌丝,移至新的WA平板上培养1 d,再切取顶端菌丝。重复3次,获得纯化菌株,于13 ℃冰箱保存备用。
(3)菌落形态特征观察。纯化菌株转接至PDA平板上置于26 ℃下培养,12 h光照/12 h黑暗循环交替。分别于第3天和第5天测量菌落直径,拍照并记录菌落形态特征[15]
(4)显微形态特征观察。纯化菌株转接至V8平板上置于26 ℃、12 h光照/12 h黑暗循环交替培养。5 d后观察孢子囊及厚垣孢子形态并测量大小,孢子囊及厚垣孢子各测30个[15]
(1)真菌基因组DNA的提取。纯化菌株转接至PDA平板上培养4 d,收集菌丝,采用CTAB法提取菌株基因组DNA。
(2)PCR扩增和测序。采用TUBUF2和TUBUR1引物对β-tubulin(tub)基因进行扩增[16]。PCR反应程序为:95 ℃预热3 min;94 ℃变性30 s,56 ℃退火45 s,72 ℃延伸1 min,循环35次;72 ℃终延伸10 min,于17 ℃保存。PCR产物送至广州天一辉远基因科技有限公司测序,将测序结果输入NCBI数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)进行同源性比对。
(3)系统发育树的构建。从NCBI网上下载可信度高的相关序列,在MAFFT网站(https://mafft.cbrc.jp/)进行序列比对,采用BioEdit软件进行序列剪切。以Pythium aphanidermatum作为外群,在CIPRES网站(http://www.phylo.org/)用RAxML-HPC2 on XSEDE(8.2.8)工具采用最大似然法(maximum likehood, ML)构建系统发育树,设1000次重复。
纯化菌株转接至PD培养液中震荡培养4 d,过滤得到菌丝,配置成3%(m/V)的菌丝悬浮液用于接种。从心叶部位浇注2 mL菌丝悬浮液,套袋保湿2 d。以接种无菌水作为对照(CK)。每个处理重复3盆。接种植株置于25 ℃植物培养室中培养,观察并记录发病情况。
(1)含毒培养基的配置。根据杀菌剂的推荐浓度进行预实验。在预实验的基础上,选择各药剂对病原菌菌丝生长抑制率在10%~90%范围内的浓度;每种杀菌剂按等比设置5个浓度梯度。按杀菌剂的有效成分含量分别用无菌水稀释成一定浓度梯度的母液,在PDA培养基中加入已配制好的杀菌剂母液,制成不同浓度梯度的含药平板。在PDA培养基中加入等量的无菌水作为空白对照。
(2)菌丝生长速率的测定。菌株转接至PDA平板培养5 d,用打孔器(d=6 mm)在菌落边缘打取菌饼,移至含药平板的中央,每个浓度3个重复。培养皿置于26 ℃下培养。待对照菌落长满培养皿时,采用“十”字交叉法测量菌落直径,计算平均值。按以下公式计算抑菌率:抑菌率=[(对照菌落直径-处理菌落直径)/(对照菌落直径-菌饼直径)]×100%;再算出每种药剂的有效浓度,每种药剂使用抑菌率和有效浓度2组数据在DPS统计分析软件进行数值型数据机值分析,求出10种药剂的毒力回归方程、致死中浓度(EC50)和相关系数(r)。
该病害主要为害植株的茎杆和叶片。受害茎秆变褐,软腐,逐渐向上向下扩展,后期皱缩。感病叶片初期为水渍状、暗绿色湿腐,后期叶片干枯脱落,植株死亡(图1A~图1C)。
接种植株7 d后开始发病,新叶接种部位初期水渍状,逐渐变褐色,而后扩展成湿腐状;发病部位沿叶片向下扩展,茎秆逐渐变褐,软腐(图1D图1E)。接种14 d左右,叶片干枯,茎秆皱缩,后期植株死亡(图1F)。对照植株未表现症状(图1G~图1I)。
在PDA培养基上澳洲石斛疫病病原菌的菌落呈圆形(图2A图2B),白色,絮状,边缘整齐,生长速率为6~7 mm/d。孢子囊倒梨形(图2C~图2E),多顶生,具有明显乳突,大小为(39~80)μm×(23~40)μm(平均大小为59 μm×31 μm);厚垣孢子无色,近圆形,顶生或间生(图2F图2G),直径为25~43 μm(平均大小为33 μm)。该病原菌的形态特征与郑小波[17]描述的棕榈疫霉(P. palmivora)基本一致。
采用引物TUBUF2和TUBUR1进行tub基因片段扩增,得到约900 bp的产物。将产物进行测序,获得的序列在NCBI网站进行BLAST比对分析,发现供试病原菌菌株(NCBI登录号OP404090和OP404091)与P. palmivora(NCBI登录号MAFF235788)的相似度为99%。
利用NCBI上下载的菌株和供试病原菌菌株基于tub基因构建ML系统发育树[16],结果显示,供试病原菌的2个菌株SHL918、SHL921与P. palmivora位于同一分支,支持率为100%,亲缘关系较近(图3)。
因此,根据形态学特征和系统发育分析,将引起澳洲石斛疫病的病原菌鉴定为棕榈疫霉(P. palmivora)。
毒力测定结果表明,供试的10种杀菌剂中以双炔酰菌胺、烯酰吗啉、甲霜灵和精甲霜灵•代森锰锌4种杀菌剂对澳洲石斛疫病病原菌棕榈疫霉的毒力较高,EC50分别为0.000 03、0.0628、0.2381、0.5457 μg/mL;其次是百菌清、嘧菌酯和代森锰锌,EC50分别为2.1811、7.0083、8.1427 μg/mL。而霜霉威盐酸盐和三乙膦酸铝的抑制效果差,EC50均大于100 μg/mL;多菌灵基本无抑制作用,EC50大于1000 μg/mL。10种药剂的相关系数范围在0.9726~0.9946之间,说明药剂浓度与抑制作用呈显著正相关(表1)。
在形态学特征观察的基础上,结合tub基因的系统发育分析,将引起澳洲石斛疫病的病原菌鉴定为棕榈疫霉(P. palmivora)。棕榈疫霉侵染澳洲石斛引起疫病为首次报道。石斛属植物疫病已有相关研究,病原物多为烟草疫霉(P. nicotianae)。李静等[18]和王晓阳[19]分别对浙江铁皮石斛(D. candidum)和广东金钗石斛(D. nobile)发生的疫病进行了研究,发现其病原菌均为烟草疫霉(P. nicotianae)。TAO等[20]将云南思茅的4种石斛植物(D. thyrsiflorumD. chrysanthum、D. aurantiacumD. chrysotoxum)的疫霉病菌也鉴定为烟草疫霉而李梦娇[10]结合形态学特征和ITS序列分析发现,引起云南德宏铁皮石斛(D. candidum)疫病的病原菌为棕榈疫霉。但是,目前尚无棕榈疫霉侵染澳洲石斛的报道。
棕榈疫霉(P. palmivora)属于卵菌门(Oomycota)霜霉科(Peronosporaceae)疫霉属(Phytophthora)。该菌是一种重要的植物病原菌,主要分布在热带和亚热带地区,寄主范围广,包括果树、蔬菜和观赏植物等170余种植物[21]。棕榈疫霉能侵染植物的根、茎、叶和花等各部位,引起根茎腐、叶片凋萎或脱落,严重时导致植株死亡,给生产带来重大损失。据报道,棕榈疫霉能侵染榴莲(Durio zibethinus)的各个部位,引起根腐、茎枯和果腐等,在东南亚国家造成的经济损失达10亿美元[22]。该菌还可以侵染可可(Theobroma cacao)引起黑果病,该病害每年在全球造成的产量损失在20%~30%之间[23]。棕榈疫霉也是观赏植物上的重要病原菌。油棕(Elaeis guineensis)芽腐病是由该菌引起的一种毁灭性的病害,2016年该病害在哥伦比亚爆发,造成的经济损失达2.5×108美元[22]。该菌还能侵染米兰(Aglaia odorata)、蝶兰(Phalaenopsis wilsonii)、丝兰属(Yucca sp.)和长寿花(Kalanchoe blossfeldiana)等10余种观赏植物[17,24-25]。本课题组在广东发现的澳洲石斛疫病,为害严重时可导致植株死亡,发病率达20%。由于棕榈疫霉在生产上的危害性,因此应对该病害引起重视。
进一步选用10种杀菌剂对澳洲石斛疫霉病病原菌棕榈疫霉进行室内毒力测定发现,双炔酰菌胺、烯酰吗啉、甲霜灵和精甲霜灵•代森锰锌4种杀菌剂对其毒力较强,研究结果可为石斛兰疫病的田间防控提供理论依据。程东美等[26]对棕榈疫霉引起的一品红疫病进行了室内毒力测定和田间防效试验,发现双炔酰菌胺和精甲霜·锰锌具有较好的室内毒力和大田防效,而三乙膦酸铝、霜霉威和多菌灵的抑菌效果较差。王自然等[27]研究发现50%烯酰吗啉和68%精甲霜•锰锌对引起柠檬苗疫病的棕榈疫霉抑菌效果较好。本研究结果与以上研究基本一致。但是,由于杀菌剂的室内毒力测定结果不能完全反映其大田防效,因此,本研究筛选出的4种杀菌剂的田间防效还需进一步的大田验证。
  • 广东省现代农业产业技术体系花卉创新团队病害防控岗位项目(2022KJ121)
  • 广东省教育厅特色创新项目(2021KTSCX045)
  • 广东省科技创新战略专项重点领域研发项目(2018B020205003)
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2024年第45卷第3期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.03.019
  • 接收时间:2022-11-22
  • 首发时间:2026-06-26
  • 出版时间:2024-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-22
  • 修回日期:2023-01-05
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广东省现代农业产业技术体系花卉创新团队病害防控岗位项目(2022KJ121)
广东省教育厅特色创新项目(2021KTSCX045)
广东省科技创新战略专项重点领域研发项目(2018B020205003)
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    1.仲恺农业工程学院植物健康创新研究院,广东广州 510225
    2.农业农村部华南果蔬绿色防控重点实验室,广东广州 510225

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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