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Article(id=1277293319138963626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277293236137890180, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.11.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715875200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-17, revisedDate=1716566400000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782460058244, onlineDateStr=2026-06-26, pubDate=1732464000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782460058244, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782460058244, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782460058244, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1277293236137890180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='11', pageStart='2243', pageEnd='2486', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1732464000000', pubDateStr='2024-11-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782460038455, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782815269280, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1278783182988358204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277293236137890180, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1278783182988358205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277293236137890180, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2362, endPage=2370, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1277293319449342124, articleId=1277293319138963626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Comprehensive Evaluation of Soil Physico-chemical Properties in the Macadamia Orchard under Different Sod-cultural Practices Based on Membership Function Method, columnId=1236256434120348225, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Plant Cultivation, Physiology & Biochemistry, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To clarify the impact of sod-cultural practices on the soil physico-chemical properties in Macadamia orchards, suitable local grass cultivation models were selected. Five common grass species in orchards (Vicia villosa, Trifolium repens, Lolium multiflorum, Vulpia myuros, and Raphanus sativus) were selected in the study with clear tillage as the control to analyze the differences in soil moisture content, temperature, physical properties, nutrients, and fertility among different treatments in orchards. The membership function method was used for comprehensive evaluation. Sod-cultural practices could effectively increase the surface soil moisture content, which was 8.7%~24.0% higher than that of the clear tillage control. Meanwhile, sod-cultural practices could reduce the surface soil temperature of orchards by 7.6% to 16.8%. Compared with tillage, the average soil bulk density in the sod-cultural practice areas decreased by 11.7%. In terms of soil nutrients, sod-cultural practice areas significantly increased the soil organic matter content, with T. repens having the highest soil organic matter content, reaching 32.0 g/kg. Leguminous and cruciferous grass species could significantly increase the soil available nutrient content, while poaceae grass species showed no significant improvement. The soil comprehensive fertility coefficient of the cultivation modes of V. villosa, T. repens, and R. sativus showed the best performance, increased by 51.5%, 49.2%, and 45.4% respectively compared to the clear tillage control. The evaluation of orchard soil fertility could reach a fertile level. The optimal grass cultivation mode obtained using the membership function method was V. villosa. Comprehensive evaluation of the four physical and chemical indicators of soil moisture content, bulk density, temperature, and fertility in each treated orchard by the membership function method revealed the cultivation mode of V. villosa performed the best.

, authors=null, authorsList=Chunheng ZHOU, Wenlin WANG, Shufang ZHENG, Zhenshi QIN, Qiujin TAN, Xiyun HUANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qiujin TAN, Xiyun HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1277293320716021944, articleId=1277293319138963626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=基于隶属函数法的不同生草栽培模式下澳洲坚果果园土壤理化性质综合评价, columnId=1236256434313286224, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=作物栽培与生理生化, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为明确生草栽培对澳洲坚果果园土壤理化性质的影响，筛选出适宜当地的生草栽培模式。本研究选择5种果园常见生草草种（光叶紫花苕子、白三叶、一年生黑麦草、鼠茅草、肥田萝卜），以清耕为对照，分析不同处理间果园土壤含水量、温度、物理性质、养分及肥力差异，并运用隶属函数法进行综合评价。结果表明，生草栽培能有效增加表层土壤含水量，相较对照增加8.7%~24.0%。同时，生草栽培能降低果园表层土壤温度，降低幅度达7.6%~16.8%。与对照相比，生草栽培区土壤容重平均降低11.7%。在土壤养分方面，生草栽培区显著提升了土壤有机质含量，其中白三叶土壤有机质含量最高，达到32.0 g/kg，豆科草种与十字花科草种能显著增加土壤速效养分含量，禾本科草种则表现不明显。光叶紫花苕子、白三叶、肥田萝卜生草栽培模式的土壤综合肥力系数表现最好，分别比对照增加了51.5%、49.2%、45.4%，果园土壤肥力评价可达肥沃级别。利用隶属函数法对各处理的果园土壤的含水量、容重、温度、肥力共4个理化指标进行综合评价，光叶紫花苕子栽培模式表现最佳。

, authors=

周春衡（1997—），男，硕士，研究方向：果树生态栽培。

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* 谭秋锦（TAN Qiujin），E-mail：
黄锡云（HUANG Xiyun），E-mail：。
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周春衡（1997—），男，硕士，研究方向：果树生态栽培。

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周春衡（1997—），男，硕士，研究方向：果树生态栽培。

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Performance of several cover crops and their effects on soils in Longan orchards[D]. Nanning: Guangxi University, 2019. 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Soil physical and chemical properties and fruit quality with grass cover in a Myrica rubra orchard[J]. Journal of Zhejiang A & F University, 2011, 28(6): 850-854. 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Field Crops Research, 2014, 164(1): 45-53., articleTitle=Carbon and nitrogen responses of three old world bluestems to nitrogen fertilization or inclusion of a legume, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1277293341456855348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293319138963626, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=59, authorNames=司莉青, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=司莉青. 黑麦草与两种豆科牧草不同种植模式下元素计量特征研究[D]. 北京: 北京林业大学, 2021., articleTitle=黑麦草与两种豆科牧草不同种植模式下元素计量特征研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1277293341528158517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293319138963626, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=60, authorNames=SI L Q, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SI L Q. Elemental stoichiometry characteristics of ryegrass and two leguminous forages under different planting modes[D]. Beijing: Beijing Forestry University, 2021. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Elemental stoichiometry characteristics of ryegrass and two leguminous forages under different planting modes, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1277293333059858678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293319138963626, awardId=2022YFF1300705, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF1300705), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1277293333139550455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293319138963626, awardId=桂科AC23026001, language=CN, fundingSource=广西技术创新引导专项项目(桂科AC23026001), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1277293333206659320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293319138963626, awardId=崇科攻2021ZC19, language=CN, fundingSource=崇左市科技计划项目(崇科攻2021ZC19), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1277293320967680186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293319138963626, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277293320976068795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293319138963626, companyId=1277293320967680186, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Guangxi South Subtropical Agricultural Science Research Institute, Longzhou, Guangxi 532415, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277293320992846012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293319138963626, companyId=1277293320967680186, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=广西南亚热带农业科学研究所，广西龙州　532415)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1277293331650572518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293319138963626, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Soil moisture content of different grass cultivation modes in Macadamia orchards

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference among treatments (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=LUJyGZ8sp/a3DH7vfBgp9A==, figureFileBig=k1rMm3T67sr51kxTBtmIFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277293331734458599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293319138963626, language=CN, label=图1, caption=澳洲坚果果园不同生草栽培模式土壤含水量

不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著（P<0.05）。

, figureFileSmall=LUJyGZ8sp/a3DH7vfBgp9A==, figureFileBig=k1rMm3T67sr51kxTBtmIFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277293331944173800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293319138963626, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Surface soil temperature variation curves of different grass cultivation modes in Macadamia orchards, figureFileSmall=32AfAxcr5BsPy3Z0END2oQ==, figureFileBig=VKjoWp5GXnJPu3pGDjbGOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277293332032254185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293319138963626, language=CN, label=图2, caption=澳洲坚果果园不同生草栽培模式地表土壤温度变化曲线, figureFileSmall=32AfAxcr5BsPy3Z0END2oQ==, figureFileBig=VKjoWp5GXnJPu3pGDjbGOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277293332120334570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293319138963626, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Effect of different grass cultivation modes on soil nutrients in Macadamia orchards

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference among treatments (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=W0Sg9+k/D5eul1OB0HiiAg==, figureFileBig=wC+baOaobrWPvZTBJKkXsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277293332195832043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293319138963626, language=CN, label=图3, caption=澳洲坚果果园不同生草栽培模式土壤养分影响

不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著（P<0.05）。

, figureFileSmall=W0Sg9+k/D5eul1OB0HiiAg==, figureFileBig=wC+baOaobrWPvZTBJKkXsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277293332267135212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293319138963626, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Classification standard of soil properties

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分级Grade有机质Organic matter/(g·kg-1)全氮Total nitrogen/(g·kg-1)速效磷Available phosphorus/(mg·kg-1)速效钾Available potassium/(mg·kg-1)
下限xa60.51030
拐点xc201.020100
上限xp402.040200
), ArticleFig(id=1277293332342632685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293319138963626, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

土壤各属性分级标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分级Grade有机质Organic matter/(g·kg-1)全氮Total nitrogen/(g·kg-1)速效磷Available phosphorus/(mg·kg-1)速效钾Available potassium/(mg·kg-1)
下限xa60.51030
拐点xc201.020100
上限xp402.040200
), ArticleFig(id=1277293332439101678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293319138963626, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Surface soil temperature under different grass cultivation modes in Macadamia orchards

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment最大值Maxiumun/℃最小值Minimum/℃地表土壤温度Surface soil temperature/℃标准差SD/℃变异系数CV/%
光叶紫花苕子Vicia villosa33.726.729.7±2.1bc2.16.9
白三叶Trifolium repens31.326.328.9±1.4cd1.45.0
一年生黑麦草Lolium multiflorum33.425.729.5±2.6bc2.68.9
鼠茅草Vulpia myuros30.726.428.4±1.2d1.24.1
肥田萝卜Raphanus sativus34.126.430.2±2.7b2.78.9
CK36.928.332.3±2.3a2.37.1
), ArticleFig(id=1277293332510404847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293319138963626, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

澳洲坚果果园不同生草栽培模式地表土壤温度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment最大值Maxiumun/℃最小值Minimum/℃地表土壤温度Surface soil temperature/℃标准差SD/℃变异系数CV/%
光叶紫花苕子Vicia villosa33.726.729.7±2.1bc2.16.9
白三叶Trifolium repens31.326.328.9±1.4cd1.45.0
一年生黑麦草Lolium multiflorum33.425.729.5±2.6bc2.68.9
鼠茅草Vulpia myuros30.726.428.4±1.2d1.24.1
肥田萝卜Raphanus sativus34.126.430.2±2.7b2.78.9
CK36.928.332.3±2.3a2.37.1
), ArticleFig(id=1277293332577513712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293319138963626, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Soil physical properties of different grass cultivation modes in Macadamia orchards

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment容重Bulk density/(g·cm-3)pH含量Content/%质地名称Texture name
砂粒Sand particle粉(砂)粒Powder (sand) particle粘粒Clay particle
光叶紫花苕子Vicia villosa1.10b5.3b13.2217.1569.63粘土
白三叶Trifolium repens1.09b5.6a11.7015.4072.90粘土
1年生黑麦草Lolium multiflorum1.07b5.1c12.4218.8468.74粘土
鼠茅草Vulpia myuros1.04c5.6a13.4318.1868.39粘土
肥田萝卜Raphanus sativus1.00d5.3b14.7217.7967.48粘土
CK1.20a5.4b11.3414.3674.30粘土
), ArticleFig(id=1277293332648816881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293319138963626, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

澳洲坚果果园不同生草栽培模式土壤物理性状

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment容重Bulk density/(g·cm-3)pH含量Content/%质地名称Texture name
砂粒Sand particle粉(砂)粒Powder (sand) particle粘粒Clay particle
光叶紫花苕子Vicia villosa1.10b5.3b13.2217.1569.63粘土
白三叶Trifolium repens1.09b5.6a11.7015.4072.90粘土
1年生黑麦草Lolium multiflorum1.07b5.1c12.4218.8468.74粘土
鼠茅草Vulpia myuros1.04c5.6a13.4318.1868.39粘土
肥田萝卜Raphanus sativus1.00d5.3b14.7217.7967.48粘土
CK1.20a5.4b11.3414.3674.30粘土
), ArticleFig(id=1277293332732702962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293319138963626, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=

Soil fertility coefficient and comprehensive fertility coefficient of different grass cultivation modes in Macadamia orchards

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理TreatmentIFIiIFII肥力评价Fertility evaluation
有机质Organic matter全氮Total nitrogen速效磷Available phosphorus速效钾Available potassium
光叶紫花苕子Vicia villosa2.503.002.552.981.97肥沃
白三叶Trifolium repens2.602.762.532.631.94肥沃
一年生黑麦草Lolium multiflorum2.382.560.982.531.24一般
鼠茅草Vulpia myuros2.372.631.052.801.30一般
肥田萝卜Raphanus sativus2.572.562.413.001.89肥沃
CK2.352.601.212.401.30一般
), ArticleFig(id=1277293332829171955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293319138963626, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

澳洲坚果果园不同生草栽培模式土壤肥力系数和综合肥力系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理TreatmentIFIiIFII肥力评价Fertility evaluation
有机质Organic matter全氮Total nitrogen速效磷Available phosphorus速效钾Available potassium
光叶紫花苕子Vicia villosa2.503.002.552.981.97肥沃
白三叶Trifolium repens2.602.762.532.631.94肥沃
一年生黑麦草Lolium multiflorum2.382.560.982.531.24一般
鼠茅草Vulpia myuros2.372.631.052.801.30一般
肥田萝卜Raphanus sativus2.572.562.413.001.89肥沃
CK2.352.601.212.401.30一般
), ArticleFig(id=1277293332896280820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293319138963626, language=EN, label=Tab. 5, caption=

Membership function values and comprehensive evaluation of soil physic-chemical indicators in Macadamia orchards under different sod-cultural practices

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment土壤含水量Soil moisture content土壤容重Soil bulk density土壤温度Soil temperature土壤肥力Soil fertility综合评价值Comprehensive evaluation value排序Rank
光叶紫花苕子Vicia villosa1.000.500.671.000.791
白三叶Trifolium repens0.520.550.870.960.722
1年生黑麦草Lolium multiflorum0.810.650.720.000.555
鼠茅草Vulpia myuros0.610.801.000.080.624
肥田萝卜Raphanus sativus0.361.000.540.890.703
CK0.000.000.000.080.026
), ArticleFig(id=1277293332967583989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293319138963626, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同生草栽培模式下澳洲坚果果园土壤理化指标的隶属函数值及综合评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
处理Treatment土壤含水量Soil moisture content土壤容重Soil bulk density土壤温度Soil temperature土壤肥力Soil fertility综合评价值Comprehensive evaluation value排序Rank
光叶紫花苕子Vicia villosa1.000.500.671.000.791
白三叶Trifolium repens0.520.550.870.960.722
1年生黑麦草Lolium multiflorum0.810.650.720.000.555
鼠茅草Vulpia myuros0.610.801.000.080.624
肥田萝卜Raphanus sativus0.361.000.540.890.703
CK0.000.000.000.080.026
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基于隶属函数法的不同生草栽培模式下澳洲坚果果园土壤理化性质综合评价
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周春衡 , 王文林 , 郑树芳 , 覃振师 , 谭秋锦 * , 黄锡云 *
热带作物学报 | 作物栽培与生理生化 2024,45(11): 2362-2370
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热带作物学报 |作物栽培与生理生化 2024 , 45 (11) : 2362 -2370
基于隶属函数法的不同生草栽培模式下澳洲坚果果园土壤理化性质综合评价
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周春衡, 王文林, 郑树芳, 覃振师, 谭秋锦* , 黄锡云*
作者信息
  • 广西南亚热带农业科学研究所，广西龙州　532415
通讯作者:
* 谭秋锦（TAN Qiujin），E-mail：
黄锡云（HUANG Xiyun），E-mail：。
Comprehensive Evaluation of Soil Physico-chemical Properties in the Macadamia Orchard under Different Sod-cultural Practices Based on Membership Function Method
Chunheng ZHOU, Wenlin WANG, Shufang ZHENG, Zhenshi QIN, Qiujin TAN* , Xiyun HUANG*
Affiliations
  • Guangxi South Subtropical Agricultural Science Research Institute, Longzhou, Guangxi 532415, China
出版时间: 2024-11-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.11.014
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摘要
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为明确生草栽培对澳洲坚果果园土壤理化性质的影响，筛选出适宜当地的生草栽培模式。本研究选择5种果园常见生草草种（光叶紫花苕子、白三叶、一年生黑麦草、鼠茅草、肥田萝卜），以清耕为对照，分析不同处理间果园土壤含水量、温度、物理性质、养分及肥力差异，并运用隶属函数法进行综合评价。结果表明，生草栽培能有效增加表层土壤含水量，相较对照增加8.7%~24.0%。同时，生草栽培能降低果园表层土壤温度，降低幅度达7.6%~16.8%。与对照相比，生草栽培区土壤容重平均降低11.7%。在土壤养分方面，生草栽培区显著提升了土壤有机质含量，其中白三叶土壤有机质含量最高，达到32.0 g/kg，豆科草种与十字花科草种能显著增加土壤速效养分含量，禾本科草种则表现不明显。光叶紫花苕子、白三叶、肥田萝卜生草栽培模式的土壤综合肥力系数表现最好，分别比对照增加了51.5%、49.2%、45.4%，果园土壤肥力评价可达肥沃级别。利用隶属函数法对各处理的果园土壤的含水量、容重、温度、肥力共4个理化指标进行综合评价，光叶紫花苕子栽培模式表现最佳。

澳洲坚果  /  生草栽培  /  土壤理化性质  /  隶属函数法  /  综合评价

To clarify the impact of sod-cultural practices on the soil physico-chemical properties in Macadamia orchards, suitable local grass cultivation models were selected. Five common grass species in orchards (Vicia villosa, Trifolium repens, Lolium multiflorum, Vulpia myuros, and Raphanus sativus) were selected in the study with clear tillage as the control to analyze the differences in soil moisture content, temperature, physical properties, nutrients, and fertility among different treatments in orchards. The membership function method was used for comprehensive evaluation. Sod-cultural practices could effectively increase the surface soil moisture content, which was 8.7%~24.0% higher than that of the clear tillage control. Meanwhile, sod-cultural practices could reduce the surface soil temperature of orchards by 7.6% to 16.8%. Compared with tillage, the average soil bulk density in the sod-cultural practice areas decreased by 11.7%. In terms of soil nutrients, sod-cultural practice areas significantly increased the soil organic matter content, with T. repens having the highest soil organic matter content, reaching 32.0 g/kg. Leguminous and cruciferous grass species could significantly increase the soil available nutrient content, while poaceae grass species showed no significant improvement. The soil comprehensive fertility coefficient of the cultivation modes of V. villosa, T. repens, and R. sativus showed the best performance, increased by 51.5%, 49.2%, and 45.4% respectively compared to the clear tillage control. The evaluation of orchard soil fertility could reach a fertile level. The optimal grass cultivation mode obtained using the membership function method was V. villosa. Comprehensive evaluation of the four physical and chemical indicators of soil moisture content, bulk density, temperature, and fertility in each treated orchard by the membership function method revealed the cultivation mode of V. villosa performed the best.

Macadamia  /  sod-cultural practices  /  soil physico-chemical properties  /  membership function method  /  comprehensive evaluation
周春衡, 王文林, 郑树芳, 覃振师, 谭秋锦, 黄锡云. 基于隶属函数法的不同生草栽培模式下澳洲坚果果园土壤理化性质综合评价. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (11) : 2362 -2370 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.11.014
Chunheng ZHOU, Wenlin WANG, Shufang ZHENG, Zhenshi QIN, Qiujin TAN, Xiyun HUANG. Comprehensive Evaluation of Soil Physico-chemical Properties in the Macadamia Orchard under Different Sod-cultural Practices Based on Membership Function Method[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (11) : 2362 -2370 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.11.014
正文
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澳洲坚果（Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche）别名昆士兰栗、澳洲胡桃、夏威夷果、昆士兰果，系山龙眼科澳洲坚果属多年生常绿果树，原产于澳大利亚昆士兰东南部和新南威尔士东北部沿岸的亚热带雨林地区[1]。其营养丰富，具有调节血脂等功能，素有“干果皇后”的美称[2-3]。澳洲坚果是我国重要的木本油料树种，广西从20世纪70年代开始商业化引种澳洲坚果，是国内最早开始商业化种植的省区之一，经过40多年的发展，目前广西种植面积已超过1.4万hm2，位居全国第二[4]。果园的土壤管理方式是果树栽培的重要技术，健康的土壤是果园高质量生产的重要基础，科学合理的现代化果园土壤管理方式可以维持和提升果园的土壤健康水平，不仅在提升土壤肥力、病虫害防控等方面成效显著，且对果园生态环境更加友好[5-6]。澳洲坚果在广西虽已有几十年的种植历史，但仍属新兴产业，相关配套技术尚不成熟。目前广西澳洲坚果果园主要采用“清耕法”进行果园栽培管理，“清耕法”在短期控制果园杂草危害效果上表现较好，但长期清耕必将导致果园土壤退化、生产成本增加、果实品质下降等问题[7]，降低产业市场竞争力[8]。
果园生草栽培技术起源于美国，目前已在发达国家得到广泛应用，国内有关生草栽培技术目前还处于小试阶段[9]，已有研究表明，生草对改善果园微域环境、增强果树光合作用、控制其他杂草生长、减轻病虫危害、增加土壤肥力等有较为明显的作用[10-12]。同时，也有研究表明生草植物与果树特别是幼龄果树间会存在水分和养分的竞争关系[13]。开展适宜当地澳洲坚果果园的生草栽培技术研究显得尤为必要。本研究以澳洲坚果为研究对象，以不同生草栽培模式为切入点，选择5种果园常见生草草种：光叶紫花苕子（Vicia villosa）、白三叶（Trifolium repens）、一年生黑麦草（Lolium multiflorum）、鼠茅草（Vulpia myuros）、肥田萝卜（Raphanus sativus）进行生草栽培，围绕澳洲坚果果园土壤含水量、土壤温度、土壤养分展开研究，并对不同生草模式的果园进行肥力评价，明确生草栽培对澳洲坚果果园土壤理化性质的影响，以期为筛选出最佳的澳洲坚果园生草栽培模式提供合理的建议与参考，为广西澳洲坚果果园的高效生态经营提供参考。
1　材料与方法
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1.1　试验设计
2020年11月在广西龙州县广西南亚热带农业科学研究所科研基地布置生草试验，果园立地条件一致，为平地果园，海拔135.5 m，无霜期达350 d以上，年均气温22.6 ℃，年均降水量1574 mm，雨热同期。果园土壤为红壤土，土壤pH 4.9，有机质含量20.9 g/kg，全氮含量1.3 g/kg，全磷含量0.9 g/kg，全钾含量2.3 g/kg，速效磷含量18.8 mg/kg，速效钾含量117 mg/kg。澳洲坚果树龄三年生，常规管理，株行距5 m×6 m，树势中庸，管理水平良好。全年抽梢4~5次，花期位于3月中旬，果实成熟期位于9月。试验共设6个处理：（1）光叶紫花苕子（Vicia villosa），豆科；（2）白三叶（Trifolium repens），豆科；（3）一年生黑麦草（Lolium multiflorum），禾本科；（4）鼠茅草（Vulpia myuros），禾本科；（5）肥田萝卜（Raphanus sativus），十字花科；（6）CK（清耕），中耕除草。澳洲坚果冬季修剪施肥后将草种播种于果树两旁，播种方式为撒播，平均播种量为45 kg/hm2。生产年限为3 a，生草高度达到40 cm时进行刈割翻压还园处理。
1.2　样品采集与测定
在2023年5月生草旺盛生长期，使用土钻采用五点采样法采集各处理0~20 cm土层土壤样品，将土壤样品剔除石粒和树根等杂物，风干，过2 mm筛，装袋待用。
土壤容重（BD），使用100 cm3的环刀取0~20 cm土层土样，105 ℃烘干至恒重，测定单位体积的土壤重量。土壤pH使用水土比2.5∶1（体积∶质量）浸提后用pH计进行测量，土壤机械组成使用比重计法测定。土壤有机质（SOC）采用重铬酸钾氧化法进行测定，全氮（TN）使用凯氏定氮法测定，全磷（TP）、全钾（TK）采用硝酸-高氯酸-氢氟酸消煮法进行测定，速效磷（AP）采用0.5 mol/L NaHCO3浸提法测定，速效钾（AK）采用NH4OAc浸提法测定[14]。
于2021年7月1日、2022年7月1日、2023年6月30日，取各处理0~20 cm土层土壤样品，用烘干法测定土壤含水量，并于当日8：00—18：00每间隔2 h用红外测温仪（Apogee MI-210）测定1次各处理地表处土壤温度，结果取平均值。
1.3　数据处理
土壤肥力系数计算参照袁浩亮等[15]的方法：
式中，IFIi为土壤肥力系数；x为土壤有机质（g/kg）、全氮（g/kg）、速效磷（mg/kg）、速效钾（mg/kg）测定值；xa与xp为分级标准下、上限；xc介于分级标准上、下限之间；属性值分级标准（xa、xp、xc）主要参考第二次全国土壤普查标准[16-18]（表1）。
利用修正的内梅罗公式计算土壤综合肥力系数（IFII）：
式中，IFIi平均与IFIi最小分别为土壤各属性分肥力的平均值和最小值；n为评价指标个数。根据计算的综合肥力系数给出土壤的肥力评价：很肥沃（IFII≥2.7），肥沃（1.8≤IFII<2.7），一般（0.9≤ IFII<1.8），贫瘠（IFII<0.9）[19]。
隶属函数计算参照刘亚西等[20]的方法：
隶属函数：R(Xi)=(Xi-Xmin)/(Xmax-Xmin)
反隶属函数：R(Xi)=1-(Xi-Xmin)/(Xmax-Xmin)
式中，Xi为指标i的测定值，Xmin、Xmax分别为各处理下指标i的最小值和最大值，以各指标的平均隶属函数值作为综合评价值。
所有数据采用Excel 2010软件对数据进行基本的统计分析，用SPSS 21.0软件进行单项分组资料的方差分析（One-way ANOVA），用Origin 2018软件绘图。
2　结果与分析
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2.1　土壤含水量影响
生草栽培对表层土壤含水量的影响如图1所示。5种草种生草栽培模式均显著高于CK（P<0.05），光叶紫花苕子、白三叶、一年生黑麦草、鼠茅草、肥田萝卜生草栽培模式分别比CK高24.0%、12.4%、19.5%、14.5%、8.7%。说明果园生草模式能蓄水保墒，其中光叶紫花苕子生草栽培的蓄水保墒效果最佳（P<0.05）。
2.2　土壤温度影响
生草栽培对地表土壤温度的影响如表2所示。CK土壤温度的变化幅度较大，最高温度可达36.9 ℃，生草栽培区则显著降低，光叶紫花苕子、白三叶、一年生黑麦草、鼠茅草、肥田萝卜生草栽培模式下地表土壤最高温度分别比CK降低8.7%、15.2%、9.5%、16.8%、7.6%。说明生草因阻隔太阳的直接照射而减少了土壤对太阳辐射的吸收，其中鼠茅草生草的地表土壤温度最低，且温度变化幅度最小。
不同生草栽培模式的地表土壤温度变化曲线见图2。各处理方式下地表土壤温度日均变化均呈现先增加后降低的特征，均在14：00达到每日最高值。CK显著高于生草区，在14：00达到峰值33.8 ℃，分别比光叶紫花苕子、白三叶、一年生黑麦草、鼠茅草、肥田萝卜生草区高9.0%、13.4%、10.5%、15.0%、7.3%。且CK日均变化幅度均大于生草区，日最高温度与最低温度变化幅度为3.1 ℃，高于光叶紫花苕子、白三叶、一年生黑麦草、鼠茅草、肥田萝卜生草区的2.7、1.8、2.2、2.0、2.4 ℃。说明果园生草栽培能对地表土壤温度起到较好的调节作用，生草能有效降低夏季高温时地表土壤温度，减少高温对树体的伤害，其中鼠茅草生草栽培的降温调节作用最佳。
2.3　土壤物理性质影响
生草栽培对土壤物理性质的影响如表3所示，5种草种生草栽培模式的表层土壤容重均显著低于CK，光叶紫花苕子、白三叶、一年生黑麦草、鼠茅草、肥田萝卜生草栽培模式分别比CK低8.3%、9.2%、10.8%、13.3%、16.7%。生草区与CK土壤质地均为粘土，土壤机械组成差异不明显，CK区土壤机械组成砂粒粒级含量稍低于生草区，粘粒粒级含量略高于生草区。果园表层土壤pH除光叶紫花苕子和肥田萝卜外，其他3种草种生草栽培模式与CK相比均差异显著（P<0.05）。说明果园生草能显著降低土壤容重，土壤容重作为土壤质量评价的重要指标，土壤容重越低说明土壤越疏松，土壤孔隙度、含水量、空气等状况越好。但生草对土壤质地与机械组成的影响不明显，土壤pH在不同生草模式下表现不同，受生草草种种类影响较大。
2.4　土壤养分影响
生草栽培对土壤养分含量的影响如图3所示。生草栽培可有效增加土壤有机质含量，白三叶土壤有机质含量最高，达到32.0 g/kg，光叶紫花苕子、白三叶、一年生黑麦草、鼠茅草、肥田萝卜生草栽培模式下分别较CK增加11.2%、19.0%、2.6%、1.5%、16.4%。豆科草种的光叶紫花苕子、白三叶对土壤全氮含量影响差异显著（P<0.05），分别较CK增加26.3%、10.0%，而一年生黑麦草、鼠茅草、肥田萝卜影响差异不显著。一年生黑麦草的土壤全磷含量最高，为1.52 g/kg，比CK增加53.5%，其他处理方式与CK相比无明显差异，生草区土壤全钾含量与CK差异均不显著。由此可见，果园生草能有效提高土壤有机质含量，在促进土壤全氮含量增加上豆科草种的作用更明显，禾本科的一年生黑麦草对土壤全磷含量增加的作用明显，其他草种则无明显作用。
在土壤速效养分方面，光叶紫花苕子、白三叶与肥田萝卜在土壤速效磷含量上增幅较大，分别较CK增加156.2%、152.1%、132.2%，一年生黑麦草、鼠茅草生草区土壤速效磷含量则较CK有小幅下降。生草区的土壤速效钾含量均高于CK，其中肥田萝卜增加幅度最大，比CK增加91.4%。以上结果表明，不同生草模式对土壤速效养分影响各异，豆科与禾本科草种能促进速效磷含量显著增加，在速效钾含量上则无明显作用。
2.5　土壤肥力影响
不同生草栽培模式下土壤综合肥力系数及肥力评价见表4。各处理的IFII表现为：光叶紫花苕子>白三叶>肥田萝卜>鼠茅草=CK>一年生黑麦草，光叶紫花苕子、白三叶与肥田萝卜在生草栽培后均能提升土壤肥力，相较于CK，光叶紫花苕子、白三叶与肥田萝卜的IFII分别增加51.5%、49.2%、45.4%，土壤肥力评价达到肥沃级别。而一年生黑麦草与鼠茅草在生草栽培后IFII均无明显增长，一年生黑麦草甚至低于CK，在土壤肥力评价上与CK均属于一般级别。
2.6　不同生草栽培模式综合评价
对澳洲坚果果园土壤的含水量、容重、温度、肥力共4个理化指标的隶属函数值进行计算并求平均值，隶属函数平均值（综合评价值）越大，说明生草模式的土壤生态效益越好。根据各生草模式综合评价值的大小排序（表5）可知，不同生草栽培模式的综合评价值均大于CK，说明果园生草对提升土壤生态效益效果更佳。对不同生草模式的优劣进行排序，表现为光叶紫花苕子>白三叶>肥田萝卜>鼠茅草>一年生黑麦草>CK，表明生草栽培对果园土壤理化性质均有改善作用，但不同种类的草种作用大小不同，豆科草种的综合表现优于十字花科和禾本科草种。
3　讨论
收起
本研究结果表明，与果园清耕区相比，不同生草栽培模式澳洲坚果果园表层土壤含水量均有一定提高，增大范围为8.7%~24.0%，这是因为生草覆盖不但减少了土壤水分的蒸发，而且有利于土壤团聚结构的形成以及土壤孔隙度的增加，使得田间持水量和饱和持水量提高，从而提高了土壤的保水能力[21]。生草具有很好的水分保持作用，杏园生草区的含水量较CK增加了0.4%~3.1%[22]；生草后土壤物理性状、水分及产量均有明显提高，土壤孔隙度增加1.5%~5.5%，土壤含水量增加了1.7%~3.0%[23]；本研究结果与上述研究结论一致。
所有植物的生长发育都需要一定的温度范围，只有在最适温度范围内植株才能正常生长发育[24]；自然生草降低了表土层土壤每天最高温度，也降低了昼夜温差[25]；本研究生草栽培区地表土壤温度显著降低，说明生草栽培能有效优化调节表土层温度。
土壤容重、土壤pH、总孔隙度、团粒结构、田间持水量、土壤呼吸强度等物理性质能直接影响到土壤的肥力状况[26]。本研究结果表明，果园生草栽培之后，土壤容重平均降低了11.7%，生草栽培模式下土壤容重较清耕相比均有所下降[24,27]，生草栽培使杨梅林地土壤pH有所提高[28]，与本研究结果一致。在梨园行间进行生草栽培时发现生草区土壤pH较CK显著下降[29]，本研究结果表明，光叶紫花苕子和肥田萝卜生草栽培模式下果园表层土壤pH与CK无明显差异，白三叶和鼠茅草生草区表层土壤pH显著高于CK，而一年生黑麦草显著低于CK，土壤pH可能受果树树种和草种种类综合影响，具体变化规律还有待进一步研究。
土壤有机质以及N、P、K等含量的增大对提高土壤渗透性有明显的促进作用，同时也是土壤肥力的重要物质基础，其含量大小和存在状况直接影响了果树的生长、产量和果实品质[30]。本研究澳洲坚果园生草栽培之后，土壤有机质和速效养分含量明显增加，生草刈割还园后残留体会被土壤微生物进行分解，进而增加土壤中有机碳的积累[31-32]。其中光叶紫花苕子和白三叶（豆科）的效果更为突出，因为豆科牧草提高水解氮含量的作用强于禾本科和十字花科，通过根瘤菌的固氮作用，有效提高果园土壤氮的含量。土壤中氮元素的利用效率，在很大程度上决定着土壤有机质的分解[33]。已有研究表明单纯地施加氮肥并不能改善土壤质量，在提升土壤有机质和氮元素含量方面豆科植物发挥着重要的作用[34]，其可以从土壤、肥料、空气中吸收氮元素，为伴生植物提供氮素，从而提高植物生长力[35]。
综上所述，光叶紫花苕子栽培模式对土壤产生了良好影响，综合表现最佳，综合肥力系数比较和隶属函数法评价等结果也最佳。
4　结论
收起
生草栽培能有效提高澳洲坚果果园土壤含水量、养分及肥力，有效降低土壤容重与温度，其中光叶紫花苕子表现最佳。
基金
收起
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF1300705)
  • 广西技术创新引导专项项目(桂科AC23026001)
  • 崇左市科技计划项目(崇科攻2021ZC19)
文献
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2024年第45卷第11期
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.11.014
  • 接收时间：2024-05-17
  • 首发时间：2026-06-26
  • 出版时间：2024-11-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-05-17
  • 修回日期：2024-05-25
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFF1300705)
广西技术创新引导专项项目(桂科AC23026001)
崇左市科技计划项目(崇科攻2021ZC19)
作者信息
    广西南亚热带农业科学研究所，广西龙州　532415

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* 谭秋锦（TAN Qiujin），E-mail：
黄锡云（HUANG Xiyun），E-mail：。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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