Article(id=1277293314915308496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277293236137890180, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.11.023, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713456000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-19, revisedDate=1717344000000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782460057237, onlineDateStr=2026-06-26, pubDate=1732464000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782460057237, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782460057237, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782460057237, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1277293236137890180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, year='2024', volume='45', issue='11', pageStart='2243', pageEnd='2486', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1732464000000', pubDateStr='2024-11-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782460038455, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782815269280, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1278783182988358204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277293236137890180, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1278783182988358205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, issueId=1277293236137890180, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2448, endPage=2460, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1277293315271824338, articleId=1277293314915308496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=EN, title=Characteristics of BVOCs Emissions from Common Ficus spp. in Haikou City and Correlation with Environmental Factor, columnId=1236318328365577171, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, columnName=Agricultural Ecology & Environmental Protection, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) serve as a critical link between the biosphere and the atmosphere, playing a vital role in atmospheric chemistry, ozone formation, and the creation of secondary organic aerosols. Volatile emissions from urban forest parks and greenery can have a significant impact on local and regional air quality. In this study, two common Ficus spp. plants with a high planting rate in Haikou were selected, and the BVOCs emissions of F. elastica and F. altissima were measured using the dynamic headspace bagging collection method and identification and analysis by gas chromatograph. The chemical components and emission characteristics of the BVOCs were also investigated. Meanwhile, the experiment continuously monitored environmental factors [temperature (T), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)] and physiological parameters [stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (Tr)] to further analyze the driving factors of BVOCs emissions in Ficus spp. The results showed 19 and 12 compounds identified for F. elastica and F. altissima. BVOCs emissions from Ficus spp. were dominated by isoprene and terpenoids. Among them, the relative content of isoprene emission from F. elastica increased by 1.82 times in the rainy season compared to the dry season, indicating that F. elastica has a significant potential for isoprene emission. The terpene compounds α-pinene and Caryophyllene made significant contribution. The daily variation of BVOCs in Ficus spp. showed a single-peak emission pattern of “low in the morning and low in the evening, high in the middle of the day”, with the maximum emission of BVOCs occurring at 12:00 or 14:00 noon, when the temperature or photosynthetically active radiation was the highest. BVOCs emissions from Ficus spp. were significantly higher in the rainy season than they were in the dry season. In addition, the BVOCs emissions of Ficus spp. were positively correlated with the temperature and with the photosynthetically active radiation. BVOCs emissions were positively correlated with the physiological parameters, Tr and Gs, and negatively correlated with Ci. This study expands the research field by investigating the emission characteristics of BVOCs from tropical Ficus spp. It provides essential data for enriching the database of BVOCs emission inventories in tropical and subtropical regions and for assessing their environmental impact.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yan FU, He HE, Zongde YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=He HE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1277293318547575778, articleId=1277293314915308496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, language=CN, title=海口市常见榕属植物BVOCs排放特征及与环境因素相关性, columnId=1236292523270918153, journalTitle=热带作物学报, columnName=农业生态与环境保护, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

植物挥发性有机化合物(biogenic volatile organic compounds,BVOCs)是生物圈与大气之间的重要纽带,对大气化学、臭氧形成和二次有机气溶胶形成起着至关重要的作用。城市森林公园和绿化植物产生的挥发性排放物会对当地和区域空气质量产生重大影响。本研究选取了海口种植率较高的2种常见榕属植物,采用动态顶空套袋采集法和气质联用仪的鉴定分析,测量印度榕和高山榕的BVOCs排放量,并探讨其BVOCs的化学组分和排放特征。同时,试验持续监测环境因子[温度(T)、光合有效辐射(PAR)]和生理参数[气孔导度(Gs)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)],进一步分析榕属BVOCs排放的驱动因素。结果表明:印度榕和高山榕分别鉴定出19种和12种化合物,榕属植物BVOCs的排放以异戊二烯和萜类化合物为主,其中印度榕异戊二烯在雨季排放相对含量比旱季增大1.82倍,可见印度榕具有较大的异戊二烯排放潜力。萜烯化合物中的α-蒎烯、石竹烯贡献度较大。榕属BVOCs日变化呈现“早晚低、中午高”的单峰排放模式,BVOCs排放量最大出现在中午12:00或14:00温度的或光合有效辐射最高的时刻。在雨季榕属BVOCs排放量显著高于旱季排放量。此外,榕属BVOCs排放量与环境因素的相关性具有一致性,与温度、光合有效辐射呈正相关,与其自身的生理参数蒸腾速率、气孔导度均呈正相关,与胞间CO2浓度呈负相关。本研究拓展了热带榕属植物BVOCs排放特征的研究领域,为丰富热带和亚热带区域植物BVOCs排放清单数据库及其环境效应评估提供基础数据。

, authors=

付彦(1991—),女,博士研究生,研究方向:植物生态学。

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* 何禾(HE He),E-mail:
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付彦(1991—),女,博士研究生,研究方向:植物生态学。

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Emission of short chained organic acids, aldehydes and monoterpenes from Quercus ilex L. and Pinus pinea L. in relation to physiological activities, carbon budget and emission algorithms[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1997, 31: 119-133., articleTitle=Emission of short chained organic acids, aldehydes and monoterpenes from Quercus ilex L. and Pinus pinea L. in relation to physiological activities, carbon budget and emission algorithms, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1277293332246171717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=32, issue=9, pageStart=1082, pageEnd=1091, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=37, authorNames=WELTER S, BRACHO-NUÑEZ A, MIR C, ZIMMER I, KESSELMEIER J, LUMARET R, SCHNITZLER J, STAUDT M, journalName=Tree Physiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WELTER S, BRACHO-NUÑEZ A, MIR C, ZIMMER I, KESSELMEIER J, LUMARET R, SCHNITZLER J, STAUDT M. The diversification of terpene emissions in Mediterranean oaks: lessons from a study of Quercus suber, Quercus canariensis and its hybrid Quercus afares[J]. Tree Physiology, 2012, 32(9): 1082-1091., articleTitle=The diversification of terpene emissions in Mediterranean oaks: lessons from a study of Quercus suber, Quercus canariensis and its hybrid Quercus afares, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1277293332330057798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=15, issue=3, pageStart=154, pageEnd=166, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=38, authorNames=LORETO F, SCHNITZLER J, journalName=Trends in Plant Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LORETO F, SCHNITZLER J. Abiotic stresses and induced BVOCs[J]. Trends in Plant Science, 2010, 15(3): 154-166., articleTitle=Abiotic stresses and induced BVOCs, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1277293327636631581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, awardId=419QN174, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省自然科学基金青年基金项目(419QN174), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1277293327720517662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, awardId=420MS118, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省自然科学基金面上基金项目(420MS118), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1277293327787626527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, awardId=31660145, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金地区基金项目(31660145), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1277293318757290980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277293318765679589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, companyId=1277293318757290980, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277293318774068198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, companyId=1277293318757290980, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.海南大学生态学院,海南海口 570228)]), AuthorCompany(id=1277293318836982759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277293318845371368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, companyId=1277293318836982759, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277293318853759977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, companyId=1277293318836982759, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.海南省热带生态环境修复工程研究中心,海南海口 570228)]), AuthorCompany(id=1277293318908285931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277293318916674540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, companyId=1277293318908285931, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Bawangling Forestry Bureau of Hainan Province, Changjiang, Hainan 572722, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1277293318925063149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, companyId=1277293318908285931, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.海南热带雨林国家公园管理局霸王岭分局,海南昌江 572722)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1277293323907895305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Relative content and emission rate of BVOCs from Ficus spp., figureFileSmall=7KrWDAYq6MOcyczAobpaDw==, figureFileBig=H4SPmOAjj1CtG6F9Fg5SCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277293324201496586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, language=CN, label=图1, caption=榕属植物排放BVOCs的相对含量和排放总量, figureFileSmall=7KrWDAYq6MOcyczAobpaDw==, figureFileBig=H4SPmOAjj1CtG6F9Fg5SCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277293324625121291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Comparison of the composition and relative content of the emissions of BVOCs during dry season and rainy season from Ficus spp., figureFileSmall=U02n/8RkgYIJ7f79zBBgYQ==, figureFileBig=q8EkeA9sOlYFaVyLp55MiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277293324696424460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, language=CN, label=图2, caption=榕属植物旱、雨季BVOCs排放组成及相对含量比较, figureFileSmall=U02n/8RkgYIJ7f79zBBgYQ==, figureFileBig=q8EkeA9sOlYFaVyLp55MiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277293324763533325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Comparison of diurnal and seasonal emission patterns of BVOCs from Ficus spp.

Different lowercase letters indicate significant difference among treatments (P<0.05).

, figureFileSmall=TYonoah3Mlq1gWUJ/81HPg==, figureFileBig=vXHb7CbI0ygrwMeA8liU5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277293324822253582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, language=CN, label=图3, caption=榕属植物BVOCs的日间和季节性排放模式比较

不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。

, figureFileSmall=TYonoah3Mlq1gWUJ/81HPg==, figureFileBig=vXHb7CbI0ygrwMeA8liU5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277293325036163087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Differential analysis of changes in emission rates of BVOCs from Ficus spp., figureFileSmall=Q5WVOyzaGQ6kTUpIOpk6iQ==, figureFileBig=Wh2EIXjqt6WTzcAV8Eyc1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277293325107466256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, language=CN, label=图4, caption=榕属植物BVOCs各组分排放速率变化差异性分析, figureFileSmall=Q5WVOyzaGQ6kTUpIOpk6iQ==, figureFileBig=Wh2EIXjqt6WTzcAV8Eyc1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277293325174575121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Correlation analysis of BVOCs emission with environmental factors in Ficus spp., figureFileSmall=mOw32D7TQv6tkl5AG0YAzg==, figureFileBig=73hV1rRbOddx+4AX6kwNbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277293325237489682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, language=CN, label=图5, caption=榕属植物BVOCs的排放与环境因素相关性分析, figureFileSmall=mOw32D7TQv6tkl5AG0YAzg==, figureFileBig=73hV1rRbOddx+4AX6kwNbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277293325296209939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Trends in daily variation and environmental variables of ISO, MTs, and SQTs emitted by Ficus spp., figureFileSmall=l+EVtFWiV8OG4bVaeHVQfA==, figureFileBig=NlSPUDJ/6jP+hVbrm//jjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277293325350735892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, language=CN, label=图6, caption=榕属ISO、MTs、SQTs日排放与环境变量变化趋势, figureFileSmall=l+EVtFWiV8OG4bVaeHVQfA==, figureFileBig=NlSPUDJ/6jP+hVbrm//jjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277293327028457493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Trends in daily variation and Gs, Tr of ISO, MTs, and SQTs emitted by Ficus spp., figureFileSmall=hgitDxga/dsQoc43vZoIbg==, figureFileBig=Owc3RCTy1li+ClnaIIy4Sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277293327095566358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, language=CN, label=图7, caption=榕属植物ISO、MTs、SQTs在旱雨季的排放速率与GsTr变化趋势, figureFileSmall=hgitDxga/dsQoc43vZoIbg==, figureFileBig=Owc3RCTy1li+ClnaIIy4Sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1277293327158480919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, language=EN, label=Tab. 1, caption=

Components and relative contents of VOCs from Ficus spp.

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中文名称Chinese name英文名称English name分子式Molecular formula保留指数Retention index鉴定依据Basis of identification相对含量Relative content/%
印度榕Ficus elastica高山榕Ficus altissima
旱季Dry season雨季Rainy season旱季Dry season雨季Rainy season
异戊二烯isopreneC5H8507MS, RI, Std11.6121.208.348.05
单萜类MTs
α-蒎烯α-pineneC10H16939MS, RI, Std11.359.7917.8720.09
芳樟醇linaloolC10H18O1107MS, RI3.183.40--
异松油烯terpinoleneC10H161012MS, RI--2.552.29
倍半萜类SQTs
石竹烯caryophylleneC15H241437MS, RI, Std22.886.2722.5521.41
α-柏木烯α-copaeneC15H241380MS, RI2.414.0014.6517.07
α-葎草烯α-humuleneC15H241455MS, RI3.944.34--
右旋大根香叶烯germacrene DC15H241490MS, RI--3.091.66
γ-衣兰油烯γ-muuroleneC15H241472MS, RI4.154.47--
α-衣兰油烯α-muuroleneC15H241500MS, RI4.053.05--
δ-杜松烯(+)-δ-cadineneC15H241527MS, RI3.322.58--
顺-α-香柠檬烯cis-α-bergamoteneC15H243.875.665.586.38
香橙烯aromandendreneC15H241439MS, RI, Std4.634.60--
胡椒稀β-copaeneC15H241563MS, RI4.183.68--
胡萝卜烯dauceneC15H241392MS, RI3.915.34--
其它类化合物other VOCs
(3E)-4,8-二甲基-1,3,7-壬三烯(E)-4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-trieneC11H181116MS, RI2.094.24--
顺式-3-己烯醇3-hexen-1-olC6H12O852MS, RI1.963.244.653.87
壬醛nonanalC9H18O1105MS, RI2.784.048.016.69
2-庚酮2-heptanoneC7H14O899MS, RI2.964.03--
2-庚醇2-heptanolC7H16O895MS, RI3.292.84--
癸醛decanalC10H20O1186MS, RI3.413.22--
1-己醇1-hexanolC6H14O845MS, RI--3.452.08
4-己基-1-醇4-hexen-1-ol, acetateC8H16O3982MS, RI--3.614.07
2-乙基己醇2-ethyl-1-hexanolC8H18O1032MS, RI--5.666.35
), ArticleFig(id=1277293327233978392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

榕属植物排放的BVOCs组分及其排放相对含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中文名称Chinese name英文名称English name分子式Molecular formula保留指数Retention index鉴定依据Basis of identification相对含量Relative content/%
印度榕Ficus elastica高山榕Ficus altissima
旱季Dry season雨季Rainy season旱季Dry season雨季Rainy season
异戊二烯isopreneC5H8507MS, RI, Std11.6121.208.348.05
单萜类MTs
α-蒎烯α-pineneC10H16939MS, RI, Std11.359.7917.8720.09
芳樟醇linaloolC10H18O1107MS, RI3.183.40--
异松油烯terpinoleneC10H161012MS, RI--2.552.29
倍半萜类SQTs
石竹烯caryophylleneC15H241437MS, RI, Std22.886.2722.5521.41
α-柏木烯α-copaeneC15H241380MS, RI2.414.0014.6517.07
α-葎草烯α-humuleneC15H241455MS, RI3.944.34--
右旋大根香叶烯germacrene DC15H241490MS, RI--3.091.66
γ-衣兰油烯γ-muuroleneC15H241472MS, RI4.154.47--
α-衣兰油烯α-muuroleneC15H241500MS, RI4.053.05--
δ-杜松烯(+)-δ-cadineneC15H241527MS, RI3.322.58--
顺-α-香柠檬烯cis-α-bergamoteneC15H243.875.665.586.38
香橙烯aromandendreneC15H241439MS, RI, Std4.634.60--
胡椒稀β-copaeneC15H241563MS, RI4.183.68--
胡萝卜烯dauceneC15H241392MS, RI3.915.34--
其它类化合物other VOCs
(3E)-4,8-二甲基-1,3,7-壬三烯(E)-4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-trieneC11H181116MS, RI2.094.24--
顺式-3-己烯醇3-hexen-1-olC6H12O852MS, RI1.963.244.653.87
壬醛nonanalC9H18O1105MS, RI2.784.048.016.69
2-庚酮2-heptanoneC7H14O899MS, RI2.964.03--
2-庚醇2-heptanolC7H16O895MS, RI3.292.84--
癸醛decanalC10H20O1186MS, RI3.413.22--
1-己醇1-hexanolC6H14O845MS, RI--3.452.08
4-己基-1-醇4-hexen-1-ol, acetateC8H16O3982MS, RI--3.614.07
2-乙基己醇2-ethyl-1-hexanolC8H18O1032MS, RI--5.666.35
), ArticleFig(id=1277293327309475865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, language=EN, label=Tab. 2, caption=

Pearson’s correlation coefficients between BVOCs compounds and environmental factor

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树种Tree species化合物种类Compound type环境因子Environmental factors
TPAR
旱季Dry season雨季Rainy season旱季Dry season雨季Rainy season
印度榕F. elasticaISO0.881*0.812*0.986**0.968**
MTs0.980**0.939**0.977**0.990**
SQTs0.957**0.982**0.940**0.921**
other VOCs0.936**0.2930.887*0.073
高山榕F. altissimaISO0.871*0.6930.967**0.704
MTs0.868*0.7040.985**0.593
SQTs0.6400.943**0.841*0.871*
other VOCs0.092-0.1280.233-0.125
), ArticleFig(id=1277293327389167642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

榕属植物BVOCs排放速率与环境因子的Pearson相关系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树种Tree species化合物种类Compound type环境因子Environmental factors
TPAR
旱季Dry season雨季Rainy season旱季Dry season雨季Rainy season
印度榕F. elasticaISO0.881*0.812*0.986**0.968**
MTs0.980**0.939**0.977**0.990**
SQTs0.957**0.982**0.940**0.921**
other VOCs0.936**0.2930.887*0.073
高山榕F. altissimaISO0.871*0.6930.967**0.704
MTs0.868*0.7040.985**0.593
SQTs0.6400.943**0.841*0.871*
other VOCs0.092-0.1280.233-0.125
), ArticleFig(id=1277293327468859419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, language=EN, label=Tab. 3, caption=

Pearson’s correlation coefficients between emission rates of three types of compounds and physiological parameters during dry and rainy seasons

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树种Tree species化合物种类Compound typeTrCiGs
旱季Dry season雨季Rainy season旱季Dry season雨季Rainy season旱季Dry season雨季Rainy season
印度榕Ficus elasticaISO0.828*0.878*-0.861*-0.7930.848*0.876*
MTs0.929**0.967**-0.954**-0.886*0.954**0.970**
SQTs0.974**0.975**-0.972**-0.918**0.928**0.944**
other VOCs0.958**0.322-0.994**-0.5120.879*0.111
高山榕Ficus altissimaISO0.972**0.841*-0.808-0.952**0.977**0.882*
MTs0.952**0.736-0.827*-0.881*0.948**0.857*
SQTs0.7960.904*-0.976**-0.919**0.850*0.985**
other VOCs0.2620.014-0.650-0.4190.3240.125
), ArticleFig(id=1277293327535968284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1235980609244409860, articleId=1277293314915308496, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

榕属植物BVOCs排放速率与生理参数的Pearson相关系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
树种Tree species化合物种类Compound typeTrCiGs
旱季Dry season雨季Rainy season旱季Dry season雨季Rainy season旱季Dry season雨季Rainy season
印度榕Ficus elasticaISO0.828*0.878*-0.861*-0.7930.848*0.876*
MTs0.929**0.967**-0.954**-0.886*0.954**0.970**
SQTs0.974**0.975**-0.972**-0.918**0.928**0.944**
other VOCs0.958**0.322-0.994**-0.5120.879*0.111
高山榕Ficus altissimaISO0.972**0.841*-0.808-0.952**0.977**0.882*
MTs0.952**0.736-0.827*-0.881*0.948**0.857*
SQTs0.7960.904*-0.976**-0.919**0.850*0.985**
other VOCs0.2620.014-0.650-0.4190.3240.125
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海口市常见榕属植物BVOCs排放特征及与环境因素相关性
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付彦 1, 2 , 何禾 1, 2, * , 杨宗德 3
热带作物学报 | 农业生态与环境保护 2024,45(11): 2448-2460
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热带作物学报 |农业生态与环境保护 2024 , 45 (11) : 2448 -2460
海口市常见榕属植物BVOCs排放特征及与环境因素相关性
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付彦1, 2, 何禾1, 2, * , 杨宗德3
作者信息
  • 1.海南大学生态学院,海南海口 570228
  • 2.海南省热带生态环境修复工程研究中心,海南海口 570228
  • 3.海南热带雨林国家公园管理局霸王岭分局,海南昌江 572722
通讯作者:
* 何禾(HE He),E-mail:
Characteristics of BVOCs Emissions from Common Ficus spp. in Haikou City and Correlation with Environmental Factor
Yan FU1, 2, He HE1, 2, * , Zongde YANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
  • 2.Center for Eco-Environment Restoration Engineering of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
  • 3.Bawangling Forestry Bureau of Hainan Province, Changjiang, Hainan 572722, China
出版时间: 2024-11-25 doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.11.023
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植物挥发性有机化合物(biogenic volatile organic compounds,BVOCs)是生物圈与大气之间的重要纽带,对大气化学、臭氧形成和二次有机气溶胶形成起着至关重要的作用。城市森林公园和绿化植物产生的挥发性排放物会对当地和区域空气质量产生重大影响。本研究选取了海口种植率较高的2种常见榕属植物,采用动态顶空套袋采集法和气质联用仪的鉴定分析,测量印度榕和高山榕的BVOCs排放量,并探讨其BVOCs的化学组分和排放特征。同时,试验持续监测环境因子[温度(T)、光合有效辐射(PAR)]和生理参数[气孔导度(Gs)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)],进一步分析榕属BVOCs排放的驱动因素。结果表明:印度榕和高山榕分别鉴定出19种和12种化合物,榕属植物BVOCs的排放以异戊二烯和萜类化合物为主,其中印度榕异戊二烯在雨季排放相对含量比旱季增大1.82倍,可见印度榕具有较大的异戊二烯排放潜力。萜烯化合物中的α-蒎烯、石竹烯贡献度较大。榕属BVOCs日变化呈现“早晚低、中午高”的单峰排放模式,BVOCs排放量最大出现在中午12:00或14:00温度的或光合有效辐射最高的时刻。在雨季榕属BVOCs排放量显著高于旱季排放量。此外,榕属BVOCs排放量与环境因素的相关性具有一致性,与温度、光合有效辐射呈正相关,与其自身的生理参数蒸腾速率、气孔导度均呈正相关,与胞间CO2浓度呈负相关。本研究拓展了热带榕属植物BVOCs排放特征的研究领域,为丰富热带和亚热带区域植物BVOCs排放清单数据库及其环境效应评估提供基础数据。

植物挥发性有机物  /  异戊二烯  /  单萜  /  环境因素  /  生理参数

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) serve as a critical link between the biosphere and the atmosphere, playing a vital role in atmospheric chemistry, ozone formation, and the creation of secondary organic aerosols. Volatile emissions from urban forest parks and greenery can have a significant impact on local and regional air quality. In this study, two common Ficus spp. plants with a high planting rate in Haikou were selected, and the BVOCs emissions of F. elastica and F. altissima were measured using the dynamic headspace bagging collection method and identification and analysis by gas chromatograph. The chemical components and emission characteristics of the BVOCs were also investigated. Meanwhile, the experiment continuously monitored environmental factors [temperature (T), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)] and physiological parameters [stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (Tr)] to further analyze the driving factors of BVOCs emissions in Ficus spp. The results showed 19 and 12 compounds identified for F. elastica and F. altissima. BVOCs emissions from Ficus spp. were dominated by isoprene and terpenoids. Among them, the relative content of isoprene emission from F. elastica increased by 1.82 times in the rainy season compared to the dry season, indicating that F. elastica has a significant potential for isoprene emission. The terpene compounds α-pinene and Caryophyllene made significant contribution. The daily variation of BVOCs in Ficus spp. showed a single-peak emission pattern of “low in the morning and low in the evening, high in the middle of the day”, with the maximum emission of BVOCs occurring at 12:00 or 14:00 noon, when the temperature or photosynthetically active radiation was the highest. BVOCs emissions from Ficus spp. were significantly higher in the rainy season than they were in the dry season. In addition, the BVOCs emissions of Ficus spp. were positively correlated with the temperature and with the photosynthetically active radiation. BVOCs emissions were positively correlated with the physiological parameters, Tr and Gs, and negatively correlated with Ci. This study expands the research field by investigating the emission characteristics of BVOCs from tropical Ficus spp. It provides essential data for enriching the database of BVOCs emission inventories in tropical and subtropical regions and for assessing their environmental impact.

biogenic volatile organic compounds  /  isoprene  /  monoterpene  /  environmental factors  /  physiological parameters
付彦, 何禾, 杨宗德. 海口市常见榕属植物BVOCs排放特征及与环境因素相关性. 热带作物学报, 2024 , 45 (11) : 2448 -2460 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.11.023
Yan FU, He HE, Zongde YANG. Characteristics of BVOCs Emissions from Common Ficus spp. in Haikou City and Correlation with Environmental Factor[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2024 , 45 (11) : 2448 -2460 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.11.023
植物挥发性有机物(biogenic volatile organic compounds,BVOCs)是通过植物次生代谢途径合成的低沸点、易挥发的小分子有机化合物[1-2]。在全球范围内,生态系统对挥发性有机物的排放贡献远高于人为来源。据估计,BVOCs的年排放量估计约为1150 TgC,占全球挥发性有机化合物总排放量的90%以上,其中植被发挥着关键作用[3]。BVOCs作为生态系统中重要的化学信息传递物质,在调节植物的生长、发育和繁殖,抵抗环境压力方面起着重要作用[4]。由于BVOCs具有较高的反应活性,它们被认为在氮氧化物的光化学反应中促进臭氧的形成,对全球范围内臭氧(O3)形成贡献了大约20%[5]。随着城市区域BVOCs排放量的增加,地面臭氧浓度也相应增加,当臭氧存在于地表面附近环境空气中,且其浓度水平达到不健康级别时,则会对人体健康和环境造成较大危害[6]。因此,BVOCs对于局部区域乃至整个城市生态系统的空气质量、大气环境及碳循环平衡等都具有重大影响。特别是城市树木排放的BVOCs被认为在城市臭氧和二次有机气溶胶的形成中起着关键作用,最终对空气质量和人类健康产生负面影响。
BVOCs的合成是植物生物化学过程的复杂性体现,这一过程贯穿于众多植物组织的多种生理活动之中。据报道,BVOCs约有3万多种,种类非常丰富,按照化学结构、挥发物活性及在大气化学中的作用,将BVOCs分为异戊二烯(isoprene,ISO)、单萜类(monoterpenoids,MTs)、倍半萜类(sesquiterpenoids,SQTs)和其他类挥发性有机物(other volatile organic compounds,other VOCs)[7-8]。在这些类别中,异戊二烯和单萜烯被认为是BVOCs的主要组成部分[9],分别约占BVOCs总量的50%和15%。BVOCs排放量及组成成分因树种、年龄和环境条件而异,研究发现,异戊二烯主要由阔叶树排放,而针叶树主要排放单萜类物质,即使同科或同属植物排放的BVOCs组分种类和含量也存在差异[3,10-11]。BVOCs的排放量受多种环境因素的影响,如温度(temperature,T)和光合有效辐射(photosynthetically active radiation,PAR)[12-13]。研究还发现,BVOCs的排放与叶片的结构和生理特性[14]以及植物种类的生态特征[15]有关。
为给城市居民提供轻松舒适的生活氛围,改善城市人居环境,城市绿化面积逐年增加,这主要通过大量种植植物以构建森林城市来实现。随着这一进程的推进,公众对于城市绿化植物释放的BVOCs的关注也日益增加。因此,了解城市生态系统代表性植被BVOCs的排放特征具有重要意义[16]。海南省位于热带季风气候区,拥有肥沃的土壤、充沛的降雨和温和的气候,独特的自然条件孕育了丰富的热带植物资源。无论是森林公园还是城市绿化,树种多样性都十分丰富。2012年研究报道显示,海口市城市绿地常见植物涉及72科,187属,其中榕属(Ficus)植物种类最多,达到15种。在海口城市绿地中具有重要地位的前10种乔木中,榕属植物占3种,包括高山榕(Ficus altissima)、黄葛树(Ficus virens)、小叶榕(Ficus concinna[17-18]。2015年调查数据显示,海南省城市森林公园中桑科植物占8.06%,仅次于棕榈科(Arecaceae)和豆科(Fabaceae)。对优势属进行分析发现,榕属植物的种类最多,占总树种的6.05%,代表树种包括高山榕、印度榕(Ficus elastica)、菩提树(Ficus religiosa)、黄葛树等[19]。最近调查指出,海口市森林城市绿化骨干树种中,桑科乔木有黄葛树、垂叶榕(Ficus benjamina)、高山榕、对叶榕(Ficus hispida)、印度榕[17],其中多种榕属植物被推荐作为城市道路绿化树种。由此可以看出,榕属植物在海口森林绿化植物中占优势地位。
本研究选取海口地区2种代表性榕属植物作为目标树种,深入探讨其释放BVOCs的组分、排放规律,并分析环境因素和植物生理参数对BVOCs排放率的影响,为热带、亚热带区域BVOCs排放清单及排放情况提供基础数据支持,为城市森林绿化及大气环境质量改善数据提供参考。
本研究综合前期调查,选取在海口森林城市中种植率高的高山榕和印度榕作为研究对象。目标树种均种植于海南大学海甸校区,研究区域光热资源充足,全年日照时间长,年平均日照时数2000 h以上,太阳辐射量可达11~12万cal,年平均气温24.4 ℃,平均最高气温28 ℃,平均最低气温18 ℃。年平均降水量1696.6 mm,雨季分明,降雨主要集中在5~10月汛期,降雨量达1389.6 mm,11月至翌年4月是少雨季节。其中高山榕和印度榕树龄约为15 a,均处于成熟阶段,树龄基本相同。在整个研究期间,目标树种在旱季和雨季表现出良好的生长状况,且生长势基本保持一致。从每种树种中挑选生长状态相近的植株3株作为实验样本。在植株1.5~2.0 m高度范围内,随机选取一根枝条(尽量选择不同方向)进行采样,以确保样本的代表性。采样过程中,避开植物修剪期,并确保所选枝条健康、无病虫害且无花果。
在旱季和雨季期间,样品采集均在晴朗、无风、无降雨的天气条件下进行,以确保数据的准确性和可比较性。从每个目标树种上随机选取一根健康枝条,并在相同时间段内,采用动态顶空-气体循环法收集植物枝叶释放的BVOCs。采样时把植物枝叶套进透明的5 L Teflon采样袋内,将固相微萃取装置(Solid-Phase Microextraction,SPME;SPME手动进样手柄和65 μm PDMS/DVB萃取头)固定在采样袋的上方。在采样袋的下端一侧接入一根聚四氟乙烯管,并连接气泵作为抽气端。另一端连接聚四氟乙烯管、活性炭过滤管、硅胶干燥管,并通过另一台气泵连接到采样袋的内部作为进气端。最后,使用封口膜将开口处密封。采集装置安装固定好后,执行抽气-充气-循环操作。
在抽气过程中,将采样袋下方一端阀门打开,另一端阀门保持闭合,并连接采样仪进行抽气,直至采样袋内接近真空状态。待抽气完成后,打开进气端的电源,打开闭合阀门,将连接好的过滤装置与进气端相连,同时闭合另一端阀门,以确保过滤设备与采样仪成功连接。随后进行充气,直至采样袋内气体达到袋子总体积的3/4左右,关闭电源。循环采样步骤如下:装置开始充气后,将袋子下方阀门全部打开,将一端连接过滤装置与采样仪的充气口。推出萃取头或Tenax TA吸附管以吸附气体,循环采样30 min。循环采样结束后,立即取出SPME装置,取下萃取头,贴好标签后放入采样盒中保存。同时采集3个空的样品袋作为空白对照。
空白对照步骤如下:不接入枝叶,将采样袋中的空气抽尽后充入过滤后的空气。待采样袋中空气达2/3体积时,接入SPME装置,开始循环采气。
使用配备质谱检测器(Mass Spectroscopic Detectors, MSD)的气相色谱仪(Gas Chromatography,GC)(7890A-5975C,USA)对解析的BVOCs样品进行分离和鉴定。GC-MS条件如下:离子源采用电子轰击(EI)模式;离子源温度设定为230 ℃;电子能量为70 eV;质量分析器采用全扫描模式,扫描范围设定为12~550 m/z;分流流量为50 mL/min;MS Quad温度设定为150 ℃。同时,以相同条件进行空白对照组样品分析,以排除可能的背景干扰。
样品定性分析方法:在质谱(MS)化学工作站中,对总离子流图(TIC)进行自动积分,通过内置的NIST 2013标准谱库对检出的物质进行初步检索、定性,该谱库包含广泛的化学物质信息。为了提高鉴定的准确性,经计算机检索NIST98谱图库并兼顾色谱保留时间进行确认和筛选,并应用科瓦茨保留指数(kovats’retention index)辅助定性从而更准确地鉴定样品中的BVOCs成分。在前2种定性方法的基础上,对标准品进行稀释(用丙酮稀释至100 mg/L),并在相同的GC-MS条件下进行进样分析。通过比较标准品的保留时间与先前鉴定的物质,实现对物质的精确定性。
样品定量分析方法:采用外标法来准确测定物质组分的浓度。首先,以丙酮为溶剂,配置不同浓度的异戊二烯、α-蒎烯、桉树脑和石竹烯标准使用溶液,浓度分别为100、200、500、1000、2000 mg/L。在统一的GC-MS进样条件下,根据峰面积与浓度之间的关系,构建工作曲线,计算出混合物的浓度。单萜类、倍半萜类以及含氧萜类物质的浓度分别以α-蒎烯、桉树脑和石竹烯作为内标定量,计算出相应浓度。由于分析方法的不同或仪器原因,样品中可能存在未能鉴定出的物质。
本研究使用Li-Cor 6400(LiCor Inc., Lincoln, USA.)对环境因子和采样叶片的生理参数进行测量,包括温度(temperature,T)和光合有效辐射(photosynthetically active radiation,PAR)、气孔导度(stomatal conductance,Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(intercellular CO2 concentration,Ci)和蒸腾速率(transpiration rate,Tr)。生理参数是在测量BVOCs时,通过测量多个树枝上的单独叶片测得。完成测量后,将所测枝叶剪下带回实验室,并在烘箱中(48 h,60 ℃)干燥,以获得干重。干重叶片随后用于计算标准化释放速率,即每单位叶面积在单位时间内释放的BVOCs的量,用于量化不同植物或不同生长条件下BVOCs的排放强度。
采用Duncan's多重比较检验和ANOVA单因素方差分析评估释放的BVOCs成分和释放速率之间的差异性。利用SPSS软件和Pearson系数法研究BVOCs与环境变量和生理参数之间的相关性。所有数据均经平均值标准化处理,使用IBM SPSS Statistics 25.0和Origin 2024软件进行数据分析和绘图。
通过GC-MS鉴定分析,本研究对榕属植物BVOCs进行定性分析,并通过扣除本底空气中的杂质,对BVOCs组分和排放量进行定量分析。本研究根据分类建议,将BVOCs分为ISO、MTs、SQTs和other VOCs四类。印度榕和高山榕排放的BVOCs组分及其相对含量见表1。在印度榕和高山榕的枝叶中,共检测到24种BVOCs成分,其中印度榕19种,高山榕12种,二者共有7种共同化合物。印度榕的MTs、SQTs、other VOCs分别有2、10、6种,高山榕的MTs、SQTs、other VOCs则分别有2、4、5种。此外,无论是印度榕还是高山榕,在旱季和雨季检测到的化合物种类是相同的。
榕属植物BVOCs排放量的相对含量见图1A。在旱季,印度榕的ISO、MTs、SQTs、other VOCs的排放量相对含量分别为11.62%、14.53%、57.35%、16.51%;而在雨季,相对含量比例分别增加至21.20%、13.19%、43.99%、21.62%,其中异戊二烯的排放量在雨季增大了1.82倍。高山榕4类化合物在旱季的排放量相对含量分别为8.34%、20.42%、45.88%、25.37%,雨季时的排放量相对含量分别为8.05%、22.37%、46.52%、23.05%,MTs、SQTs的相对含量有所增加。
对比发现,榕属植物SQTs的贡献度最为突出,其次是MTs。不同种类的榕属植物在各类化合物的相对含量上存在一定差异。印度榕的ISO贡献度明显高于高山榕,而高山榕的MTs相对含量则高于印度榕。印度榕和高山榕在旱季和雨季总植物挥发性有机物(total biogenic volatile organic compounds,TBVOCs)排放量见图1B。印度榕在旱季和雨季TBVOCs排放量分别为(89.74±2.82)、(135.40±9.60)μg/(g·h),高山榕分别为(142.37±9.38)、(198.57±9.33)μg/(g·h)。结果发现,无论是旱季或雨季,高山榕的TBVOCs排放量均高于印度榕,且2种榕属植物TBVOCs雨季的排放量均高于其旱季排放量,这可能是由于雨季环境因素和生理参数的综合作用。
结合表1图2可看出,印度榕的BVOCs组分中贡献度较大的有异戊二烯、α-蒎烯、石竹烯,这些化合物相对含量在旱季时分别为11.61%、11.35%、22.88%,而在雨季分别为21.2%、9.79%、6.27%。石竹烯在旱季的排放相对含量是雨季的3.65倍,表明石竹烯对季节变化的敏感性较高。高山榕的BVOCs组分中除了异戊二烯、α-蒎烯、石竹烯外,还有α-柏木烯、α-香柠檬烯、壬醛、2-乙基己醇等。在2个季节中,石竹烯的贡献度最大,旱季和雨季的占比分别为22.55%、21.41%。
图3所示,2种榕属植物的BVOCs排放呈现显著的日变化趋势,且排放规律基本一致,排放速率均先升高后降低,呈现“早晚低、中午高”的单峰排放模式。排放峰值主要出现在12:00—14:00之间。印度榕在旱季和雨季的峰值均出现在14:00,排放速率分别为(24.64±0.89)、(35.70±2.11)μg/(g·h)。高山榕在旱季和雨季的排放峰值分别出现在14:00和12:00,排放速率分别为(32.47±2.03)、(43.37±0.87)μg/(g·h)。结果表明雨季的BVOCs排放速率普遍高于旱季,这可能与环境因素、生物合成及释放途径的综合影响有关。
2种榕属植物在不同时间段对ISO、MTs、SQTs和Other VOCs的排放速率日变化如图4所示,2种榕属植物SQTs排放量贡献度最高,且在中午排放峰值时刻与其他时刻差异显著(P<0.05)。MTs的贡献度也较为突出,且排放峰值与相邻时刻均表现出差异性。印度榕不同时刻的4类物质排放量表现出显著差异。异戊二烯在14:00排放速率达到最大值,旱季释放速率为(4.18±0.57)μg/(g·h),雨季为(13.42±1.82)μg/(g·h),释放速率由高到低时刻排序为:14:00>12:00>16:00>10:00>8:00>18:00,峰值时刻与12:00、16:00平均释放速率差异显著(P<0.05),而其他时刻异戊二烯释放速率差异不显著。单萜类与异戊二烯的日变化在不同时刻差异显著性基本相同。倍半萜类在14:00释放速率达到最大值,释放速率由高到低时刻排序为:14:00>12:00>10:00>16:00>8:00>18:00,且各时刻释放速率均差异显著(P<0.05)。高山榕在旱、雨季各类组分释放速率差异显著(P<0.05),其中异戊二烯和单萜类释放速率日变化一致,释放速率由高到低为14:00>12:00>16:00>10:00>8:00>18:00,不同时刻释放速率变化较大,均差异显著(P<0.05)。单萜类不同时刻释放速率差异显著(P<0.05)。但其他类化合物不同时刻释放速率变化不明显。
从季节上来看,2种榕属植物在旱季和雨季的BVOCs成分相同,但排放量存在显著差异,且总体来看雨季的排放量均高于旱季。旱雨两季BVOCs的排放量变化趋势基本一致。印度榕和高山榕在雨季的释放速率显著高于旱季。其中印度榕旱季总释放速率为(89.74±2.82)μg/(g·h),雨季为(135.40±9.59)μg/(g·h)。高山榕旱季释放速率为(142.37±9.38)μg/(g·h),雨季为(198.57±9.34)μg/(g·h)。
温度和光合有效辐射是影响植物萜烯类BVOCs排放的主要环境驱动因素。印度榕和高山榕ISO、MTs、SQTs和other VOCs排放量及其环境因子的Pearson相关系数(r)见表2。结果表明,4类化合物排放量与温度、光照强度均呈正相关。印度榕在旱季4类化合物的排放量与温度的r范围为0.881~0.980,而在雨季r范围为0.293~0.982,可见MTs和SQTs受温度影响更为显著。在旱雨季,印度榕ISO、MTs、SQTs排放量与光合有效辐射的r范围为0.921~0.990,均表现出极高的相关性。由此可见,印度榕BVOCs的排放受环境因子影响较大,这可能是与其释放的几种关键成分有关。高山榕BVOCs的排放与环境因子相关性与印度榕表现有所不同,高山榕的other VOCs与环境因子相关性均很低。但高山榕的其他3类化合物的排放量与温度的r范围为0.640~0.943,在雨季SQTs排放量与温度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01,r=0.943),在旱季时则相关性不显著。而在旱季ISO、MTs的排放量与温度均呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。ISO、MTs与光合有效辐射在旱季呈极显著正相关,而SQTs在旱雨季均表现较强的相关性。因此,高山榕的BVOCs排放受到光合有效辐射的影响更大,结果进一步表明了环境因子在调控BVOCs排放中的重要作用。
印度榕和高山榕在旱季和雨季ISO排放量与光合有效辐射之间的相关性拟合图(图5A)结果显示,印度榕的ISO与PAR呈现出更强的相关性,尤其在雨季,而高山榕在旱季ISO与PAR的相关性略大。由图5B可知,温度和PAR日变化趋势与ISO的日排放呈现出一致性。在14:00时刻,当温度达到最高点,PAR最大时,ISO的排放量也达到最大,表明异戊二烯排放与环境变量之间存在较强的相关性。2种榕属植物ISO和MTs与PAR和温度之间的相关性拟合图见图5C、图5D。在图5C中,印度榕MTs与PAR相关性拟合度最好,相关性最强(r=0.94),而高山榕与其拟合度最弱(r=0.69)。在图5D中,印度榕MTs与温度的相关性拟合度最好,相关性最强(r=0.90),而高山榕与其拟合度最弱(r=0.62)。印度榕和高山榕ISO与温度相关性差异不大。结果表明,不同榕属植物的ISO和MTs排放与环境变量之间的关系存在差异,这可能与植物的生理特性、环境条件以及生长阶段有关。
结合图6可以看出,印度榕和高山榕在旱季和雨季ISO、MTs、SQTs日排放趋势与温度、光合有效辐射基本呈现一致的变化趋势,随着温度和光合有效辐射的升高,BVOCs排放量从早晨开始逐渐升高,并在午间达到峰值后逐渐下降。进一步分析发现,雨季的温度和PAR同时刻测定值普遍高于旱季,2种榕属植物BVOCs的排放量雨季显著高于旱季。排放量排序为SQTs>MTs>ISO。这一现象表明BVOCs的排放量与温度、PAR之间存在显著的相关性。此外,研究还发现高山榕排放量整体上高于印度榕,这可能归因于植物种类间的生理差异,导致对环境变化的响应不同。以上揭示了榕属植物BVOCs排放量与温度和光合有效辐射之间的关系,以及不同植物种类间排放量的差异性。
从榕属植物生理参数(TrCiGs)和各类化合物(ISO、MTs、SQTs)排放量日变化趋势(图7)可以看出,TrGs日变化表现为“早晚低,中午高”,总体上雨季的TrGs均高于旱季,生理参数日变化趋势与榕属植物BVOCs日变化规律呈现一致性,即在10:00—14:00期间,GsTr均呈现快速升高的趋势,同时ISO、MTs、SQTs升高趋势也较为显著。Ci则呈现“早晚高,中午低”,且旱季高于雨季。
榕属植物BVOCs释放速率与生理参数之间的Pearson相关系数见表3。结果显示,榕属BVOCs的排放量与TrGs呈正相关,与Ci呈负相关。在旱季和雨季,SQTs的排放量与TrGs呈现极显著正相关(P<0.01),与Ci呈现极显著负相关(P<0.01)。此外,研究发现印度榕SQTs的排放量受生理参数影响可能更大,Pearson相关系数为0.918~0.975。MTs的排放量与生理参数也表现出显著的相关性,Pearson相关系数为0.886~0.970。ISO排放量与3种生理参数相关性也较为显著,但高山榕ISO的排放量受生理参数的影响可能更大,相关系数为0.808~0.977。对于other VOCs,印度榕的排放量与生理参数(TrCiGs)在旱季呈显著相关,但雨季相关性均不显著。同比下,高山榕other VOCs的排放量与生理参数(TrCiGs)相关性均不显著,表明other VOCs的排放量与环境因子相关性均较弱。
BVOCs排放具有高度的物种特异性,导致BVOC排放能力和排放混合物的区域和全球差异,植物种类是影响其排放组分和排放量的一个重要因素[20]。GUENTHER等[3]和GERON等[10]研究报道表明,阔叶树主要释放异戊二烯,单萜烯主要来自针叶树,这是因为它们具有不同的复杂分泌结构。本研究观察到印度榕和高山榕的BVOCs组分丰富,以异戊二烯和萜类化合物为主,其中印度榕异戊二烯排放潜力较大。事实上植物单萜烯的排放在大多数物种中占主导地位,这一发现与文献报道的结果基本一致。YUAN等[21]研究表明,在45个树种中有9个物种(20%)排放异戊二烯,而43个物种(95.6%)排放单萜烯物质,17个物种(37.8%)排放倍半萜。在本研究中,异戊二烯、α-蒎烯是榕属植物BVOCs的重要组成部分,贡献度较大的组分还有石竹烯,其中高山榕贡献度较大组分还有α-柏木烯、α-香柠檬烯等。本研究的发现与之前榕属植物BVOCs排放的文献报道结果相似[22-24]。但不同区域的榕属植物BVOCs释放速率表现出一定的差异性,这可能与采样方式、鉴定技术、树种生长环境和区域气象因素等差异有关。
榕属植物BVOCs的排放显示出显著的日变化模式,呈现“早晚低、中午高”的单峰模式,这与已有文献报道的排放规律相一致。例如,宁平等[25]研究发现雪松的BVOCs排放昼夜变化表现为“两峰一谷型”,而圆柏表现为“两峰两谷型”,且以上植物的峰值时刻均出现在午间时刻。本研究虽未测定夜间榕属植物BVOCs的排放变化,但白天的日变化趋势与其表现一致。通过青藏高原青海省区域内3种典型植被植被的BVOCs排放进行调查和测量,发现昼夜变化显著,排放以单峰模式为主。青海省的BVOCs排放呈现出较强的季节和日变化模式,其中夏季排放量最高,7月达到峰值[26],这些发现为本研究结果提供有力支撑[27-28]。此外,有学者研究了α-蒎烯和柠檬烯2种单萜的昼夜和季节性排放模式,结果发现不同时期之间的浓度变化因季节而异,这与亚热带气候区的温度和日照时间变化相一致[29]。这一研究有助于更好地解释萜烯类物质的变化模式,并与本研究中的BVOCs排放模式相呼应。
温度和光合有效辐射被认为是萜烯排放的主要驱动因素[13]。异戊二烯对光强依赖性较强,这可能是光强度会影响异戊二烯前体的可用性。异戊二烯和单萜烯的合成受到酶活性的调控,而酶活性与温度密切相关。温度的升高可以调节合成酶的活性,从而导致化合物的挥发性和扩散率增加[30],这一机制解释了榕属植物BVOCs排放特征与温度和光合有效辐射之间的显著相关性。本研究中,榕属植物在雨季的BVOCs排放量高于旱季,这说明气象条件对BVOCs排放的影响复杂。有研究评估了低降水量和气象参数对干旱胁迫期间MTs和SQTs排放速率的影响,发现总序桂(Phillyrea latifolia)树枝在少量灌溉后,其MTs和SQTs的排放率分别增加了150%和545%[31]。本研究中,高山榕排放的MTs和SQTs在雨季的排放率分别增加了153%和141%,而印度榕则分别增加了138%和116%。这表明即使在雨季有少量降水也可能显著影响BVOCs的排放。
本研究结果显示,榕属植物BVOCs排放与GsTr均呈正相关,与Ci呈负相关,CHEN等[32]研究指出阔叶树种释放单萜类化合物的速率与温度、光强和叶面光合特性(如净光合速率和Tr)之间存在正相关关系,与GsCi呈非线性关系,这可能是因为不同树种对由于植物对环境因子变化的反应导致叶片气体交换参数与BVOCs排放率之间的差异。研究普遍认为生理参数与温度变化紧密相关。当温度升高时,植物的气孔逐渐张开,叶片光合作用逐渐增强,刺激其合成BVOCs。温度升高到一定程度后,蒸腾速率达到最大,植物会逐渐关闭气孔以避免灼伤和水分流失。同样的生理作用,随着温度的逐渐降低,气孔再次慢慢张开,BVOCs排放量又逐渐增大。在植物生理作用下,GsTr的变化影响BVOCs排放,因此与温度一样,GsTr与BVOC排放呈正相关。此外,Ci的值取决于叶片周围的CO2浓度、气孔导度和叶肉的光合作用活性等因素。植物体内合成和释放挥发物主要通过叶片气孔排出,因此叶片的蒸腾速率、气孔的张开程度以及细胞间CO2浓度等都会影响植物挥发物与大气之间的气体交换[33-34]。研究表明,异戊二烯和单萜是通过气孔排放的,因此叶面BVOCs的排放与Tr密切相关,气孔导度与异戊二烯排放之间存在强烈的正相关关系[21],而蒸腾速率作为气孔导度的代用品,也同步影响BVOCs的交换速率[30]。由于不同树种生理作用以及环境因素的综合影响,BVOCs的排放因植物生理的状况差异而变化很大,生理特性可能以不同的复杂方式影响BVOCs产生的次生代谢途径[35]。影响BVOCs排放的环境因素还有很多,如湿度、氮素、大气中CO2浓度和O3浓度等等均对植物释放BVOCs有一定的影响,但研究结果具有一定的争议。因此,环境因素对BVOCs排放影响的具体机制和影响程度仍有待进一步研究。
综上可知,榕属植物BVOCs排放受到多因素的综合影响,总体来看榕属植物BVOCs释放与环境因子(T、PAR)和生理参数(TrCiGs)的相关性具有一致性。但不同组分的化合物由于产生途径和释放机理不同而表现出不同的变化规律,其规律形成的原因也有待进一步研究。植物BVOCs合成与释放机制本身是一个十分复杂的过程,受到诸多的生物因子和非生物因子的影响。目前的研究报道多集中在影响因子的单一效应,但由于研究方法、条件等方面的差异,不同的研究成果之间往往不能单纯的直接进行比较。为了深入研究BVOCs合成和释放机制的影响因素,可进一步探讨多个环境因素相互作用下植物BVOCs释放规律,并结合生理参数对BVOCs释放机理的分析。这包括探讨温度、空气湿度、光照、CO2浓度、氮素、臭氧、胁迫、土壤环境等多因子耦合作用,以探析影响BVOCs合成和释放的主导因子,这是个具有挑战性的研究课题,值得学界给予重点关注。
  • 海南省自然科学基金青年基金项目(419QN174)
  • 海南省自然科学基金面上基金项目(420MS118)
  • 国家自然科学基金地区基金项目(31660145)
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doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-2561.2024.11.023
  • 接收时间:2024-04-19
  • 首发时间:2026-06-26
  • 出版时间:2024-11-25
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-19
  • 修回日期:2024-06-03
基金
海南省自然科学基金青年基金项目(419QN174)
海南省自然科学基金面上基金项目(420MS118)
国家自然科学基金地区基金项目(31660145)
作者信息
    1.海南大学生态学院,海南海口 570228
    2.海南省热带生态环境修复工程研究中心,海南海口 570228
    3.海南热带雨林国家公园管理局霸王岭分局,海南昌江 572722

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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